CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '914a6c2eabd7fd34',cH: 'ksPPEDqhmJsiHZOKZ.NxiqnpRadvAZpulPMEUEYXTaU-1740011788-1.2.1.1-uDyycn5BbRuj7Me1l7AawpOAd29IVfHfzlBkgmx0s4gcT0tQwiv3sSytWXAkQI8S',cUPMDTk: "\/733\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=Xyru7FCp8uiwWkIV1E0Oj0yPyqfUK6eLvmcT3J50Ijg-1740011788-1.0.1.1-chP5Z7x.cG7WqE1q91kOEb54z02xGOyNYyhs1yGAihs",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1740011788',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/733\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=Xyru7FCp8uiwWkIV1E0Oj0yPyqfUK6eLvmcT3J50Ijg-1740011788-1.0.1.1-chP5Z7x.cG7WqE1q91kOEb54z02xGOyNYyhs1yGAihs",md: "E_9r8_rTIYwlk9Gu7G3k2iz014WsPZzOAw84gHpN4lw-1740011788-1.2.1.1-t2sJ3M_UEjMzQ.ZLDx58RGkWcjk.Ab.SwY5CU2Pjfvdi.sBo1tf6YPAqG.h1ENprg2a0sFH3P3cSjm_MrCvyNbpi2xWMDrmebLN5fmBHjc9Hd4K5UV2cXad2y.epCr7S4jFAR9lnbcvgkHxIaP4AGOMLVW1naEwz4RjeoCa4XK2Rrpc0N9iusgNz4G9898wIVYoWCIa1FbeuSZpZMI9LBL9KaURpUD6b8089ZcynxlCA_s4fISwZRjD2feh6WyT9Nq8D1G5aaZAopE3s5Sv37hPBDyqOU5DHoCqnvpmg2rE1IDS893GXSUIvibT8ZvIwdg6J1iX67KBksA8cKm8RcarwAgGeo09REXOM43OrKKeBErmGGe3Hd9xpVkWaEqZv6h27utUuBs3OrnnmOSNRq8a6PTilzc_wEnie8bo6Fmy4OxaXDvyjt4tO911VvpMy_cP1k6zoubRyha_zDpJFVgmkna7yYot4EYQSi5Ss6L2a4sUa9Sgj4Zy..7gY46ra21fjpDw5ol0WYQwe2gZsffL0dd4mizIYI2gCjGt0iMtPtELXrI1myIpJGbuoAEf0oMTD3abTUgBvw7nX586Wcf.833iFEN7iLFsPq.K2KxlbTNs0YpDloYokwK72v7Ps660vM1dOHNwcqqUuxLI0221_4MgFunv4DrQUmRKregqBGy0t4S4oZAsMDwwHoyNvHMYlRqXssh1zFW7rE4VrYtdK2pKh48Mjnp6enT7NHGo7cAjOQdDdcsZJSLSF7MSuOOBjkWKMxhW5RQ6n34CIixZ7XVMqo8Dn9HZK9MFlwwOrtFj8q1Ni1tbCPhiZ.nXyS.LgHzZ6lt7BvACaXnwStaF6ZgiY6VNu.aR1vswhqOfJOQDV.cl5cAwUxFR0381G7eoAwVY5Ef3JhW_I6X_Gz3SXDV9WLbOF2T5se66YdZgrhsHsAxT4P2RkbDdNLn2eStvXi5ICYRFyqu1sNfJkS4lL7FDENioCLkm5oOYWiZhAGJ6UjJqIjumvPEte68m25oM8AB_Xp23Wy7aEtD3732XpkLPZnn7VoIxTLLVCrn2osmdi_uly264vnyE5K5JXBKlSXYR5WUO1btALgLAAxiHc43bWBfIA.KjmOb096R08pmygNcmGRck3XeuB1pLekH7kbODBWwu8TdTZO0Kvtg3eJRejuni1EDwRTPrgrKYdmMkCOB8y4bhfa870S9mOPAXa8EEZy2Th2pqh5SGCLVDLW6sUtVrl6zqUWdX3SAdDac5cHbsQfU5wsRkUqu2LImPKa2F9a5OiIWrrtSyt_kOisUJoq0rilaeE5RB6vvcpRqS1mW3RzvdqdefBoLj.I7jhA7aXRgFwZPnZu9rr6sBgIs_aXsdNQ2CMd4IrSbSoiwCQgFask90BQlmKGs90G1ksHjwfJIYagFA96KVafErLCj9cykF6.GtvBZo8KXTgXnPAvHYMj4F7aeXJnEMa9wGwPnCDfkEY3c8IEQITwEQgZQI3g7RodKiUq81AgiiXiAvD.pe3o6topTKugOPv_KWZ8iRtLsHGgREo7VRCkpXQSIVlQEyP0ekT4fbxG6avEFNkzsHQBdrRLLZX.mdLhsqipVcrV45RXHhiWlUs_grLEfvhBUXIT5z.hDlYkkpXovn1LgDPrzLwQMeV3h.2BD3EF9DKARRaiQmwniY7i8qRFvrW2KdnbRR_v1VR6.F2Idmt2vdVnNfl4CB3IXA2yHNZYrFlMPBPejaBNx_vMVIrrLOdR0NfESez8NJeMPpgWyyUc51lIf6krb5vBKkiyDsArPAArZRk2T5eUWRMVewDFkg0VLdkBtxiT9nK_BXnZGPciCOOt0W3pwlXu1cNgV1YYu1NlTaZBn0vMXqE6cfB9bUaHGOETD1dpqdCxa0",mdrd: "dorOpL25tWSnX2LOkBK3djdpw6axuFYKArfKMFp0vXE-1740011788-1.2.1.1-b7BYDeZG.tD3t9RBe3mnhTklWyfo2TO96eEt.V3yBH7rzn2SUQjupW4ttPA4T8JAxEAWPEOI4HcJvl2h1g69ojNkDtuZwXLwCQ_.44Ghce1Y5cDDBiF95eMmln6xNKBXuiKFpXTJYRlSGYwUFHXP4_WrJcA0alYIiyj5XP.NMjVAjKtfNmX7K9pSxPS6gusNQWDtYQLr.F36u79Hee8sG2UDteyt9kKBE_umX1xCjeMAEpSnAjaEdPu9rN.b1SJjOyiQWJIJ9jGOyK8H5XSFhJD4L4e1KBls1qNpB5_JII2tU3vcXUcvfj8QXrwJ9dLtBszBaryWfmr9B7DdnkwdguXfVl.QBqfw0IhCJ2eIlSqkgP0wMaF0NmBtxKPLmPTeFjQLOQlLYK5.vdXEwUwofwT3.ebDRvHVzxh5KesMVAvCQxEHZgC4ZHkUsi.KILkmF.BBhpTFPcu9jn9L_cb2N_CkEYveLXiVJJG5EHYHzk2FTjxhDx_cmpzqXz2MQJO74dF3FD8WhIbiMz3Jbpv5rjPA_JaVG7zfDVcC_ImDMyC2xtA1PKNG_aNI_PFLiNBq.407daKZdl9Vr9NzytTUBszvMm.aXtstdnYcn5fnBIh4U2tdJxiXYr_6t0qlRn3gSqDdqEBlZ6DN8p8gTpm7835m8bF3906uyy4TWd3A.o8XDHUNlwd38AUd5ZvAqma7ZbIckjPB2Lk_xlQUjJZrUaHiUk3TUWSRf.oDCgFwhVKQL2ccxKd4q0wlivhrA7zsliu9_lwbuVD0h0GOWjth6fv9sArOfBJzGfFjPaEDdWyBWT4Pa.8jdzRLYAdWN1idXUVpBiPuVKIlHDa6b1QYuQ5IGhWqKI5Re6JCPj38IxmEKS6vGOxkpIa4rXBDQJ1Py2m.iUwOMYO2RLWZONBd38DpfuCXT5bWYPzw3W8iWrnzEloh3p00Xfw24GYuMfMNhP60WjQlTTKINeTabx386YD5U_93yuUN0QR5cOGpyMWBNoqVAaMQHA4zadwPCGQhK0N6vxBpC_irBWc0J2Ee.GNpFISreOhUks3lCgkJLGeKdsCKbkC.nYAbP85t4pQrjrXTvq.iDJdVJcuEFRAYsha1o2M2vSrOMguRimyGoru6EtmZZEkw.IAPLHmj.Cz7B9QepCaLbQaB_qVgH1S5ueVrM.p31ujLe0eBngFZtpdDNDmDeRlVSDXsQm6F8NmwlhoMsDnxXSFZhNUHxENl8FkDSNjPitqnJkpQ9bD91GNj7ioMJJyD_Pny048G0I6M41r73hp1jU_aqxDeONeYTYGOT2iZwXkhAa_mhFVPfLLXuKXCTrFmQJXrJmFer13B9VXNeaZ.kLdiS0UjHWMqRJlQHzUSDl2LOQDktQzP4v4yggG6v9dEYyIkZm.3T_o9Ta4uqf1MIkYj0knjsAPcCK79lzIhC5DuD2ObBAO.oihvyaN2frh3du4.7T3kYlm2Zyi54lB8QHrA.jeBCQZ.pJq2ybBN7AFXOTMhbzmHvGvw2AJ9bCIea07Q3JkYj4BR5uXcJlwHhn.FJRKUsg5PFC8R8fdUFR7J8Ye03OX9MZixrDQFvtayD14EJ7AuYRSJp26EG2Ak1q.pazKHUfWIFUaGWp966UvNik9zv0zCdHbaV.rKgpSzaX7Bzh3fpC3D5mtdlkwTG.jbH7S394eMOkH.8KO56s3L2yotvau2O94.A.pWc2k8deeQ7RVT2zNl8AD9ZKvdEziLhIUeChYqzhXGGYW68sKNdT.gapf5W03O5ZECUtfSmED94i46dz3TtXLIMoGe.J2Msxem7OMucoLXMgW9QN4saLsvn2sAjTmh1w8a93j0RtCfUdtwyKf6hi9jtqSlh3_YpR_kdF17IJc.F6SGW8RwYmTym4UZqMUVfMOGsxTZ_5dZFoCZC9tsNf8z_Ggh5gsLcpIGGDWbJ5yVdFAPuG0FYR24XeK6WWhKZYssa_Zj9xxKr1SPFDtA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914a6c2eabd7fd34';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/733\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=Xyru7FCp8uiwWkIV1E0Oj0yPyqfUK6eLvmcT3J50Ijg-1740011788-1.0.1.1-chP5Z7x.cG7WqE1q91kOEb54z02xGOyNYyhs1yGAihs" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>