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waterway trade route; Bronze Age; Viking Age; hillforts; digital modelling"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/CF63A59981DECA0A63CF2EEB5F5477F6/S0003598X24001315a.pdf/div-class-title-inhilldaugar-minimally-invasive-fieldwork-and-linguistic-analysis-on-hillforts-along-the-daugava-river-div.pdf"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The archaeology of early medieval Poland: discoveries – hypotheses – interpretations 450–1450, Volume 1; citation_author=Buko, A.; citation_publication_date=2008"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Lettlands viele Völker. 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Geschichte und Perspektiven der Forschung; citation_author=Schneeweiß, J.; citation_author=Eriksen, B.V.; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_inbook=Interaktion ohne Grenzen. Beispiele archäologischer Forschungen am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts; citation_firstpage=717"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=No medniekiem un zvejniekiem līdz lopkopjiem un zemkopjiem: Latvijas aizvēstures senākais posms (10500.-1.g.pr. Kr.); citation_author=Vasks, A.; citation_publication_date=2015"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Baltic hillforts: unknown heritage; citation_author=Vitkūnas, M.; citation_author=Zabiela, G.; citation_publication_date=2017"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Pleistocene glaciations in Latvia; citation_author=Zelčs, V.; citation_author=Ehlers, J.; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_inbook=Developments in Quaternary Sciences; citation_firstpage=221"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Combining non- and minimally invasive archaeological survey, geomorphological methods and linguistic studies enables a better understanding of the dynamic use of the Daugava waterway from the Bronze to the Viking ages. 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</a></li><li class="page-breadcrumbs__item" data-v-3692cf84><span aria-hidden="true" class="breadcrumbs-wrapper__arrow" data-v-3692cf84>></span><span data-v-3692cf84>INHILLDAUGAR: minimally invasive fieldwork and linguistic...</span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="language" data-v-3692cf84><ul class="language-switch" data-v-6b1118dd data-v-3692cf84><li aria-label="English" data-v-6b1118dd><span class="language-option current divider" data-v-6b1118dd>English</span></li><li aria-label="Français" data-v-6b1118dd><span role="button" tabindex="0" href="#" lang="fr" class="language-option" data-v-6b1118dd> Français </span></li></ul></div></div></div></div> <div class="container container__modified" data-v-01274b1d>  <div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div role="complementary" aria-label="table of content" class="column__left" data-v-01274b1d><div class="col journal-container row" data-v-146270e8 data-v-01274b1d><img src="https://static.cambridge.org/covers/AQY_0_0_0/antiquity.jpg" alt="" class="journal__image" data-v-146270e8> <a href="/core/journals/antiquity" class="app-link journal__title app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-146270e8><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Antiquity </span> </a> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-146270e8></div>  <div id="toc" class="table-of-content" data-v-01274b1d><h2>Article contents</h2> <div id="toc-list-wrapper" class="table-of-content__wrapper"><ul id="toc-list" class="list"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li> <li class="list__item"><a href="#sec1" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Introduction</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec2" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Methods</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec3" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Results and discussion</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec4" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Conclusions</div></span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec-fs1" class="list__item__link"> <span><div class="toc-title">Funding statement</div></span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="column__main" data-v-01274b1d><div class="row" data-v-01274b1d><div class="column__main__left" data-v-01274b1d><div id="maincontent" class="col" data-v-862424e6 data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>INHILLDAUGAR: minimally invasive fieldwork and linguistic analysis on hillforts along the Daugava river</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>18 September 2024</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Jens%20Schneewei%C3%9F&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Jens Schneeweiß</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Vanda%20Haferberga&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Vanda Haferberga</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Timo%20Ibsen&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Timo Ibsen</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Piotr%20Kittel&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Piotr Kittel</span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6987-7968" data-test-orcid="Piotr Kittel" class="app-link contributor-type__contributor__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="Open the ORCID record for Piotr Kittel" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Jerzy%20Sikora&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Jerzy Sikora</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=%C5%81ukasz%20Musiaka&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Łukasz Musiaka</span> </a> <a target="_blank" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6845-7280" data-test-orcid="Łukasz Musiaka" class="app-link contributor-type__contributor__orcid app-link__icon app-link--" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="Open the ORCID record for Łukasz Musiaka" class="app-icon icon orcid" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a> <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Hans%20Whitefield&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Hans Whitefield</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Artur%20Ginter&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Artur Ginter</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce>,</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Edyta%20Kali%C5%84ska&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Edyta Kalińska</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce> and</span></div><div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Jacek%20Szma%C5%84da&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>Jacek Szmańda</span> </a>  <span data-v-792406ce></span></div> <a href="#" class="app-link app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>...Show all authors </span> </a></div> </div> <div class="col-2 collapse-link" data-v-99f6eb26><a href="#authors-details" data-toggle="collapse" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="authors-details" class="app-link collapsed app-link__text-icon app-link--secondary reverse" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-99f6eb26><img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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" alt="" class="app-icon icon arrow-down" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Show author details </span> </a></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-99f6eb26> <dl id="authors-details" class="authors-details collapse" data-v-2edb8da6 data-v-99f6eb26><div data-test-author="Jens Schneeweiß" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Jens Schneeweiß</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Cluster of Excellence ROOTS, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Germany</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (LEIZA-ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Vanda Haferberga" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Vanda Haferberga</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Faculty of History and Philosophy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (LEIZA-ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Timo Ibsen" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Timo Ibsen</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (LEIZA-ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Piotr Kittel" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Piotr Kittel</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Lodz, Poland</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Jerzy Sikora" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Jerzy Sikora</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Philosophy and History, University of Lodz, Poland</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Łukasz Musiaka" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Łukasz Musiaka*</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Lodz, Poland</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Hans Whitefield" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Hans Whitefield</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (LEIZA-ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Artur Ginter" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Artur Ginter</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Department of Philosophy and History, University of Lodz, Poland</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Edyta Kalińska" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Edyta Kalińska</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Jacek Szmańda" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Jacek Szmańda</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Toruń, Poland</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Leonid Vyazov" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Leonid Vyazov</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (LEIZA-ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany</span> </span><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>University of Ostrava, Czechia</span> </span></div></dd></div><div data-test-author="Ilja Seržant" class="row author" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-12 col-sm-2 title" data-v-2edb8da6>Ilja Seržant</dt> <dd class="col content d-inline d-sm-flex" data-v-2edb8da6><span class="content__title" data-v-2edb8da6>Affiliation:</span> <div class="d-sm-flex flex-column flex-sm-1 d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6>Institute for Slavic Studies, University of Potsdam, Germany</span> </span></div></dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-2edb8da6><dt class="col-sm-2 col-12 title" data-v-2edb8da6> * </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="row" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="d-sm-flex d-inline flex-sm-1 flex-sm-wrap" data-v-2edb8da6><div class="d-inline" data-v-2edb8da6><span data-v-2edb8da6><div class="corresp"><span class="label">*</span>Author for correspondence ✉ <a href="mailto:lukasz.musiaka@geo.uni.lodz.pl">lukasz.musiaka@geo.uni.lodz.pl</a></div></span></div></div></div></dd></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-2edb8da6></dl></div></div> <div id="app-tabs" class="tabs" data-v-1d90c6ce data-v-01274b1d><div id="app-tabs-wrapper" class="tabs__wrapper" data-v-1d90c6ce><div role="navigation" aria-label="tab navigation" class="container" data-v-1d90c6ce><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#appTabs" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="appTabs" class="tabs__collapse collapsed d-sm-none d-print-none" data-v-1d90c6ce><span data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-up" data-v-1d90c6ce></span> <span class="tabs-arrow-down" data-v-1d90c6ce></span></a> <ul id="appTabs" role="tablist" class="nav nav-tabs tabs__list collapse show" data-v-1d90c6ce><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a aria-selected="true" href="#article-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="article-tab" tabindex="-1" class="active" data-v-1d90c6ce>Article </a></li><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a href="#figures-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="figures-tab" tabindex="-1" data-v-1d90c6ce>Figures </a></li><li role="none" class="tabs__tab" data-v-1d90c6ce><a href="#metrics-tab" role="tab" aria-controls="metrics-tab" tabindex="-1" data-v-1d90c6ce>Metrics </a></li></ul></div></div> <div tabindex="0" role="region" aria-label="Tab content" class="tab-content" data-v-1d90c6ce><div id="article-tab" class="tab-pane active" data-v-43a4d572><div id="toc-mobile" class="table-of-content-mobile d-sm-none" data-v-43a4d572><a data-toggle="collapse" href="#toc-list-mobile" role="button" aria-expanded="false" class="toc-collapse-switch collapsed"><span class="default-heading">Article contents</span>  <span class="toc-arrow-up"></span> <span class="toc-arrow-down"></span></a> <ul id="toc-list-mobile" class="list collapse"><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec0" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">Abstract</span></a></li> <li class="list__item"><a href="#sec1" class="list__item__link"> <span>Introduction</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec2" class="list__item__link"> <span>Methods</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec3" class="list__item__link"> <span>Results and discussion</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec4" class="list__item__link"> <span>Conclusions</span></a></li><li class="list__item"><a href="#sec-fs1" class="list__item__link"> <span>Funding statement</span></a></li>  <li class="list__item"><a href="#references-list" class="list__item__link"><span class="toc-title">References</span></a></li></ul></div> <div class="action-bar" data-v-43a4d572><div class="row items"> <div class="app-dropdown d-print-none" data-v-fab090b8 data-v-113567da data-v-43a4d572><button aria-expanded="false" data-test-id="buttonSavePDFOptions" id="save-pdf-dropdown" class="app-button dropdown-menu-button 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target="_blank" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=AQY&title=INHILLDAUGAR%3A%20minimally%20invasive%20fieldwork%20and%20linguistic%20analysis%20on%20hillforts%20along%20the%20Daugava%20river&publicationDate=18%20September%202024&author=Jens%20Schneewei%C3%9F%2C%20Vanda%20Haferberga%2C%20Timo%20Ibsen%2C%20Piotr%20Kittel%2C%20Jerzy%20Sikora%2C%20%C5%81ukasz%20Musiaka%2C%20Hans%20Whitefield%2C%20Artur%20Ginter%2C%20Edyta%20Kali%C5%84ska%2C%20Jacek%20Szma%C5%84da%2C%20Leonid%20Vyazov%2C%20Ilja%20Ser%C5%BEant©right=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20The%20Author(s)%2C%202024.%20Published%20by%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%20on%20behalf%20of%20Antiquity%20Publications%20Ltd&contentID=10.15184%2Faqy.2024.131&startPage=&endPage=&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=98&issueNum=401&oa=CC-BY" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img 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src="https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0003598X24001315/resource/name/S0003598X24001315_figAb.png?pub-status=live" /></p></div></div> <div class="abstract-graphical__text"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>Combining non- and minimally invasive archaeological survey, geomorphological methods and linguistic studies enables a better understanding of the dynamic use of the Daugava waterway from the Bronze to the Viking ages. Results indicate a common origin period of many fortified settlements and also identify research questions about cultural fluctuations in the Baltic-Slavic–Scandinavian contact area.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> </div>  <div class="keywords" data-v-86c27100 data-v-43a4d572><h2 data-v-86c27100>Keywords</h2> <div class="row keywords__pills" data-v-86c27100><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=Baltic region" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>Baltic region</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=waterway trade route" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>waterway trade route</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=Bronze Age" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>Bronze Age</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=Viking Age" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>Viking Age</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=hillforts" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>hillforts</span></a><a href="/core/search?filters[keywords]=digital modelling" data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100><span data-v-f0b31360 data-v-86c27100>digital modelling</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a data-v-86c27100></div>  <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Project Gallery</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/antiquity" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Antiquity </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/antiquity/volume/87C69FC9A297320915DFC82CFAE65D83" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 98 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/antiquity/issue/4F08B4B75649C1ECF3B143360ADCD9F1" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Issue 401 </span> </a></span> <span data-v-6e32a161>, October 2024</span>   <span data-v-6e32a161>, e28</span></div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.131" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2024.131 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div> <div class="row creative-commons" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 creative-commons__title"> Creative Commons </dt> <dd class="col"><div class="creative-commons__content"><div class="creative-commons__icons"><img src="/core/page-component/img/license-cc-icon.e3a74ed.svg" alt="Creative Common License - CC" class="app-icon creative-commons__icon license-cc" data-v-d2c09870><img src="/core/page-component/img/license-by-icon.33e212c.svg" alt="Creative Common License - BY" class="app-icon creative-commons__icon license-by" data-v-d2c09870></div> <div class="creative-commons__description">This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</div></div></dd></div>  <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd </div></dd></div></dl>  <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572><div class="content-box"><div class="article rapid-communication NLM"> <div class="body"> <div class="sec intro" data-magellan-destination="sec1" id="sec1"><h2 class="A"> Introduction</h2> <p class="p"> The Daugava River (Düna, Дзвіна, Западная Двина) was one of the most important gateways from the Baltic Sea to the Trans Eastern Europe waterways (Mägi <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref4"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Mägi</span>2018</a>) from prehistory until modern times. Over this long period, a system of settlements and hillforts formed along the river, focusing on use of the waterway for transporting goods, people, ideas and communication (Schneeweiß <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref5"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Schneeweiß and Eriksen</span>2017</a>). Approximately 50 fortified settlements with varying chronology have been identified on the 350km-long Latvian section of the river valley (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig01">Figure 1</a>) (von Carnap-Bornheim <em class="italic">et al</em>. <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref2"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference von Carnap-Bornheim</span>2008</a>). Historical and linguistic evidence indicates that many of the Latvian hillforts were used by the Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes until the twelfth century AD (Vasks <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref6"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vasks</span>2015</a>). However, the roots of such a system reach back into the Bronze Age (1100–500 BC) (Vasks <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref6"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vasks</span>2015</a>). </p><section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig01" id="fig01"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig1.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="1582" height="951" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig1.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 1.</span> Map of the Daugava River valley including land relief and ice-margin position plus location of hillforts and fortified manor investigated by the INHILLDAUGAR project in 2022. Sites mentioned in the article are: 9 and B) Dzenes kalns; 11 and C) Ļūbasta; 14 and A) Zamečka; 24) Vecračina; 23) Lelindrica; 31) Indrica; 16) Melnais kalns; 8) Kaupre; 6) Sudrabkalns (figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> <p class="p"> In the twenty-first century, new hillforts have been discovered based on Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data. Due to the wide-ranging scope of archaeology in this region or lack of archaeological survey at all, there is still a huge knowledge gap regarding the chronology, development and function of hillforts connected with the Daugava Trade Route (DTR) and organisation of settlement systems in their surroundings. Here, we present the first results of a project aiming to resolve some of these issues: Interdisciplinary Hillfort Studies at the Daugava River: Merging and Decoding Archaeological, Environmental and Linguistic Data (INHILLDAUGAR), which is based on the joint application of non- and minimally invasive field techniques with linguistic and toponomastic studies and geomorphological survey. To date, excavations have taken place in nine fortified sites.</p> </div> <div class="sec methods" data-magellan-destination="sec2" id="sec2"><h2 class="A"> Methods</h2> <p class="p"> The initial stage of the research undertaken in 2022 involved field reconnaissance of 31 selected sites (selection criteria: distance to the river; previous research; archaeological potential; palaeoenvironmental potential) and analysis of archival material, terrain models and UAV imaging (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2A</a>) to classify hillforts in terms of research potential. Using the traditional technique of digging trenches and test-pits, the hillforts and their surroundings were investigated to assess the stratigraphic situation, acquire artefacts and samples for dating using radiocarbon, dendrochronology and OSL analyses. Orthophotography was used as the primary approach to document archaeological features. This produced digitally documented cross-sections of ramparts and ditch systems that were interpreted in terms of archaeological and natural stratigraphic horizons (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2</a>). </p><section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig02" id="fig02"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig2.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="1583" height="1615" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig2.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 2.</span> Selection of analyses: A) archival research (detail of Latvijas Armijas Štābs 1:75 000, Lat075_068_Jekabpils_ca1930), lidar (Kaupre), UAV (Ļūbasta); B) archaeological methods: trenches and test pits (Zamečka, Dzenes kalns); C) coring using Wacker vibrohammer and hand auger (Pürckhauer), analysis, description and sampling of deposits (Dzenes kalns) (figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> <p class="p"> Archaeological trenching was supplemented by coring of the rampart and ditch systems (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2B</a> & <a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">C</a>) with motor-drilling equipment, along with a hand auger (Pürckhauer). The motor drill was used in combination with 1m-long metal sondes of 60mm diameter and a hydraulic extraction system, which allows for coring to a depth of 15m, including through compacted ramparts (Ibsen <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref3"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ibsen</span>2018</a>). The layers of all individual cores were documented photographically and descriptions of the original sediment were recorded on standardised forms (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2C</a>). Organic material (mostly charcoal and sometimes charred seeds) was collected for botanical determination and radiocarbon dating. This method has proved effective in the Lithuania and Kaliningrad Region (Russian Federation) and enables the identification of occupational and construction phases of the defensive earthworks (Ibsen <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref3"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Ibsen</span>2018</a>).</p> <p class="p"> The geological and geomorphological context of the fortified settlements was assessed using hand augers to document biogenic sediment, to assist future multidisciplinary palaeoecological studies (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig02">Figure 2C</a>). Supported by GIS spatial analyses, all results were projected onto archival and modern topographical maps, airborne photos, orthophotomaps, Numerical Terrain Model and ALS data.</p> <p class="p"> The chronology of the documented stratigraphic units of the investigated hillforts was primarily determined through artefact typology, radiocarbon dating of organic deposits or selected plant macrofossils and dendrochronology.</p> </div> <div class="sec results" data-magellan-destination="sec3" id="sec3"><h2 class="A"> Results and discussion</h2> <p class="p"> The results indicate that the fortified settlements of the DTR were rarely on the valley floor or the fluvial or glaciofluvial terraces but were concentrated on the valley edge or on the adjacent uplands. The accessibility of these sites was hindered by deeply incised lateral small-river or denudation valleys. There is significant evidence of concentrations of defensive structures, including hillforts and later castles, in the upper Daugava ice-marginal valley (Upper Daugava spillway valley), between Pļaviņas and Aizkraukle and in the region from Lielvārde to Rīga. These areas played a crucial role in controlling the DTR in prehistoric times and the Middle Ages (Mägi <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref4"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Mägi</span>2018</a>) due to rapids and the fast current of the river.</p> <p class="p"> Regarding chronology, the Late Bronze Age origin of some of the hillforts was confirmed by various types of relative and absolute dating. For example, Ļūbasta hillfort (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig03">Figure 3</a>), which was discovered via ALS image analysis in 2020, initially had limited evidence of an archaeological layer, with just two sherds in the topsoil of a test pit. </p><section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig03" id="fig03"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig3.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="1583" height="1486" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig3.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 3.</span> Selected results for the newly discovered Ļūbasta hillfort: A) Sky View Factor visualisation of ALS data (Relief Visualisation Toolbox); B) north-west/south-east elevation profile (figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> <p class="p"> The typology of the pottery, however, indicates habitation during the Late Bronze to Pre-Roman Iron Age or Early Iron Age (1100 BC–AD 500). This was validated by radiocarbon samples extracted from the drilling cores that indicated rampart construction in the Late Bronze Age and the pre-Roman Iron Age. The coring also yielded two samples from the late Migration Period and Viking Age (AD 680–770 and 880–975), which may indicate a later reoccupation. The lack of distinct archaeological layers suggests that the hillfort was used as a refuge or only as a short-term habitation. The landscape around Ļūbasta was also examined. These geomorphological results demonstrate that the hillfort is adjacent to a biogenic plain consisting of thick peat-lacustrine deposits (<a class="xref fig" href="#fig04">Figure 4</a>). The dating shows that the transformation from lake to swamp and mire took place a few hundred years before the fortification was established <em class="italic">c</em>. 1500 BC. </p><section><div class="fig fig" data-magellan-destination="fig04" id="fig04"><div class="figure-thumb"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig4.png?pub-status=live" class="aop-lazy-load-image" width="2366" height="1474" data-original-image="/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig4.png" data-zoomable="true"></div><div class="caption"><p class="p"> </p><p class="p"><span class="label">Figure 4.</span> Ļūbasta hillfort's profile reconstruction based on drillings. The results of radiocarbon dating are indicated as 2-sigma-results (<em class="italic">95.4% probability</em>) (figure by authors).</p></div></div></section> </div> <div class="sec conclusions" data-magellan-destination="sec4" id="sec4"><h2 class="A"> Conclusions</h2> <p class="p"> The emergence of the Daugava waterway as a corridor for trade and movement has been attributed to the Bronze Age in previous research, which is corroborated by the first results of INHILLDAUGAR. New radiocarbon dates confirm that the construction of ramparts, and likely the initial occupation of sites, occurred in this period. This is roughly parallel to the development of fortified sites in Lithuania (Vitkūnas & Zabiela <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref7"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Vitkūnas and Zabiela</span>2017</a>). However, many questions remain especially with regard to later periods. While the results of research at Ļūbasta and other sites have indicated some activity in the Viking period, it is largely ephemeral and not indicative of long-distance trade. When considered as a whole, the hillforts of the Daugava differ from what is known from the southern Baltic coast, where a significant break in the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age is noted, and where the fortified settlements were reoccupied in the eighth century AD (Buko <a class="xref bibr" href="#ref1"><span class="show-for-sr">Reference Buko</span>2008</a>). In the thirteenth century, development of fortified settlements resembled the southern Baltic where forts were replaced by the castles of the Teutonic Knights or, in the case of Latvia, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The initial results of the project show that the hillforts of the Daugava are similar to those in neighbouring regions, but also that the DTR has a dynamic and unique trajectory through time.</p> </div> </div> <div class="back"><div class="sec funding-statement" data-magellan-destination="sec-fs1" id="sec-fs1"><h2 class="A"> Funding statement</h2> <p class="p"> The INHILLDAUGAR project is financed by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Projektnummer 465100096) and National Science Centre, Poland (2020/39/G/HS3/01542), as the Beethoven CLASSIC4 joint project.</p></div> </div> </div></div>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="ref1" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 1 in the content" id="reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">Buko</span>, <span class="given-names">A.</span></span> <span class="year">2008</span>. <span class="source">The archaeology of early medieval Poland: discoveries – hypotheses – interpretations 450–1450, Volume 1</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Leiden</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Brill</span>.<a class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The archaeology of early medieval Poland: discoveries – hypotheses – interpretations 450–1450, Volume 1' href=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The+archaeology+of+early+medieval+Poland%3A+discoveries+%E2%80%93+hypotheses+%E2%80%93+interpretations+450%E2%80%931450%2C+Volume+1&author=Buko+A.&publication+year=2008>Google Scholar</a></div></div></div><div id="ref2" aria-flowto="reference-2-content reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"><AppButton icon="up-circle" aria-label="Return to the reference 2 in the content" id="reference-2-button" class="circle-list__item__indicator__up"></AppButton></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-2-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="string-name"><span class="surname">von Carnap-Bornheim</span>, <span class="given-names">C.</span></span> <span class="etal">et al.</span> <span class="year">2008</span>. <span class="source">Lettlands viele Völker. 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Sites mentioned in the article are: 9 and B) Dzenes kalns; 11 and C) Ļūbasta; 14 and A) Zamečka; 24) Vecračina; 23) Lelindrica; 31) Indrica; 16) Melnais kalns; 8) Kaupre; 6) Sudrabkalns (figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 1" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-70622-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24001315_fig2.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-25023-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24001315_fig2.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 2.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Selection of analyses: A) archival research (detail of Latvijas Armijas Štābs 1:75 000, Lat075_068_Jekabpils_ca1930), lidar (Kaupre), UAV (Ļūbasta); B) archaeological methods: trenches and test pits (Zamečka, Dzenes kalns); C) coring using Wacker vibrohammer and hand auger (Pürckhauer), analysis, description and sampling of deposits (Dzenes kalns) (figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 2" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-11731-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24001315_fig3.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-22155-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24001315_fig3.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 3.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Selected results for the newly discovered Ļūbasta hillfort: A) Sky View Factor visualisation of ALS data (Relief Visualisation Toolbox); B) north-west/south-east elevation profile (figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator dashed" data-v-7036083a data-v-241a4b23></div><div data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item" data-v-241a4b23><div class="figures__item__image-box" data-v-241a4b23><button class="figures__ref" data-v-241a4b23> View in content </button> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" alt="Figure 3" data-zoomable="true" data-src="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-86020-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24001315_fig4.jpg" data-enlarged-image="https://static.cambridge.org/binary/version/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-01270-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24001315_fig4.jpg" class="graphic" data-v-241a4b23></div> <div data-v-241a4b23><div class="caption" data-v-241a4b23><p data-v-241a4b23><span class="label" data-v-241a4b23>Figure 4.</span> <span data-v-241a4b23><span class="p">Ļūbasta hillfort's profile reconstruction based on drillings. The results of radiocarbon dating are indicated as 2-sigma-results (<span class="italic">95.4% probability</span>) (figure by authors).</span></span></p></div> </div></div> </div></div>         <div id="metrics-tab" publication-date="18 September 2024" class="metrics tab-pane" data-v-c41a0c86><div class="app-loader" data-v-c41a0c86></div></div></div></div> </div> <div role="complementary" aria-label="related contents" class="column__main__right" data-v-01274b1d><div class="access-block row access-status" data-v-5fad35b8 data-v-01274b1d><span class="has-access" data-v-5fad35b8><img 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{layout:"default",data:[{article:{id:"CF63A59981DECA0A63CF2EEB5F5477F6",metadata:{title:n,htmlTitle:n,subtitle:b,authorsGroup:{authors:{contributors:[{givenNames:"Jens",surname:"Schneeweiß",nameStyle:f,affiliations:[{text:"Cluster of Excellence ROOTS, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Germany"},{text:h}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Jens Schneeweiß",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Jens%20Schneewei%C3%9F&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"Vanda",surname:"Haferberga",nameStyle:f,affiliations:[{text:"Faculty of History and Philosophy, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia"},{text:h}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Vanda Haferberga",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Vanda%20Haferberga&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"Timo",surname:"Ibsen",nameStyle:f,affiliations:[{text:h}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Timo 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href=\"mailto:lukasz.musiaka@geo.uni.lodz.pl\"\u003Elukasz.musiaka@geo.uni.lodz.pl\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Łukasz Musiaka",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=%C5%81ukasz%20Musiaka&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Forcid.org\u002F0000-0002-6845-7280"},{givenNames:"Hans",surname:"Whitefield",nameStyle:f,affiliations:[{text:h}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Hans Whitefield",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Hans%20Whitefield&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"Artur",surname:"Ginter",nameStyle:f,affiliations:[{text:x}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Artur Ginter",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Artur%20Ginter&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e},{givenNames:"Edyta",surname:"Kalińska",nameStyle:f,affiliations:[{text:"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland"}],isCorresponding:a,notes:b,isAnonymous:a,fullName:"Edyta 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Seržant",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Ilja%20Ser%C5%BEant&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"18 September 2024",keywords:[{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=Baltic region",name:"Baltic region"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=waterway trade route",name:"waterway trade route"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=Bronze Age",name:"Bronze Age"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=Viking Age",name:"Viking Age"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=hillforts",name:"hillforts"},{url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters[keywords]=digital modelling",name:"digital modelling"}],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.15184\u002Faqy.2024.131",value:"10.15184\u002Faqy.2024.131"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Antiquity Publications Ltd"],holder:["The Author(s)"],year:[2024]},creativeCommons:{descriptions:["This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehttps:\u002F\u002Fcreativecommons.org\u002Flicenses\u002Fby\u002F4.0\u002F\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."],oaLicenseType:"CC-BY",licenses:["CC","BY"]},acceptedManuscript:a,type:"rapid-communication",typeDescription:"Project Gallery",eNumber:"e28",resultTypes:[],commentsCount:o,topicsAndSubtopics:e},journal:{id:y,title:l,titleSlug:z,mnemonic:"AQY",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:a,journalSlug:z,isCompanion:a,parentCompanionJournalName:l,associatedParentCollection:e,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:16,sku:m,skuNew:i,currency:"£"},"€":{price:19,sku:m,skuNew:i,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:m,skuNew:i,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:31,sku:m,skuNew:i,currency:"AU$"}}},url:A,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FAQY_0_0_0\u002Fantiquity.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:a,latestTitle:l,latestId:y,hasPastTitle:a,issue:{id:"4F08B4B75649C1ECF3B143360ADCD9F1",number:"401",title:"Issue 401",publishedDate:B,printPublishTimestamp:C,url:D},volume:{id:"87C69FC9A297320915DFC82CFAE65D83",number:"98",title:"Volume 98",publishedDate:B,printPublishTimestamp:C,url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Fvolume\u002F87C69FC9A297320915DFC82CFAE65D83"}},abstract:{graphicalAbstract:{title:"Abstract",graphicalContent:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"graphical\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cimg class=\"graphic\" orientation mimesubtype=\"png\" mimetype=\"image\" position type href=\"S0003598X24001315_figAb.png\" src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fid\u002Furn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0003598X24001315\u002Fresource\u002Fname\u002FS0003598X24001315_figAb.png?pub-status=live\" \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",textContent:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ECombining non- and minimally invasive archaeological survey, geomorphological methods and linguistic studies enables a better understanding of the dynamic use of the Daugava waterway from the Bronze to the Viking ages. Results indicate a common origin period of many fortified settlements and also identify research questions about cultural fluctuations in the Baltic-Slavic–Scandinavian contact area.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E"}},content:{html:"\u003Cdiv class=\"article rapid-communication NLM\"\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\"body\"\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec intro\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec1\" id=\"sec1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Introduction\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The Daugava River (Düna, Дзвіна, Западная Двина) was one of the most important gateways from the Baltic Sea to the Trans Eastern Europe waterways (Mägi \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref4\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Mägi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) from prehistory until modern times. Over this long period, a system of settlements and hillforts formed along the river, focusing on use of the waterway for transporting goods, people, ideas and communication (Schneeweiß \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref5\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Schneeweiß and Eriksen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Approximately 50 fortified settlements with varying chronology have been identified on the 350km-long Latvian section of the river valley (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig01\"\u003EFigure 1\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) (von Carnap-Bornheim \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Eet al\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref2\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference von Carnap-Bornheim\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Historical and linguistic evidence indicates that many of the Latvian hillforts were used by the Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes until the twelfth century AD (Vasks \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref6\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vasks\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). However, the roots of such a system reach back into the Bronze Age (1100–500 BC) (Vasks \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref6\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vasks\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig01\" id=\"fig01\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig1.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"1582\" height=\"951\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig1.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 1.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Map of the Daugava River valley including land relief and ice-margin position plus location of hillforts and fortified manor investigated by the INHILLDAUGAR project in 2022. Sites mentioned in the article are: 9 and B) Dzenes kalns; 11 and C) Ļūbasta; 14 and A) Zamečka; 24) Vecračina; 23) Lelindrica; 31) Indrica; 16) Melnais kalns; 8) Kaupre; 6) Sudrabkalns (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E In the twenty-first century, new hillforts have been discovered based on Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) data. Due to the wide-ranging scope of archaeology in this region or lack of archaeological survey at all, there is still a huge knowledge gap regarding the chronology, development and function of hillforts connected with the Daugava Trade Route (DTR) and organisation of settlement systems in their surroundings. Here, we present the first results of a project aiming to resolve some of these issues: Interdisciplinary Hillfort Studies at the Daugava River: Merging and Decoding Archaeological, Environmental and Linguistic Data (INHILLDAUGAR), which is based on the joint application of non- and minimally invasive field techniques with linguistic and toponomastic studies and geomorphological survey. To date, excavations have taken place in nine fortified sites.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec methods\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec2\" id=\"sec2\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Methods\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The initial stage of the research undertaken in 2022 involved field reconnaissance of 31 selected sites (selection criteria: distance to the river; previous research; archaeological potential; palaeoenvironmental potential) and analysis of archival material, terrain models and UAV imaging (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2A\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) to classify hillforts in terms of research potential. Using the traditional technique of digging trenches and test-pits, the hillforts and their surroundings were investigated to assess the stratigraphic situation, acquire artefacts and samples for dating using radiocarbon, dendrochronology and OSL analyses. Orthophotography was used as the primary approach to document archaeological features. This produced digitally documented cross-sections of ramparts and ditch systems that were interpreted in terms of archaeological and natural stratigraphic horizons (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig02\" id=\"fig02\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig2.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"1583\" height=\"1615\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig2.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 2.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Selection of analyses: A) archival research (detail of Latvijas Armijas Štābs 1:75 000, Lat075_068_Jekabpils_ca1930), lidar (Kaupre), UAV (Ļūbasta); B) archaeological methods: trenches and test pits (Zamečka, Dzenes kalns); C) coring using Wacker vibrohammer and hand auger (Pürckhauer), analysis, description and sampling of deposits (Dzenes kalns) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Archaeological trenching was supplemented by coring of the rampart and ditch systems (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2B\u003C\u002Fa\u003E & \u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EC\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) with motor-drilling equipment, along with a hand auger (Pürckhauer). The motor drill was used in combination with 1m-long metal sondes of 60mm diameter and a hydraulic extraction system, which allows for coring to a depth of 15m, including through compacted ramparts (Ibsen \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ibsen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The layers of all individual cores were documented photographically and descriptions of the original sediment were recorded on standardised forms (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Organic material (mostly charcoal and sometimes charred seeds) was collected for botanical determination and radiocarbon dating. This method has proved effective in the Lithuania and Kaliningrad Region (Russian Federation) and enables the identification of occupational and construction phases of the defensive earthworks (Ibsen \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref3\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Ibsen\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The geological and geomorphological context of the fortified settlements was assessed using hand augers to document biogenic sediment, to assist future multidisciplinary palaeoecological studies (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig02\"\u003EFigure 2C\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). Supported by GIS spatial analyses, all results were projected onto archival and modern topographical maps, airborne photos, orthophotomaps, Numerical Terrain Model and ALS data.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The chronology of the documented stratigraphic units of the investigated hillforts was primarily determined through artefact typology, radiocarbon dating of organic deposits or selected plant macrofossils and dendrochronology.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec results\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec3\" id=\"sec3\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Results and discussion\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The results indicate that the fortified settlements of the DTR were rarely on the valley floor or the fluvial or glaciofluvial terraces but were concentrated on the valley edge or on the adjacent uplands. The accessibility of these sites was hindered by deeply incised lateral small-river or denudation valleys. There is significant evidence of concentrations of defensive structures, including hillforts and later castles, in the upper Daugava ice-marginal valley (Upper Daugava spillway valley), between Pļaviņas and Aizkraukle and in the region from Lielvārde to Rīga. These areas played a crucial role in controlling the DTR in prehistoric times and the Middle Ages (Mägi \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref4\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Mägi\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2018\u003C\u002Fa\u003E) due to rapids and the fast current of the river.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E Regarding chronology, the Late Bronze Age origin of some of the hillforts was confirmed by various types of relative and absolute dating. For example, Ļūbasta hillfort (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig03\"\u003EFigure 3\u003C\u002Fa\u003E), which was discovered via ALS image analysis in 2020, initially had limited evidence of an archaeological layer, with just two sherds in the topsoil of a test pit.\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig03\" id=\"fig03\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig3.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"1583\" height=\"1486\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig3.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 3.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Selected results for the newly discovered Ļūbasta hillfort: A) Sky View Factor visualisation of ALS data (Relief Visualisation Toolbox); B) north-west\u002Fsouth-east elevation profile (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The typology of the pottery, however, indicates habitation during the Late Bronze to Pre-Roman Iron Age or Early Iron Age (1100 BC–AD 500). This was validated by radiocarbon samples extracted from the drilling cores that indicated rampart construction in the Late Bronze Age and the pre-Roman Iron Age. The coring also yielded two samples from the late Migration Period and Viking Age (AD 680–770 and 880–975), which may indicate a later reoccupation. The lack of distinct archaeological layers suggests that the hillfort was used as a refuge or only as a short-term habitation. The landscape around Ļūbasta was also examined. These geomorphological results demonstrate that the hillfort is adjacent to a biogenic plain consisting of thick peat-lacustrine deposits (\u003Ca class=\"xref fig\" href=\"#fig04\"\u003EFigure 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The dating shows that the transformation from lake to swamp and mire took place a few hundred years before the fortification was established \u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003Ec\u003C\u002Fem\u003E. 1500 BC.\n\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Csection\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"fig fig\" data-magellan-destination=\"fig04\" id=\"fig04\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"figure-thumb\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"data:image\u002Fgif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAMLCwgAAACH5BAAAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==\" data-src=\"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig4.png?pub-status=live\" class=\"aop-lazy-load-image\" width=\"2366\" height=\"1474\" data-original-image=\"\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary:20241029083015917-0498:S0003598X24001315:S0003598X24001315_fig4.png\" data-zoomable=\"true\"\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"caption\"\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"label\"\u003EFigure 4.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E Ļūbasta hillfort's profile reconstruction based on drillings. The results of radiocarbon dating are indicated as 2-sigma-results (\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003E95.4% probability\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\u003C\u002Fsection\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"sec conclusions\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec4\" id=\"sec4\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Conclusions\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The emergence of the Daugava waterway as a corridor for trade and movement has been attributed to the Bronze Age in previous research, which is corroborated by the first results of INHILLDAUGAR. New radiocarbon dates confirm that the construction of ramparts, and likely the initial occupation of sites, occurred in this period. This is roughly parallel to the development of fortified sites in Lithuania (Vitkūnas & Zabiela \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref7\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Vitkūnas and Zabiela\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). However, many questions remain especially with regard to later periods. While the results of research at Ļūbasta and other sites have indicated some activity in the Viking period, it is largely ephemeral and not indicative of long-distance trade. When considered as a whole, the hillforts of the Daugava differ from what is known from the southern Baltic coast, where a significant break in the pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age is noted, and where the fortified settlements were reoccupied in the eighth century AD (Buko \u003Ca class=\"xref bibr\" href=\"#ref1\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"show-for-sr\"\u003EReference Buko\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). In the thirteenth century, development of fortified settlements resembled the southern Baltic where forts were replaced by the castles of the Teutonic Knights or, in the case of Latvia, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword. The initial results of the project show that the hillforts of the Daugava are similar to those in neighbouring regions, but also that the DTR has a dynamic and unique trajectory through time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003Cdiv class=\"back\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sec funding-statement\" data-magellan-destination=\"sec-fs1\" id=\"sec-fs1\"\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\"A\"\u003E Funding statement\u003C\u002Fh2\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"p\"\u003E The INHILLDAUGAR project is financed by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Projektnummer 465100096) and National Science Centre, Poland (2020\u002F39\u002FG\u002FHS3\u002F01542), as the Beethoven CLASSIC4 joint project.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E\n\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",tableOfContent:[{level:j,current:a,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EIntroduction\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec1"},{level:j,current:a,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EMethods\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec2"},{level:j,current:a,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EResults and discussion\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec3"},{level:j,current:a,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EConclusions\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec4"},{level:j,current:a,title:"\u003Cdiv class=\"toc-title\"\u003EFunding statement\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",url:"sec-fs1"}],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"ref1",displayNumber:b,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EBuko\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EThe archaeology of early medieval Poland: discoveries – hypotheses – interpretations 450–1450, Volume 1\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ELeiden\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EBrill\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for The archaeology of early medieval Poland: discoveries – hypotheses – interpretations 450–1450, Volume 1' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+archaeology+of+early+medieval+Poland%3A+discoveries+%E2%80%93+hypotheses+%E2%80%93+interpretations+450%E2%80%931450%2C+Volume+1&author=Buko+A.&publication+year=2008\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=The+archaeology+of+early+medieval+Poland%3A+discoveries+%E2%80%93+hypotheses+%E2%80%93+interpretations+450%E2%80%931450%2C+Volume+1&author=Buko+A.&publication+year=2008",openUrlParams:{genre:k,btitle:p,title:p,aulast:b,aufirst:b,au:b,pub:E,date:F,tpages:e,doi:b,sid:g},innerRefId:"cite1",title:p,doi:b,crossRefLink:b,pubMedLink:b}]},{id:"ref2",displayNumber:b,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003Evon Carnap-Bornheim\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EC.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"etal\"\u003Eet al.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2008\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELettlands viele Völker. 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Geschichte und Perspektiven der Forschung",aulast:b,aufirst:b,au:b,pub:"Wachholtz",date:K,spage:"717",epage:e,doi:b,sid:g},innerRefId:"cite5",title:s,doi:b,crossRefLink:b,pubMedLink:b}]},{id:"ref6",displayNumber:b,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVasks\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EA.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2015\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003E\u003Cem class=\"italic\"\u003ENo medniekiem un zvejniekiem līdz lopkopjiem un zemkopjiem: Latvijas aizvēstures senākais posms (10500.-1.g.pr. Kr.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003ERīga\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EZinātne\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for No medniekiem un zvejniekiem līdz lopkopjiem un zemkopjiem: Latvijas aizvēstures senākais posms (10500.-1.g.pr. Kr.)' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=No+medniekiem+un+zvejniekiem+l%C4%ABdz+lopkopjiem+un+zemkopjiem%3A+Latvijas+aizv%C4%93stures+sen%C4%81kais+posms+(10500.-1.g.pr.+Kr.)&author=Vasks+A.&publication+year=2015\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=No+medniekiem+un+zvejniekiem+l%C4%ABdz+lopkopjiem+un+zemkopjiem%3A+Latvijas+aizv%C4%93stures+sen%C4%81kais+posms+(10500.-1.g.pr.+Kr.)&author=Vasks+A.&publication+year=2015",openUrlParams:{genre:k,btitle:t,title:t,aulast:b,aufirst:b,au:b,pub:"Zinātne",date:"2015",tpages:e,doi:b,sid:g},innerRefId:"cite6",title:t,doi:b,crossRefLink:b,pubMedLink:b}]},{id:"ref7",displayNumber:b,existInContent:c,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EVitkūnas\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EM.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E & \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EZabiela\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EG.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2017\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003EBaltic hillforts: unknown heritage\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EVilnius\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003ESociety of the Lithuanian Archaeology\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for Baltic hillforts: unknown heritage' href=https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Baltic+hillforts%3A+unknown+heritage&author=Vitk%C5%ABnas+M.&author=Zabiela+G.&publication+year=2017\u003EGoogle Scholar\u003C\u002Fa\u003E",item:[{googleScholarLink:"https:\u002F\u002Fscholar.google.com\u002Fscholar_lookup?title=Baltic+hillforts%3A+unknown+heritage&author=Vitk%C5%ABnas+M.&author=Zabiela+G.&publication+year=2017",openUrlParams:{genre:k,btitle:u,title:u,aulast:b,aufirst:b,au:b,pub:"Society of the Lithuanian Archaeology",date:K,tpages:e,doi:b,sid:g},innerRefId:"cite7",title:u,doi:b,crossRefLink:b,pubMedLink:b}]},{id:"ref8",displayNumber:b,existInContent:a,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EZelčs\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EV.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"etal\"\u003Eet al.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E2011\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"chapter-title\"\u003EPleistocene glaciations in Latvia\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, in \u003Cspan class=\"string-name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EEhlers\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EJ.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"etal\"\u003Eet al.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E (ed.) 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Sites mentioned in the article are: 9 and B) Dzenes kalns; 11 and C) Ļūbasta; 14 and A) Zamečka; 24) Vecračina; 23) Lelindrica; 31) Indrica; 16) Melnais kalns; 8) Kaupre; 6) Sudrabkalns (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-30509-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24001315_fig1.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-87368-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24001315_fig1.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig02",label:"Figure 2.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003ESelection of analyses: A) archival research (detail of Latvijas Armijas Štābs 1:75 000, Lat075_068_Jekabpils_ca1930), lidar (Kaupre), UAV (Ļūbasta); B) archaeological methods: trenches and test pits (Zamečka, Dzenes kalns); C) coring using Wacker vibrohammer and hand auger (Pürckhauer), analysis, description and sampling of deposits (Dzenes kalns) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-70622-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24001315_fig2.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-25023-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24001315_fig2.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig03",label:"Figure 3.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003ESelected results for the newly discovered Ļūbasta hillfort: A) Sky View Factor visualisation of ALS data (Relief Visualisation Toolbox); B) north-west\u002Fsouth-east elevation profile (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-11731-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24001315_fig3.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-22155-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24001315_fig3.jpg",attrib:[]},{contentId:"fig04",label:"Figure 4.",description:"\u003Cspan class=\"p\"\u003EĻūbasta hillfort's profile reconstruction based on drillings. The results of radiocarbon dating are indicated as 2-sigma-results (\u003Cspan class=\"italic\"\u003E95.4% probability\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E) (figure by authors).\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E",thumbnailSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-86020-mediumThumb-png-S0003598X24001315_fig4.jpg",enlargedSrc:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fbinary\u002Fversion\u002Fid\u002Furn:cambridge.org:id:binary-alt:20241111120741-01270-optimisedImage-png-S0003598X24001315_fig4.jpg",attrib:[]}]},pdf:{standardResolution:{fileUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fservices\u002Faop-cambridge-core\u002Fcontent\u002Fview\u002FCF63A59981DECA0A63CF2EEB5F5477F6\u002FS0003598X24001315a.pdf\u002Finhilldaugar-minimally-invasive-fieldwork-and-linguistic-analysis-on-hillforts-along-the-daugava-river.pdf",fileSizeInMb:5,articleTitle:n,slugTitle:"inhilldaugar-minimally-invasive-fieldwork-and-linguistic-analysis-on-hillforts-along-the-daugava-river"},highResolution:e,media:e},classification:[],supplementaryMaterials:[],relations:{corrections:[],correctionsOriginals:[],retractions:[],retractionsOriginals:[],addendums:[],addendumsOriginals:[],hasAnyRelations:a,hasAnyOriginalArticle:a},settings:{hasAccess:c,isOpenAccess:c,displayRightsLink:c,shouldDisplayCrossMark:a,shouldDisplayNasaAds:a,suppressPdf:a,isShareable:c,isAnnotationsEnabled:a,disableArticleCommentary:a,displayArticleCommentaryAsDiscussionLinks:a,isCommentsEnabled:a,hasContent:c,shouldDisplaySubmitContent:a,isResearchDirections:a,isQuestionCollection:a,isMathjaxEnabled:a},citationCount:o,openUrlParams:"?genre=article&atitle=INHILLDAUGAR%3A%20minimally%20invasive%20fieldwork%20and%20linguistic%20analysis%20on%20hillforts%20along%20the%20Daugava%20river&jtitle=Antiquity&title=Antiquity&date=2024&volume=98&issue=401&artnum=e28&sid=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore&aulast=Schneewei%C3%9F&aufirst=Jens&doi=10.15184\u002Faqy.2024.131",ecommerceProducts:{digitalSku:i,paperBackSku:e,hardBackSku:e},subject:[],permissionUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fs100.copyright.com\u002FAppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=AQY&title=INHILLDAUGAR%3A%20minimally%20invasive%20fieldwork%20and%20linguistic%20analysis%20on%20hillforts%20along%20the%20Daugava%20river&publicationDate=18%20September%202024&author=Jens%20Schneewei%C3%9F%2C%20Vanda%20Haferberga%2C%20Timo%20Ibsen%2C%20Piotr%20Kittel%2C%20Jerzy%20Sikora%2C%20%C5%81ukasz%20Musiaka%2C%20Hans%20Whitefield%2C%20Artur%20Ginter%2C%20Edyta%20Kali%C5%84ska%2C%20Jacek%20Szma%C5%84da%2C%20Leonid%20Vyazov%2C%20Ilja%20Ser%C5%BEant&copyright=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20The%20Author(s)%2C%202024.%20Published%20by%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%20on%20behalf%20of%20Antiquity%20Publications%20Ltd&contentID=10.15184%2Faqy.2024.131&startPage=&endPage=&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=98&issueNum=401&oa=CC-BY"},breadcrumbs:[{name:"Home",url:"\u002Fcore"},{name:"Journals",url:"\u002Fcore\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournals"},{name:l,url:A},{name:"Volume 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für Archäologie, Zentrum für Baltische und Skandinavische Archäologie (LEIZA-ZBSA), Schleswig, Germany","S0003598X24001315",1,"book","Antiquity","article_aqy_ind_pur","INHILLDAUGAR: minimally invasive fieldwork and linguistic analysis on hillforts along the Daugava river",0,"The archaeology of early medieval Poland: discoveries – hypotheses – interpretations 450–1450, Volume 1","Lettlands viele Völker. Archäologie der Eisenzeit von Christi Geburt bis zum Jahr 1200","The role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age communication across the Baltic Sea: the northern world","Interaktion ohne Grenzen. Beispiele archäologischer Forschungen am Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts","No medniekiem un zvejniekiem līdz lopkopjiem un zemkopjiem: Latvijas aizvēstures senākais posms (10500.-1.g.pr. Kr.)","Baltic hillforts: unknown heritage","Developments in Quaternary Sciences","Faculty of Geographical Sciences, University of Lodz, Poland","Department of Philosophy and History, University of Lodz, Poland","C06207AB2CE3EE948718B5F6E30870D7","antiquity","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity","October 2024",1727740800000,"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fantiquity\u002Fissue\u002F4F08B4B75649C1ECF3B143360ADCD9F1","Brill","2008","Burgwälle als Archive der Siedlungsforschung. Ein neuer Ansatz zur Datierung von Burgwällen im Baltikum am Beispiel von Apuolė in Litauen","Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt","2018","chapter","2017"));</script><script src="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/722ace3.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" defer></script> </div> </div> <div id="article-new-home-productCitations" class="product-citations-modal reveal-modal medium" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <div class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader">Cited by</div> </div> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="row collapse header margin-top productCitations-content"> <ul class="small-12 small-centered columns citations"> <li class="fade-in section-container active"> <a href="#" class="section-button" 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class="volume-issue">Volume 98, <a href="">Issue 401</a></li> <li class="author"> <a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Jens Schneeweiß&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Jens Schneeweiß</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a1" class="">(a1)</sup> <sup data-affiliation-id="a2" class="">(a2)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Vanda Haferberga&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Vanda Haferberga</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a3" class="">(a3)</sup> <sup data-affiliation-id="a2" class="">(a2)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Timo Ibsen&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Timo Ibsen</a> <sup data-affiliation-id="a2" class="">(a2)</sup><span class="separator ">, </span><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=Piotr Kittel&eventCode=SE-AU" class="more-by-this-author ">Piotr Kittel</a><a target="_blank" class="orcid-logo " 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