CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ca" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Turc - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cawikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","gener","febrer","març","abril","maig","juny","juliol","agost","setembre","octubre","novembre","desembre"],"wgRequestId":"3477aaa0-a6de-4875-86da-f27f22238e83","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Turc","wgTitle":"Turc","wgCurRevisionId":33816633,"wgRevisionId":33816633,"wgArticleId":2986,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles amb enllaços externs no actius","Articles amb referències sense format","Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback","Articles amb plantilles de notes d'encapçalament que enllacen a una pàgina inexistent","Pàgines amb enllaç commonscat des de Wikidata","1.000 articles fonamentals","Llengua i literatura (Els 1000 de META)","Control d'autoritats","Turc"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ca","wgPageContentLanguage":"ca","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Turc","wgRelevantArticleId":2986,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ca","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ca"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q256","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","wikibase.client.data-bridge.externalModifiers":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.charinsert", "ext.gadget.AltresViccionari","ext.gadget.purgetab","ext.gadget.DocTabs","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","wikibase.client.data-bridge.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ca&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.data-bridge.externalModifiers%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ca&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ca&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg/1200px-Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="905"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg/800px-Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="603"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg/640px-Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="483"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Turc - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ca.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turc"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifica" href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Viquipèdia (ca)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ca.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turc"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ca"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Canal de sindicació Atom Viquipèdia" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Canvis_recents&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Turc rootpage-Turc skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Turc" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Turc" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Turc" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Turc" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classificació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classificació</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Història-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Història</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turc_otomà" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turc_otomà"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Turc otomà</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turc_otomà-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforma_lingüística_i_turc_contemporani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforma_lingüística_i_turc_contemporani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reforma lingüística i turc contemporani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforma_lingüística_i_turc_contemporani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribució_geogràfica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribució_geogràfica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribució geogràfica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribució_geogràfica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Distribució geogràfica</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribució_geogràfica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ús_oficial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ús_oficial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ús oficial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ús_oficial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dialectes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sistema_de_sons_i_escriptura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sistema_de_sons_i_escriptura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sistema de sons i escriptura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sistema_de_sons_i_escriptura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmonia_vocàlica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmonia_vocàlica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Harmonia vocàlica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmonia_vocàlica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Exemples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Turc</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 198 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-198" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">198 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%AD%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аҭырқәа бызшәа - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҭырқәа бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Turuki" title="Bahsa Turuki - atjeh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Turuki" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atjeh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Тыркубзэ - adigué" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркубзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigué" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks" title="Turks - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turks" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Sprache" title="Türkische Sprache - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Türkische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%BD" title="ቱሪክሽ - amhàric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱሪክሽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhàric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_turco" title="Idioma turco - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma turco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तुर्की भाषा - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्की भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="article de qualitat"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التركية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التركية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܛܘܪܩܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تركية - Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89" title="توركى - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcu" title="Turcu - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turcu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="Турк мацӀ - àvar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Турк мацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="àvar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkava" title="Turkava - Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Turkava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dili" title="Türk dili - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türk dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تورکیه تورکجه‌سی - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکیه تورکجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Төрөк теле - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төрөк теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Turki" title="Basa Turki - balinès" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiakische_Sproch" title="Tiakische Sproch - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tiakische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torku_kalba" title="Torku kalba - Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torku kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Турэцкая мова - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турэцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Турэцкая мова - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турэцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Турски език - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="তুর্কি ভাষা - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুর্কি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeg" title="Turkeg - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turski_jezik" title="Turski jezik - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Turki" title="Saro Turki - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Түрэг хэлэн - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түрэг хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco" title="Turco - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turco" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-%C4%AB-g%C3%AC-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Tū-ī-gì-ngṳ̄ - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-ī-gì-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Хункархойн мотт - txetxè" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хункархойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Turko" title="Pinulongang Turko - cebuà" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Turko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%BE_%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᏂᎬᎾ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ - cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎬᎾ ᎧᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زمانی تورکی - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تورکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_tili" title="Türk tili - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türk tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ture%C4%8Dtina" title="Turečtina - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turečtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABrecczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Tërecczi jãzëk - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Tërecczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BA%C4%83_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Турккă чĕлхи - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турккă чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrceg" title="Tyrceg - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tyrceg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkisk_(sprog)" title="Tyrkisk (sprog) - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Sprache" title="Türkische Sprache - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rki" title="Tırki - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkoj%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Turkojšćina - baix sòrab" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkojšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baix sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Turki" title="Boros Turki - Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Turki" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Τουρκική γλώσσα - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turc" title="Turc - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Turc" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkish language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turka_lingvo" title="Turka lingvo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_turco" title="Idioma turco - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma turco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi_keel" title="Türgi keel - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türgi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiera" title="Turkiera - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان ترکی استانبولی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ترکی استانبولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkin_kieli" title="Turkin kieli - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Turkiskt mál - feroès" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turc" title="Turc - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkisk_spriak" title="Türkisk spriak - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Türkisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turksk" title="Turksk - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turksk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuircis" title="An Tuircis - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuircis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dili" title="Türk dili - gagaús" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türk dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcais" title="Turcais - gaèlic escocès" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Turcais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaèlic escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_turca" title="Lingua turca - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua turca" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايستامبۊلي زوان - gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايستامبۊلي زوان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuykia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Tuykiañe'ẽ - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tuykiañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="तुर्की भास - concani de Goa" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्की भास" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="concani de Goa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="તુર્કિશ ભાષા - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કિશ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish" title="Turkish - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Turkish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkanci" title="Turkanci - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-ng%C3%AD-kh%C3%AC-ng%C3%AE" title="Thú-ngí-khì-ngî - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú-ngí-khì-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טורקית - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तुर्कीयाई भाषा - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्कीयाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_bhasa" title="Turkish bhasa - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkish bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turski_jezik" title="Turski jezik - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkow%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Turkowšćina - alt sòrab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkowšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="alt sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_nyelv" title="Török nyelv - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Török nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Թուրքերեն - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Թրքերէն - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թրքերէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Turki" title="Jaku Turki - iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Turki" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Turko" title="Pagsasao a Turko - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Turko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Туркий мотт - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Туркий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turka_linguo" title="Turka linguo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turka linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkneska" title="Tyrkneska - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_turca" title="Lingua turca - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua turca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="トルコ語 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Turki" title="Basa Turki - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Turki" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="თურქული ენა - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArk_tili" title="Túrk tili - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrk tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Тыркубзэ - kabardí" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркубзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukya_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Turukya (a̱lyem) - tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Turukya (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Turki" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Түрік тілі - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түрік тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88%EC%96%B4" title="튀르키예어 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тюрк кыв - komi-permiac" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Тюрк кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%90%DA%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکِچ زبان - caixmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ترکِچ زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caixmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_tirk%C3%AE" title="Zimanê tirkî - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tirkî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Турок кыв - komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Турок кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkek" title="Turkek - còrnic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Turkek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="còrnic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83_%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%87%D3%A9%D1%81%D2%AF" title="Анадолу Түркчөсү - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Анадолу Түркчөсү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Turcica" title="Lingua Turcica - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Turcica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_turkana" title="Lingua turkana - judeocastellà" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua turkana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="judeocastellà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierkesch" title="Tierkesch - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tierkesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Туркнал маз - Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Туркнал маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Туьрк чӀал - lesguià" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Туьрк чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesguià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turces_(lingua)" title="Turces (lingua) - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turces (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rks" title="Törks - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Törks" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_t%C3%BCrca" title="Lengua türca - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua türca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88" title="ພາສາທືກເຈ - laosià" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາທືກເຈ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C5%B3_kalba" title="Turkų kalba - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_valoda" title="Turku valoda - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turku valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Туркань кяль - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркань кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tiorka" title="Fiteny tiorka - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tiorka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Турко йылме - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Турко йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_T%C4%81kei" title="Reo Tākei - maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Tākei" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Turki" title="Bahaso Turki - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Turki" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Турски јазик - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="തുർക്കിഷ് ഭാഷ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്കിഷ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Турк хэл - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Турк хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ - manipurí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तुर्की भाषा - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्की भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D3%B9%D0%BB%D0%BC%D3%B9" title="Турок йӹлмӹ - mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Турок йӹлмӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Turki" title="Bahasa Turki - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တူရကီဘာသာစကား - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တူရကီဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Турконь кель - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Турконь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ایستامبولی ترکی - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایستامبولی ترکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rksche_Spraak" title="Törksche Spraak - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Törksche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks" title="Turks - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Turks" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तुर्केली भाषा - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तुर्केली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तर्किश भाषा - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्किश भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turks" title="Turks - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkisk" title="Tyrkisk - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyrkisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkisk" title="Tyrkisk - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seturkish" title="Seturkish - sotho septentrional" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Seturkish" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turc" title="Turc - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Туркаг æвзаг - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туркаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤੁਰਕੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turko" title="Turko - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turc" title="Turc - picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turc" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_turecki" title="Język turecki - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język turecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_turca" title="Lenga turca - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga turca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ترک بولی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترک بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="تورکي ژبه - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورکي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_turca" title="Língua turca - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua turca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku_simi" title="Turku simi - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turku simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tirca" title="Lingua tirca - retoromànic" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua tirca" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="retoromànic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkikani_chib" title="Turkikani chib - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Turkikani chib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_turc%C4%83" title="Limba turcă - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba turcă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Турецкий язык - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турецкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Турецькый язык - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Турецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igiturukiya" title="Igiturukiya - ruandès" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igiturukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Туурак тыла - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туурак тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_turca" title="Limba turca - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba turca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_turca" title="Lingua turca - sicilià" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua turca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkis_leid" title="Turkis leid - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkis leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ترڪي ٻولي - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durkkagiella" title="Durkkagiella - sami septentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Durkkagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turski_jezik" title="Turski jezik - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තුර්කි භාෂාව - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුර්කි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkish language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ture%C4%8Dtina" title="Turečtina - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turečtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Turščina - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chituruki" title="Chituruki - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chituruki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Af-Turki" title="Af-Turki - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Af-Turki" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_turke" title="Gjuha turke - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha turke" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Турски језик - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Turki" title="Basa Turki - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Turki" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiska" title="Turkiska - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kituruki" title="Kituruki - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kituruki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko_godka" title="Turecko godka - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turecko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="துருக்கிய மொழி - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Забони туркӣ - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони туркӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาตุรกี - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาตุรกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dili" title="Türk dili - turcman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türk dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Turko" title="Wikang Turko - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Turko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkij%C9%99_zyvon" title="Tyrkijə zyvon - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tyrkijə zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" title="Türkçe - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Төрек теле - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төрек теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Турк дыл - tuvinià" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Турк дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Турок кыл - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Турок кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="تۈرك تىلى - uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈرك تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Турецька мова - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Турецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ترکی زبان - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk_tili" title="Turk tili - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turk tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_turca" title="Łéngua turca - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua turca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkan_kel%27" title="Turkan kel' - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Türkänapük - volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Türkänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouk_(lingaedje)" title="Trouk (lingaedje) - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Trouk (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinurkiya" title="Tinurkiya - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinurkiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土耳其语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Түргдин келн - calmuc" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Түргдин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="calmuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="თურქული ნინა - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A9" title="טערקיש - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערקיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_T%C3%BArk%C3%AC" title="Èdè Túrkì - ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Túrkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土耳其语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-n%C3%AD-k%C3%AE-g%C3%AD" title="Thó͘-ní-kî-gí - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thó͘-ní-kî-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%96%87" title="土耳其文 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土耳其文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q256#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turc" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Turc" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turc"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Turc"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Turc" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Turc" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&oldid=33816633" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Turc&id=33816633&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurc"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTurc"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Turc"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Turc&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkish_language" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q256" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-ind-100" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Llista_dels_1000_articles_fonamentals" title="Els 1.000 fonamentals de la Viquipèdia"><img alt="Els 1.000 fonamentals de la Viquipèdia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg/30px-Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg/45px-Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg/60px-Segell_1000_unificat_Viquip%C3%A8dia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;background-color:Moccasin;"><span style="float:left; margin-left: 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Infotaula de llengua"><img alt="Infotaula de llengua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/20px-Octicons-comment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/30px-Octicons-comment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Octicons-comment.svg/40px-Octicons-comment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></span></span></span>Turc</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color:Moccasin;font-size:110%;"><span lang="tr">Türkçe</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P1705" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Turkish_alphabet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Turkish_alphabet.svg/300px-Turkish_alphabet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Turkish_alphabet.svg/450px-Turkish_alphabet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Turkish_alphabet.svg/600px-Turkish_alphabet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Llengua_natural" title="Llengua natural">llengua natural</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1288568" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1288568">llengua viva</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2267705" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2267705">camp d'estudi</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Ús</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Parlants nadius</th><td class="infobox-data">82.231.620 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P1098" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (2021 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P1098" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Autòcton de</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turcs" title="Turcs">turcs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Burg%C3%A0s" title="Província de Burgàs">Província de Burgàs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Kardjali" title="Província de Kardjali">Província de Kardzhali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Smolian" title="Província de Smolian">província de Smolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Kh%C3%A0skovo" title="Província de Khàskovo">província de Khàskovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xipre" title="Xipre">Xipre</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208303" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q208303">Unitat perifèrica de Xanthi</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q208604" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q208604">Unitat perifèrica de Ròdope</a> i <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P2341" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Estat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bulg%C3%A0ria" title="Bulgària">Bulgària</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xipre" title="Xipre">Xipre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Grècia">Grècia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Turca_de_Xipre_del_Nord" title="República Turca de Xipre del Nord">República Turca de Xipre del Nord</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P17" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fitxer:Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg&lang=ca" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg/langca-300px-Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg/langca-450px-Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg/langca-600px-Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div style="font-size:90%;"></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Classificació lingüística</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_t%C3%BArquiques" title="Llengües túrquiques">llengües turqueses</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1126028" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1126028">llengües turqueses comunes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_oguz" title="Llengües oguz">llengües oguz</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q97725298" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q97725298">llengües oguz occidentals</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P279" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Característiques</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/Escriptura" title="Escriptura">Sistema d'escriptura</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfabet_turc" title="Alfabet turc">alfabet turc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_%C3%A0rab" title="Alfabet àrab">alfabet àrab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_llat%C3%AD" title="Alfabet llatí">alfabet llatí</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1828555" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1828555">escriptura àrab</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P282" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Institució de normalització</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1569712" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1569712">Institut de la Llengua Turca</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P1018" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Estudiat per</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turcologia" title="Turcologia">turcologia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P2579" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Nivell de vulnerabilitat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20672086" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q20672086">1 segur</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P1999" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color:Moccasin;">Codis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1</th><td class="infobox-data">tr <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P218" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">ISO 639-2</th><td class="infobox-data">tur <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P219" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">ISO 639-3</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=tur">tur</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P220" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Glottolog</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1301">nucl1301</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P1394" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">Ethnologue</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/tur">tur</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P1627" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">ASCL</th><td class="infobox-data">4301 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P1251" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;background:#eeeeee">IETF</th><td class="infobox-data">tr <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256?uselang=ca#P305" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>El <b>turc</b> (<i>Türkçe</i> <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_fon%C3%A8tic_internacional" title="Alfabet fonètic internacional">AFI</a> <span class="IPA audiolink nounderlines" style="white-space: nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="[ˈt̪yɾktʃe]"><img alt="[ˈt̪yɾktʃe]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/12px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/18px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Tr-T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e.oga" class="internal" title="Tr-Türkçe.oga"><span title="Representació en l'Alfabet Fonètic Internacional (AFI)" class="IPA">[ˈt̪yɾktʃe]</span></a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ajuda:%C3%80udio_i_v%C3%ADdeo" title="Ajuda:Àudio i vídeo">?·</a><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Tr-T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e.oga" title="Fitxer:Tr-Türkçe.oga">pàg.</a>)</small></span>) és un <a href="/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma">idioma</a> que és parlat com a <a href="/wiki/Primera_llengua" class="mw-redirect" title="Primera llengua">primera llengua</a> per més de 63 milions de persones arreu del món,<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_of_the_World_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages_of_the_World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i és la <a href="/wiki/Llengua_turquesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengua turquesa">llengua turquesa</a> més parlada. Els seus parlants es troben principalment a <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Xipre" title="Xipre">Xipre</a>, amb grups més petits a l'<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Grècia">Grècia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulg%C3%A0ria" title="Bulgària">Bulgària</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maced%C3%B2nia_del_Nord" title="Macedònia del Nord">Macedònia del Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alb%C3%A0nia" title="Albània">Albània</a> i altres parts de <a href="/wiki/Europa_oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa oriental">l'Europa oriental</a>. El turc també és parlat per uns quants milions d'immigrants a <a href="/wiki/Europa_occidental" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa occidental">l'Europa occidental</a>, particularment a <a href="/wiki/Turcs_a_Alemanya" title="Turcs a Alemanya">Alemanya</a>. </p><p>Les arrels de la llengua es remunten a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80sia_central" title="Àsia central">Àsia central</a>, i els primers enregistraments escrits daten de fa gairebé 1.200 anys. A l'oest, la influència del <a href="/wiki/Turc_otom%C3%A0" title="Turc otomà">turc otomà</a> (el precursor immediat del turc actual) s'estengué a mesura que s'estenia l'<a href="/wiki/Imperi_Otom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Otomà">Imperi Otomà</a>. El 1928, en una de les <a href="/wiki/Reformes_d%27Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformes d'Atatürk">reformes d'Atatürk</a> als primers anys de la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Turquia" class="mw-redirect" title="República de Turquia">República de Turquia</a>, l'alfabet otomà fou substituït per una variant fonètica de <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_llat%C3%AD" title="Alfabet llatí">l'alfabet llatí</a>. Al mateix temps, l'aleshores recentment fundada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Associaci%C3%B3_de_la_Llengua_Turca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associació de la Llengua Turca (encara no existeix)">Associació de la Llengua Turca</a> començà un esforç per reformar l'idioma, eliminant-ne els <a href="/wiki/Manlleu_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Manlleu (lingüística)">manlleus</a> <a href="/wiki/Persa" title="Persa">perses</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%80rab" title="Àrab">àrabs</a> en favor de variants nadiues i encunyaments a partir d'arrels turques. </p><p>Les característiques distintives del turc són l'<a href="/wiki/Harmonia_voc%C3%A0lica" title="Harmonia vocàlica">harmonia vocàlica</a> i una extensa <a href="/wiki/Llengua_aglutinant" title="Llengua aglutinant">aglutinació</a>. L'ordre bàsic de les paraules en turc és <a href="/wiki/Subjecte_Objecte_Verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjecte Objecte Verb">subjecte objecte verb</a>. El turc presenta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distinci%C3%B3_T-V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distinció T-V (encara no existeix)">distinció T-V</a>; es poden utilitzar formes de la segona persona del plural per a referir-se a individus com a forma de respecte. El turc manca de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classe_nominal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classe nominal (encara no existeix)">classes nominals</a> i de <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8nere_gramatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Gènere gramatical">gèneres gramaticals</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificació"><span id="Classificaci.C3.B3"></span>Classificació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Classificació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r30997230">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Articles principals: <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_turqueses" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües turqueses">Llengües turqueses</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_altaiques" title="Llengües altaiques">Llengües altaiques</a></div> <p>El turc és un membre del subgrup turc, o occidental, de les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_oghuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües oghuz">llengües oghuz</a>, que inclou el <a href="/wiki/Gaga%C3%BAs" title="Gagaús">gagaús</a> i l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80zeri" title="Àzeri">àzeri</a>. Les llengües oghuz formen el subgrup sud-occidental de les <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_turqueses" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües turqueses">llengües turqueses</a>, una família lingüística que inclou una trentena de llengües vivents parlades a <a href="/wiki/Europa_oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa oriental">l'Europa oriental</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%80sia_central" title="Àsia central">Àsia central</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria" title="Sibèria">Sibèria</a>. Alguns lingüistes creuen que les llengües turqueses formen part d'una <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_altaiques" title="Llengües altaiques">família de llengües altaiques</a> més gran.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_Altaic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_Altaic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aproximadament, el 40% dels parlants de llengües turqueses són parlants nadius del turc.<sup id="cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguagesOfTheWorld-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els trets característics del turc, com <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_voc%C3%A0lica" title="Harmonia vocàlica">l'harmonia vocàlica</a>, l'aglutinació i la manca de <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8nere_gramatical" class="mw-redirect" title="Gènere gramatical">gènere gramatical</a>, són universals dins la família turquesa i les llengües altaiques.<sup id="cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LanguagesOfTheWorld-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hi ha un grau elevat d'<a href="/wiki/Intel%C2%B7ligibilitat_m%C3%BAtua" title="Intel·ligibilitat mútua">intel·ligibilitat mútua</a> entre el turc i la resta de llengües oghuz, incloent-hi l'àzeri, el <a href="/wiki/Turcman" title="Turcman">turcman</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Qashqai" class="mw-redirect" title="Qashqai">qashqai</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Gaga%C3%BAs" title="Gagaús">gagaús</a> i el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_gaga%C3%BAs_balc%C3%A0nic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc gagaús balcànic (encara no existeix)">turc gagaús balcànic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Language_Materials_Project_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Language_Materials_Project-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Articles principals: <a href="/wiki/Pobles_turquesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pobles turquesos">Pobles turquesos</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hist%C3%B2ria_dels_pobles_turquesos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Història dels pobles turquesos (encara no existeix)">Història dels pobles turquesos</a></div> <p>Les inscripcions turqueses més antigues conegudes són les dues inscripcions monumentals <a href="/wiki/Orkhon" title="Orkhon">Orkhon</a>. Es troben a l'actual <a href="/wiki/Mong%C3%B2lia" title="Mongòlia">Mongòlia</a> i foren erigides en honor del príncep <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kul_Tigin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kul Tigin (encara no existeix)">Kul Tigin</a> i el seu germà, l'emperador <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilge_Ka%C4%9Fan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilge Kağan (encara no existeix)">Bilge Kağan</a>. Daten d'entre el 732 i el 735 i són un registre primerenc important. Després del descobriment i l'excavació d'aquests monuments i d'algunes lloses de pedra associades per part d'arqueòlegs <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia">russos</a> a la regió que envolta la <a href="/wiki/Vall_de_l%27Orkhon" title="Vall de l'Orkhon">vall de l'Orkhon</a>, entre el 1889 i el 1893, es determinà que l'idioma de les inscripcions era <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turqu%C3%A8s_antic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turquès antic (encara no existeix)">turquès antic</a> escrit amb l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Orkhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Orkhon (encara no existeix)">alfabet Orkhon</a>, que també s'ha anomenat <i><a href="/wiki/Inscripcions_de_l%27Orkhon" title="Inscripcions de l'Orkhon">runes turqueses</a></i> o <i>runiformes</i>, a causa de la seva semblança exterior amb els <a href="/wiki/Alfabets_r%C3%BAnics" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfabets rúnics">alfabets rúnics</a> <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües germàniques">germànics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ishjatms_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ishjatms-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amb l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Expansi%C3%B3_turquesa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Expansió turquesa (encara no existeix)">expansió turquesa</a> durant l'<a href="/wiki/Alta_edat_mitjana" title="Alta edat mitjana">alta edat mitjana</a> (aprox. segles VI-XI), els pobles de parla turquesa s'estengueren per l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80sia_central" title="Àsia central">Àsia central</a>, cobrint una regió vasta que anava des de <a href="/wiki/Sib%C3%A8ria" title="Sibèria">Sibèria</a> fins a Europa i el <a href="/wiki/Mediterrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterrani">Mediterrani</a>. Els <a href="/wiki/Dinasti%C3%A0_selj%C3%BAcida" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastià seljúcida">seljúcides</a> dels <a href="/wiki/Turcs_Oghuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Turcs Oghuz">turcs oghuz,</a> en particular, dugueren la seva llengua, el <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_oghuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües oghuz">turquès oghuz</a> (avantpassat directe del turc actual) a <a href="/wiki/Anat%C3%B2lia" title="Anatòlia">Anatòlia</a>, al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xi</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Findley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> També al segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xi</span>, un <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Lingüística">lingüista</a> primerenc de les llengües turqueses, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kaixgar%C3%AD" title="Mahmud al-Kaixgarí">Mahmud al-Kaixgarí</a> del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanat_Qarakh%C3%A0nida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanat Qarakhànida (encara no existeix)">kanat Qarakhànida</a>, publicà el primer diccionari de turc exhaustiu i un mapa de la distribució geogràfica dels parlants de llengües turques, en el seu <i>Compendi dels dialectes turquesos</i> (en turc otomà: <i>Divânü Lügati't-Türk</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Soucek_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soucek-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turc_otomà"><span id="Turc_otom.C3.A0"></span>Turc otomà</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Turc otomà"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Turc_otom%C3%A0" title="Turc otomà">Turc otomà</a></div> <p>Després de l'adopció de l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> vers el 950 pel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanat_Qarakh%C3%A0nida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanat Qarakhànida (encara no existeix)">kanat Qarakhànida</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Selj%C3%BAcides" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljúcides">turcs seljúcides</a>, ambdós considerats els avantpassats culturals dels <a href="/wiki/Imperi_Otom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Otomà">otomans</a>, la llengua administrativa d'aquests estats adquirí un gran conjunt de manlleus lingüístics de <a href="/wiki/%C3%80rab" title="Àrab">l'àrab</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Persa" title="Persa">persa</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Literatura_turca" title="Literatura turca">literatura turca</a> del període otomà, especialment la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poesia_otomana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poesia otomana (encara no existeix)">poesia diwan otomana</a>, rebé una forta influència persa, incloent-hi l'adopció de la mètrica poètica i una gran quantitat de paraules importades. La llengua literària i oficial de <a href="/wiki/Imperi_Otom%C3%A0" title="Imperi Otomà">l'Imperi Otomà</a> (aprox. 1299-1922) era una mescla de turc, persa i àrab que diferia considerablement del turc de cada dia parlat en aquest període, i rep el nom de <i><a href="/wiki/Turc_otom%C3%A0" title="Turc otomà">turc otomà</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforma_lingüística_i_turc_contemporani"><span id="Reforma_ling.C3.BC.C3.ADstica_i_turc_contemporani"></span>Reforma lingüística i turc contemporani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Reforma lingüística i turc contemporani"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Literacy-1924-Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Literacy-1924-Turkey.png/220px-Literacy-1924-Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Literacy-1924-Turkey.png/330px-Literacy-1924-Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Literacy-1924-Turkey.png/440px-Literacy-1924-Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Les taxes d'alfabetisme abans de la reforma lingüística a <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a> (1927). La taxa d'alfabetisme pujà al 48,4% entre els homes i el 20,7% entre les dones el 1950<sup id="cite_ref-popindex_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popindex-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Després de la fundació de la <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Turquia" class="mw-redirect" title="República de Turquia">República de Turquia</a> i la <a href="#Sistema_d'escriptura">reforma de l'escriptura</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Associaci%C3%B3_de_la_Llengua_Turca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associació de la Llengua Turca (encara no existeix)">l'Associació de la Llengua Turca</a> (TDK) fou fundada el 1932 sota el patrocini de <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, amb l'objectiu de dur a terme recerques sobre el turc. Una de les tasques de l'associació recentment fundada consistia a iniciar una <a href="/wiki/Reforma_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" class="mw-redirect" title="Reforma lingüística">reforma lingüística</a> per substituir els <a href="/wiki/Manlleu_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Manlleu (lingüística)">manlleus</a> d'origen àrab i persa amb equivalents turcs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prohibint l'ús de paraules importades en la premsa, l'associació aconseguí eliminar uns centenars de mots estrangers de la llengua. Mentre que la majoria de paraules introduïdes en la llengua per la TDK eren encunyades a partir d'arrels <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_turqueses" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües turqueses">turqueses</a>, també s'optà per ressuscitar paraules de l'antic turc que no havien estat utilitzades en segles. </p><p>A causa d'aquest canvi sobtat en el llenguatge, la gent gran i la gent jove de Turquia començaren a diferir en el vocabulari. Mentre que les generacions nascudes abans de la dècada del 1940 tendeixen a utilitzar els mots antics d'origen àrab o persa, les generacions més joves prefereixen expressions més noves. És especialment irònic el fet que el mateix <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, en el seu llarg discurs al nou <a href="/wiki/Gran_Assemblea_Nacional_de_Turquia" title="Gran Assemblea Nacional de Turquia">Parlament</a> el 1927, utilitzà un estil de dicció otomana que avui en dia sona tan estranger que ha calgut "traduir-lo" tres vegades al turc modern: primer el 1963, després el 1986, i per última vegada el 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El debat lingüístic també té un aspecte polític; els grups conservadors tendeixen a utilitzar mots més arcaics en la premsa o en el llenguatge de cada dia. </p><p>Les darreres dècades han estat testimoni del treball constant de la TDK per encunyar noves paraules turques per expressar conceptes i tecnologies nous a mesura que entren en l'idioma, principalment de l'anglès. Moltes d'aquestes paraules, especialment els termes de les <a href="/wiki/Tecnologies_de_la_informaci%C3%B3_i_la_comunicaci%C3%B3" title="Tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació">tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació</a>, han estat àmpliament acceptades. Tanmateix, de vegades, la TDK és criticada per encunyar termes que sonen artificiosos. Alguns canvis anteriors (com ara introduir <i>bölem</i> en comptes de <i>fırka</i>, 'partit polític') tampoc no foren acceptades pel públic (de fet, <i>fırka</i> ha estat substituït pel manlleu francès <i>parti</i>). Algunes paraules restaurades de l'antic turc han adoptat un significat especialitzat: per exemple, <i>betik</i> (que originalment volia dir 'llibre') es fa servir actualment per a dir <i><a href="/wiki/Llenguatge_script" title="Llenguatge script">script</a></i> en <a href="/wiki/Inform%C3%A0tica" title="Informàtica">informàtica</a>. </p><p>Moltes de les paraules derivades per la TDK coexisteixen amb les seves homòlogues més antigues. Això sol passar quan un manlleu canvia el seu significat original. Per exemple, <i>dert</i>, derivat del persa <i>dard</i> (درد 'dolor'), significa 'problema' o 'dificultat' en turc, mentre que es fa servir la paraula nadiua turca <i>ağrı</i> per a referir-se al dolor físic. De vegades, el manlleu té un significat lleument diferent del de la paraula nadiua turca, i dona peu a una situació semblant a la coexistència de paraules <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües germàniques">germàniques</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques" title="Llengües romàniques">romàniques</a> en <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s" title="Anglès">anglès</a>. Entre les paraules antigues que han estat substituïdes, hi ha termes de <a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">geometria</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Punts_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="Punts cardinals">punts cardinals</a>, el nom d'alguns mesos i molts noms i adjectius. Alguns exemples de paraules turques modernes i manlleus antics són: </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th align="left">Turc otomà </th> <th align="left">Turc modern </th> <th align="left">Traducció </th> <th align="left">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>müselles</td> <td><i>üçgen</i></td> <td>triangle</td> <td>Compost de la paraula <i>üç</i> ('tres') i el substantiu turc molt antic <i>gen</i> ('tensió', 'costat') </td></tr> <tr> <td>tayyare</td> <td><i>uçak</i></td> <td>avió</td> <td>Derivat del verb <i>uçmak</i> ('volar'). Inicialment es proposà que la paraula signifiqués 'aeroport'. </td></tr> <tr> <td>nispet</td> <td><i>oran</i></td> <td>ràtio</td> <td>Actualment encara es fa servir la paraula antiga juntament amb la nova. La paraula moderna ve del verb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_antic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc antic (encara no existeix)">turc antic</a> <i>or-</i> ('tallar'). </td></tr> <tr> <td>şimal</td> <td><i>kuzey</i></td> <td>nord</td> <td>Derivat del substantiu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_antic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc antic (encara no existeix)">turc antic</a> <i>kuz</i> ('lloc fred i fosc', 'ombra'). La paraula fou restaurada del seu ús en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_mitj%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc mitjà (encara no existeix)">turc mitjà</a> <i>usage</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>teşrinievvel</td> <td><i>ekim</i></td> <td>octubre</td> <td>El substantiu <i>ekim</i> denota 'l'acció de plantar', en referència a la plantació de llavors de cereals a la tardor, pràctica estesa a Turquia. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribució_geogràfica"><span id="Distribuci.C3.B3_geogr.C3.A0fica"></span>Distribució geogràfica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Distribució geogràfica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Articles principals: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%A0spora_turca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diàspora turca (encara no existeix)">Diàspora turca</a> i <a href="/wiki/Turcs_a_Alemanya" title="Turcs a Alemanya">Turcs a Alemanya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ús_oficial"><span id=".C3.9As_oficial"></span>Ús oficial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Ús oficial"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El turc és l'idioma oficial de Turquia i de la <a href="/wiki/RTNC" class="mw-redirect" title="RTNC">RTNC</a>. També és una de les sis llengües de treball de l'<a href="/wiki/Assemblea_Parlament%C3%A0ria_del_Consell_d%27Europa" title="Assemblea Parlamentària del Consell d'Europa">Assemblea Parlamentària del Consell d'Europa</a> des de 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialectes">Dialectes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Dialectes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El turc estàndard modern es basa en el dialecte d'<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquest <b>turc d'Istanbul</b> (<i>İstanbul Türkçesi</i>) constitueix el model de turc escrit i parlat, tal com recomanen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ziya_G%C3%B6kalp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ziya Gökalp (encara no existeix)">Ziya Gökalp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96mer_Seyfettin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ömer Seyfettin (encara no existeix)">Ömer Seyfettin</a> i altres.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La variació dialectal persisteix, malgrat la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anivellament_dialectal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anivellament dialectal (encara no existeix)">influència d'anivellament</a> de l'estàndard utilitzat en els mitjans de comunicació de masses i en el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Educaci%C3%B3_a_Turquia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Educació a Turquia (encara no existeix)">sistema educatiu turc</a> des dels anys trenta.<sup id="cite_ref-Johanson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johanson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els investigadors acadèmics de Turquia sovint es refereixen als dialectes turcs com <i>ağız</i> o <i>şive</i>, la qual cosa condueix a una ambigüitat amb el concepte lingüístic d'<a href="/wiki/Accent_(socioling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (sociolingüística)">accent</a>, que també està cobert amb aquestes paraules. Diverses universitats, així com un grup de treball dedicat de l'Associació per a la Llengua Turca, duen a terme <a href="/wiki/Projecte" class="mw-redirect" title="Projecte">projectes</a> investigant els dialectes turcs. L'any 2002 es va continuar treballant en la compilació i publicació de les seves investigacions com a <a href="/wiki/Atles" class="mw-disambig" title="Atles">atles</a> dialectal complet de la llengua turca.<sup id="cite_ref-Dialects_Workshop_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialects_Workshop-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dialects_TDK_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialects_TDK-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tot i que l'alfabet otomà, sent una mica més ambigu fonèticament que l'escriptura llatina, codificat per a moltes de les variacions dialectals entre dialectes turcs, l'escriptura llatina moderna no ho aconsegueix. Exemples d'això són la presència del so velar nasal [ŋ] en certs dialectes orientals del turc que estava representat per la lletra otomana /ڭ/ però que es va fusionar amb /n/ en l'escriptura llatina. A més, hi ha lletres com /خ/, /ق/, /غ/ que fan els sons [ɣ], [q], i [x], respectivament en certs dialectes orientals però que es fusionen en [g], [k] i [h] en els dialectes occidentals i, per tant, estan representats defectuosament en l'alfabet llatí per als parlants de dialectes orientals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Turkey_Turkish_dialects_map_(Main_subgroups)_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Turkey_Turkish_dialects_map_%28Main_subgroups%29_en.jpg/220px-Turkey_Turkish_dialects_map_%28Main_subgroups%29_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Turkey_Turkish_dialects_map_%28Main_subgroups%29_en.jpg/330px-Turkey_Turkish_dialects_map_%28Main_subgroups%29_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Turkey_Turkish_dialects_map_%28Main_subgroups%29_en.jpg/440px-Turkey_Turkish_dialects_map_%28Main_subgroups%29_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>Mapa dels principals subgrups de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialectes_turcs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialectes turcs (encara no existeix)">dialectes turcs</a> al sud-est d'Europa i a l'<a href="/wiki/Orient_Mitj%C3%A0" title="Orient Mitjà">Orient Mitjà</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alguns <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigraci%C3%B3_a_Turquia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigració a Turquia (encara no existeix)">immigrants a Turquia</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumelia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumelia (encara no existeix)">Rumelia</a> parlen el <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_rumeli%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc rumelià (encara no existeix)">turc rumelià</a>, que inclou els diferents dialectes de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludogorie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludogorie (encara no existeix)">Ludogorie</a>, Dinler i Adakale, que mostren la influència del teoritzat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sprachbund_dels_Balcans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sprachbund dels Balcans (encara no existeix)">Sprachbund dels Balcans</a>. <i>Kıbrıs Türkçesi</i> és el nom del dialecte del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_xipriota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc xipriota (encara no existeix)">turc xipriota</a> i és parlat pels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xipriotes_turcs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xipriotes turcs (encara no existeix)">xipriotes turcs</a>. <i>Edirne</i> és el dialecte de <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>. <i>Ege</i> es parla a la regió de l'<a href="/wiki/Mar_Egeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Egeu">Egeu</a>, i el seu ús s'estén a <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>. Els nòmades <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regi%C3%B3_mediterr%C3%A0nia,_Turquia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regió mediterrània, Turquia (encara no existeix)">Regió mediterrània</a> de Turquia també tenen el seu propi dialecte de turc.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquest grup no s'ha de confondre amb els nòmades Yuruk de Macedònia, Grècia i la Turquia europea, que parlen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_Gagauz_dels_Balcans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc Gagauz dels Balcans (encara no existeix)">turc Gagauz dels Balcans</a>. </p><p>Els <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcs_meskhetians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turcs meskhetians (encara no existeix)">turcs meskhetians</a> que viuen a Kazakhstan, Azerbaidjan i Rússia, així com a diversos països de l'Àsia central, també parlen un dialecte turc d'Anatòlia oriental, originari de les zones de Kars, Ardahan i Artvin i que comparteixen similituds amb l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80zeri" title="Àzeri">àzeri</a>, la llengua de l'Azerbaidjan.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regi%C3%B3_d%27Anatolia_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regió d'Anatolia Central (encara no existeix)">Regió d'Anatolia Central</a> parla <i>Orta Anadolu</i>. <i>Karadeniz</i>, parlat a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regi%C3%B3_del_Mar_Negre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regió del Mar Negre (encara no existeix)">Regió del Mar Negre</a> oriental i representat principalment pel dialecte <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, mostra la influència del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estratum_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estratum (lingüística) (encara no existeix)">substratum</a> del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_grega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma grega (encara no existeix)">grec</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fonologia" title="Fonologia">fonologia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi">sintaxi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Brendemoen_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brendemoen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> també es coneix com a <i>dialecte laz</i> (que no s'ha de confondre amb la <a href="/wiki/Laz" title="Laz">llengua laz</a>). <i>Kastamonu</i> es parla a <a href="/wiki/Kastamonu" title="Kastamonu">Kastamonu</a> i els seus voltants. El <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_Karamanli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc Karamanli (encara no existeix)">turc Karamanli</a> es parla a Grècia, on s'anomena <span lang="grc"> Kαραμανλήδικα</span>. És l'estàndard literari dels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karamanlides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karamanlides (encara no existeix)">Karamanlides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sistema_de_sons_i_escriptura">Sistema de sons i escriptura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Sistema de sons i escriptura"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg/220px-Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="522" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg/330px-Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Kyzyl_orkhon_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Inscripció en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antic_turqu%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antic turquès (encara no existeix)">antic turquès</a> amb <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_Orkhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabet Orkhon (encara no existeix)">l'alfabet Orkhon</a>, aprox. segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">viii</span>. <a href="/wiki/Kizil" title="Kizil">Kizil</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia" title="Rússia">Rússia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r30997230"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Article principal: <a href="/wiki/Alfabet_turc" title="Alfabet turc">Alfabet turc</a></div> <p>El turc actual fa servir un alfabet de 29 lletres, 8 vocals i 21 consonants: </p><p><b>a b c ç d e f g ğ h ı i j k l m n o ö p r s ş t u ü v y z</b> </p><p>Aquestes consonants sonen com en català: b d f m n p t z </p> <ul><li><i>c</i> sona com <i>tj</i> en català central o <i>j</i> en anglès</li> <li><i>ç</i> sona com <i>tx</i> en català</li> <li><i>g</i> sempre oclusiva velar com a <i>gat</i> en català, palatalitzada en contacte amb vocals anteriors</li> <li><i>ğ</i> (caràcter <i>g amb caron</i>), actualment gairebé no sona i allarga les vocals contigües, històricament una fricativa velar sonora</li> <li><i>h</i> sona com <i>h</i> en alemany o com <i>j</i> en castellà</li> <li><i>j</i> sona com <i>j</i> en català central o en francès, no pas com <i>tj</i> en català o <i>j</i> en anglès</li> <li><i>k</i> palatalitzada en contacte amb vocals anteriors</li> <li><i>l</i> velaritzada com en català en contacte amb vocals posteriors</li> <li><i>r</i> sempre suau, com a <i>pera</i>, com la <i>r</i> italiana</li> <li><i>s</i> sona sempre com <i>ss</i> en català</li> <li><i>ş</i> (caràcter <i>s amb diacrític</i>) sona com <i>xeix</i> en català, com <i>sh</i> en anglès, com <i>sch</i> en alemany o <i>ch</i> en francès.</li> <li><i>v</i> diferent de <i>b</i>, fricativa labiodental sonora, com <i>v</i> en anglès, francès o en la pronúncia valenciana.</li> <li><i>y</i> sona com <i>i</i> consonàntica en català, com en <i>iogurt.</i></li></ul> <p>Les vocals poden ser anteriors (<i>eiöü</i>) o posteriors (<i>aıou</i>), altes (<i>iıuü</i>) o baixes (<i>aeoö</i>), i arrodonides (<i>ouöü</i>) o no arrodonides (<i>aıei</i>). </p> <ul><li>La vocal <i>o</i> representa la vocal baixa posterior arrodonida (com la <i>o</i> tancada catalana).</li> <li>La vocal <i>u</i> representa la vocal alta posterior arrodonida (com la <i>u</i> catalana).</li> <li>La vocal <i>ö</i> representa la vocal baixa anterior arrodonida (com la <i>ö</i> alemanya o el grup <i>eu</i> en francès).</li> <li>La vocal <i>ü</i> representa la vocal alta anterior arrodonida (com la <i>ü</i> alemanya o la <i>u</i> francesa).</li> <li>La vocal <i>e</i> representa la vocal baixa anterior no arrodonida (com la <i>e</i> oberta catalana).</li> <li>La vocal <i>i</i> (caràcter <i>i amb punt</i>, majúscula <i>İ</i>) representa la vocal alta anterior no arrodonida (com la <i>i</i> catalana).</li> <li>La vocal <i>a</i> representa la vocal baixa posterior no arrodonida (com la <i>u</i> a la paraula anglesa <i>sun</i>).</li> <li>La vocal <i>ı</i> (caràcter <i>i sense punt</i>, majúscula <i>I</i>) representa la vocal alta posterior no arrodonida.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Harmonia_vocàlica"><span id="Harmonia_voc.C3.A0lica"></span>Harmonia vocàlica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Harmonia vocàlica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La fonologia turca segueix regles d'<a href="/wiki/Harmonia_voc%C3%A0lica" title="Harmonia vocàlica">harmonia vocàlica</a>, que fan variar la vocal de la major part de sufixos segons el tipus de vocals de l'arrel. </p><p>La principal regla és que una paraula només pot contenir o bé vocals anteriors (<i>e i ö ü</i>) o bé vocals posteriors (<i>a ı o u</i>). Per això, molts sufixos gramaticals tenen una forma amb vocal anterior i una altra amb vocal posterior (per exemple, <i>Türkiye'de</i> —a Turquia— però <i>kapı<b>da</b></i> —a la porta—). </p><p>A més, una regla secundària fa que les vocals altes ('<b>ı i'</b> <i>u ü</i>) tendeixin a tornar-se les arrodonides corresponents (<i>üu</i>) quan estan precedides d'una vocal arrodonida (<i>ouöü</i>). Per això, alguns sufixos gramaticals encara tenen dues formes més amb vocals arrodonides (per exemple, <i>Türkiye<b>dir</b></i> —és Turquia—, <i>kapı<b>dır</b></i> —és la porta—, però <i>gün<b>dür</b></i> —és el dia—, <i>palto<b>dur</b></i> —és l'abric—). </p><p>Les excepcions hi són nombroses. Cadascuna de les parts de les paraules compostes funcionen independentment pel que fa a l'harmonia vocàlica (per exemple, formes com <i>bugün</i> 'avui', literalment 'aquest dia'). Alguns sufixos gramaticals són invariables (com <i>-iyor</i>), i hi ha unes poques paraules turques que no segueixen aquestes regles (com <i>anne</i> 'mare'). En aquests casos, els sufixos harmonitzen amb la vocal final de la paraula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples">Exemples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Exemples"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exemple de turc amb traducció al <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A0" title="Català">català</a>: </p><p><span title="Aquest text usa caràcters especials. Vegeu l'article “Caràcters especials”" class="Unicode" style="font-family:Code2001, Code2000, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Doulos SIL, Chrysanthi Unicode, Arial Unicode MS, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Gentium, GentiumAlt, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit; text-decoration:none!important">Madde 1: Bütün insanlar hür, haysiyet ve haklar bakımından eşit doğarlar. Akıl ve vicdana sahiptirler ve birbirlerine karşı kardeşlik zihniyeti ile hareket etmelidirler.</span> </p><p>Article 1: Tots els éssers humans neixen lliures i iguals en dignitat i en drets. Són dotats de raó i de consciència, i han de comportar-se fraternalment els uns amb els altres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Languages_of_the_World-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Languages_of_the_World_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKatzner2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Katzner</span>, Kenneth [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/The-Languages-of-the-World-isbn9780415250047"><i>The Languages of the World</i></a>. 3a edició.  Routledge, 2002, pg 153. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-415-25004-8" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-415-25004-8">ISBN 0-415-25004-8</a></span> [Consulta: 11 setembre 2008]. «...language of Turkey, spoken by about 60 million...also some 750,000 speakers in Bulgaria, 150,000 in Cyprus, and 100,000 in Greece…in Germany, numbering over 2 million people...»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Katzner&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=3a%C2%A0edici%C3%B3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.pages=pg+153&rft.isbn=0-415-25004-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2FThe-Languages-of-the-World-isbn9780415250047"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="" style="white-space: nowrap;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Enlla%C3%A7os_externs#Manteniment_d'enllaços_externs" title="Viquipèdia:Enllaços externs">Enllaç no actiu</a>]</i></span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_Altaic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_Altaic_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.)</a>. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90009">Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Language Family Trees - Altaic</a>», 2005. [Consulta: 18 març 2007].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LanguagesOfTheWorld-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LanguagesOfTheWorld_3-1">3,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Katzner.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Language_Materials_Project-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Language_Materials_Project_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011180149/http://lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?menu=004&LangID=67">Language Materials Project: Turkish</a>».  <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> International Institute, Center for World Languages, Febrer 2007. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=67&menu=004">original</a> el 11 d’octubre 2007. [Consulta: 26 abril 2007].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ishjatms-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ishjatms_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ishjatms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findley-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Findley_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Findley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Soucek_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Soucek.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popindex-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-popindex_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTaeuber1958"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Taeuber</span>, Irene B. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0032-4701%28195804%2924%3A2%3C101%3APAMIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z">Population and Modernization in Turkey</a>». <i>Population Index</i>, 24, 2, 1958, p. 110. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2731516">10.2307/2731516</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41483131">41483131</a> [Consulta: 27 abril 2007].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vegeu Lewis (2002) per una anàlisi detallada de la reforma lingüística turca.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vegeu Lewis (2002): 2–3 per les dues primeres traduccions. Per la tercera, vegeu <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Bedi Yazıcı. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928221336/http://www.nutuk.org/">Nutuk: Özgün metin ve çeviri (Atatürk's Speech: original text and translation)</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutuk.org/">original</a> el 28 de setembre 2007. [Consulta: 28 setembre 2007].</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En turc">(turc)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Mütercim Asım. <i>Burhân-ı Katı Tercemesi</i>, 1799.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burh%C3%A2n-%C4%B1+Kat%C4%B1+Tercemesi&rft.au=M%C3%BCtercim+As%C4%B1m&rft.date=1799&rft.place=Estanbul"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En turc">(turc)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup title="Cal donar format a aquesta referència." class="noprint"><span class="noprint" style="color:blue;"><i>[<a href="/wiki/VP:REF" class="mw-redirect" title="VP:REF">enllaç sense format</a>]</i></span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=94507&NewsCatID=510">http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/Default.aspx?pageID=238&nID=94507&NewsCatID=510</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCampbell1995"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Campbell</span>, George. «Turkish». A: <i>Concise compendium of the world's languages</i>.  Routledge, 1995.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+compendium+of+the+world%27s+languages&rft.atitle=Turkish&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=George&rft.date=1995&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.pages=547"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111073331/http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-magazin-1628628/">En iyi İstanbul Türkçesini kim konuşur?</a>». <i>Milliyet</i>, 18-11-2012. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/-magazin-1628628/">original</a> el 2018-11-11. [Consulta: 30 desembre 2017].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johanson-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Johanson_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Johanson, Lars (2001), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf">Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map</a></i>, Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul<span class="printonly">, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf">http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf</a>></span>. Consulta: 18 març 2007</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070509/http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2007-02-05 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dialects_Workshop-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dialects_Workshop_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Özsoy</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dialects_TDK-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Dialects_TDK_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Akalın</span>, Şükrü Halûk «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf">Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)</a>» (en turc). <i>Türk Dili</i>, vol. 85, 613, 1-2003. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1301-465X">1301-465X</a>.</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231538/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2007-06-27 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFShashi1992"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Shashi</span>, Shyam Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.cat/books?id=4T0oAAAAMAAJ&q=yoruk+turkish+taurus"><i>Encyclopaedia of Humanities and Social Sciences</i></a>.  Anmol Publications, 1992, p. 47.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.aulast=Shashi&rft.aufirst=Shyam+Singh&rft.date=1992&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.pages=47&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4T0oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dyoruk%2Bturkish%2Btaurus"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Aydıngün, Ayşegül; Harding, Çiğdem Balım & Hoover, Matthew et al. (2006), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf">Meskhetian Turks: An Introduction to their History, Culture, and Resettelment Experiences</a></i>, Center for Applied Linguistics<span class="printonly">, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf">http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf</a>></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714205907/http://www.cal.org/co/pdffiles/mturks.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2007-07-14 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brendemoen-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Brendemoen_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Brendemoen, B. (1996). "Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon" a <i>Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 February 1996</i>. </cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=proceeding&rft.btitle=&rft.atitle=Phonological+Aspects+of+Greek-Turkish+Language+Contact+in+Trabzon&rft.aulast=Brendemoen&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.date=1996"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Balta</span>, Evangelia «Translating Books from Greek into Turkish for the Karamanli Orthodox Christians of Anatolia (1718–1856)». <i>International Journal of Turkish Studies</i>, vol. 23, 1–2, Fall 2017, pàg. 20.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAkalın2003"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Akalın</span>, Şükrü Haluk «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231538/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf">Türk Dil Kurumu'nun 2002 yılı çalışmaları (Turkish Language Association progress report for 2002)</a>» (PDF). <i>Türk_Dili</i>, 85, 613, 2003. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf">original</a> el 2007-06-27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1301-465X">1301-465X</a> [Consulta: 18 març 2007].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627231538/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/dosyagoster.aspx?DIL=1&BELGEANAH=2693&DOSYAISIM=calismalar2002.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2007-06-27 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En turc">(turc)</span></li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBazin1975"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bazin</span>, Louis «Turcs et Sogdiens: Les Enseignements de L'Inscription de Bugut (Mongolie), Mélanges Linguistiques Offerts à Émile Benveniste». <i>Collection Linguistique, publiée par la Société de Linguistique de Paris</i>, LXX, 1975, p. 37–45.</span>(en francès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBrendemoen1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Brendemoen</span>, B. <i>Conference on Turkish in Contact, Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study (NIAS) in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar, 5–6 febrer, 1996</i>, 1996. «Phonological Aspects of Greek-Turkish Language Contact in Trabzon»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conference+on+Turkish+in+Contact%2C+Netherlands+Institute+for+Advanced+Study+%28NIAS%29+in+the+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences%2C+Wassenaar%2C+5%E2%80%936+febrer%2C+1996&rft.aulast=Brendemoen&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.date=1996"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCoulmas1989"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Coulmas</span>, Florian. <i>Writing Systems of the World</i>.  Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, 1989. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0631180281" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0631180281">ISBN 0631180281</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.date=1989&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers+Ltd%2C+Oxford&rft.isbn=0631180281"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFDilaçar1977"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agop_Dila%C3%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agop Dilaçar (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dilaçar</span>, Agop</a> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dildernegi.org.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFC3C6D81741DBEB05">Atatürk ve Yazım</a>». <i>Türk Dili</i>, 35, 307, 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1301-465X">1301-465X</a> [Consulta: 19 març 2007].</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En turc">(turc)</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFindley2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Findley</span>, Carter V. <i>The Turks in World History</i>.  Oxford University Press, Octubre 2004. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-19-517726-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-19-517726-6">ISBN 0-19-517726-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+World+History&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+V.&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-517726-6"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Johanson, Lars «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070509/http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf">Discoveries on the Turkic linguistic map</a>» (PDF). <i></i>. Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2001. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf">original</a> el 2007-02-05 [Consulta: 18 març 2007].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205070509/http://www.srii.org/Map.pdf">Arxivat</a> 2007-02-05 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a>. «Turkish». A: <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</i>.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 155. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-521-65236-7_(hb);_ISBN_0-521-63751-1_(pb)" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb)">ISBN 0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb)</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+A+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.atitle=Turkish&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=155&rft.isbn=0-521-65236-7 (hb); ISBN 0-521-63751-1 (pb)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFIshjatms1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ishjatms</span>, N. «Nomads In Eastern Central Asia». A: <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia</i>. 2.  UNESCO Publishing, 1996. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/92-3-102846-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/92-3-102846-4">ISBN 92-3-102846-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.atitle=Nomads+In+Eastern+Central+Asia&rft.aulast=Ishjatms&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.isbn=92-3-102846-4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKatzner2002"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Katzner</span>, Kenneth. <i>Languages of the World, Third Edition</i>.  Routledge, an imprint of Taylor & Francis Books Ltd., Març 2002. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0415250047" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0415250047">ISBN 978-0415250047</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%2C+Third+Edition&rft.aulast=Katzner&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+an+imprint+of+Taylor+%26+Francis+Books+Ltd.&rft.isbn=978-0415250047"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLewis1953"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Lewis_(Turkish_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar) (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lewis</span>, Geoffrey</a>. <i>Teach Yourself Turkish</i>.  English Universities Press, 1953. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0340492314" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0340492314">ISBN 978-0340492314</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Turkish&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.date=1953&rft.pub=English+Universities+Press&rft.isbn=978-0340492314"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (2a edició 1989) (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLewis2001"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Lewis_(Turkish_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar) (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lewis</span>, Geoffrey</a>. <i>Turkish Grammar</i>.  Oxford University Press, 2001. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-19-870036-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-19-870036-9">ISBN 0-19-870036-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Grammar&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-870036-9"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLewis2002"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Lewis_(Turkish_scholar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Lewis (Turkish scholar) (encara no existeix)"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Lewis</span>, Geoffrey</a>. <i>The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success</i>.  Oxford University Press, 2002. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-19-925669-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-19-925669-1">ISBN 0-19-925669-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkish+Language+Reform%3A+A+Catastrophic+Success&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-925669-1"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNişanyan2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nişanyan</span>, Sevan. <i>Sözlerin Soyağacı: Çağdaş Türkçenin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Diccionari Etimològic del Turc Contemporani)</i>.  Adam Yayınları, Revised and Enlarged 3rd Edition, 2007. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-975-418-868-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-975-418-868-4">ISBN 978-975-418-868-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B6zlerin+Soya%C4%9Fac%C4%B1%3A+%C3%87a%C4%9Fda%C5%9F+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7enin+Etimoloji+S%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC+%28Diccionari+Etimol%C3%B2gic+del+Turc+Contemporani%29&rft.aulast=Ni%C5%9Fanyan&rft.aufirst=Sevan&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Adam+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1%2C+Revised+and+Enlarged+3rd+Edition&rft.isbn=978-975-418-868-4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En turc">(turc)</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFÖzsoy2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Özsoy</span>, A. Sumru; Taylan, Eser E. (eds.). <i>Türkçe'nin ağızları çalıştayı bildirileri (Workshop on the dialects of Turkish)</i>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_%C3%9Cniversitesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boğaziçi Üniversitesi (encara no existeix)">Boğaziçi Üniversitesi</a> Yayınevi, 2000. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/9755181407" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/9755181407">ISBN 9755181407</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e%27nin+a%C4%9F%C4%B1zlar%C4%B1+%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Ftay%C4%B1+bildirileri+%28Workshop+on+the+dialects+of+Turkish%29&rft.aulast=%C3%96zsoy&rft.aufirst=A.+Sumru&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=%5B%5BBo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i+%C3%9Cniversitesi%5D%5D+Yay%C4%B1nevi&rft.isbn=9755181407"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En turc">(turc)</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSoucek2000"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Soucek</span>, Svat. <i>A History of Inner Asia</i>.  Cambridge University Press, Març 2000. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0521651691" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0521651691">ISBN 978-0521651691</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Inner+Asia&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0521651691"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Vaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Vaux (encara no existeix)">Vaux, Bert</a> «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315154048/http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf">Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians</a>» (PDF). <i></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, 2001. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf">original</a> el 15 de març 2007 [Consulta: 24 abril 2007].</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070315154048/http://www.uwm.edu/~vaux/hamshen.pdf">Arxivat</a> 15 de març 2007 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (en anglès)</li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFEyüboğlu1991"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Eyüboğlu</span>, İsmet Zeki. <i>Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü (Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language)</i>.  Sosyal Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-975-7384-72-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-975-7384-72-4">ISBN 978-975-7384-72-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+Dilinin+Etimoloji+S%C3%B6zl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC+%28Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Turkish+Language%29&rft.aulast=Ey%C3%BCbo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0smet+Zeki&rft.date=1991&rft.pub=Sosyal+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1%2C+%C4%B0stanbul&rft.isbn=978-975-7384-72-4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En turc">(turc)</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFÖzel1986"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Özel</span>, Sevgi; Haldun Özen and Ali Püsküllüoğlu (eds.). <i>Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası (Atatürk's Turkish Language Association and its Legacy)</i> (en turc).  Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara, 1986. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/18836678">18836678</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+T%C3%BCrk+Dil+Kurumu+ve+Sonras%C4%B1+%28Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Turkish+Language+Association+and+its+Legacy%29&rft.aulast=%C3%96zel&rft.aufirst=Sevgi&rft.date=1986&rft.pub=Bilgi+Yay%C4%B1nevi%2C+Ankara&rft_id=info:oclcnum/18836678"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPüsküllüoğlu2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Püsküllüoğlu</span>, Ali. <i>Arkadaş Türkçe Sözlük (Arkadaş Turkish Dictionary)</i>.  Arkadaş Yayınevi, Ankara, 2004. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/975-509-053-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/975-509-053-3">ISBN 975-509-053-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arkada%C5%9F+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e+S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk+%28Arkada%C5%9F+Turkish+Dictionary%29&rft.aulast=P%C3%BCsk%C3%BCll%C3%BCo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Arkada%C5%9F+Yay%C4%B1nevi%2C+Ankara&rft.isbn=975-509-053-3"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33711417"><span class="languageicon" title="En turc">(turc)</span></li></ul><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literatura_turca" title="Literatura turca">Literatura turca</a></li></ul><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkish_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkish language">Turc</a></b></i></div></div> </div><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Hi ha una <i><b><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="tr:">edició en turc</a></b></i> de la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia" title="Viquipèdia">Viquipèdia</a></div></div> </div><ul><li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zft-online.de/">Center for Studies on Turkey ('Centre d'Estudis sobre Turquia')</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universitat_d%27Essen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universitat d'Essen (encara no existeix)">Universitat d'Essen</a>. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051204091302/http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf">The European Turks: Gross Domestic Product, Working Population, Entrepreneurs and Household Data</a>» (PDF).  Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association, 2003. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tusiad.org/haberler/basin/ab/9.pdf">original</a> el 4 de desembre 2005. [Consulta: 6 gener 2007].</span> (en anglès)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dict.com/turc-catala">Diccionari turc-català i català-turc en línia</a>.</li></ul><p><br /> </p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="" style="width: 100%"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33663753"> </table><table class="toccolours" style="clear:both; border:1px solid #888; width:98%; margin:1em auto;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td width="85%" colspan="4" bgcolor="#ccccff" align="center"><div style="float:right;margin-right:8px;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plantilla:Llenguesturques" title="Plantilla:Llenguesturques"><img alt="Vegeu aquesta plantilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/18px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/27px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Commons-emblem-notice.svg/36px-Commons-emblem-notice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></li></ul></div></div> <b><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_turqueses" class="mw-redirect" title="Llengües turqueses">Llengües turqueses</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center"><b>Turquès occidental</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"><b>Ogur</b> </td> <td width="75%" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B3lgar_(llengua)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bólgar (llengua) (encara no existeix)">Bólgar</a>† | <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAnnic" title="Húnnic">Húnnic</a>† | <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A0zar" title="Khàzar">Khàzar</a>† | <a href="/wiki/Txuvaix" title="Txuvaix">Txuvaix</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_oguz" title="Llengües oguz">Oguz</a></b> </td> <td width="75%" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Afxar_(llengua)" title="Afxar (llengua)">Afxar</a> | <a href="/wiki/%C3%80zeri" title="Àzeri">Àzeri</a> | <a href="/wiki/Gaga%C3%BAs" title="Gagaús">Gagaús</a> | <a href="/wiki/Petxeneg" class="mw-redirect" title="Petxeneg">Petxeneg</a>† | <a href="/wiki/Qaixqai" title="Qaixqai">Qaixqai</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llengua_salar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llengua salar (encara no existeix)">Salar</a> | <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0tar_de_Crimea" title="Tàtar de Crimea">Tàtar de Crimea</a>¹ | <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Turc</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turc_de_Khorasan" title="Turc de Khorasan">Turc de Khorasan</a> | <a href="/wiki/Turc_otom%C3%A0" title="Turc otomà">Turc otomà</a>† | <a href="/wiki/Turcman" title="Turcman">Turcman</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urum (encara no existeix)">Urum</a>¹ </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"><b>Karluk</b> </td> <td width="75%" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_aini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma aini (encara no existeix)">Aini</a>² | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_d%27Ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc d'Ili (encara no existeix)">Turc d'Ili</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lop" title="Lop">Lop</a> | <a href="/wiki/Llengua_txagatai" title="Llengua txagatai">Txagatai</a>† | <a href="/wiki/Uigur" title="Uigur">Uigur</a> | <a href="/wiki/Uzbek" title="Uzbek">Uzbek</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_kiptxak" title="Llengües kiptxak">Kiptxak</a></b> </td> <td width="75%" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialecte_baraba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialecte baraba (encara no existeix)">Baraba</a> | <a href="/wiki/Baixkir" title="Baixkir">Baixkir</a> | <a href="/wiki/Cum%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumà">Cumà</a>† | <a href="/wiki/Karatxai-balkar" title="Karatxai-balkar">Karatxai-balkar</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kara%C3%AFm" title="Karaïm">Karaïm</a> | <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak" title="Karakalpak">Karakalpak</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kazakh" title="Kazakh">Kazakh</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kiptxak" title="Kiptxak">Kiptxak</a>† | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krimtxak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krimtxak (encara no existeix)">Krimtxak</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kumyk" title="Kumyk">Kumyk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Nogai" title="Nogai">Nogai</a> | <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0tar" title="Tàtar">Tàtar</a> | <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0tar_de_Crimea" title="Tàtar de Crimea">Tàtar de Crimea</a>¹ | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urum (encara no existeix)">Urum</a>¹ </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center"><b>Turquès oriental</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"><b>Kirguís-<a href="/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_kiptxak" title="Llengües kiptxak">Kiptxak</a></b> </td> <td width="75%" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Llengua_altai" title="Llengua altai">Altai</a> | <a href="/wiki/Kirgu%C3%ADs" title="Kirguís">Kirguís</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"><b>Argu</b> </td> <td width="75%" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Khalaj" title="Khalaj">Khalaj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20%" valign="top"><b>Siberià</b> </td> <td width="75%" style="font-size:90%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altai_septentrional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altai septentrional (encara no existeix)">Altai septentrional</a> | <a href="/wiki/Txulim" title="Txulim">Txulim</a> | <a href="/wiki/Dolgan" title="Dolgan">Dolgan</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuy%C3%BC_G%C3%AFrg%C3%AFs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuyü Gïrgïs (encara no existeix)">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a> | <a href="/wiki/Iacut" title="Iacut">Sakhà / iacut</a> | <a href="/wiki/Khak%C3%A0s" title="Khakàs">Khakàs</a> | <a href="/wiki/Shor" title="Shor">Shor</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tofa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tofa (encara no existeix)">Tofa</a> | <a href="/wiki/Tuvini%C3%A0" title="Tuvinià">Tuvinià</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iugur_occidental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iugur occidental (encara no existeix)">Iugur occidental</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="bottom" colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turc_antic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turc antic (encara no existeix)">Turc antic</a>†</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:85%;text-align:center">Notes: ¹ Es troba en més d'un grup; ² Llengües mixtes; † <a href="/wiki/Llengua_morta" title="Llengua morta">Extingida</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX534899">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11955194j">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4120079-2">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85138883">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573335">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126797&CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/turc-1">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span style="display: none;" class="interProject"><a href="https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/turc" class="extiw" title="wikt:turc">Viccionari</a></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turc&oldid=33816633">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turc&oldid=33816633</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Turc" title="Categoria:Turc">Turc</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categories ocultes: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_enlla%C3%A7os_externs_no_actius" title="Categoria:Articles amb enllaços externs no actius">Articles amb enllaços externs no actius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_refer%C3%A8ncies_sense_format" title="Categoria:Articles amb referències sense format">Articles amb referències sense format</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_la_plantilla_Webarchive_amb_enlla%C3%A7_wayback" title="Categoria:Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback">Articles amb la plantilla Webarchive amb enllaç wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Articles_amb_plantilles_de_notes_d%27encap%C3%A7alament_que_enllacen_a_una_p%C3%A0gina_inexistent" title="Categoria:Articles amb plantilles de notes d'encapçalament que enllacen a una pàgina inexistent">Articles amb plantilles de notes d'encapçalament que enllacen a una pàgina inexistent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_enlla%C3%A7_commonscat_des_de_Wikidata" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb enllaç commonscat des de Wikidata">Pàgines amb enllaç commonscat des de Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:1.000_articles_fonamentals" title="Categoria:1.000 articles fonamentals">1.000 articles fonamentals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Llengua_i_literatura_(Els_1000_de_META)" title="Categoria:Llengua i literatura (Els 1000 de META)">Llengua i literatura (Els 1000 de META)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Control_d%27autoritats" title="Categoria:Control d'autoritats">Control d'autoritats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 21 ago 2024 a les 13:40.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. Vegeu les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/ca">Condicions d'ús</a>. Wikipedia® (Viquipèdia™) és una <a href="/wiki/Marca_comercial" title="Marca comercial">marca registrada</a> de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc</a>.<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Política de privadesa</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Quant_a_la_Viquip%C3%A8dia">Quant al projecte Viquipèdia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Av%C3%ADs_d%27exempci%C3%B3_de_responsabilitat">Descàrrec de responsabilitat</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Codi de conducta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desenvolupadors</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ca.wikipedia.org">Estadístiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaració de cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ca.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turc&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Versió per a mòbils</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-7hjck","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.600","walltime":"0.961","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12855,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":111001,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26457,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":23763,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":5,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 822.059 1 -total"," 43.13% 354.545 1 Plantilla:Infotaula_llengua"," 42.61% 350.275 1 Plantilla:Infotaula"," 21.96% 180.516 1 Plantilla:Referències"," 10.04% 82.552 17 Plantilla:Ref-llibre"," 7.93% 65.213 8 Plantilla:Citar_ref"," 6.56% 53.913 1 Plantilla:If_empty"," 6.13% 50.432 1 Plantilla:Commonscat"," 5.31% 43.657 6 Plantilla:Citar_publicació"," 4.96% 40.795 2 Plantilla:Sister"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.187","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3572798,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fkn9p","timestamp":"20241123204143","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Turc","url":"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turc","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q256","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q256","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-24T13:46:29Z","dateModified":"2024-08-21T12:40:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/de\/Map_of_Turkish_Language.svg","headline":"llengua turquesa"}</script> </body> </html>