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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Protein_prenylation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein_prenylation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Protein prenylation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protein_prenylation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protein prenylation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protein_prenylation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prenylation_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prenylation_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prenylation sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prenylation_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farnesyltransferase_and_geranylgeranyltransferase_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farnesyltransferase_and_geranylgeranyltransferase_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farnesyltransferase_and_geranylgeranyltransferase_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rab_geranylgeranyl_transferase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rab_geranylgeranyl_transferase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rab geranylgeranyl transferase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rab_geranylgeranyl_transferase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Substrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Inhibitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prenylation_of_small_molecules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prenylation_of_small_molecules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prenylation of small molecules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prenylation_of_small_molecules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longevity_and_cardiac_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity_and_cardiac_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Longevity and cardiac effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity_and_cardiac_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylierung" title="Prenylierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prenylierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pren%C3%BC%C3%BClr%C3%BChm" title="Prenüülrühm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prenüülrühm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenilaci%C3%B3n" title="Prenilación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prenilación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9nylation" title="Prénylation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prénylation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenilaci%C3%B3n" title="Prenilación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Prenilación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenilazione" title="Prenilazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prenilazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemprenilan" title="Pemprenilan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemprenilan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AB%E5%8C%96" title="プレニル化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレニル化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylacja" title="Prenylacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prenylacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a 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srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenilacija" title="Prenilacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prenilacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q901141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Addition of hydrophobic moieties to proteins or other biomolecules</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prenyl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Prenyl.svg/220px-Prenyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Prenyl.svg/330px-Prenyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Prenyl.svg/440px-Prenyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Skeletal formula of the prenyl group.</figcaption></figure><p><b>Prenylation</b> (also known as <b>isoprenylation</b> or <b>lipidation</b>) is the addition of <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> molecules to a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecule</a>. It is usually assumed that <b>prenyl groups</b> (3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl) facilitate attachment to <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>, similar to <a href="/wiki/Lipid_anchored_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipid anchored protein">lipid anchors</a> like the <a href="/wiki/GPI_anchor" class="mw-redirect" title="GPI anchor">GPI anchor</a>, though direct evidence of this has not been observed. Prenyl groups (also called isoprenyl groups, having one hydrogen atom more than <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a>) have been shown to be important for protein–protein binding through specialized prenyl-binding domains. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protein_prenylation">Protein prenylation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Protein prenylation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protein prenylation involves the transfer of either a <a href="/wiki/Farnesyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnesyl">farnesyl</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Geranylgeranylation" title="Geranylgeranylation">geranylgeranyl</a> moiety to C-terminal <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>(s) of the target protein. There are three enzymes that carry out prenylation in the cell, farnesyl transferase, Caax protease and geranylgeranyl transferase I.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Farnesylation</b> is a type of prenylation, a post-translational modification of proteins by which an isoprenyl group is added to a cysteine residue.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an important process to mediate protein–protein interactions and protein–membrane interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prenylation_sites">Prenylation sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prenylation sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are at least 3 types of sites that are recognized by prenylation enzymes. The <b>CaaX motif</b> is found at the COOH-terminus of proteins, such as <a href="/wiki/Lamin" title="Lamin">lamins</a> or Ras. The motif consists of a <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> (C), two aliphatic amino acids ("aa") and some other terminal amino acid ("X"). If the X position is <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a>, the protein is farnesylated. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin_kinase" title="Rhodopsin kinase">rhodopsin kinase</a> the sequence is CVLS. If X is <a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">leucine</a>, the protein is geranylgeranylated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second motif for prenylation is <b>CXC</b>, which, in the Ras-related protein Rab3A, leads to geranylgeranylation on both cysteine residues and methyl esterification.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third motif, <b>CC</b>, is also found in Rab proteins, where it appears to direct only geranylgeranylation but not carboxyl methylation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carboxyl methylation only occurs on prenylated proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farnesyltransferase_and_geranylgeranyltransferase_I">Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Farnesyltransferase" title="Farnesyltransferase">Farnesyltransferase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geranylgeranyltransferase_type_1" title="Geranylgeranyltransferase type 1">geranylgeranyltransferase I</a> are very similar proteins. They consist of two subunits, the α-subunit, which is common to both enzymes, and the β-subunit, whose sequence identity is just 25%. These enzymes recognise the <b>CaaX</b> box at the C-terminus of the target protein. <b>C</b> is the cysteine that is prenylated, <b>a</b> is any aliphatic amino acid, and the identity of <b>X</b> determines which enzyme acts on the protein. Farnesyltransferase recognizes <b>CaaX</b> boxes where X = M, S, Q, A, or C, whereas geranylgeranyltransferase I recognizes CaaX boxes with X = L or E. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rab_geranylgeranyl_transferase">Rab geranylgeranyl transferase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rab geranylgeranyl transferase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rab geranylgeranyltransferase, or geranylgeranyltransferase II, transfers (usually) two geranylgeranyl groups to the cysteine(s) at the C-terminus of <a href="/wiki/Rab_(G-protein)" title="Rab (G-protein)">Rab proteins</a>. The C-terminus of Rab proteins varies in length and sequence and is referred to as hypervariable. Thus Rab proteins do not have a consensus sequence, such as the CAAX box, which the Rab geranylgeranyl transferase can recognize. The Rab proteins usually terminate in a CC or CXC motif. Instead, Rab proteins are bound by the <a href="/wiki/Rab_escort_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Rab escort protein">Rab escort protein</a> (REP) over a more conserved region of the Rab protein and then presented to the Rab geranylgeranyltransferase. Once Rab proteins are prenylated, the lipid anchor(s) ensure that Rabs are no longer soluble. REP, therefore, plays an important role in binding and solubilising the geranylgeranyl groups and delivers the Rab protein to the relevant cell membrane. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substrates">Substrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Substrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both isoprenoid chains, <a href="/wiki/Geranylgeranyl_pyrophosphate" title="Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate">geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate</a> (GGpp) and <a href="/wiki/Farnesyl_pyrophosphate" title="Farnesyl pyrophosphate">farnesyl pyrophosphate</a> are products of the <a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="HMG-CoA reductase pathway">HMG-CoA reductase pathway</a>. The product of HMG CoA reductase is mevalonate. By combining precursors with 5 carbons, the pathway subsequently produces geranyl pyrophosphate (10 carbons), farnesyl pyrophosphate (15 carbons) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (20 carbons). Two farnesyl pyrophosphate groups can also be combined to form squalene, the precursor for <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>. This means that <a href="/wiki/Statins" class="mw-redirect" title="Statins">statins</a>, which inhibit HMG CoA reductase, inhibit the production of both cholesterol and isoprenoids. </p><p>Note that, in the HMG-CoA reductase/mevalonate pathway, the precursors already contain a pyrophosphate group, and isoprenoids are produced with a pyrophosphate group. There is no known enzyme activity that can carry out the prenylation reaction with the isoprenoid alcohol. However, enzymatic activity for isoprenoid kinases capable converting isoprenoid alcohols to isoprenoid pyrophosphates have been shown.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with this, <a href="/wiki/Farnesol" title="Farnesol">farnesol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geranylgeraniol" title="Geranylgeraniol">geranylgeraniol</a> have been shown to be able to rescue effects caused by statins or nitrogenous <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisphosphonates">bisphosphonates</a>, further supporting that alcohols <i>can</i> be involved in prenylation, likely via phosphorylation to the corresponding isoprenoid pyrophosphate. </p><p>Proteins that undergo prenylation include <a href="/wiki/Ras_(protein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras (protein)">Ras</a>, which plays a central role in the development of cancer. This suggests that inhibitors of prenylation enzymes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Farnesyltransferase" title="Farnesyltransferase">farnesyltransferase</a>) may influence tumor growth. In the case of the K- and N-Ras forms of Ras, when cells are treated with <a href="/wiki/Farnesyltransferase_inhibitor" title="Farnesyltransferase inhibitor">FTIs</a>, these forms of Ras can undergo alternate prenylation in the form of geranylgeranylation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent work has shown that <a href="/wiki/Farnesyltransferase_inhibitor" title="Farnesyltransferase inhibitor">farnesyltransferase inhibitors</a> (FTIs) also inhibit Rab geranylgeranyltransferase and that the success of such inhibitors in clinical trials may be as much due to effects on <a href="/wiki/Rab_(G-protein)" title="Rab (G-protein)">Rab</a> prenylation as on Ras prenylation. Inhibitors of prenyltransferase enzymes display different specificity for the prenyltransferases, dependent upon the specific compound being utilized. </p><p>In addition to GTPases, the protein kinase <a href="/wiki/GRK1" class="mw-redirect" title="GRK1">GRK1</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin_kinase" title="Rhodopsin kinase">rhodopsin kinase</a> (RK) has been shown to undergo farnesylation and carboxyl methylation directed by the carboxyl terminal CVLS CaaX box sequence of the protein.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The functional consequence of these post-translational modifications have been shown to play a role in regulating the light-dependent phosphorylation of <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a>, a mechanism involved in light adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhibitors">Inhibitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Farnesyltransferase_inhibitor" title="Farnesyltransferase inhibitor">FTIs</a> can also be used to inhibit farnesylation in <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasites</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei" title="Trypanosoma brucei">Trypanosoma brucei</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. Parasites seem to be more vulnerable to inhibition of farnesyltransferase than humans are. In some cases, this may be because they lack geranylgeranyltransferase I. Thus, it may be possible for the development of antiparasitic drugs to 'piggyback' on the development of FTIs for cancer research. </p><p>In addition, FTIs have shown some promise in treating a mouse model of <a href="/wiki/Progeria" title="Progeria">progeria</a>, and in May 2007 a phase II clinical trial using the FTI <a href="/wiki/Lonafarnib" title="Lonafarnib">lonafarnib</a> was started for children with progeria.<sup id="cite_ref-ls1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In signal transduction via G protein, <a href="/wiki/Palmitoylation" title="Palmitoylation">palmitoylation</a> of the α subunit, prenylation of the γ subunit, and <a href="/wiki/Myristoylation" title="Myristoylation">myristoylation</a> is involved in tethering the G protein to the inner surface of the plasma membrane so that the G protein can interact with its receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prenylation_of_small_molecules">Prenylation of small molecules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prenylation of small molecules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Meroterpenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroterpenoid">Meroterpenoid</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">Small molecules</a> can also undergo prenylation, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Prenylflavonoid" title="Prenylflavonoid">prenylflavonoids</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Meroterpenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroterpenoids">meroterpenoids</a>. Prenylation of a vitamin B<sub>2</sub> derivative (flavin mononucleotide) was recently described.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Longevity_and_cardiac_effects">Longevity and cardiac effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Longevity and cardiac effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2012 study found that statin treatment increases lifespan and improves cardiac health in <i>Drosophila</i> by decreasing specific protein prenylation. The study concluded, "These data are the most direct evidence to date that decreased protein prenylation can increase cardiac health and lifespan in any metazoan species, and may explain the pleiotropic (non-cholesterol related) health effects of statins."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 clinical trial explored the approach of inhibiting protein prenylation with some degree of success in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson%E2%80%93Gilford_progeria_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome">Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome</a>, a multisystem disorder which causes failure to thrive and accelerated atherosclerosis leading to early death.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23012407_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23012407-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23390246_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23390246-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristoylation" title="Myristoylation">Myristoylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoylation" title="Palmitoylation">Palmitoylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choroideremia" title="Choroideremia">Choroideremia</a>, a genetic disease caused by the loss of REP1, REP2 almost compensates, but cannot rescue the slow onset of blindness</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Allan, CM (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14536">"Biochemistry: Unexpected role for vitamin B2"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>522</b> (7557): 427–428. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..427C">2015Natur.522..427C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14536">10.1038/nature14536</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26083748">26083748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Biochemistry%3A+Unexpected+role+for+vitamin+B2&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7557&rft.pages=427-428&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26083748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14536&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..427C&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=CF&rft.au=Allan%2C+CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature14536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenylation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpindlerLiDhahbiYamakawa2012" class="citation journal cs1">Spindler SR, Li R, Dhahbi JM, Yamakawa A, Mote P, Bodmer R, Ocorr K, Williams RT, Wang Y, Ablao KP (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380867">"Statin treatment increases lifespan and improves cardiac health in Drosophila by decreasing specific protein prenylation"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (6): e39581. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739581S">2012PLoSO...739581S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039581">10.1371/journal.pone.0039581</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3380867">3380867</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22737247">22737247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Statin+treatment+increases+lifespan+and+improves+cardiac+health+in+Drosophila+by+decreasing+specific+protein+prenylation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e39581&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3380867%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22737247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039581&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...739581S&rft.aulast=Spindler&rft.aufirst=SR&rft.au=Li%2C+R&rft.au=Dhahbi%2C+JM&rft.au=Yamakawa%2C+A&rft.au=Mote%2C+P&rft.au=Bodmer%2C+R&rft.au=Ocorr%2C+K&rft.au=Williams%2C+RT&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Ablao%2C+KP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3380867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenylation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23012407-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23012407_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonKleinmanMillerNeuberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon LB, Kleinman ME, Miller DT, Neuberg DS, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gerhard-Herman M, et al. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478615">"Clinical trial of a farnesyltransferase inhibitor in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A</i>. <b>109</b> (41): 16666–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10916666G">2012PNAS..10916666G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1202529109">10.1073/pnas.1202529109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478615">3478615</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23012407">23012407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.atitle=Clinical+trial+of+a+farnesyltransferase+inhibitor+in+children+with+Hutchinson-Gilford+progeria+syndrome&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=16666-71&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3478615%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23012407&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1202529109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..10916666G&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=LB&rft.au=Kleinman%2C+ME&rft.au=Miller%2C+DT&rft.au=Neuberg%2C+DS&rft.au=Giobbie-Hurder%2C+A&rft.au=Gerhard-Herman%2C+M&rft.au=Smoot%2C+LB&rft.au=Gordon%2C+CM&rft.au=Cleveland%2C+R&rft.au=Snyder%2C+BD&rft.au=Fligor%2C+B&rft.au=Bishop%2C+WR&rft.au=Statkevich%2C+P&rft.au=Regen%2C+A&rft.au=Sonis%2C+A&rft.au=Riley%2C+S&rft.au=Ploski%2C+C&rft.au=Correia%2C+A&rft.au=Quinn%2C+N&rft.au=Ullrich%2C+NJ&rft.au=Nazarian%2C+A&rft.au=Liang%2C+MG&rft.au=Huh%2C+SY&rft.au=Schwartzman%2C+A&rft.au=Kieran%2C+MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3478615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenylation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23390246-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23390246_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungYangDaviesJung2013" class="citation journal cs1">Young SG, Yang SH, Davies BS, Jung HJ, Fong LG (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3725554">"Targeting protein prenylation in progeria"</a>. <i>Sci Transl Med</i>. <b>5</b> (171): 171ps3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3005229">10.1126/scitranslmed.3005229</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3725554">3725554</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23390246">23390246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sci+Transl+Med&rft.atitle=Targeting+protein+prenylation+in+progeria&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=171&rft.pages=171ps3&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3725554%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23390246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3005229&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=SG&rft.au=Yang%2C+SH&rft.au=Davies%2C+BS&rft.au=Jung%2C+HJ&rft.au=Fong%2C+LG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3725554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenylation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurer-StrohEisenhaber2005" class="citation journal cs1">Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian; Eisenhaber, Frank (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genomebiology.com/2005/6/6/R55">"Refinement and prediction of protein prenylation motifs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genome_Biology" title="Genome Biology">Genome Biology</a></i>. <b>6</b> (6): R55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2005-6-6-r55">10.1186/gb-2005-6-6-r55</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1175975">1175975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15960807">15960807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=Refinement+and+prediction+of+protein+prenylation+motifs&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=R55&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1175975%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15960807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2005-6-6-r55&rft.aulast=Maurer-Stroh&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft.au=Eisenhaber%2C+Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenomebiology.com%2F2005%2F6%2F6%2FR55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenylation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMageeSeabra2003" class="citation journal cs1">Magee A, Seabra M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1223795">"Are prenyl groups on proteins sticky fingers or greasy handles?"</a>. <i>Biochem J</i>. <b>376</b> (Pt 2): e3–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2FBJ20031531">10.1042/BJ20031531</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1223795">1223795</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14627432">14627432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochem+J&rft.atitle=Are+prenyl+groups+on+proteins+sticky+fingers+or+greasy+handles%3F&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.pages=e3-4&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1223795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14627432&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2FBJ20031531&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Seabra%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1223795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenylation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorReidTerryCasey2003" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor J, Reid T, Terry K, Casey P, Beese L (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC275430">"Structure of mammalian protein geranylgeranyltransferase type-I"</a>. <i>EMBO J</i>. <b>22</b> (22): 5963–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2Fcdg571">10.1093/emboj/cdg571</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC275430">275430</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14609943">14609943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+J&rft.atitle=Structure+of+mammalian+protein+geranylgeranyltransferase+type-I&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=5963-74&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC275430%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14609943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Femboj%2Fcdg571&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Reid%2C+T&rft.au=Terry%2C+K&rft.au=Casey%2C+P&rft.au=Beese%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC275430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrenylation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protein_primary_structure" title="Template:Protein primary structure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protein_primary_structure" title="Template talk:Protein primary structure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protein_primary_structure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protein primary structure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protein_primary_structure_and_posttranslational_modifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein_primary_structure" title="Protein primary structure">Protein primary structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posttranslational_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttranslational modification">posttranslational modifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_bond" title="Peptide bond">Peptide bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">Protein biosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">Proteolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemization" title="Racemization">Racemization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%E2%80%93O_acyl_shift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N–O acyl shift (page does not exist)">N–O acyl shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/N_terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="N terminus">N terminus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">Acetylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamylation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbamylation">Carbamylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formylation" title="Formylation">Formylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycation" title="Glycation">Glycation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">Methylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristoylation" title="Myristoylation">Myristoylation</a> (Gly)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C_terminus" class="mw-redirect" title="C terminus">C terminus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">Amidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophosphatidylinositol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycophosphatidylinositol">Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O-methylation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O-methylation (page does not exist)">O-methylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detyrosination" title="Detyrosination">Detyrosination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single specific <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">AAs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">Threonine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">Phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dephosphorylation" title="Dephosphorylation">Dephosphorylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-GlcNAc" title="O-GlcNAc"><i>O</i>-GlcNAc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation" title="ADP-ribosylation">ADP-ribosylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">Phosphorylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dephosphorylation" title="Dephosphorylation">Dephosphorylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation" title="ADP-ribosylation">ADP-ribosylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_sulfation" title="Tyrosine sulfation">Sulfation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">Porphyrin ring linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenylylation" title="Adenylylation">Adenylylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_group" title="Flavin group">Flavin linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaquinone" title="Topaquinone">Topaquinone (TPQ) formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detyrosination" title="Detyrosination">Detyrosination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmitoylation" title="Palmitoylation">Palmitoylation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prenylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">Aspartate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deamidation" title="Deamidation">Succinimide formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation" title="ADP-ribosylation">ADP-ribosylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carboxylation" title="Carboxylation">Carboxylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation" title="ADP-ribosylation">ADP-ribosylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">Methylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyglutamylation" title="Polyglutamylation">Polyglutamylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyglycylation" title="Polyglycylation">Polyglycylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asparagine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deamidation" title="Deamidation">Deamidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">Glycosylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transglutamination" class="mw-redirect" title="Transglutamination">Transglutamination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">Methylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">Acetylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acylation" title="Acylation">Acylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenylylation" title="Adenylylation">Adenylylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">Hydroxylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquitination">Ubiquitination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMO_protein" title="SUMO protein">Sumoylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation" title="ADP-ribosylation">ADP-ribosylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination">Deamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allysine" title="Allysine">Oxidative deamination to aldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-glycosylation" class="mw-redirect" title="O-glycosylation"><i>O</i>-glycosylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imine" title="Imine">Imine formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycation" title="Glycation">Glycation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamylation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbamylation">Carbamylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succinylation" title="Succinylation">Succinylation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactylation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactylation (page does not exist)">Lactylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionylation" title="Propionylation">Propionylation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butyrylation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butyrylation (page does not exist)">Butyrylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrullination" title="Citrullination">Citrullination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">Methylation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation" title="ADP-ribosylation">ADP-ribosylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">Hydroxylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphthamide" title="Diphthamide">Diphthamide</a> formation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenylylation" title="Adenylylation">Adenylylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycosylation#C-mannosylation" title="Glycosylation">C-mannosylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crosslinks between two <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">AAs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">Cysteine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bond">Disulfide bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation" title="ADP-ribosylation">ADP-ribosylation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">Methionine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hydroxylysine" title="Hydroxylysine">Hydroxylysine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfilimine_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfilimine bond">Sulfilimine bond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysine_tyrosylquinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysine tyrosylquinone (page does not exist)">Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_tryptophylquinone" title="Tryptophan tryptophylquinone">Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crosslinks between three <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">AAs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fluorescent_Protein#Autocatalytic_formation_of_the_chromophore_in_wtGFP" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Fluorescent Protein">p-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone (HBI) formation</a> (chromophore)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">Histidine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyrosine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaede_(protein)" title="Kaede (protein)">4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone (HBI) formation</a> (chromophore)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Alanine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">Serine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histidine_ammonia-lyase" title="Histidine ammonia-lyase">Methylidene-imidazolone (MIO) formation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crosslinks between four <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">AAs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Allysine–Allysine–Allysine–Lysine" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allysine" title="Allysine">Allysine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Allysine" title="Allysine">Allysine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Allysine" title="Allysine">Allysine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmosine" title="Desmosine">Desmosine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&oldid=1231129343">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prenylation&oldid=1231129343</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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