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href="#Enthronement_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Enthronement and civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enthronement_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Khan_of_the_Mongols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Khan_of_the_Mongols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Great Khan of the Mongols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Khan_of_the_Mongols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emperor_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emperor_of_the_Yuan_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Emperor of the Yuan dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emperor_of_the_Yuan_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_developments_and_relations_with_minorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_developments_and_relations_with_minorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Scientific developments and relations with minorities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_developments_and_relations_with_minorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warfare_and_foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warfare_and_foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Warfare and foreign relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warfare_and_foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Warfare and foreign relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Warfare_and_foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tibet_and_Xinjiang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet_and_Xinjiang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tibet and Xinjiang </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet_and_Xinjiang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annexation_of_Goryeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annexation_of_Goryeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Annexation of Goryeo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annexation_of_Goryeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_naval_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_naval_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Further naval expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_naval_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasions_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasions_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Invasions of Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasions_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasions_of_Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasions_of_Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Invasions of Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasions_of_Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_South_Seas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia_and_South_Seas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Southeast Asia and South Seas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_South_Seas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Capital city </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nayan's_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nayan's_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Nayan's rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nayan's_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kublai Khan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeblai_Khan" title="Koeblai Khan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koeblai Khan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قوبلاي خان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوبلاي خان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cublai_Kan" title="Cublai Kan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cublai Kan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubilay_xan" title="Xubilay xan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xubilay xan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قوبلای‌خان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوبلای‌خان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="কুবলাই খান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুবলাই খান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai" title="Kublai – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kublai" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хубилай – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хубилай" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хубілай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хубілай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кубилай хан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кубилай хан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="གོ་པེ་ཆེན་ཁན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གོ་པེ་ཆེན་ཁན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хубилай хаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хубилай хаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khublai_Kan" title="Khublai Kan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Khublai Kan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хубилай – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хубилай" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublaj" title="Kublaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kublaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubilai" title="Hubilai – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hubilai" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B9_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Κουμπλάι Χαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουμπλάι Χαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Kan" title="Kublai Kan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kublai Kan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublaj-%C4%A4ano" title="Kublaj-Ĥano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kublaj-Ĥano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قوبلای خان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوبلای خان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubilai_Khan" title="Kubilai Khan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kubilai Khan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAbla_C%C3%A1n" title="Cúbla Cán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cúbla Cán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khublai_Khan" title="Khublai Khan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Khublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%BD%E5%BF%85%E7%83%88" title="忽必烈 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="忽必烈" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%99_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хүвлә хан – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Хүвлә хан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%B9%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4_%EC%B9%B8" title="쿠빌라이 칸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠빌라이 칸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Խուբիլայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խուբիլայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुबलई ख़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुबलई ख़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublaj-kan" title="Kublaj-kan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kublaj-kan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubilai_Khan" title="Kubilai Khan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kubilai Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAbla%C3%AD_Khan" title="Kúblaí Khan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúblaí Khan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%90%D7%9F" title="קובלאי חאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קובלאי חאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubilai_Khan" title="Kubilai Khan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kubilai Khan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ყუბილაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყუბილაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Құбылай хан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құбылай хан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kub%C3%AElay_Xan" title="Kubîlay Xan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kubîlay Xan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobila" title="Cobila – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cobila" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubilajs" title="Hubilajs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hubilajs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubilajus" title="Chubilajus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chubilajus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubil%C3%A1j_mongol_nagyk%C3%A1n" title="Kubiláj mongol nagykán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kubiláj mongol nagykán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुबलाई खान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कुबलाई खान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кублај Хан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кублај Хан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="കുബിലായ് ഖാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുബിലായ് ഖാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुब्लाई खान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुब्लाई खान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ყუბილაი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყუბილაი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%89_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قوبيلاى خان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قوبيلاى خان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوبلای‌خان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوبلای‌خان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai" title="Kublai – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kublai" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хубилай хаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хубилай хаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%97%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကူဗလိုင်ခန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကူဗလိုင်ခန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koeblai_Khan" title="Koeblai Khan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koeblai Khan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कुबलाई खान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुबलाई खान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%93%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4" title="クビライ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クビライ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai-khan" title="Kublai-khan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kublai-khan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_khan" title="Kublai khan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kublai khan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubilai_Khan" title="Kubilai Khan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kubilai Khan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xubilay" title="Xubilay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xubilay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕੁਬਲਈ ਖ਼ਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਬਲਈ ਖ਼ਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قوبلای خان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قوبلای خان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A1%E1%9F%83_%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B" title="គូប៊ីឡៃ ខាន់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គូប៊ីឡៃ ខាន់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubilaj-chan" title="Kubilaj-chan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kubilaj-chan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai" title="Kublai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kublai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хубилай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хубилай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хубилай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хубилай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubilaj_Han" title="Kubilaj Han – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kubilaj Han" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubilaj" title="Chubilaj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chubilaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublajkan" title="Kublajkan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kublajkan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوبلای خان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوبلای خان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кублај-кан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кублај-кан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublaj-kan" title="Kublaj-kan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kublaj-kan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai-kaani" title="Kublai-kaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kublai-kaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khubilai_khan" title="Khubilai khan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Khubilai khan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kublai Khan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="குப்லாய் கான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குப்லாய் கான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qublay_Xan" title="Qublay Xan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Qublay Xan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хубилай – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хубилай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="กุบไล ข่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mongol Khan and founder of the Yuan dynasty (1215–1294)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kublai" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kublai_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kublai (disambiguation)">Kublai (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Setsen Khan" redirects here. For the Khalkha khanate, see <a href="/wiki/Sechen_Khan" title="Sechen Khan">Sechen Khan</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the poem, see <a href="/wiki/Kubla_Khan" title="Kubla Khan">Kubla Khan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Kublai Khan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/220px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/330px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg/440px-YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="4018" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by artist <a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a>, drawn shortly after Kublai's death in 1294.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers#Mongol_Empire_(1206–1368)" title="List of Mongol rulers">Khagan of the Mongol Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">15 April 1260 – 18 February 1294</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1260</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a> (claimant)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperor of the Yuan dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">18 December 1271 – 18 February 1294<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1215 <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 February 1294 (aged 78) <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a>, Yuan dynasty</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Unknown, presumptively <a href="/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun" title="Burkhan Khaldun">Burkhan Khaldun</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empress</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegulen_Khatun_of_Khongirad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegulen Khatun of Khongirad (page does not exist)">Tegulen Khatun</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1232; died 1233)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chabi" title="Chabi">Empress Chabi</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1234; died 1281)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nambui" title="Nambui">Empress Nambui</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1283; missing 1290)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhenjin" title="Zhenjin">Zhenjin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ Kübilai</li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 忽必烈 Qubilai</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Zhongtong (中統; 1260–1264)</li><li>Zhiyuan (至元; 1264–1294)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao (憲天述道仁文義武大光孝皇帝)</li><li>Setsen Khan (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; 薛禪汗)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu (聖德神功文武皇帝)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Shizu (世祖)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Kublai Khan<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a> (23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">temple name</a> as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan and his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">regnal name</a> Setsen Khan, was the founder and first emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> of China. He proclaimed the dynastic name "Great Yuan"<a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan-7">[d]</a> in 1271, and ruled <a href="/wiki/Yuan_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan China">Yuan China</a> until his death in 1294. Kublai was the second son of <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a> by his chief wife <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a>, and a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. He was almost 12 when Genghis Khan died in 1227. He had succeeded his older brother <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a> lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a> Kublai's real power was limited to the Yuan Empire, even though as Khagan he still influenced the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> and, to a significantly lesser degree, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty and formally claimed orthodox succession from prior Chinese dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-1271Edict-12">[8]</a> The Yuan dynasty came to rule over most of present-day China, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Korea</a>, southern Siberia, and other adjacent areas. He also amassed influence in the Middle East and Europe as Khagan. By 1279, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Yuan conquest of the Song dynasty</a> was completed and Kublai became the first non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> emperor to rule all of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>. The imperial portrait of Kublai was part of an album of the portraits of Yuan emperors and empresses, now in the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a> collection in Taipei. White, the color of the imperial costume of Kublai, was the imperial color of the Yuan dynasty based on the Chinese philosophical concept of the <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Five Elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> Kublai Khan was the fourth son of <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a>, and his second son with <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a>. As his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> advised, Sorghaghtani chose a <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a> woman as her son's nurse, whom Kublai later honored highly. On his way home after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia">Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia</a>, Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunt in 1224 near the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a rabbit and an antelope. After his grandfather smeared fat from the killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger per a Mongol tradition, he said "The words of this boy Kublai are full of wisdom, heed them well – heed them all of you." The elderly Genghis Khan would die three years after this event in 1227, when Kublai was 12. Kublai's father Tolui would serve as regent for two years until Genghis' successor, Kublai's third uncle <a href="/wiki/Ogedei_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogedei Khan">Ogedei</a>, was enthroned as Khagan in 1229. After the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty</a>, in 1236, Ogedei gave <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> (attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui, who died in 1232. Kublai received an estate of his own, which included 10,000 households. Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein. Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused large numbers of ethnic Han peasants to flee, which led to a decline in tax revenues. Kublai quickly came to his <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> in Hebei and ordered reforms. <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a> sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised. Thanks to those efforts, many of the people who fled returned. The most prominent, and arguably most influential, component of Kublai Khan's early life was his study and a strong attraction to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Han culture</a>. Kublai invited Haiyun, the leading Buddhist monk in northern China, to his <a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">ordo</a> in Mongolia. When he met Haiyun in <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a> in 1242, Kublai asked him about the philosophy of Buddhism. Haiyun named Kublai's son, who was born in 1243, <a href="/wiki/Zhenjin" title="Zhenjin">Zhenjin</a> (Chinese: True Gold).<a href="#cite_note-Man2007p37-15">[11]</a> Haiyun also introduced Kublai to the formerly <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Daoist (Taoist)</a>, and at the time Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong. Liu was a painter, calligrapher, poet, and mathematician, and he became Kublai's advisor when Haiyun returned to his temple in modern Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a> Kublai soon added the <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> scholar Zhao Bi to his entourage. Kublai employed people of other nationalities as well, for he was keen to balance local and imperial interests, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Victory_in_northern_China">Victory in northern China</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Victory in northern China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG/220px-Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG/330px-Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Qubilai_Setsen_Khaan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of young Kublai by <a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a>, a Nepali artist in Kublai's court</figcaption></figure> In 1251, Kublai's eldest brother <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> became Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Khwarizmian <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Yalavach" title="Mahmud Yalavach">Mahmud Yalavach</a> and Kublai were sent to <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>. Kublai received the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroyalty</a> over northern China and moved his ordo to central <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. During his years as viceroy, Kublai managed his territory well, boosted the agricultural output of <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, and increased social welfare spending after receiving <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>. These acts received great acclaim from ethnic Han warlords and were essential to the founding of the Yuan dynasty. In 1252, Kublai criticized Mahmud Yalavach, who was never highly valued by his ethnic Han associates, over his cavalier execution of suspects during a judicial review, and Zhao Bi attacked him for his presumptuous attitude toward the throne. Möngke dismissed Mahmud Yalavach, which met with resistance from Han Confucian-trained officials.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> In 1253, Kublai was ordered to attack <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and he tried to ask the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a> to submit. The ruling Gao family resisted and killed Mongol <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">envoys</a>. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> basin. The second column under <a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai's</a> son <a href="/wiki/Uryankhadai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uryankhadai">Uryankhadai</a> took a difficult route into the mountains of western Sichuan.<a href="#cite_note-Man2007p79-18">[14]</a> Kublai went south over the grasslands and met up with the first column. While <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uryankhadai</a> travelled along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a> and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Dali emperor Duan Xingzhi (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E8%88%88%E6%99%BA" class="extiw" title="zh:段興智">段興智</a>) himself defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of Yunnan. Duan Xingzhi, the last king of Dali, was appointed by <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Tusi" title="Tusi">tusi</a> or local ruler; Duan accepted the stationing of a pacification commissioner there.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood613-19">[15]</a> After Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among certain factions. In 1255 and 1256, Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, where he offered <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered. Duan then led a considerable army to serve as guides and vanguards for the Mongol army. By the end of 1256, <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uryankhadai</a> had completely pacified <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan-20">[16]</a> Kublai was attracted by the abilities of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan monks</a> as healers. In 1253 he made <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> school, a member of his entourage. Phagpa bestowed on Kublai and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Chabi" title="Chabi">Chabi</a> (Chabui), an <a href="/wiki/Empowerment_(Vajrayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empowerment (Vajrayana)">empowerment</a> (initiation ritual). Kublai appointed <a href="/wiki/Lian_Xixian" title="Lian Xixian">Lian Xixian</a> (1231–1280) the head of his pacification commission in 1254. Some officials, who were jealous of Kublai's success, said that he was getting above himself and dreaming of having his own empire by competing with Möngke's capital <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> sent two tax inspectors, Alamdar (Ariq Böke's close friend and governor in North China) and Liu Taiping, to audit Kublai's officials in 1257. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Han officials and executed some of them, and Kublai's new pacification commission was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-Weatherford2004p186-21">[17]</a> Kublai sent a two-man embassy with his wives and then appealed in person to <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a>, who publicly forgave his younger brother and reconciled with him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Daoists had obtained their wealth and status by seizing <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a>. <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> repeatedly demanded that the Daoists cease their denigration of Buddhism and ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Daoists and Buddhists in his territory.<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> Kublai called a conference of Daoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258. At the conference, the Daoist claim was officially refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted 237 Daoist temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the Daoist texts.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> Kublai Khan and the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> clearly favored Buddhism, while his counterparts in the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> later converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> at various times in history – <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> being the only Muslim during Kublai's era (his successor did not convert to Islam).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_secret_weapon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mongol_secret_weapon.png/220px-Mongol_secret_weapon.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mongol_secret_weapon.png/330px-Mongol_secret_weapon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mongol_secret_weapon.png/440px-Mongol_secret_weapon.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>"The Emperor Kublai Khan in a tower carried by four elephants on the day of the battle". French engraving, 18th century.</figcaption></figure> In 1258, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with an attack on Sichuan. As he was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, Kublai was allowed to stay home, but he moved to assist <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> anyway. Before Kublai arrived in 1259, word reached him that <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a> had died. Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother secret and continued the attack on <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>. While Kublai's force besieged <a href="/wiki/Wuchang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang District">Wuchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uryankhadai</a> joined him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Jia_Sidao" title="Jia Sidao">Jia Sidao</a> secretly approached Kublai to propose terms. He offered an annual tribute of 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a> of silver and 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Bolt_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt (fabric)">bolts</a> of silk, in exchange for Mongol agreement to the Yangtze as the frontier between the states.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> Kublai declined at first but later reached a peace agreement with Sidao. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enthronement_and_civil_war">Enthronement and civil war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Enthronement and civil war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></div> Kublai received a message from his wife that his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a> had been raising troops, so he returned north to the Mongolian Plateau.<a href="#cite_note-Man2007p102-27">[23]</a> Before he arrived, he learned that Ariq Böke had held a <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">kurultai</a> (Mongol great council) at the capital <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>, which had named him Great Khan with the support of most of Genghis Khan's descendants. Kublai and the fourth brother, the Il-Khan <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu</a>, opposed this. Kublai's ethnic Han staff encouraged Kublai to ascend the throne, and almost all the senior princes in northern China and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> supported his candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood458-28">[24]</a> Upon returning to his own territories, Kublai summoned his own kurultai. Fewer members of the royal family supported Kublai's claims to the title, though the small number of attendees included representatives of all the <a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a> lines except that of <a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a>. This kurultai proclaimed Kublai Great Khan, on 15 April 1260, despite Ariq Böke's apparently legal claim to become Khan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kublai_Khan_and_His_Empress_Enthroned.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kublai_Khan_and_His_Empress_Enthroned.jpg/170px-Kublai_Khan_and_His_Empress_Enthroned.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kublai_Khan_and_His_Empress_Enthroned.jpg/255px-Kublai_Khan_and_His_Empress_Enthroned.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kublai_Khan_and_His_Empress_Enthroned.jpg/340px-Kublai_Khan_and_His_Empress_Enthroned.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>Kublai Khan was chosen by his many supporters to become the next Great Khan at the Grand <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a> in the year 1260. Kublai Khan and His Empress Enthroned, from a Jami al-Twarikh (or Chingiznama). Mughal dynasty, Reign of Akbar, 1596. Mughal Court. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. India. Freer Gallery of Art. F1954.31 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/edan/object.php?q=fsg_F1954.31&bcrumb=true">[1]</a> </figcaption></figure> This led to warfare between Kublai and Ariq Böke, which resulted in the destruction of the Mongol capital at Karakorum. In <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> and Sichuan, Möngke's army supported Ariq Böke. Kublai dispatched Lian Xixian to Shaanxi and Sichuan, where they executed Ariq Böke's civil administrator Liu Taiping, and won over several wavering generals.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> To secure the southern front, Kublai attempted a diplomatic resolution and sent envoys to <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, but Jia broke his promise and arrested them.<a href="#cite_note-Man2007p109-30">[26]</a> Kublai sent Abishqa as new khan to the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>. Ariq Böke captured Abishqa, two other princes, and 100 men, and he had his own man, <a href="/wiki/Alghu" title="Alghu">Alghu</a>, crowned khan of <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai</a>'s territory. In the first armed clash between Ariq Böke and Kublai, Ariq Böke lost and his commander Alamdar was killed at the battle. In revenge, Ariq Böke had Abishqa executed. Kublai cut off supplies of food to Karakorum with the support of his cousin <a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>. Karakorum quickly fell to Kublai's large army, but following Kublai's departure it was temporarily re-taken by Ariq Böke in 1261. Yizhou governor Li Tan revolted against Mongol rule in February 1262, and Kublai ordered his Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Shi_Tianze" title="Shi Tianze">Shi Tianze</a> and Shi Shu to attack Li Tan. The two armies crushed Li Tan's revolt in just a few months and Li Tan was executed. These armies also executed Wang Wentong, Li Tan's father-in-law, who had been appointed the Chief Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Central Secretariat</a> (Zhongshu Sheng) early in Kublai's reign and became one of Kublai's most trusted Han Chinese officials. The incident instilled in Kublai a distrust of ethnic Hans. After becoming emperor, Kublai banned granting the titles of and tithes to ethnic Han warlords.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chagatayid Khan Alghu, who had been appointed by Ariq Böke, declared his allegiance to Kublai and defeated a punitive expedition sent by Ariq Böke in 1262. The Ilkhan Hulagu also sided with Kublai and criticized Ariq Böke. Ariq Böke surrendered to Kublai at <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Xanadu</a> on 21 August 1264. The rulers of the western khanates acknowledged Kublai's victory and rule in Mongolia.<a href="#cite_note-Weatherford2004p120-31">[27]</a> When Kublai summoned them to a new kurultai, Alghu Khan demanded recognition of his illegal position from Kublai in return. Despite tensions between them, both Hulagu and <a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a>, khan of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, at first accepted Kublai's invitation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> However, they soon declined to attend the kurultai. Kublai pardoned Ariq Böke, although he executed Ariq Böke's chief supporters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Khan_of_the_Mongols">Great Khan of the Mongols</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Great Khan of the Mongols">edit</a>]</div> The mysterious deaths of three <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Jochid</a> princes in Hulagu's service, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Siege of Baghdad (1258)</a>, and unequal distribution of war spoils strained the Ilkhanate's relations with the Golden Horde. In 1262, Hulagu's complete purge of the Jochid troops and support for Kublai in his conflict with Ariq Böke brought open war with the Golden Horde. Kublai reinforced Hulagu with 30,000 young Mongols to stabilize the political crises in the western regions of the Mongol Empire.<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> When Hulagu died on 8 February 1264, Berke marched to cross near <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> to conquer the Ilkhanate but died on the way. Within a few months of these deaths, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate also died. In the new official version of his family's history, Kublai refused to write Berke's name as the khan of the Golden Horde because of Berke's support for Ariq Böke and wars with Hulagu; however, Jochi's family was fully recognized as legitimate family members.<a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kublai_Khan_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_(1375).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kublai_Khan_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/220px-Kublai_Khan_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kublai_Khan_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/330px-Kublai_Khan_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kublai_Khan_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg/440px-Kublai_Khan_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_%281375%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Kublai Khan in the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> (1375). The caption reads: "The most powerful prince of the Tartars is named Holubeim [Kubilay Khan], which means Great Khan. This emperor is richer than any other emperor in the world. This emperor is protected by twelve thousand horsemen with their four captains that stay at the court three months of the year."<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> Kublai Khan named <a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a> as the new Ilkhan (obedient khan) and nominated Batu's grandson <a href="/wiki/Mentemu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentemu">Mentemu</a> for the throne of <a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai</a>, the capital of the Golden Horde.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> The Kublaids in the east retained <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over the Ilkhans until the end of their regime.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood458-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> Kublai also sent his protege <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas-ud-din_Baraq" title="Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq">Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq</a> to overthrow the court of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> <a href="/wiki/Orghana" title="Orghana">Orghana</a>, the empress of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>, who put her young son <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shah_(Chagatai_Khan)" title="Mubarak Shah (Chagatai Khan)">Mubarak Shah</a> on the throne in 1265, without Kublai's permission after her husband's death. Prince <a href="/wiki/Kaidu" title="Kaidu">Kaidu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a> declined to personally attend the court of Kublai. Kublai instigated Baraq to attack Kaidu. Baraq began to expand his realm northward; he seized power in 1266 and fought Kaidu and the Golden Horde. He also pushed out Great Khan's overseer from the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>. When Kaidu and Mentemu together defeated Kublai, Baraq joined an alliance with the House of Ögedei and the Golden Horde against Kublai in the east and Abagha in the west. Meanwhile, Mentemu avoided any direct military expedition against Kublai's realm. The Golden Horde promised Kublai their assistance to defeat Kaidu whom Mentemu called the rebel.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> This was apparently due to the conflict between Kaidu and Mentemu over the agreement they made at the Talas kurultai. The armies of Mongol Persia defeated Baraq's invading forces in 1269. When Baraq died the next year, Kaidu took control of the Chagatai Khanate and recovered his alliance with Mentemu.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Meanwhile, Kublai tried to stabilize his control over the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> by mobilizing another Mongol invasion after he enthroned <a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">Wonjong of Goryeo</a> (r. 1260–1274) in 1259 on <a href="/wiki/Ganghwado" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganghwado">Ganghwado</a>. Kublai also forced two rulers of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate to call a truce with each other in 1270 despite the Golden Horde's interests in the Middle East and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders130-132-41">[37]</a> In 1260, Kublai sent one of his advisors, Hao Ching, to the court of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Lizong" title="Emperor Lizong">Emperor Lizong of Song</a> to say that if Lizong submitted to Kublai and surrendered his dynasty, he would be granted some autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[38]</a> Emperor Lizong refused to meet Kublai's demands and imprisoned Hao Ching and when Kublai sent a delegation to release Hao Ching, Emperor Lizong sent them back.<a href="#cite_note-:2-42">[38]</a> Kublai called two Iraqi siege engineers from the Ilkhanate to destroy the fortresses of Song China. After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">the fall of Xiangyang</a> in 1273, Kublai's commanders, <a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a> and Liu Zheng, proposed a final campaign against the Song dynasty, and Kublai made <a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan of the Baarin</a> the supreme commander.<a href="#cite_note-Grousset294-43">[39]</a> Kublai ordered Möngke Temür to revise the second census of the Golden Horde to provide resources and men for his conquest of China.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> The census took place in all parts of the Golden Horde, including <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a> in 1274–75. The Khans also sent <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> to strengthen Mongol influence there.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Kublai renamed the Mongol regime in China Dai Yuan in 1271, and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China to win control of millions of Han Chinese people. When he moved his headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a>, also called Dadu, in modern-day Beijing, there was an uprising in the old capital Karakorum that he barely contained. Kublai's actions were condemned by traditionalists and his critics still accused him of being too closely tied to Han Chinese culture. They sent a message to him: "The old customs of our Empire are not those of the Han Chinese laws ... What will happen to the old customs?"<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Man2007p74-47">[43]</a> Kaidu attracted the other elites of Mongol Khanates, declaring himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne instead of Kublai, who had turned away from the ways of Genghis Khan.<a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> Defections from Kublai's dynasty swelled the Ögedeids' forces. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG/220px-Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG/330px-Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG/440px-Liu-Kuan-Tao-Jagd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Han Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280.</figcaption></figure> The Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Han Chinese people to conquer all of China. Three years later, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yuan marines crushed the last of the Song loyalists</a>. The Song Empress Dowager and her grandson, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gong_of_Song" title="Emperor Gong of Song">Emperor Gong of Song</a>, were then settled in <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> where they were given tax-free property, and Kublai's wife Chabi took a personal interest in their well-being. However, Kublai later had Emperor Gong sent away to become a monk to <a href="/wiki/Zhangye" title="Zhangye">Zhangye</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kublai succeeded in building a powerful empire, created an academy, offices, trade ports, and canals, and sponsored science and the arts. The record of the Mongols lists 20,166 public schools created during Kublai's reign.<a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty-48">[44]</a> Having achieved real or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia, and having successfully conquered China, Kublai was in a position to look beyond China.<a href="#cite_note-Man2007p207-50">[46]</a> However, Kublai's costly invasions of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam#First_Mongol_invasion_in_1258" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam (1258)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin (1264)</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma (1277)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam#Champa" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Champa (1282)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam#Second_Mongol_invasion_in_1285" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam again (1285)</a> secured only the <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> status of those countries. <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a> (1274 and 1281), the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam#Third.2FFinal_Mongol_invasion.2C_1287-88" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">third invasion of Vietnam (1287–88)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">invasion of Java</a> (1293) failed. At the same time, Kublai's nephew Ilkhan Abagha tried to form <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">a grand alliance</a> of the Mongols and the Western European powers to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> in Syria and North Africa that constantly invaded the Mongol dominions. Abagha and Kublai focused mostly on foreign alliances and opened trade routes. Khagan Kublai dined with a large court every day and met with many ambassadors and foreign merchants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kublai's son Nomukhan and his generals occupied <a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almaliq</a> from 1266 to 1276. In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son <a href="/wiki/Shiregi" title="Shiregi">Shiregi</a> rebelled, kidnapped Kublai's two sons and his general <a href="/wiki/Antong" title="Antong">Antong</a> and handed them over to Kaidu and Möngke Temür. The latter was still allied with Kaidu who fashioned an alliance with him in 1269, although Möngke Temür had promised Kublai his military support to protect Kublai from the Ögedeids.<a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty-48">[44]</a> Kublai's armies suppressed the rebellion and strengthened the Yuan garrisons in Mongolia and the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili River</a> basin. However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg/220px-ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg/330px-ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg/440px-ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="2143" /></a><figcaption>Extract of the letter of <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>, dated 1289. French National Archives.</figcaption></figure> In 1279–80, Kublai decreed death for those who performed slaughtering of cattle according to the legal codes of Islam (<a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">dhabihah</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a>), which offended Mongolian custom.<a href="#cite_note-Grousset297-51">[47]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Tekuder" title="Tekuder">Tekuder</a> seized the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1282, attempting to make peace with the Mamluks, Abaqa's old Mongols under prince <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> appealed to Kublai. After the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fanakati" title="Ahmad Fanakati">Ahmad Fanakati</a> and execution of his sons, Kublai confirmed Arghun's coronation and awarded his commander in chief <a href="/wiki/Buqa" title="Buqa">Buqa</a> the title of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellor</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kublai's niece, Kelmish, who married a <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> general of the Golden Horde, was powerful enough to have Kublai's sons Nomuqan and Kokhchu returned. Three leaders of the Jochids, <a href="/wiki/Tode_Mongke" title="Tode Mongke">Tode Mongke</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ch%C3%BC" title="Köchü">Köchü</a>, and Nogai, agreed to release two princes.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> The court of the Golden Horde returned the princes as a peace overture to the Yuan dynasty in 1282 and induced Kaidu to release Kublai's general. Konchi, khan of <a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">the White Horde</a>, established friendly relations with the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, and as a reward received luxury gifts and grain from Kublai.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> Despite political disagreement between contending branches of the family over the office of Khagan, the economic and commercial system continued.<a href="#cite_note-Weatherford2004p195-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emperor_of_the_Yuan_dynasty">Emperor of the Yuan dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emperor of the Yuan dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Timeline of the Yuan dynasty">Timeline of the Yuan dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png/220px-Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png/330px-Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png/440px-Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>The Yuan dynasty of China, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1294</figcaption></figure> Kublai Khan considered China his main base, realizing within a decade of his enthronement as Great Khan that he needed to concentrate on governing there.<a href="#cite_note-Rossabi115-58">[54]</a> From the beginning of his reign, he adopted Chinese political and cultural models and worked to minimize the influences of regional lords, who had held immense power before and during the Song dynasty. Kublai heavily relied on his Chinese advisers until about 1276. He had many Han Chinese advisers, such as <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bingzhong" title="Liu Bingzhong">Liu Bingzhong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xu_Heng" title="Xu Heng">Xu Heng</a>, and employed many Buddhist Uyghurs, some of whom were resident commissioners running Chinese districts.<a href="#cite_note-Man2007p231-59">[55]</a> Kublai also appointed the Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ("the Phags pa Lama") his <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a>, giving him power over all the empire's <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a>. In 1270, after the Phags pa Lama created the <a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">'Phags-pa script</a>, he was promoted to imperial preceptor. Kublai established the Supreme Control Commission under the Phags pa Lama to administer the affairs of Tibetan and Chinese monks. During Phagspa's absence in Tibet, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> monk Sangha rose to high office and had the office renamed the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grousset304-61">[57]</a> In 1286, Sangha became the dynasty's chief fiscal officer. However, their[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">whose?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> later embittered Kublai, and he later relied wholly on younger Mongol aristocrats. Antong of the <a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jalairs</a> and Bayan of the Baarin served as grand councillors from 1265, and Oz-temur of the Arulad headed the <a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">censorate</a>. Borokhula's descendant, Ochicher, headed a <a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">kheshig</a> (Mongolian imperial guard) and the palace provision commission.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1271), Kublai officially created the Yuan dynasty and proclaimed the capital as Dadu (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 大都; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: Ta-tu; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Grand Capital', known as <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a> or Daidu to the Mongols, modern Beijing) the following year. His summer capital was in <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 上都; <abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Upper Capital', also called Xanadu, near what today is <a href="/wiki/Dolon_Nor" title="Dolon Nor">Dolon Nor</a>). To unify China,<a href="#cite_note-Rossabi76-62">[58]</a> Kublai began a massive offensive against the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty#Southern_Song,_1127–1279" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a> in 1274 and finally destroyed the Song in 1279, unifying the country at last at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a> where the last Song Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a> committed suicide by jumping into the sea and ending the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_actors,_Yuan_Dynasty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Theatre_actors%2C_Yuan_Dynasty.jpg/220px-Theatre_actors%2C_Yuan_Dynasty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Theatre_actors%2C_Yuan_Dynasty.jpg/330px-Theatre_actors%2C_Yuan_Dynasty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Theatre_actors%2C_Yuan_Dynasty.jpg/440px-Theatre_actors%2C_Yuan_Dynasty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> flourished during Yuan China.</figcaption></figure> Most of the Yuan domains were administered as provinces, also translated as the "Branch Secretariat", each with a governor and vice-governor.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> This included <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and a special Zhendong branch Secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Rossabi247-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> The Central Region (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 腹裏) was separate from the rest, consisting of much of present-day <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a>. It was considered the most important region of the dynasty and was directly governed by the <a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a> at Dadu. Tibet was governed by another top-level administrative department called the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a>. Kublai promoted economic growth by rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a>, repairing public buildings, and extending highways. However, his domestic policy included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as his reign continued, these traditions would clash increasingly frequently with traditional Chinese economic and social culture. Kublai decreed that partner merchants of the Mongols should be subject to taxes in 1262 and set up the Office of Market Taxes to supervise them in 1268.<a href="#cite_note-auto-67">[63]</a> After the Mongol conquest of the Song, the Muslim, Uighur and Chinese merchants expanded their operations to the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-67">[63]</a> In 1286, maritime trade was put under the Office of Market Taxes. The main source of revenue for the government was the monopoly of salt production.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> The Mongol administration had issued paper currencies from 1227 on.<a href="#cite_note-Weatherford2004p176-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> In August 1260, Kublai created the first unified paper currency called <a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a>; bills were circulated throughout the Yuan domain with no expiration date. To guard against devaluation, the currency was convertible with silver and gold, and the government accepted tax payments in paper currency. In 1273, Kublai issued a new series of state-sponsored bills to finance his conquest of the Song, although eventually, a lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned this move into an economic disaster. It was required to pay only in the form of paper money. To ensure its use, Kublai's government confiscated gold and silver from private citizens and foreign merchants, but traders received government-issued notes in exchange. Kublai Khan is considered to be the first <a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">fiat money</a> maker. The paper bills made collecting taxes and administering the empire much easier and reduced the cost of transporting coins.<a href="#cite_note-Weatherford1997p127-71">[67]</a> In 1287, Kublai's minister Sangha created a new currency, Zhiyuan Chao, to deal with a budget shortfall.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> It was non-convertible and denominated in <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> cash. Later <a href="/wiki/Gaykhatu" title="Gaykhatu">Gaykhatu</a> of the Ilkhanate attempted to adopt the system in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the Middle East, which was a complete failure, and shortly afterward he was assassinated.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tranquillo_da_cremona,_Marco_Polo_alla_Corte_del_Gran_Khan,_1863.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tranquillo_da_cremona%2C_Marco_Polo_alla_Corte_del_Gran_Khan%2C_1863.PNG/250px-Tranquillo_da_cremona%2C_Marco_Polo_alla_Corte_del_Gran_Khan%2C_1863.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tranquillo_da_cremona%2C_Marco_Polo_alla_Corte_del_Gran_Khan%2C_1863.PNG/375px-Tranquillo_da_cremona%2C_Marco_Polo_alla_Corte_del_Gran_Khan%2C_1863.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Tranquillo_da_cremona%2C_Marco_Polo_alla_Corte_del_Gran_Khan%2C_1863.PNG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_and_Maffeo_Polo" title="Niccolò and Maffeo Polo">Niccolò, Maffeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> at the court of Kublai Khan; painting by <a href="/wiki/Tranquillo_Cremona" title="Tranquillo Cremona">Tranquillo Cremona</a>, 1863</figcaption></figure> Kublai encouraged Asian arts and demonstrated religious tolerance. Despite his anti-Daoist edicts, Kublai respected the Daoist master and appointed Zhang Liushan as the patriarch of the Daoist Xuánjiào (玄教, "Mysterious Order").<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Under Zhang's advice, Daoist temples were put under the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. Several Europeans visited the empire, notably the Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in the 1270s, who was appointed to serve as Khan's foreign emissary throughout the empire and lived in the emperor's lands for 17 years.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> During the Southern Song, the descendant of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Yansheng" title="Duke Yansheng">Duke Yansheng</a> Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to <a href="/wiki/Quzhou" title="Quzhou">Quzhou</a>, while the newly established <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan Dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-JansenKlein2014-82">[78]</a> The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Yuan Emperors like Kublai Khan forbade practices such as butchering according to Jewish (<a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a>) or Muslim (<a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">dhabihah</a>) legal codes and other restrictive decrees continued. <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a> was also strictly forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific_developments_and_relations_with_minorities">Scientific developments and relations with minorities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scientific developments and relations with minorities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trebuchet2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Trebuchet2.png/220px-Trebuchet2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Trebuchet2.png/330px-Trebuchet2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Trebuchet2.png/440px-Trebuchet2.png 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">trebuchet</a>" (or <a href="/wiki/Huihui_Pao" class="mw-redirect" title="Huihui Pao">Huihui Pao</a>) used to breach the walls of <a href="/wiki/Fancheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Fancheng District">Fancheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiangzhou_District,_Xiangyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangzhou District, Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a>.</figcaption></figure> Thirty Muslims served as high officials in the court of Kublai Khan. Eight of the dynasty's twelve administrative districts had Muslim governors appointed by Kublai Khan.<a href="#cite_note-muslimheritage.com-87">[83]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Among the Muslim governors was <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Ajjal_Shams_al-Din_Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar">Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar</a>, who became administrator of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. He was a well-learned man in the <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> and Daoist traditions and is believed to have propagated <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a>. Other administrators were <a href="/wiki/Nasr_al-Din_(Yunnan)" title="Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)">Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Yalavach" title="Mahmud Yalavach">Mahmud Yalavach</a> (mayor of the Yuan capitol). Kublai Khan patronized Muslim scholars and scientists, and Muslim astronomers contributed to the construction of the observatory in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din (astronomer)">Jamal ad-Din</a> introduced 7 new instruments and concepts that allowed the correction of the Chinese calendar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Muslim cartographers made accurate maps of all the nations along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and greatly influenced the knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> rulers and merchants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Muslim physicians organized hospitals and had their institutes of Medicine in Beijing and <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a>. In Beijing was the renown Guang Hui Si "Department of extensive mercy", where <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a> medicine and surgery were taught. <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>'s works were also published in China during that period.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Muslim mathematicians introduced <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_Geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclidean Geometry">Euclidean Geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spherical_trigonometry" title="Spherical trigonometry">Spherical trigonometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> in China.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Kublai brought siege engineers <a href="/wiki/Ismail_(mangonel_expert)" title="Ismail (mangonel expert)">Ismail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_al-Din" title="Al al-Din">Al al-Din</a> to China, and together they invented the "<a href="/wiki/Trebuchet" title="Trebuchet">Muslim trebuchet</a>" (or <a href="/wiki/Huihui_Pao" class="mw-redirect" title="Huihui Pao">Huihui Pao</a>), which was utilized by Kublai Khan during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood354-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warfare_and_foreign_relations">Warfare and foreign relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Warfare and foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan%27s_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_military_tactics_and_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol military tactics and organization">Mongol military tactics and organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/220px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/330px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg/440px-Yuan_chinese_gun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A Yuan dynasty <a href="/wiki/Hand_cannon" title="Hand cannon">hand cannon</a></figcaption></figure> Although Kublai restricted the functions of the kheshig, he created a new imperial bodyguard, at first entirely ethnic Han in composition but later strengthened with <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> Once his own kheshig was organized in 1263, Kublai put three of the original kheshigs under the charge of the descendants of Genghis Khan's assistants, Borokhula, Boorchu, and <a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a>. Kublai began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign <a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">jarligs</a> (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood264-95">[91]</a> Mongol and Han units were organized using the same decimal organization that Genghis Khan used. The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies. Kublai and his generals adopted an elaborate, moderate style of military campaigns in southern China. Effective assimilation of the naval techniques of the Han people allowed the Yuan army to quickly conquer the Song.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet_and_Xinjiang">Tibet and Xinjiang</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tibet and Xinjiang">edit</a>]</div> In 1285 the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule#Revolt" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Drikung Kagyu sect revolted</a>, attacking Sakya <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">monasteries</a>. The Chagatayid Khan, <a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a>, helped the rebels, laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a> and defeating Kublai's garrisons in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Kaidu destroyed an army at <a href="/wiki/Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Beshbalik</a> and occupied the city the following year. Many Uyghurs abandoned <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a> for safer bases back in the eastern part of the Yuan dynasty. After Kublai's grandson <a href="/wiki/Buqa-Tem%C3%BCr" class="mw-redirect" title="Buqa-Temür">Buqa-Temür</a> crushed the resistance of the <a href="/wiki/Drikung_Kagyu" title="Drikung Kagyu">Drikung Kagyu</a>, killing 10,000 Tibetans in 1291, Tibet was fully pacified.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annexation_of_Goryeo">Annexation of Goryeo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Annexation of Goryeo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Yuan_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea under Yuan rule">Korea under Yuan rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Mongol invasions of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_with_Dragons_Chasing_Flaming_Pearls_LACMA_M.2000.15.181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mirror_with_Dragons_Chasing_Flaming_Pearls_LACMA_M.2000.15.181.jpg/220px-Mirror_with_Dragons_Chasing_Flaming_Pearls_LACMA_M.2000.15.181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mirror_with_Dragons_Chasing_Flaming_Pearls_LACMA_M.2000.15.181.jpg/330px-Mirror_with_Dragons_Chasing_Flaming_Pearls_LACMA_M.2000.15.181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mirror_with_Dragons_Chasing_Flaming_Pearls_LACMA_M.2000.15.181.jpg/440px-Mirror_with_Dragons_Chasing_Flaming_Pearls_LACMA_M.2000.15.181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2094" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Two dragons chasing a flaming pearl was a symbol associated with <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>.</figcaption></figure> Kublai Khan invaded <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a> and made it a tributary vassal state in 1260. After another Mongol intervention in 1273, Goryeo came under even tighter control of the Yuan.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood403-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> Goryeo became a Mongol military base, and several myriarchy commands were established there. The court of the Goryeo supplied Korean troops and an ocean-going naval force for the Mongol campaigns.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_naval_expansion">Further naval expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further naval expansion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KangnidoMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/220px-KangnidoMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/330px-KangnidoMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/KangnidoMap.jpg/440px-KangnidoMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gangnido" title="Gangnido">Gangnido</a> reflects the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese geography">Chinese geographical knowledge</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> about countries in the West.<a href="#cite_note-miya-102">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite the opposition of some of his Confucian-trained advisers, Kublai decided to invade Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and Java, following the suggestions of some of his Mongol officials. He also attempted to subjugate peripheral lands such as <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, where its indigenous people eventually submitted to the Mongols by 1308, after Kublai's death. These costly <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">invasions and conquests</a> and the introduction of paper currency caused inflation. From 1273 to 1276, the war against the Southern Song dynasty and Japan made the issue of paper currency expand from 110,000 ding to 1,420,000 ding.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood434-103">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasions_of_Japan">Invasions of Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Invasions of Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg/220px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg/330px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg/440px-M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba_Mongol_Invasion_Takezaki_Suenaga_2_Page_5-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9586" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs. <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dko_Sh%C5%ABrai_Ekotoba" title="Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba">Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba</a> (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293.</figcaption></figure> Within Kublai's court, his most trusted governors and advisers appointed by meritocracy with the essence of multiculturalism were Mongol, <a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">Semu</a>, Korean, Hui, and Han peoples.<a href="#cite_note-muslimheritage.com-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-元史-104">[100]</a> Because the <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a> extended support to the crumbling Southern Song dynasty, Kublai Khan initiated <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">invasions of Japan</a>. Kublai Khan twice attempted to invade Japan. It is believed that both attempts were partly thwarted by bad weather or a flaw in the design of ships that were based on river boats without keels, and his fleets were destroyed. The first attempt took place in 1274, with a fleet of 900 ships.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> The second invasion occurred in 1281 when Mongols sent two separate forces: 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Han, and Mongol troops were sent from Masan, while a force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships, each close to 240 feet (73 m) long. The fleet was hastily assembled and ill-equipped to cope with maritime conditions. In November, they sailed into the treacherous waters that separated Korea and Japan by 180 kilometres (110 miles). The Mongols easily took over <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Island" title="Tsushima Island">Tsushima Island</a> about halfway across the strait and then <a href="/wiki/Iki_Island" title="Iki Island">Iki Island</a> closer to <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>. The Korean fleet reached <a href="/wiki/Hakata_Bay" title="Hakata Bay">Hakata Bay</a> on 23 June 1281, and landed its troops and animals, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen. Mongol landing forces were subsequently defeated at the Battle of Akasaka and the Battle of Torikai-Gata. <a href="/wiki/Takezaki_Suenaga" title="Takezaki Suenaga">Takezaki Suenaga</a>'s samurai attacked the Mongol army and fought them, as reinforcements led by Shiraishi Michiyasu arrived and defeated the Mongols, who suffered around 3500 dead.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warriors, following their custom, rode out against the Mongol forces for individual combat but the Mongols held their formation. The Mongols fought as a united force, not as individuals, and bombarded the samurai with exploding missiles and showered them with arrows. Eventually, the remaining Japanese withdrew from the coastal zone inland to a fortress. The Mongol forces did not chase the fleeing Japanese into an area about which they lacked reliable intelligence. In several individual skirmishes, known collectively as the Kōan Campaign (弘安の役) or the "Second Battle of Hakata Bay", the Mongol forces were driven back to their ships by the Samurai. The Japanese army was heavily outnumbered, but had fortified the coastal line with two-meter-high walls, and was easily able to repulse the Mongolian forces that were launched against it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/350px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/525px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg/700px-Takezaki_suenaga_ekotoba3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4262" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> boarding Yuan ships in 1281.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeologist</a> Kenzo Hayashida led the investigation that discovered the wreckage of the second invasion fleet off the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Takashima_District,_Shiga" title="Takashima District, Shiga">Takashima District, Shiga</a>. His team's findings strongly indicate that Kublai rushed to invade Japan and attempted to construct his enormous fleet in one year, a task that should have taken up to five years. This forced the Chinese to use any available ships, including riverboats. Most importantly, the Chinese, under Kublai's control, built many ships quickly to contribute to the fleets in both of the invasions. Hayashida theorizes that, had Kublai used standard, well-constructed ocean-going ships with curved keels to prevent capsizing, his navy might have survived the journey to and from Japan and might have conquered it as intended. In October 2011, a wreck, possibly one of Kublai's invasion craft, was found off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> David Nicolle wrote in The Mongol Warlords, "Huge losses had also been suffered in terms of casualties and sheer expense, while the myth of Mongol invincibility had been shattered throughout eastern Asia." He also wrote that Kublai was determined to mount a third invasion, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and his and Mongol prestige of the first two defeats, and only his death and the unanimous agreement of his advisers not to invade prevented a third attempt.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasions_of_Vietnam">Invasions of Vietnam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Invasions of Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Mongol invasions of Vietnam</a></div> Kublai Khan invaded <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a>/Annam (now Vietnam) in a total of five separate incursions between 1257 and 1292, with major campaigns in 1258, 1285, and 1287. These three campaigns are treated by several scholars as a success due to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary relations</a> with Đại Việt despite the Mongols suffering major military defeats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2005212-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1975285-111">[107]</a> In contrast, Vietnamese historiography regards the war as a major victory against the foreign invaders whom they called "the Mongol yokes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAymonier189316-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-109">[105]</a> The first invasion began in 1258 under the united Mongol Empire, as it looked for alternative paths to invade the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. The Mongol general <a href="/wiki/Uriyangkhadai" title="Uriyangkhadai">Uriyangkhadai</a> was successful in capturing the abandoned Vietnamese capital <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Thang Long</a> (modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">invade the Song dynasty</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> under <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361–371-113">[109]</a> The first invasion also established tributary relations between the Vietnamese dynasty, formerly a Song dynasty tributary state, and the Yuan dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-114">[110]</a> Intending to demand greater tribute and direct Yuan oversight of local affairs in Đại Việt and Champa, the Yuan launched another invasion in 1285. The second invasion of Đại Việt failed to accomplish its goals, and the Yuan launched a third invasion in 1287 with the intent of replacing the uncooperative Đại Việt ruler <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Nh%C3%A2n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Trần Nhân Tông">Trần Nhân Tông</a> with the defected Trần prince <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C3%8Dch_T%E1%BA%AFc" title="Trần Ích Tắc">Trần Ích Tắc</a>. By the end of the second and third invasions, which involved both initial successes and eventual major defeats for the Mongols, both Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and became tributary states to avoid further bloodshed and conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617–26-116">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia_and_South_Seas">Southeast Asia and South Seas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia and South Seas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First Mongol invasion of Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Mongol invasion of Java</a></div> Three expeditions against Burma, in 1277, 1283, and 1287, brought the Mongol forces to the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a>, whereupon they captured <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> and established their government.<a href="#cite_note-Grousset291-117">[113]</a> Kublai had to be content with establishing a formal <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, but Pagan finally became a tributary state, sending tributes to the Yuan court until the Yuan dynasty fell to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in 1368.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood72-118">[114]</a> Mongol interests in these areas were commercial and tributary relationships.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kublai Khan maintained close relations with <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>, in particular with prince <a href="/wiki/Mangrai" title="Mangrai">Mangrai</a> of Chiangmai and king <a href="/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Khamhaeng">Ram Khamheng</a> of Sukhothai.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[115]</a> In fact, Kublai encouraged them to attack the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmers</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thais</a> were being pushed southwards from <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanchao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-121">[117]</a> This happened after king <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VIII" title="Jayavarman VIII">Jayavarman VIII</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> refused to pay tribute to the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-123">[119]</a> Jayavarman VIII was so insistent on not having to pay tribute to Kublai that he had Mongol envoys imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-:0-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-121">[117]</a> These attacks from the Siamese eventually weakened the Khmer Empire. The Mongols then decided to venture south into Cambodia in 1283 by land from <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-124">[120]</a> They were able to conquer <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> by 1284.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> Cambodia effectively became a vassal state by 1285 when Jayavarman VIII was finally forced to pay tribute to Kublai.<a href="#cite_note-:4-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> During the last years of his reign, Kublai launched a naval <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> of 20–30,000 men against <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> on Java (1293), but the invading Mongol forces were forced to withdraw by <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> after considerable losses of more than 3000 troops. Nevertheless, by 1294, the year that Kublai died, the <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom" title="Sukhothai Kingdom">Sukhothai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Chiang_Mai" title="Kingdom of Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a> had become vassal states of the Yuan dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Grousset291-117">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">Europeans in Medieval China</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kublai_giving_support_to_the_Venetians.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Kublai_giving_support_to_the_Venetians.JPG/270px-Kublai_giving_support_to_the_Venetians.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Kublai_giving_support_to_the_Venetians.JPG/405px-Kublai_giving_support_to_the_Venetians.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5b/Kublai_giving_support_to_the_Venetians.JPG/540px-Kublai_giving_support_to_the_Venetians.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Kublai gives financial support to <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_and_Maffeo_Polo" title="Niccolò and Maffeo Polo">the Polo family</a>.</figcaption></figure> Under Kublai, direct contact between East Asia and Europe was established, made possible by Mongol control of the central Asian trade routes and facilitated by the presence of efficient postal services. At the beginning of the 13th century, Europeans and Central Asians – merchants, travelers, and missionaries of different orders – made their way to China. The presence of Mongol power allowed large numbers of Yuan subjects, intent on warfare or trade, to travel to other parts of the Mongol Empire, all the way to Rus, Persia, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg/270px-VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg/405px-VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg/540px-VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabban_Bar_Sauma" title="Rabban Bar Sauma">Rabban Bar Sauma</a>, ambassador of Great Khan <a href="/wiki/Kublai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kublai">Kublai</a> and Ilkhan <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a>, travelled from Dadu to Rome, Tuscany, Genoa, Paris, and <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> to meet with European rulers in 1287–88.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> In the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mogadishu" title="Sultanate of Mogadishu">Sultanate of Mogadishu</a>, through its trade with prior Chinese regimes, had acquired enough of a reputation in Asia to attract the attention of Kublai Khan.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> According to Marco Polo, Kublai sent an envoy to <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a> to spy out the Sultanate but the delegation was captured and imprisoned. Kublai Khan then sent another envoy to treat for the release of the earlier Mongol delegation sent to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capital_city">Capital city</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Capital city">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg/220px-Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Miaoyingsi_baita.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>The White Stupa of Dadu (or Khanbaliq; now <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>).</figcaption></figure> After Kublai Khan was proclaimed Khagan at his residence in <a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a> on 5 May 1260, he began to organize the country. Zhang Wenqian, a central government official, was sent by Kublai in 1260 to Daming where unrest had been reported in the local population. A friend of Zhang's, <a href="/wiki/Guo_Shoujing" title="Guo Shoujing">Guo Shoujing</a>, accompanied him on this mission. Guo was interested in engineering, was an expert astronomer and skilled instrument maker, and understood that good astronomical observations depended on expertly made instruments. Guo began to construct astronomical instruments, including water clocks for accurate timing and <a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">armillary spheres</a> that represented the celestial globe. <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestani</a> architect Ikhtiyar al-Din, also known as "Igder", designed the buildings of the city of the Khagan, Khanbaliq (Dadu).<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Kublai also employed foreign artists to build his new capital; one of them, a <a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a> named <a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a>, built the White <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a> that was the largest structure in Khanbaliq/Dadu.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Zhang advised Kublai that Guo was a leading expert in hydraulic engineering. Kublai knew the importance of water management for irrigation, transport of grain, and flood control, and he asked Guo to look at these aspects in the area between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River. To provide Dadu with a new supply of water, Guo found the Baifu spring in Mount Shen and had a 30 km (19 mi) channel built to move water to Dadu. He proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins, built new canals with sluices to control the water level, and achieved great success with the improvements he made. This pleased Kublai and Guo was asked to undertake similar projects in other parts of the country. In 1264 he was asked to go to <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> to repair the damage that had been caused to the irrigation systems by the years of war during the Mongol advance through the region. Guo travelled extensively along with his friend Zhang taking notes of the work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system and to make improvements to its efficiency. He sent his report directly to Kublai Khan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nayan's_rebellion">Nayan's rebellion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nayan's rebellion">edit</a>]</div> During the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a>, Genghis Khan's younger brothers received large <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Their descendants strongly supported Kublai's coronation in 1260, but the younger generation desired more independence. Kublai enforced Ögedei Khan's regulations that the Mongol noblemen could appoint overseers and the Great Khan's special officials, in their appanages, but otherwise respected appanage rights. Kublai's son Manggala established direct control over <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> in 1272. In 1274, Kublai appointed Lian Xixian to investigate abuses of power by Mongol appanage holders in Manchuria.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> The region called Lia-tung was immediately brought under the Khagan's control, in 1284, eliminating autonomy of the Mongol nobles there.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belt_plaque_with_dragon_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Belt_plaque_with_dragon_design.jpg/220px-Belt_plaque_with_dragon_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Belt_plaque_with_dragon_design.jpg/330px-Belt_plaque_with_dragon_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Belt_plaque_with_dragon_design.jpg/440px-Belt_plaque_with_dragon_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A Yuan dynasty <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> belt plaque featuring carved designs of the <a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Azure Dragon</a>, highly regarded as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan China</a>'s maritime strength.</figcaption></figure> Threatened by the advance of Kublai's bureaucratization, <a href="/wiki/Nayan_(Mongol_Prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nayan (Mongol Prince)">Nayan</a>, a fourth-generation descendant of one of Genghis Khan's brothers, either <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCge" title="Temüge">Temüge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Belgutei" title="Belgutei">Belgutei</a>, instigated a revolt in 1287. (More than one prince named Nayan existed and their identity is confused.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a>) Nayan tried to join forces with Kublai's competitor Kaidu in Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> Manchuria's native <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Water Tatars</a>, who had suffered a famine, supported Nayan. Virtually all the fraternal lines under Hadaan, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Hachiun" title="Hachiun">Hachiun</a>, and Shihtur, a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Qasar" title="Qasar">Qasar</a>, joined Nayan's rebellion,<a href="#cite_note-Grousset293-137">[133]</a> and because Nayan was a popular prince, Ebugen, a grandson of Genghis Khan's son Khulgen, and the family of Khuden, a younger brother of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a>, contributed troops for this rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Amitai-PreissMorgan33-138">[134]</a> The rebellion was crippled by early detection and timid leadership. Kublai sent Bayan to keep Nayan and Kaidu apart by occupying Karakorum, while Kublai led another army against the rebels in Manchuria. Kublai's commander Oz Temür's Mongol force attacked Nayan's 60,000 inexperienced soldiers on 14 June, while ethnic Han and Alan guards under Li Ting protected Kublai. The army of <a href="/wiki/Chungnyeol_of_Goryeo" title="Chungnyeol of Goryeo">Chungnyeol of Goryeo</a> assisted Kublai in battle. After a hard fight, Nayan's troops withdrew behind their carts, and Li Ting began bombardment and attacked Nayan's camp that night. Kublai's force pursued Nayan, who was eventually captured and executed without bloodshed, by being smothered under felt carpets, a traditional way of executing princes.<a href="#cite_note-Amitai-PreissMorgan33-138">[134]</a> Meanwhile, the rebel prince Shikqtur invaded <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> but was defeated within a month. Kaidu withdrew westward to avoid a battle. However, Kaidu defeated a major Yuan army in the <a href="/wiki/Khangai_Mountains" title="Khangai Mountains">Khangai Mountains</a> and briefly occupied Karakorum in 1289. Kaidu had ridden away before Kublai could mobilize a larger army.<a href="#cite_note-Grousset294-43">[39]</a> Widespread but uncoordinated uprisings of Nayan's supporters continued until 1289; these were ruthlessly repressed. The rebel princes' troops were taken from them and redistributed among the imperial family.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> Kublai harshly punished the <a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">darughachi</a> appointed by the rebels in Mongolia and Manchuria.<a href="#cite_note-Amitai-PreissMorgan43-140">[136]</a> This rebellion forced Kublai to approve the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Liaoyang_Branch_Secretariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoyang Branch Secretariat">Liaoyang Branch Secretariat</a> on 4 December 1287, while rewarding loyal fraternal princes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Kublai_Khan" title="Special:EditPage/Kublai Khan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (April 2012) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG/220px-GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG/330px-GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG/440px-GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> converted to Islam and recognized Kublai Khan as his <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a>.</figcaption></figure> Kublai Khan dispatched his grandson Gammala to <a href="/wiki/Burkhan_Khaldun" title="Burkhan Khaldun">Burkhan Khaldun</a> in 1291 to ensure his claim to <a href="/wiki/Ikh_Khorig" title="Ikh Khorig">Ikh Khorig</a>, where Genghis was buried, a sacred place strongly protected by the Kublaids. Bayan was in control of Karakorum and was re-establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293, so Kublai's rival Kaidu did not attempt any large-scale military action for the next three years. From 1293 on, Kublai's army cleared Kaidu's forces from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Siberian_Plateau" title="Central Siberian Plateau">Central Siberian Plateau</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers, and he issued instructions through one of his other queens, Nambui. Only two of Kublai's daughters are known by name; he may have had others. Unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day, Kublai's wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence. Kublai's original choice of successor was his son <a href="/wiki/Zhenjin" title="Zhenjin">Zhenjin</a>, who became the head of the <a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a> and actively administered the dynasty according to <a href="/wiki/Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian">Confucian</a> fashion. Nomukhan, after returning from captivity in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>, expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent, but he was banished to the north. An official proposed that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, a suggestion that angered Kublai, who refused to see Zhenjin. Zhenjin died soon afterward in 1286, eight years before his father. Kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife, Bairam (also known as Kokejin).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Kublai became increasingly despondent after the deaths of his favorite wife and his chosen heir Zhenjin. The failure of the military campaigns in Vietnam and Japan also haunted him. Kublai turned to food and drink for comfort, became grossly overweight, and suffered gout and diabetes. The emperor overindulged in alcohol and the traditional meat-rich Mongol diet, which may have contributed to his gout. Kublai sank into depression due to the loss of his family, his poor health, and his advancing age. Kublai tried every medical treatment available, from Korean shamans to Vietnamese doctors, and remedies and medicines, but to no avail. At the end of 1293, the emperor refused to participate in the traditional New Year's ceremony. Before his death, Kublai passed the seal of Crown Prince to Zhenjin's son <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür</a>, who would become the next Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty. Seeking an old companion to comfort him in his final illness, the palace staff could choose only Bayan, more than 30 years his junior. Kublai weakened steadily, and on 18 February 1294, he died at the age of 78. Two days later, the funeral cortège took his body to the burial place of the Khans in Mongolia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Genghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Genghis Khan">Family tree of Genghis Khan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuanEmpressAlbumChabi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/YuanEmpressAlbumChabi.jpg/220px-YuanEmpressAlbumChabi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/YuanEmpressAlbumChabi.jpg/330px-YuanEmpressAlbumChabi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/YuanEmpressAlbumChabi.jpg/440px-YuanEmpressAlbumChabi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3173" data-file-height="4084" /></a><figcaption>Chabi, a Buddhist who was the Khatun of Kublai and Empress of the Mongol Empire</figcaption></figure> Kublai first married Tegulen but she died very early. Then he married <a href="/wiki/Chabi" title="Chabi">Chabi</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a>, who was his most beloved empress. After Chabi's death in 1281, Kublai married Chabi's young cousin, <a href="/wiki/Nambui" title="Nambui">Nambui</a>, presumably in accordance with Chabi's wish.<a href="#cite_note-Man2004p394-141">[137]</a> Principal wives (first and second ordos): <ul><li>Empress, of the Bosquur clan of <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> (皇后弘吉剌氏, d. 1233),<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> personal name Tegülün (帖古伦), daughter of Tuolian<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <ul><li>Dorji (朵儿只, c. 1233 – d. 1263),<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> 1st son</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabi" title="Chabi">Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng</a>, of the Bosquur clan of <a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a> (昭睿順聖皇后弘吉剌氏 1216 – d. 1281),<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> personal name Chabi (察必) <ul><li>Yuelie, Grand Princess of Zhao (赵国大長月烈公主) <ul><li>married to Ay Buqa, Prince of Zhao (趙王) and had issue (four sons)</li></ul></li> <li>Princess Ulujin (昌国大长吾魯真公主) <ul><li>married to Buqa from the Ikires clan</li></ul></li> <li>Chalun, Grand Princess of Chang State (茶倫昌国大长公主) <ul><li>married to Teliqian from the Ikires clan.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenjin" title="Zhenjin">Zhenjin</a>, Crown Prince Mingxiao (明孝太子真金 1240–1285), 2nd son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggala" title="Manggala">Manggala</a>, Prince of Anxi (安西王忙哥剌, c. 1242–1280), 3rd son</li> <li>Öljei, Grand Princess of Lu (鲁国长完泽公主) <ul><li>married to Ulujin Küregen of the Bosquur clan of Khongirad, Prince of Lu, and had issue (<a href="/wiki/Shirindari" title="Shirindari">one daughter</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Nomughan, Prince of Beiping (北平王那木罕d. 1301), 4th son</li> <li>Nangiajin, Grand Princess of Lu (鲁国大长囊家真公主) <ul><li>married to Ulujin Küregen from Khongirad clan</li> <li>Temür from Khongirad clan</li> <li>Manzitai from Khongirad clan</li></ul></li> <li>Kokechi, Prince of Yunnan (雲南王忽哥赤d.1271), 5th son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jeguk" title="Princess Jeguk">Qutugh Kelmysh, Queen Jangmok of Goryeo</a> (忽都魯揭里迷失莊穆王后; 1251–1297) <ul><li>Married <a href="/wiki/Chungnyeol_of_Goryeo" title="Chungnyeol of Goryeo">Wang Ko, Chungnyeol of Goryeo</a> and had issue ( 2 sons and 1 daughter)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambui" title="Nambui">Empress</a>, of the Bosquur clan of Khongirad (皇后弘吉剌氏 – went missing 1294),<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> personal name Nambui (南必), daughter of Nachen<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <ul><li>Temuchi (铁蔑赤), 11th son<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a></li></ul></li></ul> Wives from third ordo: <ul><li>Empress, of the Unknown clan (塔剌海皇后), personal name Talahai (塔剌海)</li> <li>Empress, of the Unknown clan (奴罕皇后), personal name Nuhan (奴罕)</li></ul> Wives from fourth ordo: <ul><li>Empress, of the Bayauts clan (皇后) Bayaujin (伯要兀真), daughter of Boraqchin <ul><li>Toghon, Prince of Zhennan (脱欢鎮南王), 9th son</li></ul></li> <li>Empress, of the Unknown clan (皇后), personal name Kökelün (阔阔伦)</li></ul> Concubines: <ul><li>Lady Babahan (八八罕妃子)</li> <li>Lady Sabuhu (撒不忽妃子)</li> <li>Qoruqchin Khatun — daughter of Qutuqu (brother of Toqto'a Beki) from Merkits. <ul><li>Qoridai — Commander of Möngke in Tibet</li></ul></li> <li>Dörbejin Khatun — from Dörben tribe <ul><li>Aqruqchi, Prince of Xiping (西平王奥鲁赤 d. 1306), 7th son</li></ul></li> <li>Hüshijin Khatun — daughter of Boroqul Noyan <ul><li>Ayachi, Commander of Hexi Corridor (爱牙赤, fl. 1324), 6th son</li> <li>Kököchü, Prince of Ning (宁王阔阔出, fl.1313), 8th son</li></ul></li> <li>An unknown lady <ul><li>Qutluq Temür (忽都鲁帖木儿; fl. 1324), 10th son</li></ul></li> <li>Asujin Khatun (阿速眞可敦)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_Palace,_Beijing,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing%2C_China.jpg/270px-Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing%2C_China.jpg/405px-Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing%2C_China.jpg/540px-Summer_Palace%2C_Beijing%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace#Longevity_Hill" title="Summer Palace">Longevity Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, where Kublai Khan wrote his poem.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transport_de_mat%C3%A9riaux_sous_le_r%C3%A8gne_de_Kubila%C3%AF_pour_les_constructions_qu%27il_entreprit_dans_l%27enceinte_du_palais_imp%C3%A9rial_de_P%C3%A9kin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Transport_de_mat%C3%A9riaux_sous_le_r%C3%A8gne_de_Kubila%C3%AF_pour_les_constructions_qu%27il_entreprit_dans_l%27enceinte_du_palais_imp%C3%A9rial_de_P%C3%A9kin.jpg/220px-Transport_de_mat%C3%A9riaux_sous_le_r%C3%A8gne_de_Kubila%C3%AF_pour_les_constructions_qu%27il_entreprit_dans_l%27enceinte_du_palais_imp%C3%A9rial_de_P%C3%A9kin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Transport_de_mat%C3%A9riaux_sous_le_r%C3%A8gne_de_Kubila%C3%AF_pour_les_constructions_qu%27il_entreprit_dans_l%27enceinte_du_palais_imp%C3%A9rial_de_P%C3%A9kin.jpg/330px-Transport_de_mat%C3%A9riaux_sous_le_r%C3%A8gne_de_Kubila%C3%AF_pour_les_constructions_qu%27il_entreprit_dans_l%27enceinte_du_palais_imp%C3%A9rial_de_P%C3%A9kin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Transport_de_mat%C3%A9riaux_sous_le_r%C3%A8gne_de_Kubila%C3%AF_pour_les_constructions_qu%27il_entreprit_dans_l%27enceinte_du_palais_imp%C3%A9rial_de_P%C3%A9kin.jpg/440px-Transport_de_mat%C3%A9riaux_sous_le_r%C3%A8gne_de_Kubila%C3%AF_pour_les_constructions_qu%27il_entreprit_dans_l%27enceinte_du_palais_imp%C3%A9rial_de_P%C3%A9kin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Laborers transporting construction materials to <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></figcaption></figure> Kublai was a prolific writer of Chinese poetry, although most of his works are now lost. Only one Chinese poem written by him is included in the Selection of Yuan Poetry (元詩選), titled 'Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain'. It was translated into Mongolian by the Inner Mongolian scholar B.Buyan in the same style as classical Mongolian poetry and transcribed into Cyrillic by Ya.Ganbaatar. It is said that once in spring Kublai Khan went to worship at a Buddhist temple at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a> in western Khanbaliq (Beijing) and on his way back ascended <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace#Longevity_Hill" title="Summer Palace">Longevity Hill</a> (Tumen Nast Uul in Mongolian), where he was filled with inspiration and wrote this poem.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> <table> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain (陟玩春山記興) </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="poem"> 時膺韶景陟蘭峰 不憚躋攀謁粹容 花色映霞祥彩混 壚煙拂霧瑞光重 雨霑瓊干巖邊竹 風襲琴聲嶺際松 淨刹玉毫瞻禮罷 回程仙駕馭蒼龍 </div> </td> <td><div class="poem"> Shí yīng sháo jǐng zhì lán fēng; Bú dàn jī pān yè cuì róng; Huā sè yìng xiá xiáng cǎi hùn; Lú yān fú wù ruì guāng chóng; Yǔ zhān qióng gàn yán biān zhú; Fēng xí qín shēng lǐng jì sōng; Jìng chà yù háo zhān lǐ bà; Huí chéng xiān jià yù cāng lóng. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> This is translated: <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <td> <dl><dt>Buyan's Mongolian translation</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <div class="poem"> Havar tsagiin nairamduu uliral dor anhilam uulnaa avirlaa Halshralgui orgil deer garaad Altan Nüür dor baraalhchuhui Hüis tsetseg tuyaaran myaralzaad ölziit öngö solongormui Hülisiin utaa hüdenten tunaraad belegt gerel tsatsarmui Hadan deerh has hulsnaa huriin dusal bömbölzönhön Halil davaanii nogoon narsnaa serchigneh salhi högjimdmüi Buddiin süm dor burhnii ömnö hüj örgön ayaarlaad Butsah zamd süih teregnee höh luu hölöglöjühüi </div> </td> <td> <dl><dt>English translation of Buyan's Mongolian version</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <div class="poem"> I ascended on Fragrant Hill in the friendly season of spring Not discouraged I climbed to the peak and met the Golden Face Flowers shone bright rays and auspicious colors gleamed like a rainbow Incense smoke wafted like mist and a blessed light emanated Raindrops were like bubbles on jade bamboos at the edge of the big rock The blowing wind played a song among the green pines at the mountain pass In front of the Buddha in the temple, I conducted the incense ceremony And on the way back I rode a <a href="/wiki/Azure_Dragon" title="Azure Dragon">Blue Dragon</a> in the royal carriage. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khubilai_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Khubilai_statue.jpg/220px-Khubilai_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Khubilai_statue.jpg/330px-Khubilai_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Khubilai_statue.jpg/440px-Khubilai_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Kublai Khan in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_Square" title="Sükhbaatar Square">Sükhbaatar Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>. Together with <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a>'s, and the much larger <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s statues, it forms a statue complex dedicated to the Mongol Empire.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion in the Mongol Empire</a></div> Kublai's seizure of power in 1260 pushed the Mongol Empire into a new direction. Despite the controversy surrounding his accession, which accelerated the disunity of the Mongols, Kublai's willingness to formalize the Mongol-ruled realm's identification as China<a href="#cite_note-1271Edict-12">[8]</a> brought the Mongol Empire to international attention. Kublai and his predecessors' conquests were largely responsible for re-creating a unified, militarily powerful China.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Yuan rule of <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a> from a capital at modern-day Beijing set a precedent for the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">expansion</a> into <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atwood611-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Beijing" title="History of Beijing">History of Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">List of Mongol rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">List of Chinese monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> The defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Battle of Yamen</a> on 19 March 1279 is considered the start of Kublai Khan's rule over the whole of <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkuːblaɪ ˈkɑːn/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Also known as Qubilai or Kübilai; <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: Хубилай, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Mongolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Mongolian">romanized</a>: Khubilai; <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; middle">ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 忽必烈; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Hūbìliè </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan-7"><a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan_7-0">^</a> As per modern historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>). However, the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" (大元) as proclaimed by Kublai in 1271, as well as the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant to be applied to the entire <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan1-4">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan2-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GreatYuan3-6">[3]</a> In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the de facto <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">disintegrated nature</a> of the Mongol Empire. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan1-4"><a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan1_4-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2019" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itKyDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA50">In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108482448" title="Special:BookSources/9781108482448"><bdi>9781108482448</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Mongol+Empire%3A+Ming+China+and+Eurasia&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781108482448&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitKyDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan2-5"><a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan2_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA293">Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036086" title="Special:BookSources/9780674036086"><bdi>9780674036086</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Twilight%3A+Northeast+Asia+Under+the+Mongols&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674036086&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPDjWpqU55eMC%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Brefer%2Bto%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatYuan3-6"><a href="#cite_ref-GreatYuan3_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookWalt_van_PraagBoltjes2018" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Timothy; Walt van Praag, Michael van; Boltjes, Miekn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6p1WDwAAQBAJ&q=great+yuan+refer+to+entire+mongol+empire&pg=PA45">Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226562933" title="Special:BookSources/9780226562933"><bdi>9780226562933</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Mandates%3A+Asian+International+Relations+since+Chinggis+Khan&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780226562933&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Walt+van+Praag%2C+Michael+van&rft.au=Boltjes%2C+Miekn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6p1WDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Byuan%2Brefer%2Bto%2Bentire%2Bmongol%2Bempire%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Robert. Storm from the South: from Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+from+the+South%3A+from+Genghis+Khan+to+Khubilai+Khan&rft.pages=224&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorthwick2007" class="citation book cs1">Borthwick, Mark (2007). Pacific Century. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4355-6"><bdi>978-0-8133-4355-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Century&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4355-6&rft.aulast=Borthwick&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoworth" class="citation book cs1">Howorth, H. H. The History of the Mongols. Vol. II. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mongols&rft.pages=288&rft.aulast=Howorth&rft.aufirst=H.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1271Edict-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1271Edict_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1271Edict_12-1">b</a> Kublai (18 December 1271), 《建國號詔》 [Edict to Establish the Name of the State], 《元典章》[Statutes of Yuan] (in Classical Chinese) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yuan Julian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23276848">"Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China"</a>. Journal of Song-Yuan Studies. 44 (1): 325–364. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsys.2014.0000">10.1353/sys.2014.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147099574">147099574</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song-Yuan+Studies&rft.atitle=Legitimation+Discourse+and+the+Theory+of+the+Five+Elements+in+Imperial+China.&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=325-364&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsys.2014.0000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147099574%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23276848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2010" class="citation book cs1">Weatherford, Jack (2010). The Secret History of the Mongol Queens. Crown. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307589361" title="Special:BookSources/9780307589361"><bdi>9780307589361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+History+of+the+Mongol+Queens&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780307589361&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man2007p37-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Man2007p37_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2007">Man 2007</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2006" class="citation book cs1">Haw, Stephen G. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC">The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24331-5"><bdi>978-0-521-24331-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617190059/https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Alien+Regimes+and+Border+States%2C+907%E2%80%931368&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24331-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN9Tdfdap5MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man2007p79-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Man2007p79_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2007">Man 2007</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Atwood613-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Atwood613_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 613 </li> <li id="cite_note-JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan-20"><a href="#cite_ref-JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_YutingChen_Lifan1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Du Yuting; Chen Lifan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf">"Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?"</a> (free). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Siam_Society" title="Journal of the Siam Society">Journal of the Siam Society</a>. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909224400/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1981/JSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 September 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=Did+Kublai+Khan%27s+Conquest+of+the+Dali+Kingdom+Give+Rise+to+the+Mass+Migration+of+the+Thai+People+to+the+South%3F&rft.volume=JSS+Vol.+77.1c&rft.issue=digital&rft.pages=image&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Du+Yuting&rft.au=Chen+Lifan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siamese-heritage.org%2Fjsspdf%2F1981%2FJSS_077_1c_DuYutingChenLufan_KublaiKhanConquestAndThaiMigration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weatherford2004p186-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Weatherford2004p186_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeatherford2005">Weatherford 2005</a>, p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazangjia2003" class="citation book cs1">Gazangjia (2003). Tibetan Religions. China Intercontinental Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787508502328" title="Special:BookSources/9787508502328"><bdi>9787508502328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Religions&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=China+Intercontinental+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9787508502328&rft.au=Gazangjia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun_Kokuan" class="citation book cs1">Sun Kokuan. 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Anthem Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80601-17-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80601-17-5"><bdi>978-93-80601-17-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=MB4CHPi7dycC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+China&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-93-80601-17-5&rft.aulast=Bagchi&rft.aufirst=Prabodh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMB4CHPi7dycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNag2021" class="citation book cs1">Nag, Kalidas (2021). Greater India. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781015150232" title="Special:BookSources/9781015150232"><bdi>9781015150232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greater+India&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781015150232&rft.aulast=Nag&rft.aufirst=Kalidas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMah2008" class="citation book cs1">Mah, Adeline Yen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEcp5cFeVb0C">China: Land of Dragons and Emperors</a>. Random House Children's Books. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-89099-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-89099-4"><bdi>978-0-375-89099-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=nEcp5cFeVb0C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+Land+of+Dragons+and+Emperors&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Random+House+Children%27s+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-375-89099-4&rft.aulast=Mah&rft.aufirst=Adeline+Yen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEcp5cFeVb0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man2007p102-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Man2007p102_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2007">Man 2007</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-Atwood458-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atwood458_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atwood458_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 458 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting" class="citation book cs1">Whiting, Marvin C. Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD. p. 394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Chinese+Military+History%3A+8000+BC+%E2%80%93+1912+AD&rft.pages=394&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Marvin+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Man2007p109-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Man2007p109_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2007">Man 2007</a>, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weatherford2004p120-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Weatherford2004p120_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeatherford2005">Weatherford 2005</a>, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСалих_Закиров" class="citation cs2">Салих Закиров, Дипломатические отношения Золотой орды с Египтом</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D1%81+%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Din" class="citation book cs1">al-Din, Rashid. Universal History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+History&rft.aulast=al-Din&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Rashid al-Din, ibid </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Howorth, H. H. History of the Mongols section: "Berke khan" </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends/panel-vi">"The Cresques Project – Panel VI"</a>. cresquesproject.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cresquesproject.net&rft.atitle=The+Cresques+Project+%E2%80%93+Panel+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cresquesproject.net%2Fcatalan-atlas-legends%2Fpanel-vi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> H. H. Howorth History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Division 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Otsahi Matsuwo Khubilai Kan[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrawdin" class="citation book cs1">Prawdin, Michael. Mongol Empire and its legacy. p. 302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongol+Empire+and+its+legacy&rft.pages=302&rft.aulast=Prawdin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Biran, Michael. Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State In Central Asia, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders130-132-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders130-132_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders2001">Saunders 2001</a>, pp. 130–132 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraughwell2010" class="citation book cs1">Craughwell, Thomas J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROijKBT6CMIC&q=kublai+khan+lizong&pg=PA238">The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols Almost Conquered the World</a>. Fair Winds Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1616738518" title="Special:BookSources/978-1616738518"><bdi>978-1616738518</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927205151/https://books.google.com/books?id=ROijKBT6CMIC&q=kublai+khan+lizong&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Second+Largest+Empire+in+History%3A+How+Genghis+Khan%27s+Mongols+Almost+Conquered+the+World&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Fair+Winds+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1616738518&rft.aulast=Craughwell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROijKBT6CMIC%26q%3Dkublai%2Bkhan%2Blizong%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grousset294-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset294_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset294_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 294 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernadsky" class="citation book cs1">Vernadsky, G. V. The Mongols and Russia. p. 155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols+and+Russia&rft.pages=155&rft.aulast=Vernadsky&rft.aufirst=G.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Q. Pachymeres, Bk 5, ch.4 (Bonn ed. 1,344) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Rashid al-Din </li> <li id="cite_note-Man2007p74-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Man2007p74_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2007">Man 2007</a>, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_History_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_the_Yuan_Dynasty_48-2">c</a> The History of the Yuan Dynasty </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Sh.Tseyen-Oidov – Ibid, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Man2007p207-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Man2007p207_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2007">Man 2007</a>, p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-Grousset297-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Grousset297_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsen" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Allsen" title="Thomas T. 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China Daily. 29 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108182411/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nation+observes+Confucius+anniversary&rft.date=2006-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2006-09%2F29%2Fcontent_699183.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1999" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Michael (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA24">China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1026-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-1026-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327111248/https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. 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University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-0531-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327111327/https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. 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Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Minorities%3A+Integration+and+Modernization+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-585988-1&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQRxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallard1921" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, George Alexander (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/influenceseaonp00ballgoog">The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan</a>. E.P. Dutton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/influenceseaonp00ballgoog/page/n43">21</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Influence+of+the+Sea+on+the+Political+History+of+Japan&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=George+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfluenceseaonp00ballgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirokauer" class="citation book cs1">Schirokauer, Conrad. A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese civilizations. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+civilizations&rft.pages=211&rft.aulast=Schirokauer&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-miya-102"><a href="#cite_ref-miya_102-0">^</a> (Miya 2006; Miya 2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-Atwood434-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Atwood434_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 434 </li> <li id="cite_note-元史-104"><a href="#cite_ref-元史_104-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a> 『元史』卷十二本紀第十二世祖九至元十九年七月壬戌（9 August 1282）「高麗国王請、自造船百五十艘、助征日本。」 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Ж.Ганболд, Т.Мөнхцэцэг, Д.Наран, А.Пунсаг-Монголын Юань улс, хуудас 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> 『高麗史』巻八十七　表巻第二「十月、金方慶與元元帥忽敦洪茶丘等征日本、至壹岐戰敗、軍不還者萬三千五百餘人」 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2011/10/25/world/asia/japan-archaeology-shipwreck/index.html">"Shipwreck may be part of Kublai Khan's lost fleet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 25 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027212311/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-10-25/asia/world_asia_japan-archaeology-shipwreck_1_fleet-ship-invasion?_s=PM:ASIA">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Shipwreck+may+be+part+of+Kublai+Khan%27s+lost+fleet&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2011%2F10%2F25%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjapan-archaeology-shipwreck%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Nicolle, David The Mongol Warlords </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2005212-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeatherford2005212_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeatherford2005">Weatherford 2005</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1975285-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHucker1975285_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHucker1975">Hucker 1975</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAymonier189316-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAymonier189316_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAymonier1893">Aymonier 1893</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361–371-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaw2013361–371_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaw2013">Haw 2013</a>, pp. 361–371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201619_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014336_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014">Bulliet et al. 2014</a>, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617–26-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaldanza201617–26_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaldanza2016">Baldanza 2016</a>, p. 17–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grousset291-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset291_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset291_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 291 </li> <li id="cite_note-Atwood72-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Atwood72_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1981" class="citation book cs1">George, Daniel (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9dDwAAQBAJ&q=kublai&pg=PA134">History of South East Asia</a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349165216" title="Special:BookSources/9781349165216"><bdi>9781349165216</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926231444/https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9dDwAAQBAJ&q=kublai&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9781349165216&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD9dDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkublai%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1987" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Ron (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23Edqfn_ilUC&q=encouraged">The Spread of Civilization</a>. Macdonald. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780382064081" title="Special:BookSources/9780382064081"><bdi>9780382064081</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927205154/https://books.google.com/books?id=23Edqfn_ilUC&q=encouraged">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spread+of+Civilization&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Macdonald&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780382064081&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23Edqfn_ilUC%26q%3Dencouraged&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe1967" class="citation book cs1">McCabe, Robert Karr (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFg_AAAAMAAJ&q=jail">Storm Over Asia: China and Southeast Asia: Thrust and Response</a>. University of Michigan: New American Library. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927112617/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFg_AAAAMAAJ&q=jail">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+Over+Asia%3A+China+and+Southeast+Asia%3A+Thrust+and+Response&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFg_AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudric1972" class="citation book cs1">Audric, John (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gKAQAAIAAJ&q=rejecting">Angkor and the Khmer Empire</a>. R. Hale. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709129455" title="Special:BookSources/9780709129455"><bdi>9780709129455</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927205208/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gKAQAAIAAJ&q=rejecting">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Angkor+and+the+Khmer+Empire&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=R.+Hale&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780709129455&rft.aulast=Audric&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2gKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Drejecting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_123-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendis1981" class="citation book cs1">Mendis, Vernon LB (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGYLAAAAIAAJ&q=wary">Currents of Asian History</a>. University of Michigan: Lake House Investments. p. 389. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927004212/https://books.google.com/books?id=EGYLAAAAIAAJ&q=wary">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Currents+of+Asian+History&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=389&rft.pub=Lake+House+Investments&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Mendis&rft.aufirst=Vernon+LB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEGYLAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dwary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedes1983" class="citation book cs1">Coedes, George (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgrAFlAC4-QC&q=The+Making+of+South+East+Asia+mongols+cambodia&pg=PA193">The Making of South East Asia</a>. University of California Press. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520050617" title="Special:BookSources/9780520050617"><bdi>9780520050617</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927192644/https://books.google.com/books?id=qgrAFlAC4-QC&q=The+Making+of+South+East+Asia+mongols+cambodia&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+South+East+Asia&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780520050617&rft.aulast=Coedes&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgrAFlAC4-QC%26q%3DThe%2BMaking%2Bof%2BSouth%2BEast%2BAsia%2Bmongols%2Bcambodia%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhard1977" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, Wolfram (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-IPzhqa1baQC&q=history+of+china+eberhard+conquered+cambodia&pg=PA234">A History of China</a>. University of California Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520032682" title="Special:BookSources/9780520032682"><bdi>9780520032682</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927090206/https://books.google.com/books?id=-IPzhqa1baQC&q=history+of+china+eberhard+conquered+cambodia&pg=PA234">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+China&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780520032682&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-IPzhqa1baQC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bchina%2Beberhard%2Bconquered%2Bcambodia%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey1971" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Rajbali (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrgBAAAAMAAJ&q=Svarg%C4%ABya+Padmabh%C5%ABsha%E1%B9%87a+Pa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dita+Ku%C3%B1j%C4%ABl%C4%81la+Dube+smr%CC%A5ti-grantha+kublai+khan">Svargīya Padmabhūshaṇa Paṇḍita Kuñjīlāla Dube smr̥ti-grantha</a>. University of Michigan: Sva. Padmabhūshaṇa Paṇḍita Kuñjīlāla Dube Smr̥ti-Grantha Samiti. p. 94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928020536/https://books.google.com/books?id=hrgBAAAAMAAJ&q=Svarg%C4%ABya+Padmabh%C5%ABsha%E1%B9%87a+Pa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dita+Ku%C3%B1j%C4%ABl%C4%81la+Dube+smr%CC%A5ti-grantha+kublai+khan">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svarg%C4%ABya+Padmabh%C5%ABsha%E1%B9%87a+Pa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dita+Ku%C3%B1j%C4%ABl%C4%81la+Dube+smr%CC%A5ti-grantha&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Sva.+Padmabh%C5%ABsha%E1%B9%87a+Pa%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dita+Ku%C3%B1j%C4%ABl%C4%81la+Dube+Smr%CC%A5ti-Grantha+Samiti&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=Rajbali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhrgBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSvarg%25C4%25ABya%2BPadmabh%25C5%25ABsha%25E1%25B9%2587a%2BPa%25E1%25B9%2587%25E1%25B8%258Dita%2BKu%25C3%25B1j%25C4%25ABl%25C4%2581la%2BDube%2Bsmr%25CC%25A5ti-grantha%2Bkublai%2Bkhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudisco1967" class="citation book cs1">Tudisco, AJ (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FAAQAAIAAJ&q=pay+tribute">Asia Emerges</a>. University of California: Diablo Press. p. 316. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927004211/https://books.google.com/books?id=n3FAAQAAIAAJ&q=pay+tribute">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Emerges&rft.place=University+of+California&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Diablo+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Tudisco&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn3FAAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpay%2Btribute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa By Timothy Insoll Page 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Medieval History, Volume 2 by Headstart History: "Marco Polo, who relates how the new Mongol overlord of China, Kublai Khan, sent envoys to Mogadishu on the Somali coast to treat for the release of a previous emissary." </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchinz" class="citation book cs1">Schinz, Alfred. The Magic Square. p. 291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magic+Square&rft.pages=291&rft.aulast=Schinz&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLall" class="citation book cs1">Lall, Kesar. A Nepalese Miscellany. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nepalese+Miscellany&rft.pages=32&rft.aulast=Lall&rft.aufirst=Kesar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Paul Pelliot, Notes on Marco Polo, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Anne Elizabeth McLaren, Chinese popular culture and Ming chantefables, p. 244 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullie" class="citation book cs1">Mullie, E. P. J. De Mongoolse prins Nayan. pp. 9–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Mongoolse+prins+Nayan&rft.pages=9-11&rft.aulast=Mullie&rft.aufirst=E.+P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Pelliot, P. (1963) Notes on Marco Polo, Vol. I, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, pp. 354–355 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Igor de Rachewiltz, In the service of the Khan: eminent personalities of the early Mongol-Yüan period, p. 599 </li> <li id="cite_note-Grousset293-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Grousset293_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 293 </li> <li id="cite_note-Amitai-PreissMorgan33-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amitai-PreissMorgan33_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amitai-PreissMorgan33_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmitai-PreissMorgan2000">Amitai-Preiss & Morgan 2000</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Rashid al-Din JT, I/2 in TVOIRA </li> <li id="cite_note-Amitai-PreissMorgan43-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Amitai-PreissMorgan43_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmitai-PreissMorgan2000">Amitai-Preiss & Morgan 2000</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Man2004p394-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Man2004p394_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMan2004">Man 2004</a>, p. 394 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> married in 1232 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> grandosn of Anchen, brother of Empress Borte </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> the director of the Secretariat and head of the Bureau of Military Affairs from 1261, but was sickly and died young </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> married 1234 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> m. 1283 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> who was the uncle of Empress Chabi. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> died early </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Ya.Ganbaatar. Yuan ulsiin uyiin mongolchuudiin hyatadaar bichsen shulgiin songomol (Selection of Chinese poems written by Mongolians during the Yuan dynasty), Ulan Bator, 2007 p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Atwood611-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Atwood611_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAtwood2004">Atwood 2004</a>, p. 611 </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAymonier1893" class="citation book cs1">Aymonier, Etienne (1893). The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China). Oriental University Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Tchampa+%28the+Cyamba+of+Marco+Polo%2C+Now+Annam+Or+Cochin-China%29&rft.pub=Oriental+University+Institute&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Aymonier&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldanza2016" class="citation book cs1">Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-53131-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-53131-0"><bdi>978-1-316-53131-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming+China+and+Vietnam%3A+Negotiating+Borders+in+Early+Modern+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-53131-0&rft.aulast=Baldanza&rft.aufirst=Kathlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2014). The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781285965703" title="Special:BookSources/9781285965703"><bdi>9781285965703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781285965703&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Crossley%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Headrick%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Steven&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2013" class="citation journal cs1">Haw, Stephen G. (2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 76 (3): 361–371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X13000475">10.1017/S0041977X13000475</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24692275">24692275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=The+deaths+of+two+Khaghans%3A+a+comparison+of+events+in+1242+and+1260&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-371&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000475&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24692275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucker1975" class="citation book cs1">Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804723534" title="Special:BookSources/9780804723534"><bdi>9780804723534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Imperial+Past%3A+An+Introduction+to+Chinese+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780804723534&rft.aulast=Hucker&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmitai-PreissMorgan2000" class="citation book cs1">Amitai-Preiss, Reuven; Morgan, David O., eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3NZpbDOSAcQC&pg=PA12">The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11946-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11946-8"><bdi>978-90-04-11946-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=3NZpbDOSAcQC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Empire+and+Its+Legacy&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11946-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3NZpbDOSAcQC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmo0000atwo">Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</a>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4671-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4671-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mongolia+and+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3&rft.aulast=Atwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmo0000atwo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chan, Hok-Lam. 1997. "A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7 (2). Cambridge University Press: 257–83. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25183352">25183352</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou">The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Man_(author)" title="John Man (author)">Man, John</a> (2004). Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection. London; New York: Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05044-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-05044-6"><bdi>978-0-593-05044-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan%3A+Life%2C+Death+and+Resurrection&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-593-05044-6&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Man_(author)" title="John Man (author)">Man, John</a> (2007). Kublai Khan: The Mongol King Who Remade China. London; New York: Bantam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-81718-8"><bdi>978-0-553-81718-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kublai+Khan%3A+The+Mongol+King+Who+Remade+China&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-553-81718-8&rft.aulast=Man&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1988" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khubilaikhanhisl00ross">Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06740-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06740-0"><bdi>978-0-520-06740-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khubilai+Khan%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06740-0&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhubilaikhanhisl00ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, J. J. (2001) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFx3OlrBMpQC">The History of the Mongol Conquests</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1766-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1766-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=nFx3OlrBMpQC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mongol+Conquests&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1766-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFx3OlrBMpQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford1997" class="citation book cs1">Weatherford, Jack (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v8oxCs1eWgsC">The History of Money</a>. Crown Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-55674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-55674-5"><bdi>978-0-307-55674-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126082111/https://books.google.com/books?id=v8oxCs1eWgsC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Money&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-307-55674-5&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv8oxCs1eWgsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherford2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Weatherford" title="Jack Weatherford">Weatherford, Jack</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=56_DNcoTnSAC">Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80964-8"><bdi>978-0-609-80964-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502162422/https://books.google.com/books/?id=56_DNcoTnSAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genghis+Khan+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-609-80964-8&rft.aulast=Weatherford&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56_DNcoTnSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Clements, Jonathan</a> (2010). A Brief History of Khubilai Khan. Philadelphia: Running Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3987-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7624-3987-4"><bdi>978-0-7624-3987-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Khubilai+Khan&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7624-3987-4&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Morgan_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Morgan (historian)">Morgan, David</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mongolspeoplesof00davi">The Mongols</a>. New York: Blackwell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17563-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17563-6"><bdi>978-0-631-17563-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17563-6&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmongolspeoplesof00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKublai+Khan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kublai_Khan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kublai_Khan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galmarley.com/framesets/fs_monetary_history_faqs.htm">Inflation under Kublai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0301/etc/kamikaze.html">Relics of the Kamikaze</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306115219/http://www.archaeology.org/0301/etc/kamikaze.html">Archived</a> 6 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Kublai Khan </div><div><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a> </div>Born: 1215 Died: 1294 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— TITULAR — <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> 1260–1294 Reason for succession failure: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">division of the Mongol Empire</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of the Yuan dynasty">Emperor of the Yuan dynasty</a> 1271–1294 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Emperor Bing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> 1279–1294 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Khagans_of_Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Khagans of Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Khagans_of_Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Khagans of Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khagans_of_Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Khagans of Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Khagan_of_the_Mongol_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Khagans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui Khan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kublai Khan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Setsen Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Öljeytü Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Külüg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" title="Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan">Buyantu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegeen_Khan" title="Gegeen Khan">Gegeen Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes%C3%BCn_Tem%C3%BCr_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)">Yesün Temür Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragibagh_Khan" title="Ragibagh Khan">Ragibagh Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür">Jayaatu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khutughtu_Khan_Kusala" title="Khutughtu Khan Kusala">Khutughtu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinchinbal_Khan" title="Rinchinbal Khan">Rinchinbal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Ukhaantu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biligt%C3%BC_Khan_Ayushiridara" title="Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara">Biligtü Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskhal_Khan_T%C3%B6g%C3%BCs_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür">Uskhal Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yuan_emperors" title="Template talk:Yuan emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yuan emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors of the Yuan dynasty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Early Mongol rulers posthumously honoured by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kublai</a> as Yuan emperors <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Taizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Ruizong</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Taizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Dingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Xianzong</a></li></ul> Following Kublai's enthronement as <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> in 1260, proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Southern Song</a> in 1279, Yuan ruled all of China. <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Chengzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Khan" title="Külüg Khan">Wuzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurbarwada_Buyantu_Khan" title="Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan">Renzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegeen_Khan" title="Gegeen Khan">Yingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes%C3%BCn_Tem%C3%BCr_(Yuan_dynasty)" title="Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)">Taiding Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragibagh_Khan" title="Ragibagh Khan">Tianshun Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayaatu_Khan_Tugh_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür">Wenzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khutughtu_Khan_Kusala" title="Khutughtu Khan Kusala">Mingzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinchinbal_Khan" title="Rinchinbal Khan">Ningzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Huizong (Emperor Shun)</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div>元</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghon_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Toghon Temür">Huizong (Emperor Shun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biligt%C3%BC_Khan_Ayushiridara" title="Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara">Zhaozong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskhal_Khan_T%C3%B6g%C3%BCs_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür">Tianyuan Emperor</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: Before <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kublai</a> announced the dynastic name "<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Great Yuan</a>" in 1271, <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagans</a> (Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" (Ikh Mongol Uls) already started to use the Chinese title of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 皇帝; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Huángdì) practically in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> since the enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Emperor</a> (成吉思皇帝) in 1206. <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122123878">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72189401">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/341154257908024151739">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17274/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJt3XGJhKxFTBhWgc4RYfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118747037">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50050841">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12116822s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12116822s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00624531">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20060714001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073603252">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10014234">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000563246">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hlrjxp2xm17tp">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810652591505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCraughwell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDillon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_Daniel_Leslie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDu_YutingChen_Lifan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhard1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElverskog2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnkhbold2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarquhar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFedorowiczSamsonowiczBogucka1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankeTwitchett1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGazangjia2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrousset1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrassowitz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchensRoupp2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoworth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHucker1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagerwey\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackerras1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMah2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCabe1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendis1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeuleman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammed_Khamouch2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNag2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandey1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrawdin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchinz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchirokauer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSun_Kokuan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheobald\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_JansenThoralf_KleinChristian_Meyer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTudisco1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVernadsky\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFWeatherford1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeatherford2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeatherford2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiting\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Din\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_RachewiltzChanCh\u0026#039;i-ch\u0026#039;ingGeier1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFСалих_Закиров\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 32,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Khagans of Mongol Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 3,\n [\"MongolUnicode\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-break\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"S-tul\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 4,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Whose\"] = 1,\n [\"Yuan Emperors\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","30.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","12.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","7.6"],["dataWrapper 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-14T23:38:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T02:07:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1b\/YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg","headline":"founding emperor of the Yuan dynasty, grandson of Genghis Khan (1215\u20131294)"}</script> </body> </html>