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</a> <ul id="toc-Natasha's_Dance_and_Russian_cultural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Whisperers:_Private_Life_in_Stalin's_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Whisperers:_Private_Life_in_Stalin's_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Whisperers:_Private_Life_in_Stalin's_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Just_Send_Me_Word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Just_Send_Me_Word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span><i>Just Send Me Word</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Just_Send_Me_Word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Crimea</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span><i>The Europeans</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Story_of_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Story_of_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span><i>The Story of Russia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Story_of_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Film and television work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theatrical adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatrical_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanctions_by_Russian_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanctions_by_Russian_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sanctions by Russian government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanctions_by_Russian_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amazon_reviews_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazon_reviews_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Amazon reviews controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazon_reviews_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Prizes and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prizes_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Орландо Файджис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орландо Файджис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A1" title="אורלנדו פייג'יס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורלנדו פייג'יס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlandus_Figes" title="Orlandus Figes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orlandus Figes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اورلاندو فيجيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اورلاندو فيجيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BA" title="オーランドー・ファイジズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーランドー・ファイジズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Файджес, Орландо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Файджес, Орландо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Орландо Фајџиз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орландо Фајџиз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orlando Figes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF" title="奥兰多·费吉斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥兰多·费吉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q513285#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Orlando Figes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Orlando_Figes_Barcelona_2023_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Orlando_Figes_Barcelona_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Orlando_Figes_Barcelona_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Orlando_Figes_Barcelona_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Orlando_Figes_Barcelona_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Orlando_Figes_Barcelona_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Orlando_Figes_Barcelona_2023_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Figes in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Orlando Guy Figes</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1959-11-20</span>) </span>20 November 1959<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 65)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>United Kingdom</li><li>Germany</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Stephanie Palmer</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1990)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a> (BA)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> (PhD)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271899"><i>The Political Transformation of Peasant Russia: Peasant Soviets in the Middle Volga, 1917–1920</i></a> (1987)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral advisor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> (1984–1999)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College, University of London">Birkbeck College, University of London</a> (1999–2022)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Andrew Roberts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Tristram Hunt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_Wilson" title="Bee Wilson">Bee Wilson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_Harding_(journalist)" title="James Harding (journalist)">James Harding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Seghatchian" title="Tanya Seghatchian">Tanya Seghatchian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_Tragedy" title="A People's Tragedy">A People's Tragedy</a></i> (1996)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.com">www<wbr />.orlandofiges<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Orlando Guy Figes</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; born 20 November 1959)<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a British and German historian and writer. He was a professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck College, University of London</a>, where he was made Emeritus Professor on his retirement in 2022. </p><p>Figes is known for his works on Russian history, such as <i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_Tragedy" title="A People's Tragedy">A People's Tragedy</a></i> (1996), <i>Natasha's Dance</i> (2002), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Whisperers:_Private_Life_in_Stalin%27s_Russia" title="The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia">The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia</a></i> (2007), <i>Crimea</i> (2010) and <i>Just Send Me Word</i> (2012). <i>A People's Tragedy</i> is a study of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a>, and combines <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political history</a> with biographical details in a historical narrative. Figes has also contributed on European history more broadly with his book <i>The Europeans</i> (2019). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background_and_education">Family background and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>, London, on 20 November 1959, Figes is the son of John George Figes and the <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Eva_Figes" title="Eva Figes">Eva Figes</a>, whose Jewish family fled <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1939. The author and editor <a href="/wiki/Kate_Figes" title="Kate Figes">Kate Figes</a> was his elder sister.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father left the family when he was three.<sup id="cite_ref-OF-UK_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OF-UK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He attended <a href="/wiki/William_Ellis_School" title="William Ellis School">William Ellis School</a> in north London (1971–78) and studied History at <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>, where his teachers were <a href="/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)" title="Peter Burke (historian)">Peter Burke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OF-UK_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OF-UK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> graduating with a <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">double-starred first</a> in 1982. He wrote his undergraduate dissertation under Stone's guidance (with help from <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowman2007200_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowman2007200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) on '<a href="/wiki/Ludwig_B%C3%B6rne" title="Ludwig Börne">Ludwig Börne</a> and the Formation of a Radical Critique of Judaism' and published it as a journal article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute" title="Leo Baeck Institute">Leo Baeck Institute</a> Year Book</i> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-OF-UK_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OF-UK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He completed his PhD on 'The political transformation of peasant Russia: peasant Soviets in the Middle Volga, 1917–1920' under Norman Stone's supervision at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-CL_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OF-UK_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OF-UK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowman2007198_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowman2007198-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was his supervisor who suggested the shift of topic from German-Jewish philosophy to Russian peasant history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowman2007200_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowman2007200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also claimed to have taken inspiration from the work of <a href="/wiki/Teodor_Shanin" title="Teodor Shanin">Teodor Shanin</a> for his thesis, and received Shanin's recommendation to study with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Danilov_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viktor Danilov (historian) (page does not exist)">Viktor Danilov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA)" class="extiw" title="ru:Данилов, Виктор Петрович (историк)">ru</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Danilov helped him get "unprecedented" access to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> archives.<sup id="cite_ref-OF-UK_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OF-UK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figes was a Fellow of Trinity College from 1984 to 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-OF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed University Lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_History,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Faculty of History, University of Cambridge">Faculty of History, University of Cambridge</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowman2007198_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowman2007198-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His students at Cambridge included the historians <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Andrew Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristram_Hunt" title="Tristram Hunt">Tristram Hunt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Food_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Food writer">food writer</a> <a href="/wiki/Bee_Wilson" title="Bee Wilson">Bee Wilson</a>, the journalist <a href="/wiki/James_Harding_(journalist)" title="James Harding (journalist)">James Harding</a>, and the film producer <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Seghatchian" title="Tanya Seghatchian">Tanya Seghatchian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OF-UK_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OF-UK-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He succeeded <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> as Professor of History at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck College, University of London</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowman2007198_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowman2007198-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He announced his retirement from the post in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-KF_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KF-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He has served on the editorial board of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_History_(Brill_journal)" title="Russian History (Brill journal)">Russian History</a></i> since at least 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-RH11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RH24_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH24-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writes for the international press, broadcasts on television and radio, reviews for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, and is a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his career, he was involved in an international <a href="/wiki/Summer_school" title="Summer school">summer school</a> for history teachers in Russian universities organised by the <a href="/wiki/European_University_of_St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="European University of St Petersburg">European University of St Petersburg</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing">Writing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_on_the_Russian_Revolution">Works on the Russian Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works on the Russian Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figes's first three books were on the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a>. <i>Peasant Russia, Civil War</i> (1989) was a detailed study of the peasantry in the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> region during the Revolution and the Civil War (1917–21). Using village Soviet archives, Figes emphasised the autonomous nature of the agrarian revolution during 1917–18, showing how it developed according to traditional peasant notions of social justice independently of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> or other urban-based parties.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also demonstrated how the function of the rural <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> was transformed in the course of the Civil War as they were taken over by younger and more literate peasants and migrant townsmen, many of them veterans of the First World War or Red Army soldiers, who became the rural bureaucrats of the emerging Bolshevik regime. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_Tragedy" title="A People's Tragedy">A People's Tragedy</a></i> (1996) is a panoramic history of the Revolution from 1891 to the death of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in 1924. It combines social and political history and interweaves through the public narrative the personal stories of several representative figures, including <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Rasputin" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigory Rasputin">Grigory Rasputin</a>, the writer <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>, Prince <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Brusilov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Brusilov">Alexei Brusilov</a>, as well as unknown peasants and workers. Figes wrote that he had "tried to present the revolution not as a march of abstract social forces and ideologies but as a human event of complicated individual tragedies".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left-wing critics have represented Figes as a conservative because of his negative assessment of Lenin and his focus on the individual and "the random succession of chance events" rather than on the collective actions of the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have situated Figes among the so-called 'revisionist' historians of the Revolution who attempted to explain its political development in terms of social history.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement"><i>The</i> <i>Times Literary Supplement</i></a> listed <i>A People's Tragedy</i> as one of the "hundred most influential books since the war".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> named <i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_Tragedy" title="A People's Tragedy">A People's Tragedy</a></i> one of his 'top 100 books'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917</i> (1999), co-written with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boris_Kolonitskii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boris Kolonitskii (page does not exist)">Boris Kolonitskii</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Колоницкий, Борис Иванович">ru</a>]</span>, analyses the political language, revolutionary songs, visual symbols and historical ideas that animated the revolutionary crowds of 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Revolutionary Russia: 1891–1991</i> is a short introduction to the subject published as part of the relaunch of <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a> in the United Kingdom in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it Figes argues for the need to see the Russian Revolution in a longer time-frame than most historians have allowed. He states that his aim is 'to chart one hundred years of history as a single revolutionary cycle. In this telling the Revolution starts in the nineteenth century (and more specifically in 1891, when the public's reaction to the famine crisis set it for the first time on a collision course with the autocracy) and ends with the collapse of the Soviet regime in 1991.'<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natasha's_Dance_and_Russian_cultural_history"><span id="Natasha.27s_Dance_and_Russian_cultural_history"></span><i>Natasha's Dance</i> and Russian cultural history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Natasha's Dance and Russian cultural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published in 2002, <i>Natasha's Dance</i> is a broad cultural history of Russia from the building of <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> in the early eighteenth century. Taking its title from a scene in <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i>, where the young countess <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Rostova" title="Natasha Rostova">Natasha Rostova</a> intuitively dances a peasant dance, it explores the tensions between the European and folk elements of Russian culture, and examines how the myth of the "<a href="/wiki/Russian_soul" title="Russian soul">Russian soul</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Idea" title="Russian Idea">the idea of "Russianness"</a> itself have been expressed by Russian writers, artists, composers and philosophers. It received positive reviews amongst British press.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figes has also written essays on various Russian cultural figures, including <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokofiev" title="Sergei Prokofiev">Sergei Prokofiev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Platonov" title="Andrei Platonov">Andrei Platonov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 he wrote and presented a TV feature documentary for the BBC, <i>The Tsar's Last Picture Show</i>, about the pioneering colour photographer in Tsarist Russia <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokudin-Gorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Whisperers:_Private_Life_in_Stalin's_Russia"><span id="The_Whisperers:_Private_Life_in_Stalin.27s_Russia"></span><i>The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Whisperers:_Private_Life_in_Stalin%27s_Russia" title="The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia">The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia</a></div> <p>His book <i>The Whisperers</i> Figes followed the approach of <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a>. In partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Society">Memorial Society</a>, a human rights non-profit organization, Figes gathered several hundred private family archives from homes across Russia and carried out more than a thousand interviews with survivors as well as perpetrators of the Stalinist repressions.<sup id="cite_ref-RBME_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBME-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material is stored by Memorial in its Moscow, St Petersburg and <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a> offices, and a selection of the documents and interviews is available on Figes's personal website.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Translated into more than twenty languages,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Whisperers</i> was described by <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kurkov" title="Andrey Kurkov">Andrey Kurkov</a> as "one of the best literary monuments to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it Figes underlined the importance of oral testimonies for the recovery of the history of repression in the former Soviet Union. While conceding that, "like all memory, the testimony given in an interview is unreliable", he said that oral testimony "can be cross-examined and tested against other evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Whisperers</i> deals mainly with the impact of repression on private life. It examines the influence of the Soviet regime and its campaigns of terror on family relationships, emotions and beliefs, moral choices, issues of personal and social identity, and collective memory. According to Figes, 'the real power and lasting legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> system were neither in structures of the state, nor in the cult of the leader, but, as the Russian historian Mikhail Gefter once remarked, "in the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> that entered into all of us".'<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book includes a detailed study of the Soviet writer <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Simonov" title="Konstantin Simonov">Konstantin Simonov</a>, who became a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers" title="Union of Soviet Writers">Union of Soviet Writers</a> and a propagandist in the <a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">"anti-cosmopolitan" campaign</a> during Stalin's final years. Figes drew on the closed sections of Simonov's archive in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Archive_of_Literature_and_Art" title="Russian State Archive of Literature and Art">Russian State Archive of Literature and Art</a> and on the archives of the poet's wife and son to produce his study of this major Soviet establishment figure.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 December 2008, the St Petersburg offices of Memorial were raided by the police and the entire electronic archive, including the materials collected with Figes for <i>The Whisperers</i>, was confiscated by the authorities. Figes condemned the police raid, accusing the Russian authorities of trying to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">rehabilitate the Stalinist regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He organised an open protest letter to President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> and other Russian leaders, which was signed by several hundred leading academics from across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_on_Censorship_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index_on_Censorship-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several court hearings, the materials were finally returned to Memorial in May 2009. </p><p>Figes saw his first Russian translation contract for <i>The Whisperers</i> cancelled in March 2009 by publisher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Attikus_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attikus (publisher) (page does not exist)">Attikus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" class="extiw" title="ru:Азбука-Аттикус">ru</a>]</span>, who cited commercial reasons. Figes suggested that the book was "inconvenient" to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s government and that the real explanation for the refusal to publish lay in "political pressure".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RBME_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBME-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRSC_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRSC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second translation project was abandoned by the publisher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus (publisher) (page does not exist)">Corpus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus" class="extiw" title="ru:Corpus">ru</a>]</span> and the rights owner <a href="/wiki/Dynasty_Foundation" title="Dynasty Foundation">Dynasty Foundation</a> in 2010 after one of Memorial's researchers reported that she found <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronisms</a>, incorrect interpretations and factual errors in the book.<sup id="cite_ref-PRSC_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRSC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figes was notified of the decision in April 2011 in a letter which suggested that its publication would cause offence in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-RBME_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBME-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRSC_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRSC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figes offered to revise the book, but his offer was ignored. <sup id="cite_ref-RBME_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBME-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Just_Send_Me_Word"><i>Just Send Me Word</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Just Send Me Word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published in 2012, <i>Just Send Me Word</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a true story based on 1,246 letters smuggled in and out of the <a href="/wiki/Pechora" title="Pechora">Pechora</a> labour camp between 1946 and 1955 between Lev Mishchenko (a prisoner) and Svetlana Ivanova (his girlfriend in Moscow). There are 647 letters from Lev to Svetlana, and 599 from her to him. They form part of a family archive discovered by Memorial and delivered in three trunks to their Moscow offices in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letters are the largest known collection of private correspondence from the Gulag, according to Memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figes was given exclusive access to the letters and other parts of the archive, which is also based on interviews with the couple when they were in their nineties, and the archives of the labour camp itself. Figes raised the finance for the transcription of the letters, which are housed in Memorial's offices in Moscow and will become available to researchers in 2013. According to Figes, "Lev's letters are the only major real-time record of daily life in the Gulag that has ever come to light."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book tells the story of Lev and Svetlana who met as students in the Physics Faculty of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow University">Moscow University</a> in 1935. Separated by the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in 1941, when Lev was enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, they made contact in 1946, when he wrote from Pechora. Figes uses the letters to explore conditions in the labour camp and to tell the love story, ending in 1955 with Lev's release and marriage to Svetlana. The book documents five illegal trips made by Svetlana to visit Lev by smuggling herself into the labour camp. </p><p>Writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a> called <i>Just Send Me Word</i> "a unique contribution to Gulag scholarship as well as a study of the universal power of love".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several reviewers highlighted the book's literary qualities, pointing out that it 'reads like a novel'<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimea"><i>Crimea</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crimea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Crimea:_The_Last_Crusade" title="Crimea: The Last Crusade">Crimea: The Last Crusade</a></i> is a panoramic history of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> of 1853–56. Drawing extensively from Russian, French and Ottoman as well as British archives, it combines military, diplomatic, political and cultural history, examining how the war left a lasting mark on the national consciousness of Britain, France, Russia and Turkey. Figes sets the war in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a>, the diplomatic and political problems caused by the decay of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In particular, he emphasises the importance of the religious struggle between Russia as the defender of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> and France as the protector of the <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> in the Ottoman Empire. He frames the war within a longer history of religious conflict between Christians and Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, southern Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> that continues to this day. Figes stresses the religious motive of the Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> in his bold decision to go to war, arguing that Nicholas was swayed by the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slavs">Pan-Slavs</a> to invade <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and encourage Slav revolts against the Ottomans, despite his earlier adherence to the Legitimist principles of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>. He also shows how France and Britain were drawn into the war by popular ideas of <a href="/wiki/Russophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobia">Russophobia</a> that swept across Europe in the wake of the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848. As one reviewer wrote, Figes shows "how the cold war of the Soviet era froze over fundamental fault lines that had opened up in the 19th century."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Europeans"><i>The Europeans</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Europeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Europeans: Three Lives and the Making of a Cosmopolitan Culture</i> is a panoramic history of nineteenth-century European culture told through the biographies of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Viardot" title="Pauline Viardot">Pauline Viardot</a>, the opera singer, composer and salon hostess, her husband <a href="/wiki/Louis_Viardot" title="Louis Viardot">Louis Viardot</a>, an art expert and theatre manager, and the Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a>, who had a long love affair with Pauline Viardot and lived with the couple in a <i>ménage à trois</i> for over twenty years. They lived at various times in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>, London, Courtavenel and <a href="/wiki/Bougival" title="Bougival">Bougival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figes argues that the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">pan-European culture</a> formed through new technologies (especially the railways and lithographic printing), mass foreign travel, market forces, and the development of <a href="/wiki/International_copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="International copyright">international copyright</a>, enabling writers, artists and composers as well as their publishers to enter foreign markets through the growth of literary translations, touring companies and international publishing. In the continent as a whole, the arts thus became "a unifying force between nations" leading to the emergence of a modern European 'canon' so that, by 1900, "the same books were being read across the Continent, the same paintings reproduced, the same music played at home or heard in concert halls, and the same operas performed in all the major theatres of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Europeans</i> was published in the United Kingdom in September 2019 and received positive reviews by <a href="/wiki/William_Boyd_(writer)" title="William Boyd (writer)">William Boyd</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Christiansen" title="Rupert Christiansen">Rupert Christiansen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Story_of_Russia"><i>The Story of Russia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Story of Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figes published <i>The Story of Russia</i> in September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-KF_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KF-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is a general history of Russia from the earliest times to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. It focuses on the ideas and myths that have structured the Russians' understanding of their history, and explores what Figes calls the "structural continuities" of Russian history, such as the sacralisation of power and patrimonial autocracy. <i>The Guardian</i> described it as "An indispensable survey of more than 1,000 years of history [which] shows how myth and fact mix dangerously in the tales this crucial country tells about itself" <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reviewer in <i>The Spectator</i> called it "a saga of multi-millennial identity politics"; Figes argues that no other country has so often changed its origin story,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its "[h]istories continuously reconfigured and repurposed to suit its present needs and reimagine its future".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plays">Plays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2023 Figes's debut play, <i>The Oyster Problem</i>, was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Jermyn_Street_Theatre" title="Jermyn Street Theatre">Jermyn Street Theatre</a> in London. The play is about the financial crisis of the writer <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> in the last years of his life and the attempts of his literary friends, <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Zola" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Zola">Emile Zola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a>, to find him a sinecure. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Barrett_(actor)" title="Bob Barrett (actor)">Bob Barrett</a> played the part of Flaubert and Philip Wilson directed. <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everything Theatre described <i>The Oyster Problem</i> as "a remarkable pearl of a play; a patchwork of anecdotes that welcomes us into the private life of Gustave Flaubert and his literary contemporaries" <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_and_television_work">Film and television work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film and television work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figes has contributed frequently to radio and television broadcasts in the United Kingdom and around the world. In 1999 he wrote a six-part educational TV series on the history of Communism under the title <i>Red Chapters</i>. Produced by Opus Television and broadcast in the UK, the 25-minute films featured turning-points in the history of Soviet Russia, China, and Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 he wrote and presented a TV feature documentary for the BBC, <i>The Tsar's Last Picture Show</i>, about the pioneering colour photographer in Russia <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Prokudin-Gorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 he wrote and presented two 60-minute <a href="/wiki/Archive_Hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Hour">Archive Hour</a> programmes on radio entitled <i>Stalin's Silent People</i> which used recordings from his oral history project with Memorial that formed the basis of his book <i>The Whisperers</i>. The programmes are available on Figes's website.<sup id="cite_ref-figeswebsite_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figeswebsite-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figes was the historical consultant on the film <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina_(2012_film)" title="Anna Karenina (2012 film)">Anna Karenina</a></i> (2012), directed by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Wright" title="Joe Wright">Joe Wright</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jude_Law" title="Jude Law">Jude Law</a> with a screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anna_Karenina_cast_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anna_Karenina_cast-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also credited as the historical consultant on the 2016 BBC <i><a href="/wiki/War_%26_Peace_(2016_TV_series)" title="War & Peace (2016 TV series)">War & Peace</a></i> television series directed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Harper_(director)" title="Tom Harper (director)">Tom Harper</a> with a screenplay by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Davies_(writer)" title="Andrew Davies (writer)">Andrew Davies</a>. Interviewed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Telegraph">Sunday Telegraph</a></i>, Figes defended the series against criticism that it was "too Jane Austen" and "too English".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatrical_adaptations">Theatrical adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Theatrical adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figes's <i>The Whisperers</i> was adapted and performed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rupert_Wickham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rupert Wickham (page does not exist)">Rupert Wickham</a> as a one-man play, <i>Stalin's Favourite</i>. Based on Figes's portrayal of the writer <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Simonov" title="Konstantin Simonov">Konstantin Simonov</a>, the play was performed in London at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a> in November 2011<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the <a href="/wiki/Unicorn_Theatre" title="Unicorn Theatre">Unicorn Theatre</a> in January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanctions_by_Russian_government">Sanctions by Russian government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sanctions by Russian government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Figes has been critical of the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> government, in particular alleging that Putin has attempted to rehabilitate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and impose his own agenda on history-teaching in Russian schools and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He condemned the arrest by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Security Service (Russia)">FSB</a> of historian <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suprun" title="Mikhail Suprun">Mikhail Suprun</a> as part of a "Putinite campaign against freedom of historical research and expression".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2013, Figes wrote a long piece in the US journal <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a> demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> suggesting that a referendum on Ukraine's foreign policy and the country's possible partition might be a preferable alternative to the possibility of civil war and military intervention by Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2023, he said that Russia "needs to be completely defeated" in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>, "not just for Ukraine's sake, but for Russia's sake".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2024, Figes was <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War#Russian_counter-sanctions" title="International sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War">sanctioned</a> with denial of entry into Russia by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>'s government, together with other British academics and experts, for criticizing the war in Ukraine and allegedly demonizing Russia. <sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amazon_reviews_controversy">Amazon reviews controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Amazon reviews controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, Figes posted several pseudonymous reviews under the moniker "orlando-birkbeck" on the UK site of the online bookseller <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a>. The reviews criticised works by two other British historians of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Polonsky" title="Rachel Polonsky">Rachel Polonsky</a>, but praised other books, including one of his own. After initially denying that he wrote these reviews, Figes took full responsibility for them, apologized and agreed to pay for legal costs and damages to Polonsky and Service who launched a lawsuit against Figes.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRSC_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRSC-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marr" title="Andrew Marr">Andrew Marr</a> in 1997, Figes described himself as "a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> supporter and 'a bit of a <a href="/wiki/Blairism" title="Blairism">Tony Blair man</a>', though he confessed, when it came to the Russian revolution, to being mildly pro-<a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Menshevik</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Marr_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marr-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, when asked to comment on the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> among the student supporters of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a>, he expressed concern that British university textbooks were drawing a "moral equivalence" between the <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">economic achievements</a> of the Soviet Union and the "murder and destruction" of Stalinism.<sup id="cite_ref-DC_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, Figes married Stephanie Palmer, a senior lecturer in law at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> and barrister at <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Chambers" title="Blackstone Chambers">Blackstone Chambers</a>. They have two daughters. He divides his time between his homes in London and <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a> in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 February 2017, Figes become a <a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">German citizen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheEuropeans_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEuropeans-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes_and_honours">Prizes and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prizes and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize" title="Wolfson History Prize">Wolfson History Prize</a> <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924</i></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/WH_Smith_Literary_Award" title="WH Smith Literary Award">WH Smith Literary Award</a> <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924</i><sup id="cite_ref-Marr_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marr-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/NCR_Book_Award" title="NCR Book Award">NCR Book Award</a> <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924</i></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Longman-History_Today_Book_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Longman-History Today Book Prize">Longman-History Today Book Prize</a> <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924</i></li> <li>1997 – <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Book_Prize" title="Los Angeles Times Book Prize">Los Angeles Times Book Prize</a> <i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924</i></li> <li>2009 – Przeglad Wschodni Award <i>Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-figeswebsite_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-figeswebsite-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021 – Antonio Delgado Prize (Spain), <i>The Europeans: Three Lives and the Making of a Cosmopolitan Culture</i> <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2023, Figes was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Men%C3%A9ndez_Pelayo_International_University" title="Menéndez Pelayo International University">Menéndez Pelayo International University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peasantrussiaciv0000fige_e0x0">Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917–21</a></i>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>, 1989, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822169-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-822169-X">0-19-822169-X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_Tragedy" title="A People's Tragedy">A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924</a></i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7327-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7327-X">0-7126-7327-X</a></li> <li>with Boris Kolonitskii: <i>Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917</i>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08106-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08106-5">0-300-08106-5</a></li> <li><i>Natasha's Dance: A Cultural History of Russia</i>, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029796-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029796-0">0-14-029796-0</a></li> <li><i>The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia</i>, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1">978-0-8050-7461-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7461-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7461-9">0-8050-7461-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7461-1">978-0-8050-7461-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7461-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7461-9">0-8050-7461-9</a></li> <li><i>Crimea: The Last Crusade</i>, Allen Lane, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9704-0">978-0-7139-9704-0</a></li> <li><i>Just Send Me Word: A True Story of Love and Survival in the Gulag</i>, Metropolitan Books, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-9522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-9522-7">978-0-8050-9522-7</a></li> <li><i>Revolutionary Russia, 1891–1991</i>, Metropolitan Books, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805091311" title="Special:BookSources/9780805091311">9780805091311</a></li> <li><i>Revolutionary Russia, 1891–1991</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a>, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141043678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141043678">978-0141043678</a></li> <li><i>The Europeans: Three Lives and the Making of a Cosmopolitan Culture</i>, New York: Henry Holt and Co. 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781627792141" title="Special:BookSources/9781627792141">9781627792141</a></li> <li><i>The Story of Russia</i>, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526631749" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526631749">978-1526631749</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U15719">"Figes, Prof. Orlando Guy"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a></i>. A & C Black. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U15719">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U15719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Figes%2C+Prof.+Orlando+Guy&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U15719&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU15719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2012" class="citation news cs1">Tucker, Eva (7 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/sep/07/eva-figes">"Eva Figes obituary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eva+Figes+obituary&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Fsep%2F07%2Feva-figes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2019" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Hephzibah (26 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/26/books/kate-figes-dead.html">"Kate Figes, Feminist Author on Family Life, Dies at 62"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+Documentaries+%E2%80%93+The+Tsar%27s+Last+Picture+Show&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbbcfour%2Fdocumentaries%2Ffeatures%2Ftsars-show.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBME-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RBME_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBME_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBME_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RBME_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_BoothMiriam_Elder2012" class="citation news cs1">Robert Booth; <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Elder" title="Miriam Elder">Miriam Elder</a> (23 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830142832/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/23/orlando-figes-translation-russia">"Orlando Figes translation scrapped in Russia amid claims of inaccuracies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Orlando+Figes+translation+scrapped+in+Russia+amid+claims+of+inaccuracies&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.au=Robert+Booth&rft.au=Miriam+Elder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Fmay%2F23%2Forlando-figes-translation-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges" class="citation cs2">Figes, Orlando, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110313230604/http://www.orlandofiges.com/whisperers.php"><i>The Whisperers</i></a>, Orlando Figes (personal website), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.com/whisperers.php">the original</a> on 13 March 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whisperers&rft.pub=Orlando+Figes+%28personal+website%29&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandofiges.com%2Fwhisperers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges" class="citation cs2">Figes, Orlando, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004065919/http://www.orlandofiges.com/archiveIndex.php"><i>Archives</i></a>, Orlando Figes (personal website), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.com/archiveIndex.php">the original</a> on 4 October 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archives&rft.pub=Orlando+Figes+%28personal+website%29&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandofiges.com%2FarchiveIndex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges" class="citation cs2">Figes, Orlando, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204024845/http://www.orlandofiges.com/interviewIndex.php"><i>Interviews</i></a>, Orlando Figes (personal website), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.com/interviewIndex.php">the original</a> on 4 December 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interviews&rft.pub=Orlando+Figes+%28personal+website%29&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandofiges.com%2FinterviewIndex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His books have been translated into French, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Russian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Estonian, Latvian, Slovenian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Greek, Turkish, Hebrew, Georgian, Korean, Japanese and Chinese. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.com/orlando.php">"Orlando Figes [Author and Professor of Russian History]"</a>. Orlandofiges.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orlando+Figes+%5BAuthor+and+Professor+of+Russian+History%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Orlandofiges.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandofiges.com%2Forlando.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaaf" class="citation magazine cs1">Schaaf, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2007/12/stalin-russia-figes-soviet">"Secrets of the state"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+the+state&rft.aulast=Schaaf&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fbooks%2F2007%2F12%2Fstalin-russia-figes-soviet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Whisperers</i> (London, 2007), p. 636.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Figes, <i>The Whisperers</i>, p. xxxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Times Literary Supplement</i>, 8 February 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harding_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2008" class="citation news cs1">Harding, Luke (7 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130905091003/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/07/russian-police-seize-archive-repression">"British scholar rails at police seizure of anti-Stalin archive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/07/russian-police-seize-archive-repression">the original</a> on 5 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=British+scholar+rails+at+police+seizure+of+anti-Stalin+archive&rft.date=2008-12-07&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fdec%2F07%2Frussian-police-seize-archive-repression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Index_on_Censorship-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Index_on_Censorship_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2008" class="citation web cs1">Figes, Orlando (8 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2008/12/08/an-open-letter-to-president-medvedev">"Blog Archive – An open letter to President Medvedev"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Index_on_Censorship" title="Index on Censorship">Index on Censorship</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blog+Archive+%E2%80%93+An+open+letter+to+President+Medvedev&rft.pub=Index+on+Censorship&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexoncensorship.org%2F2008%2F12%2F08%2Fan-open-letter-to-president-medvedev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2009" class="citation cs2">Figes, Orlando (4 March 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082650/https://www.rferl.org/a/Trying_To_Bury_An_Inconvenient_History/1503708.html"><i>What's The Real Reason My Book on Stalin Isn't Being Published in Russia?</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/Trying_To_Bury_An_Inconvenient_History/1503708.html">the original</a> on 17 February 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+The+Real+Reason+My+Book+on+Stalin+Isn%27t+Being+Published+in+Russia%3F&rft.pub=RFE%2FRL&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2FTrying_To_Bury_An_Inconvenient_History%2F1503708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRSC-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRSC_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRSC_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRSC_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRSC_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddawayCohen2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Reddaway" title="Peter Reddaway">Reddaway, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Cohen" title="Stephen F. Cohen">Cohen, Stephen F.</a> (23 May 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905123156/http://www.thenation.com/article/orlando-figes-and-stalins-victims"><i>Orlando Figes and Stalin's Victims</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/orlando-figes-and-stalins-victims">the original</a> on 5 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orlando+Figes+and+Stalin%27s+Victims&rft.pub=The+Nation&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.aulast=Reddaway&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Stephen+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Forlando-figes-and-stalins-victims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The title of the book is taken from the poem "In Dream" by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Akhmatova" title="Anna Akhmatova">Anna Akhmatova</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/D.M._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="D.M. Thomas">D.M. Thomas</a>: "Black and enduring separation/I share equally with you/Why weep? Give me your hand/Promise to appear in a dream again./You and I are like two mountains/And in this world we cannot meet./Just send me word/At midnight sometime through the stars."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScammell" class="citation magazine cs1">Scammell, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2012/jun/21/love-against-all-odds">"Love Against All Odds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>. Nybooks.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Love+Against+All+Odds&rft.aulast=Scammell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2012%2Fjun%2F21%2Flove-against-all-odds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Note From Memorial" in <i>Just Send Me Word</i>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Figes, Orlando (July–August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704131447/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/20/dont_go_there?page=0,2">"Don't Go There: Chasing the dying memories of Soviet trauma"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/20/dont_go_there?page=0,2">the original</a> on 4 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Go+There%3A+Chasing+the+dying+memories+of+Soviet+trauma&rft.date=2011-07%2F2011-08&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F06%2F20%2Fdont_go_there%3Fpage%3D0%2C2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Sebag_Montefiore2012" class="citation web cs1">Simon Sebag Montefiore (26 May 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/3aff9d82-a4c3-11e1-9908-00144feabdc0.html#axzz221tVLpsB">"Labour of love"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221211221240/https://www.ft.com/content/3aff9d82-a4c3-11e1-9908-00144feabdc0#axzz221tVLpsB">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Labour+of+love&rft.date=2012-05-26&rft.au=Simon+Sebag+Montefiore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F3aff9d82-a4c3-11e1-9908-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz221tVLpsB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Phillips2012" class="citation web cs1">Timothy Phillips (25 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/arts/book/staying-alive-with-the-language-of-love-7788206.html">"Staying alive with the language of love - Life Style Books - Life & Style - London Evening Standard"</a>. <i>The Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Standard&rft.atitle=Staying+alive+with+the+language+of+love+-+Life+Style+Books+-+Life+%26+Style+-+London+Evening+Standard&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.au=Timothy+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Farts%2Fbook%2Fstaying-alive-with-the-language-of-love-7788206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/9272728/A-Page-in-the-Life-Orlando-Figes.html">"A Page in the Life: Orlando Figes"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=A+Page+in+the+Life%3A+Orlando+Figes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Fbookreviews%2F9272728%2FA-Page-in-the-Life-Orlando-Figes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus_Macqueen2010" class="citation news cs1">Angus Macqueen (10 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/10/crimea-last-crusade-figes-review">"Crimea: The Last Crusade by Orlando Figes – review"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Crimea%3A+The+Last+Crusade+by+Orlando+Figes+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2010-10-10&rft.au=Angus+Macqueen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Foct%2F10%2Fcrimea-last-crusade-figes-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2019" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (2019). <i>The Europeans: Three Lives and the Making of a Cosmopolitan Culture</i>. London: Allen Lane. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241004890" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241004890"><bdi>978-0241004890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Europeans%3A+Three+Lives+and+the+Making+of+a+Cosmopolitan+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0241004890&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinning2019" class="citation web cs1">Dinning, Rachel (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/modern/orlando-figes-transformation-europe-culture-europe-europeans-podcast/">"Orlando Figes on the transformation of Europe"</a>. <i>BBC History Extra</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=How+Putin+manipulated+history+to+help+Russians+feel+good+again&rft.date=2022-09-03&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fhow-putin-manipulated-history-to-help-russians-feel-good-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotation from the introduction. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall2022" class="citation news cs1">Kendall, Bridget (1 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/01/the-story-of-russia-by-orlando-figes-review-what-putin-sees-in-the-past">"The Story of Russia by Orlando Figes review – what Putin sees in the past"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Theatre&rft.atitle=National+Theatre+announce+new+Season+to+Jan+2012&rft.date=2016-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.londontheatre.co.uk%2Ftheatre-news%2Fnews%2Fnational-theatre-announce-new-season-to-jan-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicorntheatre.com/archive/2012">"Past Productions, 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicorn_Theatre" title="Unicorn Theatre">Unicorn Theatre</a>. 21 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Productions%2C+2012&rft.pub=Unicorn+Theatre&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicorntheatre.com%2Farchive%2F2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2007" class="citation web cs1">Figes, Orlando (29 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2007/11/russia-putin-soviet-power">"Vlad the Great"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Vlad+the+Great&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Flong-reads%2F2007%2F11%2Frussia-putin-soviet-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke_Harding2009" class="citation news cs1">Luke Harding (15 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/oct/15/russia-gulag-historian-arrested">"Russian historian arrested in clampdown on Stalin era"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russian+historian+arrested+in+clampdown+on+Stalin+era&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.au=Luke+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Foct%2F15%2Frussia-gulag-historian-arrested&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Figes, Orlando (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140560/orlando-figes/is-there-one-ukraine">"Is There One Ukraine?"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Is+There+One+Ukraine%3F&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F140560%2Forlando-figes%2Fis-there-one-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-war-defeat-civil-war/32457747.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We Want To Defeat Russia,' Says British Historian Figes, 'But We Don't Want To Push It Into Civil War And Chaos'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 13 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=%27We+Want+To+Defeat+Russia%2C%27+Says+British+Historian+Figes%2C+%27But+We+Don%27t+Want+To+Push+It+Into+Civil+War+And+Chaos%27&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-war-defeat-civil-war%2F32457747.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-slaps-sanctions-british-officials-academics-2024-02-12/">"Russia slaps sanctions on British officials, historians and academics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Russia+slaps+sanctions+on+British+officials%2C+historians+and+academics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-slaps-sanctions-british-officials-academics-2024-02-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240604032559/https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1931130/"><i>Foreign Ministry statement on personal sanctions on members of the UK military and political establishment as well as scientific and academic community</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation</a>, 12 February 2024, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1931130">the original</a> on 4 June 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Ministry+statement+on+personal+sanctions+on+members+of+the+UK+military+and+political+establishment+as+well+as+scientific+and+academic+community&rft.pub=The+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.date=2024-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmid.ru%2Fen%2Fforeign_policy%2Fnews%2F1931130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopping2010" class="citation cs2">Topping, Alexandra (16 July 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218035700/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/apr/23/historian-orlando-figes-amazon-reviews-rivals">"Historian Orlando Figes agrees to pay damages for fake reviews"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jul/16/orlando-figes-fake-amazon-reviews">the original</a> on 18 February 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Historian+Orlando+Figes+agrees+to+pay+damages+for+fake+reviews&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft.aulast=Topping&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Fjul%2F16%2Forlando-figes-fake-amazon-reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308205952/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10670407"><i>Orlando Figes to pay fake Amazon review damages</i></a>, BBC, 17 July 2010, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-10670407">the original</a> on 8 March 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orlando+Figes+to+pay+fake+Amazon+review+damages&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2010-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-10670407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleyard2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Appleyard" title="Bryan Appleyard">Appleyard, Bryan</a> (3 October 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/o-the-wild-charges-he-made-nk9vcqhdlb5">"O the Wild Charges He Made"</a>, <i>The Sunday Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=British+universities+accused+of+%27luring%27+millennials+towards+communism&rft.date=2018-01-18&rft.aulast=Cancian&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fbritish-universities-accused-luring-millennials-towards-communism-1655693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Orlando-Figes/e/B000APO9J8/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1">"Orlando Figes"</a>. <i>Amazon UK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon+UK&rft.atitle=Orlando+Figes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FOrlando-Figes%2Fe%2FB000APO9J8%2Fref%3Ddp_byline_cont_book_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheEuropeans-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheEuropeans_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComan2019" class="citation news cs1">Coman, Julian (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/sep/30/europeans-three-lives-making-of-cosmopolitan-culture-orlando-figes-review">"The Europeans by Orlando Figes review – a very continental menage a trois"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Europeans+by+Orlando+Figes+review+%E2%80%93+a+very+continental+menage+a+trois&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft.aulast=Coman&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Fsep%2F30%2Feuropeans-three-lives-making-of-cosmopolitan-culture-orlando-figes-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgae.es/es-ES/SitePages/EstaPasandoDetalleActualidad.aspx?i=7374&s=7&p=1">"Orlando Figes gana el Premio Antonio Delgado a la Divulgación de la Propiedad Intelectual"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orlando+Figes+gana+el+Premio+Antonio+Delgado+a+la+Divulgaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Propiedad+Intelectual&rft.pub=Sgae.es&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgae.es%2Fes-ES%2FSitePages%2FEstaPasandoDetalleActualidad.aspx%3Fi%3D7374%26s%3D7%26p%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828135136/https://www.uimp.es/portada-movil/orlando-figes-investido-doctor-honoris-causa-por-la-uimp.html">"Orlando Figes investido doctor honoris causa por la UIMP: 'Nos hemos equivocado con Rusia durante mucho tiempo'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.uimp.es</i> (in Spanish). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uimp.es&rft.atitle=Orlando+Figes+investido+doctor+honoris+causa+por+la+UIMP%3A+%27Nos+hemos+equivocado+con+Rusia+durante+mucho+tiempo%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uimp.es%2Fportada-movil%2Forlando-figes-investido-doctor-honoris-causa-por-la-uimp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.com">"Orlando Figes [Home]"</a>. Orlando Figes (personal website)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orlando+Figes+%5BHome%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Orlando+Figes+%28personal+website%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orlandofiges.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDammann2008" class="citation news cs1">Dammann, Guy (14 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/departments/history/story/0,,2290790,00.html">"Interview: Guy Dammann talks to Orlando Figes"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Guy+Dammann+talks+to+Orlando+Figes&rft.date=2008-07-14&rft.aulast=Dammann&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.guardian.co.uk%2Fdepartments%2Fhistory%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2290790%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowman2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Snowman" title="Daniel Snowman">Snowman, Daniel</a> (2007), "Orlando Figes", <i>Historians</i>, Basingstoke: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">198–</span>207, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-230-59997-0_19">10.1007/978-0-230-59997-0_19</a> (inactive 1 November 2024), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-54191-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-54191-1"><bdi>978-1-349-54191-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orlando+Figes&rft.btitle=Historians&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-230-59997-0_19&rft.isbn=978-1-349-54191-1&rft.aulast=Snowman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrlando+Figes" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Figes&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Orlando_Figes" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.info">Figes's free educational website on the Russian Revolution and Soviet history</a>, May 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.com">Figes's website with oral history materials</a>, September 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.co.uk">new Figes website</a>, September 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0276540/">Orlando Figes</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/figes-petersburg.shtml">BBC Four presenter interview</a>, May 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/hist_figes_05_hope.html">PBS filmed interviews with Figes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031943/https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/historian/hist_figes_05_hope.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/44510818">Video presentation by Figes of Just Send Me Word</a>, 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/20/dont_go_there">Figes on 20 years since the fall of Communism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021015436/https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/06/20/dont_go_there">Archived</a> 21 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9982824&fsrc=RSS">Stalin's children</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, October 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/books/review/Rubenstein-t.html">Sunday Book Review</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, November 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17376494">NPR Interview</a>, December 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/14/AR2008021402182.html">The Destruction of Memory</a>, <i>Washington Post</i>, February 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookbuffet.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/news.article/article_ID/54B47FAF-A9C8-4E06-811C31A29CDF70D6/index.cfm">Podcast of Figes</a> speaking at the Samuel Johnson short-listed author event about "Whisperers", London (2008) BookBuffet.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.nybooks.com/041309-figes.mp3">Podcast of Figes 'On the Politics of Russian History'</a>, April 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/authors/9410">Figes author page and article archive</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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History Prize Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolfson_History_Prize_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolfson History Prize Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winners_of_the_Wolfson_History_Prize70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Winners of the <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize" title="Wolfson History Prize">Wolfson History Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard_(historian)" title="Michael Howard (historian)">Michael Howard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Keith Thomas</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._L._Warren" title="W. L. Warren">W. L. Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Moses Finley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Zeldin" title="Theodore Zeldin">Theodore Zeldin</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Donaldson" title="Frances Donaldson">Frances Donaldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olwen_Hufton" title="Olwen Hufton">Olwen Hufton</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobb" title="Richard Cobb">Richard Cobb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary Soames</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._J._W._Evans" title="R. J. W. Evans">R. J. W. Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">F. S. L. Lyons</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Burrow" title="J. W. Burrow">J. W. Burrow</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McManners" title="John McManners">John McManners</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rose" title="Kenneth Rose">Kenneth Rose</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Keen" title="Maurice Keen">Maurice Keen</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davenport-Hines" title="Richard Davenport-Hines">Richard Davenport-Hines</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">John Grigg</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Elliott" title="J. H. Elliott">J. H. Elliott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Jonathan Israel</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rees_Davies" title="Rees Davies">Rees Davies</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pemble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pemble (page does not exist)">John Pemble</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize#Notes" title="Wolfson History Prize"><i>no award</i></a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Paul Kennedy</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Fletcher" title="Richard A. Fletcher">Richard A. Fletcher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_Watt" title="Donald Cameron Watt">Donald Cameron Watt</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Platt" title="Colin Platt">Colin Platt</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bossy" title="John Bossy">John Bossy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Alan Bullock</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Colley" title="Linda Colley">Linda Colley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Robert Bartlett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harvey" title="Barbara Harvey">Barbara Harvey</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_MacCarthy" title="Fiona MacCarthy">Fiona MacCarthy</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_C._G._R%C3%B6hl" title="John C. G. Röhl">John C. G. Röhl</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">H. C. G. Matthew</a> (1996)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orlando Figes</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brewer_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Brewer (historian) (page does not exist)">John Brewer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hollis,_Baroness_Hollis_of_Heigham" title="Patricia Hollis, Baroness Hollis of Heigham">Patricia Hollis</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Vickery" title="Amanda Vickery">Amanda Vickery</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Bourke" title="Joanna Bourke">Joanna Bourke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Andrew Roberts</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Roy Porter</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(historian)" title="Jerry White (historian)">Jerry White</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple" title="William Dalrymple">William Dalrymple</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gildea" title="Robert Gildea">Robert Gildea</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harris" title="Frances Harris">Frances Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Jackson_(historian)" title="Julian Jackson (historian)">Julian Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Reynolds_(historian)" title="David Reynolds (historian)">David Reynolds</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Welch" title="Evelyn Welch">Evelyn Welch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wickham" title="Chris Wickham">Chris Wickham</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Christopher Clark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vic_Gatrell" title="Vic Gatrell">Vic Gatrell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Darwin_(historian)" title="John Darwin (historian)">John Darwin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hill" title="Rosemary Hill">Rosemary Hill</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._McGowan" title="Margaret M. McGowan">Margaret M. McGowan</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lieven" title="Dominic Lieven">Dominic Lieven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption" title="Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption">Jonathan Sumption</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harris_(historian)" title="Ruth Harris (historian)">Ruth Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Thomas_(anthropologist)" title="Nicholas Thomas (anthropologist)">Nicholas Thomas</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Harries" title="Susie Harries">Susie Harries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Walsham" title="Alexandra Walsham">Alexandra Walsham</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brigden" title="Susan Brigden">Susan Brigden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duggan" title="Christopher Duggan">Christopher Duggan</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Broodbank" title="Cyprian Broodbank">Cyprian Broodbank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Merridale" title="Catherine Merridale">Catherine Merridale</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vinen" title="Richard Vinen">Richard Vinen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Watson_(historian)" title="Alexander Watson (historian)">Alexander Watson</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Wachsmann" title="Nikolaus Wachsmann">Nikolaus Wachsmann</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Hamel" title="Christopher de Hamel">Christopher de Hamel</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(historian)" title="Peter Marshall (historian)">Peter Marshall</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Mary Fulbrook</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">David Abulafia</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Hazareesingh" title="Sudhir Hazareesingh">Sudhir Hazareesingh</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Jackson" title="Clare Jackson">Clare Jackson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halik_Kochanski" title="Halik Kochanski">Halik Kochanski</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513285#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513285#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513285#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114520427">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/92926708">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHFvP8rJGTBXvqp9FxjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120452766">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88217827">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12181265n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12181265n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01229905">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Figes, Orlando"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V017619">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35623296">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20001227572&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1530925">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1471003">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073449520">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90629615">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000154139&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000218754&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=264118">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201325449">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt7bgzrf06hcx2x">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810642021305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261176305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058608636606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14574051">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04053370?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_120452766">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120452766">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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