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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waveform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Waveform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waveform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_conditioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_conditioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Power conditioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_conditioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_grids_and_power_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_grids_and_power_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Smart grids and power quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_grids_and_power_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compression_algorithm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compression_algorithm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Compression algorithm</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compression_algorithm-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compression algorithm subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compression_algorithm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raw_data_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raw_data_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Raw data compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raw_data_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggregated_data_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregated_data_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Aggregated data compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggregated_data_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric power quality</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="جودة القدرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جودة القدرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বৈদ্যুতিক ক্ষমতা গুণমান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক ক্ষমতা গুণমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvalita_elektrick%C3%A9_energie" title="Kvalita elektrické energie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvalita elektrické energie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A6ndingskvalitet" title="Spændingskvalitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spændingskvalitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versorgungsqualit%C3%A4t" title="Versorgungsqualität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Versorgungsqualität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calidad_de_suministro_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Calidad de suministro eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calidad de suministro eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کیفیت توان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیفیت توان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_quality" title="Power quality – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Power quality" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%A0%A5_%ED%92%88%EC%A7%88" title="전력 품질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전력 품질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="विद्युत शक्ति की गुणवत्ता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत शक्ति की गुणवत्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualit%C3%A0_dell%27energia" title="Qualità dell'energia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qualità dell'energia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanningskwaliteit" title="Spanningskwaliteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spanningskwaliteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF" title="ପାୱାର କ୍ୱାଲିଟି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାୱାର କ୍ୱାଲିଟି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jako%C5%9B%C4%87_energii_elektrycznej" title="Jakość energii elektrycznej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakość energii elektrycznej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Качество электрической энергии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Качество электрической энергии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6nlaatu" title="Sähkönlaatu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkönlaatu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Якість електроенергії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Якість електроенергії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1780079#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Measurement of power meeting specifications</div> <p><b>Electric power quality</b> is the degree to which the voltage, frequency, and waveform of a power supply system conform to established specifications. Good power quality can be defined as a steady supply voltage that stays within the prescribed range, steady AC frequency close to the rated value, and smooth voltage curve waveform (which resembles a <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sine wave</a>). In general, it is useful to consider power quality as the compatibility between what comes out of an electric outlet and the load that is plugged into it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is used to describe electric power that drives an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_load" title="Electrical load">electrical load</a> and the load's ability to function properly. Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all. There are many ways in which electric power can be of poor quality, and many more causes of such poor quality power. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">electric power industry</a> comprises <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a> (<a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a>), <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power transmission</a> and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">electric power distribution</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Electricity_meter" title="Electricity meter">electricity meter</a> located at the premises of the end user of the electric power. The <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> then moves through the wiring system of the end user until it reaches the load. The complexity of the system to move electric energy from the point of production to the point of consumption combined with variations in weather, generation, demand and other factors provide many opportunities for the quality of supply to be compromised. </p><p>While "power quality" is a convenient term for many, it is the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a>—rather than power or <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>—that is actually described by the term. Power is simply the flow of energy, and the current demanded by a load is largely uncontrollable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Variation_of_utility_frequency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Variation_of_utility_frequency.svg/220px-Variation_of_utility_frequency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="1020" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Variation_of_utility_frequency.svg/330px-Variation_of_utility_frequency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Variation_of_utility_frequency.svg/440px-Variation_of_utility_frequency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Frequency stability of some large electrical grids</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quality of electrical power may be described as a set of values of parameters, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continuity_of_service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continuity of service (page does not exist)">Continuity of service</a> (whether the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power">electrical power</a> is subject to <a href="/wiki/Voltage_drops" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage drops">voltage drops</a> or overages below or above a threshold level thereby causing blackouts or <a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">brownouts</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Variation in voltage magnitude (see below)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_(oscillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient (oscillation)">Transient</a> voltages and currents</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonics_(electrical_power)" title="Harmonics (electrical power)">Harmonic</a> content in the waveforms for AC power</li></ul> <p>It is often useful to think of power quality as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compatibility" class="extiw" title="wikt:compatibility">compatibility</a> problem: is the equipment connected to the grid compatible with the events on the grid, and is the power delivered by the grid, including the events, compatible with the equipment that is connected? Compatibility problems always have at least two solutions: in this case, either clean up the power, or make the equipment more resilient. </p><p>The tolerance of data-processing equipment to voltage variations is often characterized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards#CBEMA_Curve" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">CBEMA curve</a>, which give the duration and magnitude of voltage variations that can be tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-pge_volts_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pge_volts-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBEMA_Curve.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CBEMA_Curve.png/440px-CBEMA_Curve.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/CBEMA_Curve.png/660px-CBEMA_Curve.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/CBEMA_Curve.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>CBEMA curve</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideally, AC voltage is supplied by a utility as <a href="/wiki/Sine_wave" title="Sine wave">sinusoidal</a> having an amplitude and frequency given by national standards (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains</a>) or system specifications (in the case of a power feed not directly attached to the mains) with an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> of zero <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a> at all <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deviations">Deviations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No real-life power source is ideal and generally can deviate in at least the following ways: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voltage">Voltage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Voltage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Variations in the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">peak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Root_mean_square" title="Root mean square">root mean square</a> (RMS) voltage are both important to different types of equipment.</li> <li>When the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute, the event is called a "swell".</li> <li>A "dip" (in British English) or a "sag" (in American English the two terms are equivalent) is the opposite situation: the RMS voltage is below the nominal voltage by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute.</li> <li>Random or repetitive variations in the RMS voltage between 90 and 110% of nominal can produce a phenomenon known as "<a href="/wiki/Power_line_flicker" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line flicker">flicker</a>" in lighting equipment. Flicker is rapid visible changes of light level. Definition of the characteristics of voltage fluctuations that produce objectionable light flicker has been the subject of ongoing research.</li> <li>Abrupt, very brief increases in voltage, called "<a href="/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">spikes</a>", "impulses", or "surges", generally caused by large <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">inductive loads</a> being turned ON, or more severely by <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>.</li> <li>"Undervoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more than 1 minute.<sup id="cite_ref-Shertukde_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shertukde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "brownout" is an apt description for voltage drops somewhere between full power (bright lights) and a blackout (no power – no light). It comes from the noticeable to significant dimming of regular incandescent lights, during system faults or overloading etc., when insufficient power is available to achieve full brightness in (usually) domestic lighting. This term is in common usage has no formal definition but is commonly used to describe a reduction in system voltage by the utility or system operator to decrease demand or to increase system operating margins.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Overvoltage" title="Overvoltage">Overvoltage</a>" occurs when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more than 1 minute.<sup id="cite_ref-Shertukde_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shertukde-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency">Frequency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Frequency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Variations in the <a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">frequency</a>.</li> <li>Nonzero low-frequency <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> (when a load draws more power, the voltage drops).</li> <li>Nonzero high-frequency impedance (when a load demands a large amount of current, then suddenly stops demanding it, there will be a dip or <a href="/wiki/Voltage_spike" title="Voltage spike">spike</a> in the voltage due to the inductances in the power supply line).</li> <li>Variations in the wave shape – usually described as <a href="/wiki/Harmonics_(electrical_power)" title="Harmonics (electrical power)">harmonics</a> at lower frequencies (usually less than 3 kHz) and described as Common Mode Distortion or Interharmonics at higher frequencies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waveform">Waveform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Waveform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The oscillation of voltage and current ideally follows the form of a sine or cosine function, however it can alter due to imperfections in the generators or loads.</li> <li>Typically, generators cause voltage distortions and loads cause current distortions. These distortions occur as oscillations more rapid than the nominal frequency, and are referred to as harmonics.</li> <li>The relative contribution of harmonics to the distortion of the ideal waveform is called total harmonic distortion (THD).</li> <li>Low harmonic content in a waveform is ideal because harmonics can cause vibrations, buzzing, equipment distortions, and losses and overheating in transformers.</li></ul> <p>Each of these power quality problems has a different cause. Some problems are a result of the shared infrastructure. For example, a fault on the network may cause a dip that will affect some customers; the higher the level of the fault, the greater the number affected. A problem on one customer’s site may cause a transient that affects all other customers on the same subsystem. Problems, such as harmonics, arise within the customer’s own installation and may propagate onto the network and affect other customers. Harmonic problems can be dealt with by a combination of good design practice and well proven reduction equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Power_conditioning">Power conditioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Power conditioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Power_conditioner" title="Power conditioner">Power conditioning</a> is modifying the power to improve its quality. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply" title="Uninterruptible power supply">uninterruptible power supply</a> (UPS) can be used to switch off of mains power if there is a <a href="/wiki/Transient_(oscillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient (oscillation)">transient</a> (temporary) condition on the line. However, cheaper UPS units create poor-quality power themselves, akin to imposing a higher-frequency and lower-<a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> <a href="/wiki/Square_wave" title="Square wave">square wave</a> atop the sine wave. High-quality UPS units utilize a double conversion topology which breaks down incoming AC power into DC, charges the batteries, then remanufactures an AC sine wave. This remanufactured sine wave is of higher quality than the original AC power feed.<sup id="cite_ref-dcf_power_quality_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dcf_power_quality-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A dynamic voltage regulator (DVR) and <a href="/wiki/Static_synchronous_series_compensator" title="Static synchronous series compensator">static synchronous series compensator</a> (SSSC) are utilized for series voltage-sag compensation. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Surge_protector" title="Surge protector">surge protector</a> or simple <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">varistor</a> can protect against most overvoltage conditions, while a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_arrester" title="Lightning arrester">lightning arrester</a> protects against severe spikes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">Electronic filters</a> can remove harmonics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smart_grids_and_power_quality">Smart grids and power quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Smart grids and power quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern systems use sensors called <a href="/wiki/Phasor_measurement_unit" title="Phasor measurement unit">phasor measurement units</a> (PMU) distributed throughout their network to monitor power quality and in some cases respond automatically to them. Using such <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grids</a> features of rapid sensing and automated self healing of anomalies in the network promises to bring higher quality power and less downtime while simultaneously supporting power from <a href="/wiki/Intermittent_power_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermittent power sources">intermittent power sources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">distributed generation</a>, which would if unchecked degrade power quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compression_algorithm">Compression algorithm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compression algorithm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>power quality compression algorithm</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> used in the analysis of power quality. To provide high quality electric power service, it is essential to monitor the quality of the electric signals also termed as power quality (PQ) at different locations along an electrical <a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">power network</a>. Electrical utilities carefully monitor waveforms and currents at various network locations constantly, to understand what lead up to any unforeseen events such as a <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outage</a> and blackouts. This is particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk (institutions such as hospitals, sewage treatment plants, mines, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges">Challenges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Engineers use many kinds of meters,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that read and display electrical power waveforms and calculate parameters of the waveforms. They measure, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> RMS</li> <li>phase relationship between waveforms of a multi-phase signal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">total harmonic distortion</a> (THD)</li> <li>active power (kW)</li> <li>reactive power (kVAr)</li> <li>apparent power (kVA)</li> <li>active energy (kWh)</li> <li>reactive energy (kVArh)</li> <li>apparent energy (kVAh)</li> <li>and many more</li></ul> <p>In order to sufficiently monitor unforeseen events, Ribeiro et al.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explains that it is not enough to display these parameters, but to also capture voltage waveform data at all times. This is impracticable due to the large amount of data involved, causing what is known the “bottle effect”. For instance, at a sampling rate of 32 samples per cycle, 1,920 samples are collected per second. For three-phase meters that measure both voltage and current waveforms, the data is 6–8 times as much. More practical solutions developed in recent years store data only when an event occurs (for example, when high levels of power system <a href="/wiki/Harmonics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonics">harmonics</a> are detected) or alternatively to store the RMS value of the electrical signals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This data, however, is not always sufficient to determine the exact nature of problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raw_data_compression">Raw data compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Raw data compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nisenblat <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes the idea of power quality compression algorithm (similar to <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> methods) that enables meters to continuously store the waveform of one or more power signals, regardless whether or not an event of interest was identified. This algorithm referred to as PQZip empowers a processor with a memory that is sufficient to store the waveform, under normal power conditions, over a long period of time, of at least a month, two months or even a year. The compression is performed in real time, as the signals are acquired; it calculates a compression decision before all the compressed data is received. For instance should one parameter remain constant, and various others fluctuate, the compression decision retains only what is relevant from the constant data, and retains all the fluctuation data. It then decomposes the waveform of the power signal of numerous components, over various periods of the waveform. It concludes the process by compressing the values of at least some of these components over different periods, separately. This real time compression algorithm, performed independent of the sampling, prevents data gaps and has a typical 1000:1 compression ratio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aggregated_data_compression">Aggregated data compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aggregated data compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical function of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_analyzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power analyzer (page does not exist)">power analyzer</a> is generation of data archive aggregated over given interval. Most typically 10 minute or 1 minute interval is used as specified by the IEC/IEEE PQ standards. A significant archive sizes are created during an operation of such instrument. As Kraus <i>et al.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have demonstrated the compression ratio on such archives using <a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Markov_chain_algorithm" title="Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm">Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bzip" class="mw-redirect" title="Bzip">bzip</a> or other similar <a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">lossless compression</a> algorithms can be significant. By using prediction and modeling on the stored time series in the actual power quality archive the efficiency of post processing compression is usually further improved. This combination of simplistic techniques implies savings in both data storage and data acquisition processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The quality of electricity supplied is set forth in international standards and their local derivatives, adopted by different countries: </p><p>EN50160 is the European standard for power quality, setting the acceptable limits of distortion for the different parameters defining voltage in AC power. </p><p>IEEE-519 is the North American guideline for power systems. It is defined as "recommended practice"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, unlike EN50160, this guideline refers to current distortion as well as voltage. </p><p>IEC 61000-4-30 is the standard defining methods for monitoring power quality. Edition 3 (2015) includes current measurements, unlike earlier editions which related to voltage measurement alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_voltage_restoration" title="Dynamic voltage restoration">Dynamic voltage restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_voltage_change" title="Rapid voltage change">Rapid voltage change</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVon_Meier2006" class="citation book cs1">Von Meier, Alexandra (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gacbe.ac.in/images/E%20books/Electric%20Power%20Systems%20-%20A%20Conceptual%20Introduction%20-%20A.%20von%20Meier%20(Wiley,%202006).pdf"><i>Electric power systems: a conceptual introduction</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electricpowersys00meie/page/n18">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470036402" title="Special:BookSources/9780470036402"><bdi>9780470036402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+power+systems%3A+a+conceptual+introduction&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780470036402&rft.aulast=Von+Meier&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgacbe.ac.in%2Fimages%2FE%2520books%2FElectric%2520Power%2520Systems%2520-%2520A%2520Conceptual%2520Introduction%2520-%2520A.%2520von%2520Meier%2520%28Wiley%2C%25202006%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Energy Storage Association</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pge_volts-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pge_volts_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401041814/https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/energystatus/powerquality/voltage_tolerance.pdf">"Voltage Tolerance Boundary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pge.com</i>. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/energystatus/powerquality/voltage_tolerance.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pge.com&rft.atitle=Voltage+Tolerance+Boundary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pge.com%2Fincludes%2Fdocs%2Fpdfs%2Fmybusiness%2Fcustomerservice%2Fenergystatus%2Fpowerquality%2Fvoltage_tolerance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shertukde-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shertukde_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shertukde_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShertukde2014" class="citation book cs1">Shertukde, Hemchandra Madhusudan (2014). <i>Distributed photovoltaic grid transformers</i>. CRC Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482247190" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482247190"><bdi>978-1482247190</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/897338163">897338163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distributed+photovoltaic+grid+transformers&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897338163&rft.isbn=978-1482247190&rft.aulast=Shertukde&rft.aufirst=Hemchandra+Madhusudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dcf_power_quality-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dcf_power_quality_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708233420/http://www.datacenterfix.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=68">"Harmonic filtering in a data center? [A Power Quality discussion on UPS design]"</a>. <i>DataCenterFix.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datacenterfix.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=68">the original</a> on 2011-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DataCenterFix.com&rft.atitle=Harmonic+filtering+in+a+data+center%3F+%5BA+Power+Quality+discussion+on+UPS+design%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datacenterfix.com%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D4%26t%3D68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalli1996" class="citation journal cs1">Galli; et al. (Oct 1996). "Exploring the power of wavelet analysis". <i>IEEE Computer Applications in Power</i>. <b>9</b> (4). IEEE: 37–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F67.539845">10.1109/67.539845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Computer+Applications+in+Power&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+power+of+wavelet+analysis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=37-41&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F67.539845&rft.au=Galli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiro2001" class="citation conference cs1">Ribeiro; et al. (2001). "An enhanced data compression method for applications in power quality analysis". <i>IECON '01</i>. Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 2001, IEEE, The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Vol. 1. pp. 676–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIECON.2001.976594">10.1109/IECON.2001.976594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=An+enhanced+data+compression+method+for+applications+in+power+quality+analysis&rft.btitle=IECON+%2701&rft.pages=676-681&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIECON.2001.976594&rft.au=Ribeiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiro2004" class="citation book cs1">Ribeiro; et al. (Apr 2004). "An improved method for signal processing and compression in power quality evaluation". <i>2003 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37491)</i>. Vol. 19. IEEE. pp. 464–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPES.2003.1270480">10.1109/PES.2003.1270480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-7989-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-7989-6"><bdi>0-7803-7989-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62578540">62578540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+improved+method+for+signal+processing+and+compression+in+power+quality+evaluation&rft.btitle=2003+IEEE+Power+Engineering+Society+General+Meeting+%28IEEE+Cat.+No.03CH37491%29&rft.pages=464-471&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62578540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPES.2003.1270480&rft.isbn=0-7803-7989-6&rft.au=Ribeiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFNisenblatBroshiEfrati2006"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US7415370">US 7415370</a>, Nisenblat, Pol; Broshi, Amir M. & Efrati, Ofir, "Power Quality Monitoring", published April 18, 2004, issued September 21, 2006</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=7415370&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Power+Quality+Monitoring&rft.inventor=Nisenblat&rft.date=September 21, 2006&rft.pubdate=April 18, 2004"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausTobiskaBubla2009" class="citation conference cs1">Kraus, Jan; Tobiska, Tomas; Bubla, Viktor (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5255775">"Lossless encodings and compression algorithms applied on power quality datasets"</a>. <i>CIRED 2009 - 20th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution - Part 1</i>. 20th International Conference and Exhibition on Electricity Distribution, 8–11 June 2009. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84919126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84919126-5"><bdi>978-1-84919126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Lossless+encodings+and+compression+algorithms+applied+on+power+quality+datasets&rft.btitle=CIRED+2009+-+20th+International+Conference+and+Exhibition+on+Electricity+Distribution+-+Part+1&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84919126-5&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Tobiska%2C+Tomas&rft.au=Bubla%2C+Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F5255775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/519/3710/">"IEEE 519-2014 - IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE&rft.atitle=IEEE+519-2014+-+IEEE+Recommended+Practice+and+Requirements+for+Harmonic+Control+in+Electric+Power+Systems&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandards.ieee.org%2Fieee%2F519%2F3710%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_power_quality&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuganMark_McGranaghanSurya_SantosoH._Wayne_Beaty2003" class="citation book cs1">Dugan, Roger C.; Mark McGranaghan; Surya Santoso; H. Wayne Beaty (2003). <i>Electrical Power Systems Quality</i>. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138622-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-138622-7"><bdi>978-0-07-138622-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrical+Power+Systems+Quality&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-07-138622-7&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Roger+C.&rft.au=Mark+McGranaghan&rft.au=Surya+Santoso&rft.au=H.+Wayne+Beaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2006" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Alexandra von (2006). <i>Electric Power Systems: A Conceptual Introduction</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471178590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471178590"><bdi>978-0471178590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Power+Systems%3A+A+Conceptual+Introduction&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0471178590&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Alexandra+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeydt1991" class="citation book cs1">Heydt, G.T. (1991). <i>Electric Power Quality</i>. Stars in a Circle Publications. Library Of Congress 621.3191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9992203040" title="Special:BookSources/978-9992203040"><bdi>978-9992203040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Power+Quality&rft.pub=Stars+in+a+Circle+Publications.+Library+Of+Congress+621.3191&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-9992203040&rft.aulast=Heydt&rft.aufirst=G.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollen2000" class="citation book cs1">Bollen, Math H.J. (2000). <i>Understanding Power Quality Problems: Voltage Sags and Interruptions</i>. New York: IEEE Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-4713-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-4713-7"><bdi>0-7803-4713-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Power+Quality+Problems%3A+Voltage+Sags+and+Interruptions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=IEEE+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7803-4713-7&rft.aulast=Bollen&rft.aufirst=Math+H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSankaran2002" class="citation book cs1">Sankaran, C. (2002). <i>Power Quality</i>. CRC Press LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1040-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1040-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-1040-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Quality&rft.pub=CRC+Press+LLC&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1040-9&rft.aulast=Sankaran&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggini2008" class="citation book cs1">Baggini, A. (2008). <i>Handbook of Power Quality</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06561-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06561-7"><bdi>978-0-470-06561-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Power+Quality&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-06561-7&rft.aulast=Baggini&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuskoMarc_Thompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Kusko, Alex; Marc Thompson (2007). <i>Power Quality in Electrical Systems</i>. McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-147075-9"><bdi>978-0-07-147075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Quality+in+Electrical+Systems&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-07-147075-9&rft.aulast=Kusko&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Marc+Thompson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyay2011" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyay, Surajit; Mitra, Madhuchhanda; Sengupta, Samarjit (2011). <i>Electric Power Quality</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0634-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0634-7"><bdi>978-94-007-0634-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electric+Power+Quality&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0634-7&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyay&rft.aufirst=Surajit&rft.au=Mitra%2C+Madhuchhanda&rft.au=Sengupta%2C+Samarjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+power+quality" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electricity_delivery" title="Template talk:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electricity_delivery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br />devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br />production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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