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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: The article should primarily describe UEB, not EBAE. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2022) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> English Braille, also known as Grade 2 Braille,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braille_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille alphabet">braille alphabet</a> used for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English language">English</a>. It consists of around 250 letters (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phonogram_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">phonograms</a>), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Numerical_digit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Numerical digit">numerals</a>, punctuation, formatting marks, contractions, and abbreviations (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Logogram?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Logogram">logograms</a>). Some English Braille letters, such as ⠡ ⟨ch⟩,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> correspond to more than one letter in print. <table class="infobox"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">English Braille <div style="font-weight:normal"> Grade-2 Braille British Revised Braille </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:English_braille_sample.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/English_braille_sample.jpg/220px-English_braille_sample.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/English_braille_sample.jpg/330px-English_braille_sample.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/English_braille_sample.jpg/440px-English_braille_sample.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="819"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a> </div> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-linear_writing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear writing">non-linear</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Time period </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">1902</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Print basis </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th> <td class="infobox-data">English</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Parent systems </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Night_writing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Night writing">night writing</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1829_braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1829 braille">early braille</a> <ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Braille">French Braille</a> <ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"> <li>English Braille</li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> Child systems </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_international_braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified international braille">unified international braille</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish Braille">Irish Braille</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew Braille</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unicode_range?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2800.pdf">U+2800 to U+283F</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <img alt="⠝" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/29px-Braille_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/43px-Braille_N.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/57px-Braille_N.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> This article contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braille_Patterns?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode Braille characters</a>. Without proper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Special_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braille">Braille characters</a>. </div> </div> </div> There are three levels of complexity in English Braille. Grade 1 is a nearly one-to-one transcription of printed English and is restricted to basic literacy. Grade 2, which is nearly universal beyond basic literacy materials, abandons one-to-one transcription in many places (such as the letter ⠡ ⟨ch⟩) and adds hundreds of abbreviations and contractions. Both Grade 1 and Grade 2 have been standardized. "Grade 3" is any of various personal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shorthand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shorthand">shorthands</a> that are almost never found in publications. Most of this article describes the 1994 American edition of Grade 2 Braille, which is largely equivalent to British Grade 2 Braille.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Some of the differences with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a>, which was officially adopted by various countries between 2005 and 2012, are discussed at the end. Braille is frequently portrayed[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] as a re-encoding of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_orthography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> used by sighted people. However, braille is a separate writing system, not a variant of the printed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#System">2 System</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alphabet">3 Alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Punctuation_marks">4 Punctuation marks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formatting_marks">5 Formatting marks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Contractions">6 Contractions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#One-letter_contractions">6.1 One-letter contractions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Longer_contractions">6.2 Longer contractions</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Abbreviations">7 Abbreviations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Initial_abbreviations">7.1 Initial abbreviations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Final_abbreviations">7.2 Final abbreviations</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spacing">8 Spacing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unified_English_Braille">9 Unified English Braille</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sample">10 Sample</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Braille was introduced to Britain in 1861. In 1876, a French-based system with a few hundred English contractions and abbreviations was adopted as the predominant script in Great Britain. However, the contractions and abbreviations proved unsatisfactory, and in 1902 the current grade-2 system, called Revised Braille, was adopted in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Commonwealth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-war-5">[5]</a> In 1878, the ideal of basing all braille alphabets of the world on the original French alphabetic order was accepted by Britain, Germany, and Egypt (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Braille">International Braille</a>). In the United States at the time, three scripts were used: non-braille <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Point?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Point">New York Point</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Braille">American Braille</a>, which was reordered so that the most frequent letters were the ones with the fewest dots; and a variation of English Braille, which was reordered to match the English alphabet, assigning the values wxyz to the letters that, in France and England, stood for xyzç. A partially contracted English Braille, Grade <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1+1⁄2,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> was adopted in Britain in 1918, and fully contracted Grade 2, with a few minor concessions to the Americans, was adopted in 1932.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The concessions were to swap the British two-dot capital sign with the one-dot emphasis sign, which had generally been omitted anyway (as capitals had been in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Point?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Point">New York Point</a>), to drop a few religious contractions from general usage, and to introduce a rule stating that contractions and abbreviations should not span "major" syllable boundaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-war-5">[5]</a> In 1991, an American proposal was made for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a>, intended to eliminate the confusion caused by competing standards for academic uses of English Braille.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iceb.org-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> After several design revisions, it has since been adopted by the Commonwealth countries starting in 2005, and by the United States (starting a gradual introduction after 2012). The chief differences with Revised Braille are in punctuation, symbols, and formatting, more accurately reflecting print conventions in matters such as brackets, mathematical notation, and typefaces. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="System">System</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: System" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The 64 braille patterns are arranged into decades based on the numerical order of those patterns. The first decade are the numerals 1 through 0, which utilize only the top and mid row of the cell; the 2nd through 4th decades are derived from the first by adding dots to the bottom row; the 5th decade is created by shifting the first decade downwards. In addition, for each decade there are two additional mirror-image patterns, and finally there are three patterns that utilize only the bottom row of the cell. The final pattern, the empty cell ⟨⠀⟩, is used as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Word_divider?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Word divider">space</a>; it has the same width as the others. Cells 1 through 25 plus 40 (w) are assigned to the 26 letters of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">basic Latin alphabet</a>. The other 37 cells are often used for punctuation and typically assigned different values in different languages. The English grade-two values are as follows; cells with dots on only the right side do not have equivalents in printed English and are explained in the notes. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> The 64 braille cells and their values in English Grade-2 Braille </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="10">main sequence</th> <th rowspan="7">  </th> <th colspan="2">shifted right</th> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <th>1st decade</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/60px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/80px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 1 · a</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_B2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/60px-Braille_B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/80px-Braille_B2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 2 · b</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_C3.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/60px-Braille_C3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/80px-Braille_C3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 3 · c</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_D4.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/60px-Braille_D4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/80px-Braille_D4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 4 · d</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_E5.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/60px-Braille_E5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/80px-Braille_E5.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 5 · e</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_F6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/60px-Braille_F6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/80px-Braille_F6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 6 · f</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_G7.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/60px-Braille_G7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/80px-Braille_G7.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 7 · g</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_H8.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/60px-Braille_H8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/80px-Braille_H8.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 8 · h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_I9.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/60px-Braille_I9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/80px-Braille_I9.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 9 · i</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_J0.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/60px-Braille_J0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/80px-Braille_J0.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 0 · j</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (accent)*</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Currency.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/40px-Braille_Currency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/40px-Braille_Currency.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/60px-Braille_Currency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/80px-Braille_Currency.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (abbrev.)§</td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <th>2nd decade</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_K.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/40px-Braille_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/40px-Braille_K.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/60px-Braille_K.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/80px-Braille_K.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> k</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_L.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/40px-Braille_L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/40px-Braille_L.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/60px-Braille_L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/80px-Braille_L.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> l</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_M.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/40px-Braille_M.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/40px-Braille_M.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/60px-Braille_M.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/80px-Braille_M.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> m</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_N.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/40px-Braille_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/40px-Braille_N.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/60px-Braille_N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/80px-Braille_N.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> n</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_O.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/40px-Braille_O.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/40px-Braille_O.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/60px-Braille_O.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/80px-Braille_O.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> o</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_P.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/40px-Braille_P.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/40px-Braille_P.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/60px-Braille_P.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/80px-Braille_P.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> p</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Q.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/40px-Braille_Q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/40px-Braille_Q.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/60px-Braille_Q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/80px-Braille_Q.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> q</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_R.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/40px-Braille_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/40px-Braille_R.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/60px-Braille_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/80px-Braille_R.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> r</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_S.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/40px-Braille_S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/40px-Braille_S.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/60px-Braille_S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/80px-Braille_S.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> s</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_T.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/40px-Braille_T.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/40px-Braille_T.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/60px-Braille_T.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/80px-Braille_T.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> t</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ST.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/60px-Braille_ST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/80px-Braille_ST.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> st · /</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%84.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braille_%C3%84.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%84.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braille_%C3%84.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%84.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braille_%C3%84.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%84.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braille_%C3%84.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%84.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ar</td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <th>3rd decade</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_U.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Braille_U.svg/40px-Braille_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Braille_U.svg/40px-Braille_U.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Braille_U.svg/60px-Braille_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Braille_U.svg/80px-Braille_U.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> u</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_V.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille_V.svg/40px-Braille_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille_V.svg/40px-Braille_V.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille_V.svg/60px-Braille_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille_V.svg/80px-Braille_V.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> v</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_X.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/40px-Braille_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/40px-Braille_X.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/60px-Braille_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/80px-Braille_X.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> x</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Y.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_Y.svg/40px-Braille_Y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_Y.svg/40px-Braille_Y.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_Y.svg/60px-Braille_Y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_Y.svg/80px-Braille_Y.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> y</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Z.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Braille_Z.svg/40px-Braille_Z.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Braille_Z.svg/40px-Braille_Z.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Braille_Z.svg/60px-Braille_Z.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Braille_Z.svg/80px-Braille_Z.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> z</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_AND.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/40px-Braille_AND.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/40px-Braille_AND.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/60px-Braille_AND.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/80px-Braille_AND.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> and</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%89.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> for</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%80.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%80.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%80.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%80.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%80.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%80.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%80.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%80.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%80.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> of</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%88.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braille_%C3%88.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%88.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braille_%C3%88.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%88.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braille_%C3%88.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%88.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Braille_%C3%88.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%88.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> the</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%99.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille_%C3%99.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%99.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille_%C3%99.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%99.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille_%C3%99.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%99.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille_%C3%99.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%99.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> with</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%92.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Braille_%C3%92.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%92.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Braille_%C3%92.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%92.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Braille_%C3%92.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%92.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Braille_%C3%92.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%92.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> -ing</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_NumberSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/40px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/40px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/60px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/80px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (num)* · -ble†</td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <th>4th decade</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%85.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ch</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8A.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> gh</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_SH.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/40px-Braille_SH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/40px-Braille_SH.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/60px-Braille_SH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/80px-Braille_SH.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> sh</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%94.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> th</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9B.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> wh</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8B.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_%C3%8B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_%C3%8B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8B.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_%C3%8B.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_%C3%8B.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8B.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ed</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8F.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> er</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9C.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ou</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%96.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ow</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_W.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/40px-Braille_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/40px-Braille_W.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/60px-Braille_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/80px-Braille_W.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> w</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_DecimalPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/60px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/80px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (disp) · (emph)*§</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CursiveSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/60px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/80px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (abbrev.)§</td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <th>5th decade</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Comma.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/60px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/80px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> , · -ea-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Semicolon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/60px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/80px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>  ; · -bb-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Colon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/60px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/80px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>  : · -cc-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Period.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/60px-Braille_Period.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/80px-Braille_Period.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> . · -dd-†</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuestionMark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/60px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/80px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> en</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/60px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/80px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>  ! · -ff- · to†</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/60px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/80px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> () · -gg-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteOpen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>  ? · “</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> in</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteClose.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ” · by†</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/40px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/40px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/60px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/80px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (abbrev.)§</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Correction.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/40px-Braille_Correction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/40px-Braille_Correction.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/60px-Braille_Correction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/80px-Braille_Correction.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (letter)*§</td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <th>bottom row</th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> '</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> – · com-†</td> <td colspan="7"></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/60px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/80px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (caps)*§</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_NULL.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/60px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/80px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (space)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <dl> <dd> * <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Formatting_marks">Formatting marks</a>, explained below </dd> <dd> § <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Abbreviations">Abbreviation signs</a>, illustrated below </dd> <dd> † Abolished in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unified_English_Braille">Unified English Braille</a> </dd> <dd> ¤ The period, ⟨⠲⟩, is distinguished from the decimal point, ⟨⠨⟩. The apostrophe, ⟨⠄⟩, is distinguished from the closing quotation mark marks. </dd> </dl> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The English Braille alphabet has letters that correspond directly to the 26 letters of the English print alphabet plus <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Typographic_ligature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> that are equivalent to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> and sequences in print.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/60px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/80px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> a</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_B2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/60px-Braille_B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/80px-Braille_B2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> b</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_C3.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/60px-Braille_C3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/80px-Braille_C3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> c</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_D4.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/60px-Braille_D4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/80px-Braille_D4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> d</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_E5.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/60px-Braille_E5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/80px-Braille_E5.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> e</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_F6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/60px-Braille_F6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/80px-Braille_F6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> f</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_G7.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/60px-Braille_G7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/80px-Braille_G7.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> g</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_H8.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/60px-Braille_H8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/80px-Braille_H8.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> h</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_I9.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/60px-Braille_I9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/80px-Braille_I9.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> i</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_J0.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/60px-Braille_J0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/80px-Braille_J0.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> j</td> <th rowspan="5">  </th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (accent)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_K.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/40px-Braille_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/40px-Braille_K.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/60px-Braille_K.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/80px-Braille_K.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> k</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_L.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/40px-Braille_L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/40px-Braille_L.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/60px-Braille_L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/80px-Braille_L.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> l</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_M.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/40px-Braille_M.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/40px-Braille_M.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/60px-Braille_M.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/80px-Braille_M.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> m</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_N.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/40px-Braille_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/40px-Braille_N.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/60px-Braille_N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/80px-Braille_N.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> n</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_O.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/40px-Braille_O.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/40px-Braille_O.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/60px-Braille_O.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/80px-Braille_O.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> o</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_P.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/40px-Braille_P.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/40px-Braille_P.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/60px-Braille_P.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/80px-Braille_P.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> p</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Q.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/40px-Braille_Q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/40px-Braille_Q.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/60px-Braille_Q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/80px-Braille_Q.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> q</td> <td><a 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class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> gh</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_SH.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img 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class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> th</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9B.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> wh</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8B.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_%C3%8B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_%C3%8B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8B.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_%C3%8B.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_%C3%8B.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8B.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ed</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8F.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> er</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9C.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ou</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%96.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ow</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_W.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/40px-Braille_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/40px-Braille_W.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/60px-Braille_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/80px-Braille_W.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> w</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_DecimalPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/60px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/80px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (emph.)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Comma.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/60px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/80px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> -ea-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Semicolon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/60px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/80px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> -bb-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Colon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/60px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/80px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> -cc-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Period.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/60px-Braille_Period.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/80px-Braille_Period.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> -dd-†</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuestionMark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/60px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/80px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> en</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/60px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/80px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> -ff-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/60px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/80px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> -gg-</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> in</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/60px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/80px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (caps)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Correction.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/40px-Braille_Correction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/40px-Braille_Correction.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/60px-Braille_Correction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/80px-Braille_Correction.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (letter)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <dl> <dd> † Abolished in Unified English Braille </dd> </dl> Some of these ligatures transcribe common words, such as and or of, but they are not words: Pronunciation and meaning are ignored, and only spelling is relevant. For example, ⠮ ⟨the⟩ is commonly used when the sequence of print letters the appears, not just for the word "the". That is, ⠮ ⟨the⟩ is the letter "the" in braille, as in the two-letter word ⠮⠝ then (the-n). Similarly, hand is written h-and, roof (which sounds nothing like the word "of") is written r-o-of, and forest is written with three letters in braille, ⠿⠑⠌ for-e-st.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Numbers are used this way as well—7th is written ⠼⠛⠹ #-7-th, and here printed English approximates normal practice in braille. There are numerous conventions for when a print sequence is "contracted" this way in braille, and when it is spelled out in full. The ligatures ⟨-ing⟩ and ⟨-ble⟩ may not begin a word (as in *bled: ⠼⠙ would be read instead as ⟨4⟩), but are used everywhere else (as in problem, trouble).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The ligatures of the third decade, ⟨and, for, of, the, with⟩, take precedence over the letters of later decades. For example, then is written ⠮⠝ the-n, not *⠹⠢ th-en. When standing as words adjacent to other such words, or to ⠁ a, no space is left between them. For example, and the, for a, with the, of a are all fused together.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> When printed ch, gh, sh, th are pronounced as two sounds, as in Shanghai, hogshead, and outhouse, then they are written as two braille letters rather than with the ligatures ⟨gh, sh, th⟩. Generally, other ligatures should not be used if they might cause problems with legibility, as with the ing in lingerie, though they tend to be with familiar words, such as ginger and finger, even if their pronunciation is divided between syllables. None of the ligatures are to be used across the boundaries of compound words. For example, ⠷ ⟨of⟩ is not used in twofold, nor ⠆ ⟨bb⟩ in dumbbell. The rules state that they should not span a prefix and stem either, so for example the ed in deduce, the er of rerun and derail, and the ble of sublet should be written out in full. In practice this is variable, as it depends upon the awareness of the writer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The of in professor, for example, might not be recognized spanning prefix and stem, and often a-cc-ept or a-dd-r-e-s-s are accepted, despite the technical violation. There is also conflict with the overriding tendency to contract sequences that fall within a single syllable. So the same writer who divides the er in derive may allow the ligature in derivation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A similar pattern emerges from suffixes: ⟨ed⟩ is not used in freedom, since it spans stem and suffix, but is used in freed, because it forms a single syllable with the stem. What is considered to constitute a prefix or suffix is somewhat arbitrary: ⟨st⟩ is not used in Charlestown, for example, but it is in Charleston. Ligatures may also not separate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> or diphthongs in print. For example, aerial does not use ⟨er⟩, Oedipus does not use ⟨ed⟩, and tableau does not use ⟨ble⟩.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Also, it is normal to use the letter ⟨ea⟩ for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Broken_vowel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken vowel">broken vowel</a> in i-d-ea-s or c-r-ea-t-e, despite it being pronounced as two sounds rather than one as in head or ocean. Ligatures should not be used for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acronym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Acronym">acronyms</a> that are pronounced as a string of letters. That is, DEA should not use the letter ⟨ea⟩, nor PST the letter ⟨st⟩. Such letters are acceptable in acronyms that are pronounced as a word, however, if the result is not obscure.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE">example needed</a>] The letters of the fifth decade are often used in the past tense and other grammatical forms: when rub becomes rubbed, in braille the letter ⟨b⟩ is moved down a dot to indicate the bb. However, those letters which double as punctuation marks—⟨ea, bb, cc, dd, ff, gg⟩—may only occur sandwiched in the middle of a word, not at the beginning or end, in order to avoid confusion with the punctuation. That is, *sea, ebb, add, cuff, egg must be spelled out in full, though the ligatures are used in season, added (a-dd-ed), cuffs, and eggs. Because of legibility problems (see "lower contractions" in the next section), they may not come in contact with an apostrophe or hyphen either. That is, in egg's and egg-plant, tea's and tea-time, the gg and ea must be spelled out in full. If the print letters span an obvious affix, the braille ligature is not used (preamble, reanalyze, pineapple, subbasement), but they are used in words such as accept and address where the morphology has become opaque.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In order to keep the spelling regular, compounds of words starting with ea keep the ea spelled out: uneasy, anteater, southeast do not use the ligature ⟨ea⟩ because easy, eater, east do not use it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> These are the least-preferred ligatures: any other will be used instead. Thus wedding is w-ed-d-ing (not *we-dd-ing) and office is of-f-i-c-e (not *o-ff-i-c-e). Many of the rules for when to use ligatures, contractions, and abbreviations differ when a word is divided at the end of a line of text, because some of them may not come in contact with the hyphen that divides the word. See the references for details. The accent mark ⟨⠈⟩ (printed hereinafter with the character @) shows that there is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diacritic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> on the following letter, as in ⟨se@nor⟩ señor, ⟨fa@cade⟩ façade, ⟨caf@e⟩ café, ⟨na@ive⟩ naïve, and ⟨@angstr@om⟩ ångström. In normal braille text, noting the precise diacritic is not important, as it can be easily understood from context, or simply ignored. Where diacritics are critical, technical braille transcription must be used. A diacritic in a word of foreign origin prevents the accented letter from combining with another into a ligature. For example, señor is not written with the ligature ⟨en⟩ as *⟨s-@-en-o-r⟩, because it would not be clear if the accent were supposed to be on the e (as é) or on the n. However, English words are contracted. Thus blessèd is written ⟨b-l-e-s-s-@-ed⟩, and coëducational is ⟨c-o-@-ed-u-c-ation-a-l⟩. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Punctuation_marks">Punctuation marks</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Punctuation marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> EBAE punctuation & symbols </caption> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_NULL.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/60px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/80px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (space)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Comma.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/60px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/80px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ,</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Semicolon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/60px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/80px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>  ;</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Colon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/60px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/80px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>  :</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Period.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/60px-Braille_Period.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/80px-Braille_Period.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> . (period)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_DecimalPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/60px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/80px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> . (decimal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/60px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/80px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>  !</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%84.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braille_%C3%84.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%84.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braille_%C3%84.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%84.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braille_%C3%84.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%84.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Braille_%C3%84.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%84.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> |</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_AND.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/40px-Braille_AND.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/40px-Braille_AND.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/60px-Braille_AND.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/80px-Braille_AND.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> &</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> *   †   ‡</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (next letter accented)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_NumberSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/40px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/40px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/60px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/80px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> # (number mode)</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> '</td> <td colspan="2" align="right"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/60px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/80px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteOpen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" 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data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ’</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/60px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/80px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (   )</td> <td align="right"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%80.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%80.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%80.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%80.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%80.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%80.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%80.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Braille_%C3%80.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%80.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (</td> <td align="left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%99.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille_%C3%99.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%99.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille_%C3%99.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%99.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille_%C3%99.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%99.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Braille_%C3%99.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%99.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> )</td> <td colspan="2" align="right"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/60px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/80px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/60px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/80px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> [</td> <td colspan="2" align="left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/60px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/80px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ]</td> <td colspan="2" align="right"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CursiveSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/60px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/80px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%96.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braille_%C3%96.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%96.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> {</td> <td colspan="2" align="left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CursiveSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/60px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/80px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8F.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_%C3%8F.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8F.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> }</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/40px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/40px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/60px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/80px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Comma.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/60px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/80px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 〃 (ditto)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteOpen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>  ?   “</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteClose.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ”</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ST.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/60px-Braille_ST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/80px-Braille_ST.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> /</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9C.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> \</td> <td colspan="3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ...</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> -</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> –</td> <td colspan="4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> —</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Braille punctuation is somewhat variable, just as there is variation in printed English between curly and straight quotation marks. They fail to make some distinctions found in print. For example, in EBAE, both opening and closing parentheses are written ⟨⠶⟩, with spacing used to distinguish; in UEB, they are ⟨⠐⠣⟩ and ⟨⠐⠜⟩. On the other hand, EBAE distinguishes period ⟨⠲⟩ vs. decimal point ⟨⠨⟩ (UEB does not). EBAE and UEB, just like (non-typewriter) print, distinguish apostrophe ⟨⠄⟩, ⟨’⟩ right inner quotation mark ⟨⠠⠴⟩, ⟨〃⟩ ditto mark ⟨⠐⠂⟩, and ⟨”⟩ right outer quotation mark ⟨⠴⟩. In EBAE, ⟨⠤⟩ is the hyphen ⟨-⟩, ⟨⠤⠤⟩ the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dash">dash</a> ⟨–⟩, ⟨⠤⠤⠤⠤⟩ the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Approximating_the_em_dash_with_two_or_three_hyphens" title="Dash">"double dash"</a> ⟨—⟩, and ⟨⠄⠄⠄⟩ is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellipsis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a> ⟨…⟩.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> When words or letters are replaced by multiple dashes or dots in print, in EBAE ⠤⠤⠤⠤ and ⠄⠄⠄⠄ are used, with a matching number of characters. In UEB, these symbols are ⟨-⟩ ⟨⠤⟩, ⟨–⟩ ⟨⠠⠤⟩, ⟨—⟩ ⟨⠐⠠⠤⟩, and ⟨…⟩ ⟨⠲⠲⠲⟩.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In EBAE, the reference mark, or "asterisk" (⠔⠔), is used for all reference marks — *, †, ‡, etc., including numbered footnotes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Unlike the asterisk in printed English, it is spaced on both sides, apart from associated footnote letters or numbers, which follow it immediately. So, ⟨word*⟩ is transcribed ⟨⠘⠺⠀⠔⠔⟩, as is ⟨word‡⟩; the numbered footnote in ⟨word3⟩ is written ⟨⠘⠺⠀⠔⠔⠼⠉⟩. In UEB, they are distinguished, matching print: ⟨*⟩ ⟨⠐⠔⟩, ⟨†⟩ ⟨⠈⠠⠹⟩, ⟨‡⟩ ⟨⠈⠠⠻⟩.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The ditto mark, ⟨⠐⠂⟩, which occupies two cells, is only used once per line, in contrast to normal practice in print. In addition to being used for apostrophe and capitalization, dot 3 ⟨⠄⟩ and dot 6 ⟨⠠⟩ are used as combining characters. In EBAE, they combine with parentheses to form brackets ⟨⠠⠶ ... ⠶⠄⟩; and in EBAE & UEB, dot 6 combines with quotation marks to form inner quotation marks ⟨⠠⠦ ... ⠴⠄⟩. Together, they form the termination sign ⟨⠠⠄⟩ (ending an all-caps passage). Also ⟨⠎⠄⟩, the section mark (§) (UEB: ⟨⠘⠎⟩). The accent mark (here called the print symbol indicator) is used with punctuation when it stands alone, rather than suffixed to a word or number. For example, if someone's response in a dialogue is transcribed ⟨"?"⟩, in braille that would be written ⟨⠦⠈⠦⠴⟩. It is also used to derive a few symbols in EBAE: ⟨%⟩ ⟨⠈⠒⠏⟩, ⟨$⟩ ⟨⠲⟩ (before a number) / ⟨⠈⠲⟩ (elsewhere), ⟨&⟩ ⟨⠈⠯⟩. In UEB, ⟨%⟩ became ⟨⠨⠴⟩, and ⟨$⟩ became ⟨⠈⠎⟩ (everywhere). In EBAE, "in general literature, the common mathematical signs of operation for + (plus), − (minus), × (times or by), ÷ (divided by), and = (equals) should always be expressed in words. The special mathematical signs should be used only in mathematics and scientific texts.".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> For example, ⟨2×5 ft.⟩ would be rendered ⟨⠼⠃⠀⠴⠼⠑⠀⠋⠞⠲⟩ (using ⟨⠴⟩ as a contraction of the word ⟨by⟩) in literary contexts, because EBAE did not have a symbol for ⟨×⟩ (though <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemeth_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth Braille</a> did). In UEB, ⟨×⟩ is ⟨⠐⠦⟩, so that phrase would be rendered ⟨⠼⠃⠐⠦⠼⠑⠀⠋⠞⠲⟩. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Formatting_marks">Formatting marks</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Formatting marks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Braille has several formatting marks, sometimes called "composition signs", "register marks", or "indicators", which have no one-to-one correspondence with printed English. These are the number sign ⟨⠼⟩, the letter sign ⟨⠰⟩, the capital sign ⟨⠠⟩, the italic sign (or more accurately the emphasis sign) ⟨⠨⟩, and the termination sign ⟨⠠⠄⟩ (written cap–apostrophe). These immediately precede the sequence (word or number) they modify, without an intervening space. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_NumberSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/40px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/40px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/60px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Braille_NumberSign.svg/80px-Braille_NumberSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (number)</td> <th rowspan="1">  </th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/60px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/80px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 1</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_B2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/60px-Braille_B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/80px-Braille_B2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 2</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_C3.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/60px-Braille_C3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/80px-Braille_C3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 3</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_D4.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/60px-Braille_D4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/80px-Braille_D4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 4</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_E5.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/60px-Braille_E5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/80px-Braille_E5.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 5</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_F6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/60px-Braille_F6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/80px-Braille_F6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 6</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_G7.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/60px-Braille_G7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/80px-Braille_G7.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 7</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_H8.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/60px-Braille_H8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/80px-Braille_H8.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 8</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_I9.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/60px-Braille_I9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/80px-Braille_I9.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 9</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_J0.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/60px-Braille_J0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/80px-Braille_J0.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> 0</td> <th rowspan="1">  </th> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_DecimalPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/60px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/80px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (decimal)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> All characters a a through j j are interpreted as the digits 1 through 0 when they follow a number sign. This reading ignores intervening numerical and arithmetical symbols such as commas, decimal points, and fraction bars, until a non-number-compatible character, such as a period or a letter after J, is encountered, at which point reading reverts to the alphabetical values a–j. The number sign is repeated after a slash that is not used as a fraction bar (like model number 15/07).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄20 (one twentieth) is ⟨⠼⠁⠌⠃⠚⟩, but 20/20 [vision] is ⟨⠼⠃⠚⠌⠼⠃⠚⟩. The braille number sign has no equivalent in print. It is sometimes transcribed as ⟨#⟩. However, this is misleading: an actual printed # is rendered in braille as ⟨No.⟩, without an intervening space before the number sign ⠼. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Correction.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/40px-Braille_Correction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/40px-Braille_Correction.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/60px-Braille_Correction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/80px-Braille_Correction.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (letter)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_DecimalPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/60px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/80px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (emph.)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/60px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/80px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (caps)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (stop)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/60px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/80px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Apostrophe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/40px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/60px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_Apostrophe.svg/80px-Braille_Apostrophe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (termination)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Comma.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/60px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/80px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> (non-Latin)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The letter sign is used to force the end of a series of numbers. For example, ⠙⠁ ⟨da⟩ preceded by a number sign, ⠼⠙⠁, is read as 41. If instead 4a is intended (as in a section or apartment number), then the letter sign is used to force a reading of a rather than 1 for the final character: ⠼⠙⠰⠁ ⟨4a⟩.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> It is also used to mark a character as standing for a letter rather than for a word. For example, ⠃ ⟨b⟩ on its own is normally read as the word but; to indicate that it is instead the letter b, the letter sign is used: ⠰⠃ b. Plurals of letters (mind your ps and qs) always use an apostrophe in braille, but other derivations may not, as in ⠰⠝⠹ nth [time]: ⠠⠎⠬ is Sing, ⠰⠠⠎⠬ is S-ing/Essing.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The letter sign is also used to mark lower-case Roman numbers, as in ⠰⠊⠊⠊ ⟨iii⟩. The capital(ization) sign marks the first letter of a word as capitalized. It may occur in the middle of a word for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camel_case?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camel case">camel case</a>, as in the name deAngelo. It is doubled to place a word in all caps; this must be repeated for each word of an all-cap text.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The emphasis (italic) sign marks emphatic formatting, equivalent to printed italic, bold, underlined, and small-capital text.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A single italic sign emphasizes the entire word (or number). For two or three emphasized words, each takes a separate marker. For longer texts, a doubled marker is placed before the first word, and the end of the emphasis is indicated by marking the final emphasized word with a single italic sign. When the capitalization or emphasis does not span the entire word, the beginning and end is marked with a hyphen. However, if the print word already contains a hyphen, the termination sign is used for the end. So, ⟨Hooray⟩ is written ⟨⠨⠠⠓⠕⠕⠤⠗⠁⠽⟩, but ⟨Hoo-ray⟩ is ⟨⠨⠠⠓⠕⠕⠠⠄⠤⠗⠁⠽⟩. The comma ⟨⠂⟩ prefixed to a letter indicates that it is to be read as non-Latin, so that for example ⟨⠂⠁⟩ would be ⟨α⟩ if Greek symbols were being used.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Contractions">Contractions</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Contractions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Apart from words using the various abbreviations signs, covered in the next section, English Braille utilizes a number of unmarked contractions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> These are similar to the contractions found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shorthand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stenoscript?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stenoscript">stenoscript</a>. As a rule, they are not used where they would obscure the text. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="One-letter_contractions">One-letter contractions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: One-letter contractions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/60px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/80px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> a</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_B2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/40px-Braille_B2.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/60px-Braille_B2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Braille_B2.svg/80px-Braille_B2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> but</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_C3.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/40px-Braille_C3.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/60px-Braille_C3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/80px-Braille_C3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> can</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_D4.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/40px-Braille_D4.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/60px-Braille_D4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_D4.svg/80px-Braille_D4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> do</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_E5.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/40px-Braille_E5.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/60px-Braille_E5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Braille_E5.svg/80px-Braille_E5.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> every</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_F6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/40px-Braille_F6.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/60px-Braille_F6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_F6.svg/80px-Braille_F6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> from, -self</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_G7.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/40px-Braille_G7.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/60px-Braille_G7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Braille_G7.svg/80px-Braille_G7.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> go</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_H8.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/40px-Braille_H8.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/60px-Braille_H8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Braille_H8.svg/80px-Braille_H8.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> have</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_I9.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/40px-Braille_I9.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/60px-Braille_I9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Braille_I9.svg/80px-Braille_I9.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> I</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_J0.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/40px-Braille_J0.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/60px-Braille_J0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Braille_J0.svg/80px-Braille_J0.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> just</td> <th rowspan="5"></th> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_K.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/40px-Braille_K.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/40px-Braille_K.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/60px-Braille_K.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Braille_K.svg/80px-Braille_K.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> knowledge</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_L.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/40px-Braille_L.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/40px-Braille_L.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/60px-Braille_L.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Braille_L.svg/80px-Braille_L.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> like</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_M.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/40px-Braille_M.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/40px-Braille_M.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/60px-Braille_M.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_M.svg/80px-Braille_M.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> more</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_N.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/40px-Braille_N.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/40px-Braille_N.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/60px-Braille_N.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Braille_N.svg/80px-Braille_N.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> not</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_P.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/40px-Braille_P.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/40px-Braille_P.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/60px-Braille_P.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Braille_P.svg/80px-Braille_P.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> people</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Q.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/40px-Braille_Q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/40px-Braille_Q.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/60px-Braille_Q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Braille_Q.svg/80px-Braille_Q.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> quite</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_R.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/40px-Braille_R.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/40px-Braille_R.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/60px-Braille_R.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Braille_R.svg/80px-Braille_R.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> rather</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_S.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/40px-Braille_S.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/40px-Braille_S.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/60px-Braille_S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/80px-Braille_S.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> so</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_T.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/40px-Braille_T.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/40px-Braille_T.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/60px-Braille_T.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_T.svg/80px-Braille_T.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> that</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ST.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/60px-Braille_ST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/80px-Braille_ST.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> still</td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_U.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Braille_U.svg/40px-Braille_U.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Braille_U.svg/40px-Braille_U.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Braille_U.svg/60px-Braille_U.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Braille_U.svg/80px-Braille_U.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> us</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_V.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille_V.svg/40px-Braille_V.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille_V.svg/40px-Braille_V.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille_V.svg/60px-Braille_V.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Braille_V.svg/80px-Braille_V.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> very</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_X.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/40px-Braille_X.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/40px-Braille_X.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/60px-Braille_X.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Braille_X.svg/80px-Braille_X.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> it</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Y.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_Y.svg/40px-Braille_Y.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_Y.svg/40px-Braille_Y.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_Y.svg/60px-Braille_Y.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Braille_Y.svg/80px-Braille_Y.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> you</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Z.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Braille_Z.svg/40px-Braille_Z.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Braille_Z.svg/40px-Braille_Z.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Braille_Z.svg/60px-Braille_Z.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Braille_Z.svg/80px-Braille_Z.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> as</td> <td colspan="5"></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Hyphen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/40px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/60px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Braille_Hyphen.svg/80px-Braille_Hyphen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> com-†  </td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%85.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> child</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_SH.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/40px-Braille_SH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/40px-Braille_SH.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/60px-Braille_SH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Braille_SH.svg/80px-Braille_SH.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> shall</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%94.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> this</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9B.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Braille_%C3%9B.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9B.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> which</td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%9C.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Braille_%C3%9C.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%9C.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> out</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_W.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/40px-Braille_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/40px-Braille_W.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/60px-Braille_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Braille_W.svg/80px-Braille_W.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> will</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Semicolon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/60px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/80px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> be, be-</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Colon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/60px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/80px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> con-  </td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Period.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/60px-Braille_Period.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/80px-Braille_Period.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> dis-  </td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuestionMark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/60px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/80px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> enough</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/60px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/80px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> to+†  </td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Bracket.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/40px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/60px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_Bracket.svg/80px-Braille_Bracket.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> were  </td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteOpen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> his  </td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> in</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteClose.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Braille_QuoteClose.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteClose.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> by+,† was</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/60px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/80px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> into+†  </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd> † Abolished in Unified English Braille </dd> <dd> + Joins with the following word </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> The single-letter contractions are: <dl> <dd> ⠃ ⟨b⟩ but, ⠉ ⟨c⟩ can, ⠙ ⟨d⟩ do, ⠑ ⟨e⟩ every, ⠋ ⟨f⟩ from and -self, ⠛ ⟨g⟩ go, ⠓ ⟨h⟩ have, ⠚ ⟨j⟩ just, </dd> <dd> ⠅ ⟨k⟩ knowledge, ⠇ ⟨l⟩ like,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> ⠍ ⟨m⟩ more, ⠝ ⟨n⟩ not, ⠏ ⟨p⟩ people, ⠟ ⟨q⟩ quite, ⠗ ⟨r⟩ rather, ⠎ ⟨s⟩ so, ⠞ ⟨t⟩ that, ⠌ ⟨st⟩ still, </dd> <dd> ⠥ ⟨u⟩ us, ⠧ ⟨v⟩ very, ⠭ ⟨x⟩ it, ⠽ ⟨y⟩ you, ⠵ ⟨z⟩ as, </dd> <dd> ⠡ ⟨ch⟩ child, ⠩ ⟨sh⟩ shall, ⠹ ⟨th⟩ this, ⠱ ⟨wh⟩ which, ⠳ ⟨ou⟩ out, ⠺ ⟨w⟩ will, </dd> <dd> ⠆ ⟨bb⟩ be and be-, ⠒ ⟨cc⟩ con-, ⠲ ⟨dd⟩ dis-, ⠢ ⟨en⟩ enough, ⠖ ⟨ff⟩ to,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UEB-32">[32]</a> ⠶ ⟨gg⟩ were, ⠦ ⟨?⟩ his,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[33]</a> ⠔ ⟨in⟩ in, ⠴ ⟨”⟩ by<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UEB-32">[32]</a> and was, </dd> <dd> ⠤ ⟨-⟩ com-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UEB-32">[32]</a> </dd> </dl> Note irregular ⠭ ⟨x⟩ for it, ⠵ ⟨z⟩ for as, and ⠶ ⟨gg⟩ for were. All 26 basic Latin letters are used apart from ⠁⠊⠕ ⟨a i o⟩, which already form words of their own. These contractions are either independent words or (in the cases of con-, com-, dis-, -self) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affix">affixes</a>, as in ⠐⠕⠋ ⟨one-f⟩ oneself. They cannot be treated as simple letters. For example, while the letter ⠭ ⟨x⟩ stands for the pronoun it, it cannot substitute for the sequence it in the word bite.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> They cannot be pluralized: *⟨cs⟩ is no good for "(tin) cans". This is true even of ⟨ch⟩ child not being usable for *grandchild, nor ⟨ou⟩ out in *without. (These must be spelled g-r-and-ch-i-l-d and with-ou-t.) However, a following apostrophe is acceptable: ⟨p's⟩ people's, ⟨c't⟩ can't, ⟨x'll⟩ it'll;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> as are hyphenated words like so-and-so. This behavior is distinct from ligatures such as ⠫ ⟨ed⟩ and ⠮ ⟨the⟩, which are used when the equivalent sequences are found in printed English, as in ⠗⠫ red and ⠝⠑⠫ need. There is no semantic restriction: ⟨c⟩ can may be either the verb can or a tin can, and capitalized ⠠⠺ ⟨W⟩ and ⠠⠍ ⟨M⟩ are names Will and More.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> However, in the few cases where the basic letters would be words in their own right, they must be spelled out to avoid confusion. That is, because ⠩ ⟨sh⟩ stands for shall, it cannot be used for the word sh!, which must be spelled out as ⠎⠓ s-h. Similarly, ⟨st⟩ can be used for St. (as either Saint or Street) when marked as an abbreviation by a period, but otherwise should also be spelled out.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <dl> <dt> "Lower" contractions </dt> </dl> Because contractions that occupy only the lower half of the braille cell mostly double as basic punctuation marks, legibility requires that, with few exceptions, they may not come in contact with actual punctuation marks; if they would, they should instead be spelled out. That is, any cell which follows without an intervening space should contain a dot in its top row. Most of the difficulties of when to use contractions are due to this complication. The whole-word contractions of the fifth decade are ⟨bb⟩ be, ⟨en⟩ enough, ⟨ff⟩ to, ⟨gg⟩ were, ⟨?⟩ his, ⟨in⟩ in, ⟨”⟩ by/was.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a> If one of these words occurs at the end of a sentence, or before a comma, it must be spelled out (though "enough" would still be partially contracted to en-ou-gh.) They cannot even be used in hyphenated words such as bride-to-be. However, much like Arabic prepositions, the prepositions ⟨to⟩, ⟨into⟩,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and ⟨by⟩ join with a following word without an intervening space. This prevents ⟨by⟩ from being read as 'was'. That is, in He came by to see us, "by to see" is written as one word, ⠴⠖⠎⠑⠑. Word-joining is allowed as long as the upper half of the braille cell (dot 1 or 4) is used in the final word; to, by, into do join with in, enough, be, his, was, were, but the second word is spelled out. The fifth-decade prefixes (be-, dis-, con-) may only be used if they occur at the beginning of a word (including in a compound word after a hyphen, or after by, to, into) and form a whole syllable. That is, they cannot be used in the words been, disk, conch nor (apart from double-duty be) as words in their own right, as in con artist. Com- is similar, but need not constitute a syllable: it is used for example in come and comb. However, because it uses only the bottom row of the cell, like the hyphen and the apostrophe, it cannot come in contact with either. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Longer_contractions">Longer contractions</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Longer contractions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Longer unmarked contractions are the following. Ligatures, such as ⠌ ⟨st⟩ in ⟨agst⟩ against, are underlined here for clarity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <dl> <dd> ⠁⠃ ⟨ab⟩ about, ⠁⠃⠧ ⟨abv⟩ above, ⠁⠉ ⟨ac⟩ according, ⠁⠉⠗ ⟨acr⟩ across, ⠁⠋ ⟨af⟩ after, ⠁⠋⠝ ⟨afn⟩ afternoon, ⠁⠋⠺ ⟨afw⟩ afterward, ⠁⠛ ⟨ag⟩ again, ⠁⠛⠌ ⟨agst⟩ against, ⠁⠇ ⟨al⟩ also, ⠁⠇⠍ ⟨alm⟩ almost, ⠁⠇⠗ ⟨alr⟩ already, ⠁⠇⠞ ⟨alt⟩ altogether, ⠁⠇⠹ ⟨alth⟩ although, ⠁⠇⠺ ⟨alw⟩ always </dd> <dd> ⠆⠉ ⟨bec⟩ because, ⠆⠋ ⟨bef⟩ before, ⠆⠓ ⟨beh⟩ behind, ⠆⠇ ⟨bel⟩ below, ⠆⠝ ⟨ben⟩ beneath, ⠆⠎ ⟨bes⟩ beside, ⠆⠞ ⟨bet⟩ between, ⠆⠽ ⟨bey⟩ beyond </dd> <dd> ⠃⠇ ⟨bl⟩ blind, ⠃⠗⠇ ⟨brl⟩ Braille </dd> <dd> ⠉⠙ ⟨cd⟩ could, ⠉⠧ ⟨cv⟩ -ceive, ⠉⠧⠛ ⟨cvg⟩ -ceiving<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </dd> <dd> ⠡⠝ ⟨chn⟩ children </dd> <dd> ⠙⠉⠇ ⟨dcl⟩ declare, ⠙⠉⠇⠛ ⟨dclg⟩ declaring </dd> <dd> ⠑⠊ ⟨ei⟩ either </dd> <dd> ⠋⠌ ⟨fst⟩ first, ⠋⠗ ⟨fr⟩ friend </dd> <dd> ⠛⠙ ⟨gd⟩ good, ⠛⠗⠞ ⟨grt⟩ great </dd> <dd> ⠓⠻⠋ ⟨herf⟩ herself, ⠓⠍ ⟨hm⟩ him, ⠓⠍⠋ ⟨hmf⟩ himself </dd> <dd> ⠊⠍⠍ ⟨imm⟩ immediate </dd> <dd> ⠇⠇ ⟨ll⟩ little, ⠇⠗ ⟨lr⟩ letter </dd> <dd> ⠍⠡ ⟨mch⟩ much, ⠍⠌ ⟨mst⟩ must, ⠍⠽⠋ ⟨myf⟩ myself </dd> <dd> ⠝⠑⠉ ⟨nec⟩ necessary, ⠝⠑⠊ ⟨nei⟩ neither </dd> <dd> ⠕⠄⠉ ⟨o'c⟩ o'clock<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UEB-32">[32]</a> </dd> <dd> ⠳⠗⠧⠎ ⟨ourvs⟩ ourselves </dd> <dd> ⠏⠙ ⟨pd⟩ paid, ⠏⠻⠓ ⟨perh⟩ perhaps </dd> <dd> ⠟⠅ ⟨qk⟩ quick </dd> <dd> ⠗⠚⠉ ⟨rjc⟩ rejoice, ⠗⠚⠉⠛ ⟨rjcg⟩ rejoicing </dd> <dd> ⠎⠡ ⟨sch⟩ such, ⠎⠙ ⟨sd⟩ said </dd> <dd> ⠩⠙ ⟨shd⟩ should </dd> <dd> ⠞⠙ ⟨td⟩ today, ⠞⠛⠗ ⟨tgr⟩ together, ⠞⠍ ⟨tm⟩ tomorrow, ⠞⠝ ⟨tn⟩ tonight </dd> <dd> ⠮⠍⠧⠎ ⟨themvs⟩ themselves </dd> <dd> ⠺⠙ ⟨wd⟩ would </dd> <dd> ⠭⠎ ⟨xs⟩ its, ⠭⠋ ⟨xf⟩ itself </dd> <dd> ⠽⠗ ⟨yr⟩ your, ⠽⠗⠋ ⟨yrf⟩ yourself, ⠽⠗⠧⠎ ⟨yrvs⟩ yourselves </dd> </dl> These can only form longer words that are derivations of them and retain their meaning. For example, above in aboveboard, necessary in unnecessary, conceive in misconceive, and good in goodness are all well-formed braille, but not should in *shoulder nor said in *Port Said. Nor can they be used if a final -e is dropped, as in declaration. (This is why special -ing forms are available for declaring, rejoicing, and -ceiving: the -ing suffix would not work.) They may be used as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proper_noun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a> (when capitalized), but not as parts of proper nouns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> For example, little is acceptable for the name Little, but may not be used within Doolittle; similarly, the contraction for good may not be used in the name Goody. (There are too many unpredictable names for this to be workable.) After, blind and friend may only be used in longer words when followed by a consonant. (They are too ambiguous otherwise.) </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Abbreviations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3">Initial letter</th> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="3">–Final letter</th> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/40px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/40px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/60px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg/80px-Braille_ContractionPrefix.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Currency.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/40px-Braille_Currency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/40px-Braille_Currency.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/60px-Braille_Currency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Currency.svg/80px-Braille_Currency.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CursiveSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/60px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/80px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_DecimalPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/40px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/60px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Braille_DecimalPoint.svg/80px-Braille_DecimalPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Correction.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/40px-Braille_Correction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/40px-Braille_Correction.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/60px-Braille_Correction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Braille_Correction.svg/80px-Braille_Correction.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CapitalSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/40px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/60px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Braille_CapitalSign.svg/80px-Braille_CapitalSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Besides unmarked contractions, words are abbreviated with any of several abbreviation signs. All of these signs use only the right-hand side of the braille cell. ⟨⠐⟩, ⟨⠘⟩, and ⟨⠸⟩ mark initial abbreviations, combining with the initial braille letter of a word. The italic sign ⟨⠨⟩, letter sign ⟨⠰⟩, and capital sign ⟨⠠⟩ mark final abbreviations, combining with the final letter of a sequence, commonly a suffix. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Initial_abbreviations">Initial abbreviations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Initial abbreviations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> (The combining initial letter is written here in boldface, as it does not always correspond to the initial letter of printed orthography.) <ul> <li>⟨⠐⟩ forms the words ⠐⠓ here, ⠐⠮ there, ⠐⠱ where, ⠐⠑ ever, ⠐⠳ ought, ⠐⠋ father, ⠐⠍ mother, ⠐⠝ name, ⠐⠡ character, ⠐⠟ question, ⠐⠅ know, ⠐⠇ lord, ⠐⠕ one, ⠐⠙ day, ⠐⠎ some, ⠐⠏ part, ⠐⠞ time, ⠐⠗ right, ⠐⠹ through, ⠐⠥ under, ⠐⠺ work, ⠐⠽ young</li> <li>⟨⠘⟩ forms the words ⠘⠮ these, ⠘⠹ those, ⠘⠥ upon, ⠘⠱ whose, ⠘⠺ word</li> <li>⟨⠸⟩ forms the words ⠸⠉ cannot, ⠸⠍ many, ⠸⠓ had, ⠸⠮ their, ⠸⠎ spirit, ⠸⠺ world</li> </ul> In general, these are acceptable as parts of longer words as long as they retain their pronunciation. There are three main exceptions to this: <ul> <li>⟨one⟩ need not keep its odd pronunciation, as long as the o and n fall in the same syllable</li> <li>⟨some⟩ needs to form a complete syllable, as in chromosome (ch-r-o-m-o-some)</li> <li>⟨part⟩ cannot be used in partake or its derivatives</li> </ul> As can be seen from chromosome, the pronunciation requirement is rather loose. Given the difficulty of English speakers in agreeing on where syllable breaks fall,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> syllable requirements are also loosely construed in braille: they do not follow the rigid application of a dictionary.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Final_abbreviations">Final abbreviations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Final abbreviations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul> <li>⟨⠨⟩ forms the sequences ⠨⠙ -ound, ⠨⠞ -ount, ⠨⠑ -ance, ⠨⠎ -less, ⠨⠝ -sion</li> <li>⟨⠰⟩ forms the sequences ⠰⠛ -ong, ⠰⠇ -ful, ⠰⠞ -ment, ⠰⠑ -ence, ⠰⠎ -ness, ⠰⠝ -tion, ⠰⠽ -ity</li> <li>⟨⠠⟩ Capital ⟨Y⟩ stands for the suffix ⠠⠽ -ally,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UEB-32">[32]</a> and ⟨N⟩ for ⠠⠝ -ation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UEB-32">[32]</a></li> </ul> These cannot follow an apostrophe or hyphen. They cannot form independent words like *ally or *less, nor can they occur at the beginning of a word like *ancestor or *lesson. However, then can usually occur elsewhere: c-ount, ar-ound. They may be used across syllables, as in c-ance-r. ⟨ness⟩ is used for the suffix -ess after n, though not after en or in, as in baroness (b-ar-o-ness) and lioness, but not in chieftainess (ch-i-e-f-t-a-in-e-s-s).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> -full does not use ⠰⠇ ⟨ful⟩ in order to preserve the parallel with the independent word full. However, -ful and -fully do. When there are several ways to write a word, the shortest one is chosen, and when they are of equal length, the one without (two-cell) abbreviations is chosen. So, thence is written th-ence (3 cells) rather than the-n-c-e (4 cells). However, with the sequences -anced, -ancer, -enced, -encer, the form with -ance/-ence is used even if not shorter. Braille also uses print abbreviations such as ea., Mon., Sept., etc., in which case the period ⠲ is used as in print. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Spacing">Spacing</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Spacing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> A single space ⟨<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_NULL.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/60px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/80px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>⟩ (a blank cell, which has the same width as all other cells) is left between words and sentences. Paragraphs are indented with a double space. This is universal in braille, even when transcribing a printed text that does not indent paragraphs: Blank lines are not used for this in braille, though they may be used for changes of scene, etc. As much as possible, lines continue to the right margin, with words divided and hyphenated to fit. If this would cause an illegal sequence of ligature or contraction and hyphen, the spelling needs to be decomposed, or the word hyphenated differently. The full cell ⟨<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%89.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a>⟩ is used to over-type and strike out errors when using a braille writer. (Mistakes may also be erased by smoothing them out, but this runs the risk of making the corrected letter illegible.) The full cell may also indicate a missing value in a table. It can also function more generally as a column marker to keep the data in a table aligned. For example, a row in a table of punctuation, where the columns contain symbols of different lengths, could be written, <dl> <dd> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%89.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%89.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Braille_%C3%89.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%89.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ST.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/40px-Braille_ST.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/60px-Braille_ST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/80px-Braille_ST.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_NULL.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/60px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/80px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_NULL.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/40px-Braille_NULL.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/60px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Braille_NULL.svg/80px-Braille_NULL.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </dd> </dl> <dl> <dd> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <td>,</td> <td>;</td> <td>:</td> <td>.</td> <td>!</td> <td>( )</td> <td>?</td> <td>“ ”</td> <td>*</td> <td>/</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl> (For an illustration of such use, see the alphabet chart in the box at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russian_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russian Braille">Russian Braille</a>, where a column marker sets off each letter of the alphabet and each mark of punctuation.) </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Unified_English_Braille">Unified English Braille</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Unified English Braille" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a> </div> Unified English Braille (UEB) is an attempted unified standard for English Braille, proposed in 1991 to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braille_Authority_of_North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braille Authority of North America">Braille Authority of North America</a> (BANA).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-iceb.org-8">[8]</a> The motivation for UEB was that the proliferation of specialized braille codes—which sometimes assigned conflicting values to even basic letters and numbers—was threatening not just braille-literacy, but also the viability of English braille itself. Also, the irregularities of English Braille made automated transcription inaccurate, and therefore increased the cost and time required to print in braille. In 1993, the UEB project was adopted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Council_on_English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Council on English Braille">International Council on English Braille</a>, and expanded to cover the various national systems of the member states: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. An additional goal became adoption of a single standard for all braille encoding, apart from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braille_music?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braille music">music</a>; with the exception of math-notation, this was largely achieved. New Zealand officially retains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Māori Braille">Māori Braille</a> as compatible with UEB, and BANA officially retains Nemeth Code as a math-notation option alongside UEB for the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bana-adopts-ueb-46">[46]</a> In the finalized form as of 2013, UEB upgrades English Braille Grade 2 (the literary coding used in several slightly variable forms in different countries), obsoletes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a> by making email/website/programming syntax part of literary coding, and in some ways competes with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemeth_Code?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemeth Code">Nemeth Code</a> by adding additional math-notation (albeit <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Martyn_Taylor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Martyn Taylor">Taylor</a>-style with the numerals overwriting letters rather than overwriting punctuation as in Nemeth) to the literary coding. Compared to the American standard described in this article, Unified English has the following differences:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <ol> <li>Readings: Several have been eliminated, due to ambiguity or translation problems: the letters dd and -ble, the contractions by, com-, to, into, and o'clock, and the capitalized abbreviations -ally and -ation.</li> <li>Spacing: Words such as and the are to be spaced in braille just as they are in print (formerly they were typically run together as andthe)</li> <li>Formatting: Bold, underline, and italics now have separate formatting marks (formerly it was impossible to distinguish between underlined-braille and italicized-braille). A triple capital sign now indicates a passage in all-caps.</li> <li>Punctuation: New opening and closing parentheses ⠐⠣ and ⠐⠜ (which previously were ambiguous). Various brackets, quotation marks, dashes, and other punctuation (including notably mathematical and arithmetical notations such as the equals sign) have been added, so that printed text can be reproduced less ambiguously.</li> <li>Uniformity: UEB is likely to become the worldwide standard for English-language braille (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified English Braille">full article</a> for details)</li> <li>Extensibility: provisions have been made for adding new symbols, without causing new conflicts</li> <li>Miscellaneous changes: various other differences exist<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> </ol> The following punctuation is retained: <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Traditional punctuation </caption> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Comma.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/40px-Braille_Comma.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/60px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Braille_Comma.svg/80px-Braille_Comma.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ,</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Semicolon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/40px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/60px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_Semicolon.svg/80px-Braille_Semicolon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ;</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Colon.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/40px-Braille_Colon.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/60px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Braille_Colon.svg/80px-Braille_Colon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> :</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Period.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/40px-Braille_Period.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/60px-Braille_Period.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Braille_Period.svg/80px-Braille_Period.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> .</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/40px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/60px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg/80px-Braille_ExclamationPoint.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> !</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuoteOpen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/40px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/60px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Braille_QuoteOpen.svg/80px-Braille_QuoteOpen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ?</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> The Grade 2 innter opening quotation mark is also retained, but the closing equivalent is changed. The right-side abbreviation and formatting marks are used to derive quotation marks and mathematical symbols, by combining them with lower-half punctuation and four letters which graphically resemble ( ) / \.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> New mathematical symbols and punctuation </caption> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_QuestionMark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/40px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/60px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Braille_QuestionMark.svg/80px-Braille_QuestionMark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ^</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Asterisk.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/40px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/60px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_Asterisk.svg/80px-Braille_Asterisk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ~</td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%8A.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Braille_%C3%8A.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%8A.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" 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data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Braille_%C3%94.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%94.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> #</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CursiveSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" 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data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/60px-Braille_ST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Braille_ST.svg/80px-Braille_ST.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> /</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_CursiveSign.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/40px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/60px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Braille_CursiveSign.svg/80px-Braille_CursiveSign.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_%C3%85.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/40px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/60px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Braille_%C3%85.svg/80px-Braille_%C3%85.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> \</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In addition, the accent mark is used to derive the following. At least the first, the ampersand, is the same as usage in American Grade-2 Braille, and at least the dollar sign is different. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Other symbols </caption> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_AND.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/40px-Braille_AND.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/40px-Braille_AND.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/60px-Braille_AND.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Braille_AND.svg/80px-Braille_AND.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> &</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/80px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_A1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/40px-Braille_A1.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/60px-Braille_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Braille_A1.svg/80px-Braille_A1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> @</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" 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class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/40px-Braille_S.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/60px-Braille_S.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Braille_S.svg/80px-Braille_S.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> $</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/60px-Braille_C3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Braille_C3.svg/80px-Braille_C3.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> ¢</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Braille_Accent.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="215"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 56px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/40px-Braille_Accent.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Braille_Accent.svg/60px-Braille_Accent.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/40px-Braille_O.svg.png" data-width="40" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/60px-Braille_O.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Braille_O.svg/80px-Braille_O.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> œ</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Sample">Sample</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sample" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> The following text is the same in American Grade 2 and Unified English Braille: Article 1 of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <dl> <dd> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1077953707">.mw-parser-output .brai_cell+.brai_cell{margin-left:2px}</style>⠠⠁⠇⠇⠀⠓⠥⠍⠁⠝⠀⠆⠬⠎ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠀⠜⠑⠀⠃⠕⠗⠝⠀⠋⠗⠑⠑⠀⠯ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠀⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇⠀⠔⠀⠙⠊⠛⠝⠰⠽⠀⠯ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠀⠐⠗⠎⠲ </dd> <dd> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠠⠮⠽⠀⠜⠑⠀⠢⠙⠪⠫⠀⠾ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠀⠗⠂⠎⠕⠝⠀⠯⠀⠒⠎⠉⠊⠰⠑⠀⠯ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠀⠩⠙⠀⠁⠉⠞⠀⠞⠪⠜⠙⠎⠀⠐⠕ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠀⠁⠝⠕⠤ </dd> <dd> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠮⠗⠀⠔⠀⠁⠀⠸⠎⠀⠷ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠀⠃⠗⠕⠮⠗⠓⠕⠕⠙⠲ </dd> </dl> <dl> <dd> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one ano- ther in a spirit of brotherhood. </dd> </dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠠⠁⠇⠇</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠓⠥⠍⠁⠝</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠆⠬⠎</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠜⠑</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠃⠕⠗⠝</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠋⠗⠑⠑</td> <td>⠯</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠑⠟⠥⠁⠇</td> <td>⠔</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠙⠊⠛⠝⠰⠽</td> <td>⠯</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠐⠗⠎⠲</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>All</td> <td>human</td> <td>beings</td> <td>are</td> <td>born</td> <td>free</td> <td>and</td> <td>equal</td> <td>in</td> <td>dignity</td> <td>and</td> <td>rights.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠠⠮⠽</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠜⠑</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠢⠙⠪⠫</td> <td>⠾</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠗⠂⠎⠕⠝</td> <td>⠯</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠒⠎⠉⠊⠰⠑</td> <td>⠯</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠩⠙</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠁⠉⠞</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠞⠪⠜⠙⠎</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠐⠕</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠁⠝⠕⠤</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>They</td> <td>are</td> <td>endowed</td> <td>with</td> <td>reason</td> <td>and</td> <td>conscience</td> <td>and</td> <td>should</td> <td>act</td> <td>towards</td> <td>one</td> <td>ano-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr align="center"> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠮⠗</td> <td>⠔</td> <td>⠁</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠸⠎</td> <td>⠷</td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1077953707">⠃⠗⠕⠮⠗⠓⠕⠕⠙⠲</td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td>ther</td> <td>in</td> <td>a</td> <td>spirit</td> <td>of</td> <td>brotherhood.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braille_Challenge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braille Challenge">Braille Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Braille_Association?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unified_English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemeth_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth Braille</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> "English Braille" normally refers to Grade 2. The more basic Grade 1 Braille, which is only used by learners, is specified as "English Braille, Grade 1" (Braille Through Remote Learning).</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> ⟨Angle brackets⟩ will be used to indicate transcriptions of braille letters into the Latin alphabet.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> compare American (BANA) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.duxburysystems.com/images/bana_black.pdf">here</a> with British (BAUK) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.duxburysystems.com/images/bauk_black.pdf">here</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> Daniels & Bright, 1996, The World's Writing Systems, p 817–818</li> <li id="cite_note-war-5">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-war_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-war_5-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nyise.org/blind/irwin2.htm">War of the Dots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326203049/http://www.nyise.org/blind/irwin2.htm">Archived</a> 2010-03-26 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> using only the single-cell contractions</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> Mackenzie, 1953, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000711/071103eb.pdf">World Braille Usage</a>, UNESCO</li> <li id="cite_note-iceb.org-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iceb.org_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-iceb.org_8-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iceb.org/cranem.html">"ICEB/UBC – A Uniform Braille Code (Cranmer & Nemeth)"</a>. www.iceb.org. Retrieved 2019-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iceb.org&rft.atitle=ICEB%2FUBC+%E2%80%93+A+Uniform+Braille+Code+%28Cranmer+%26+Nemeth%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceb.org%2Fcranem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Braille" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemeth" class="citation web cs1">Nemeth, Abraham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030053019/http://www.acb.org/magazine/2001/bf092001.html%23bf06">"COMMENTS ON MATHEMATICAL ASPECTS OF THE UEBC"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.acb.org/magazine/2001/bf092001.html%23bf06">the original</a> on 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2013-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMMENTS+ON+MATHEMATICAL+ASPECTS+OF+THE+UEBC&rft.aulast=Nemeth&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acb.org%2Fmagazine%2F2001%2Fbf092001.html%23bf06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Braille" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> Also called "group signs"</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> This is reminiscent of writing "h8" for hate and "4ever" for forever, but differs in that the spelling of the parts cannot differ in Braille (8 is not spelled "ate" as in h-ate, and 4 is not "for").</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> When a word has an established braille spelling without a ligature, the contraction is avoided in derivativations which would otherwise allow it, such as nosebleed and unblemished.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> In an extreme example, for and with the people is written ⠿⠯⠾⠮⠀⠏. This convention has been eliminate from Unified English Braille, which spaces all words as in print.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> ⠜ ⟨ar⟩ is a common exception to this rule, and is regularly used in common words which have a prefix a- before a root beginning with r, as in arise. The ligature ⟨ar⟩ would not be considered well-formed in the word infrared, however.</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524231102/http://wesbraille.org/lesson.php?num%3D66">"Instruction Manual For Braille Transcribing"</a>. wesbraille.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://wesbraille.org/lesson.php?num%3D66">the original</a> on May 24, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wesbraille.org&rft.atitle=Instruction+Manual+For+Braille+Transcribing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesbraille.org%2Flesson.php%3Fnum%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Braille" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> In words like canoed, toed, and shoer, however, the e is ambiguous between the stem canoe, toe, shoe and the suffix -ed or -er, and in such words the letters ⟨ed⟩ and ⟨er⟩ are used.</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> This can feel arbitrary: Lineage accepts the ligature, but mileage does not.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> However, the restriction does not seem to apply to ea at the end of a word: teaspoon (ea) and eggbeater (gg) use the ligature.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brailleauthority.org/literary/ebae2002.pdf">EBAE Literary Code 2002</a>, Rules I § 5–7</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iceb.org/Rules%2520of%2520Unified%2520English%2520Braille%25202013%2520(linked).pdf">Rules of UEB 2013</a>, § 7</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brailleauthority.org/literary/ebae2002.pdf">EBAE Literary Code 2002</a>, Rule IV § 21 & 22</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iceb.org/Rules%2520of%2520Unified%2520English%2520Braille%25202013%2520(linked).pdf">Rules of UEB 2013</a>, §§ 3.3</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brailleauthority.org/literary/ebae2002.pdf">EBAE Literary Code 2002</a>, Rule VII § 28(h)</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> But not with dates. For dates like 7/19/2012, a hyphen is used instead of a slash, without repeating the number sign. The number sign is only repeated after a hyphen when two dates (or other numbers) are joined, as in broadcast 1978–1984. So, the date-range format ⟨10/2–10/7⟩ is transcribed ⟨⠼⠁⠚⠤⠃⠤⠼⠁⠚⠤⠛⟩.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> However, for abbreviations of units of measure which are not spaced, the letter sign is used even if the letter comes after J. 5ml, for example, is ⟨⠼⠑⠰⠍⠇⟩.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> Quotation marks, italics, and brackets are replaced by the letter sign if their function is equivalent, or if the punctuation is retained (as in "see item (d)"), the letter sign is not used.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> In Unified English Braille, a triple cap sign is used for extended text.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> In Unified English Braille, these have separate formatting signs.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> See <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek Braille">Greek Braille</a> for the braille codes for those letters.</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> Sometimes called "wordsigns" when they involve a single braille letter, and "shortforms" when more.</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> ⟨l⟩ is also used for £, the abbreviation of pound in British currency. Shilling and pence follow the printed abbreviations of ⟨s, d⟩.</li> <li id="cite_note-UEB-32">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UEB_32-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UEB_32-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UEB_32-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UEB_32-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UEB_32-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UEB_32-5">f</a> Eliminated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unified_English_Braille">Unified English Braille</a></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">^</a> a lowered letter ⟨h⟩</li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> Apparent exceptions, such as ⟨xs, xf⟩ for its, itself and ⟨yr, yrf, yrvs⟩ for your, yourself, yourselves, are quite limited in number and best thought of as separate contractions.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> but not haven't, where the apostrophy does not immediately follow the have.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> An exception are the musical notes do and so, which are spelled out as d-o and s-o.</li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> Since the letters ⟨ed, er, ow⟩ are not used as contractions, they can be used for the words Ed, er..., and ow!</li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> ⟨in⟩ in pulls double duty: It is a simple braille letter, used for any sequence i-n in an English word. However, it also functions as the word sign for the preposition in, and in such cases follows the same restrictions as the other decade-5 words. ⟨en⟩, on the other hand, is similar to ⟨sh⟩ in that it cannot be used as a word, for example in the phrases en route and en masse. ⟨be⟩ functions as both a word sign (to be) and a prefix. Some treatments of English Braille also describe ⟨a⟩ as both letter and word sign, though since ⟨a⟩ uses the upper half of the cell and has a one-to-one correspondence with printed English, there is less cause for confusion.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> ⟨in⟩ and ⟨to⟩ are regularly compounded as ⠔⠖ into, which is perhaps most easily understood as an independent word sign.</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Because braille ⠌ ⟨st⟩ is a letter (phonogram or "groupsign") rather than a contraction, the printed sequence st will be written ⠌ in any word which is not otherwise abbreviated.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> ⠉⠧ ⟨cv⟩ and ⠉⠧⠛ ⟨cvg⟩ are used regularly, as in ⠏⠻⠉⠧ ⟨percv⟩ perceive, but in addition combine with ⠙ ⟨d⟩, ⠗ ⟨r⟩, and ⠒ ⟨con⟩ for the further contractions ⠙⠉⠧(⠛) ⟨dcv⟩ deceive, ⟨rcv⟩ ⠗⠉⠧(⠛) receive, and ⠒⠉⠧(⠛) ⟨concv⟩ conceive / -ceiving.</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> They may however be used as common nouns within proper names, such as the titles of books.</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> The convention in braille is to syllabify an intervocalic consonant with the preceding vowel if it is both stressed and short, but with the following vowel if the preceding vowel is long or if the following vowel is stressed. So, for example, fā-mous but făm-ine, fī-ber but fĭl-ial, pū-nitive but pŭn-ish; also the verbs pre-sént, re-córd, pro-gréss vs. the nouns prés-ent, réc-ord, próg-ress.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308145537/http://wesbraille.org/lesson.php?num%3D17">[1]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> Generally, if the sequence of letters spans a stressed to an unstressed syllable, or spans two unstressed syllables, the contraction is acceptable. However, it is generally not acceptable if the sequence spans an unstressed to a stressed syllable, where the syllable break is more salient.</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> There is a similar restriction against spanning root and suffix. However, in application this is somewhat arbitrary: fruity does not use the -ity abbreviation, but equally and totally use -ally.</li> <li id="cite_note-bana-adopts-ueb-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bana-adopts-ueb_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://brailleauthority.org/pressreleases/pr-2012november.html">"BANA Adopts UEB"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Braille_Authority_of_North_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Braille Authority of North America">Braille Authority of North America</a>. November 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BANA+Adopts+UEB&rft.pub=Braille+Authority+of+North+America&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrailleauthority.org%2Fpressreleases%2Fpr-2012november.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Braille" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/bm/bm11/bm1111/bm111107.htm">"The Evolution of Braille: Can the Past Help Plan the Future?"</a>. www.nfb.org. 2011. Retrieved 2019-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nfb.org&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Braille%3A+Can+the+Past+Help+Plan+the+Future%3F&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.org%2Fimages%2Fnfb%2Fpublications%2Fbm%2Fbm11%2Fbm1111%2Fbm111107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Braille" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dotlessbraille.org/UEBvsEBAE.htm">"Differences Between UEB and EBAE"</a>. www.dotlessbraille.org. Retrieved 2019-12-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dotlessbraille.org&rft.atitle=Differences+Between+UEB+and+EBAE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dotlessbraille.org%2FUEBvsEBAE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Braille" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/English_Braille?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605144148/http://libbraille.org/extra/unified_english_braille_alphabet.pdf">"Unified English Braille Alphabet"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://libbraille.org/extra/unified_english_braille_alphabet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2012-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unified+English+Braille+Alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibbraille.org%2Fextra%2Funified_english_braille_alphabet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Braille" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.brailleauthority.org/">Braille Authority of North America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rnib.org.uk">Royal National Institute For The Blind</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.atpc.net/">Alternate Text Production Center</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEnglish_Braille%26oldid%3D1259718562">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&oldid=1259718562</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=English_Braille&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 26 November 2024, at 18:04 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D9%2584_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="بریل انگلیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بریل انگلیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2598%2581%25EC%2596%25B4_%25EC%25A0%2590%25EC%259E%2590" title="영어 점자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영어 점자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a 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