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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques and special equipment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques_and_special_equipment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques and special equipment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques_and_special_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrared_filters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_filters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Infrared filters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_filters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Focusing_infrared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focusing_infrared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Focusing 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id="toc-Black-and-white_infrared_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color_infrared_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_infrared_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Color infrared film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_infrared_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digital cameras</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Digital_cameras-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Digital cameras subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Digital_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hot_mirror_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hot_mirror_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hot mirror removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hot_mirror_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Post-processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_and_specific_implementations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_and_specific_implementations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications and specific implementations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications_and_specific_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Infrared photography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="تصوير بالأشعة تحت الحمراء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصوير بالأشعة تحت الحمراء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_infraroja" title="Fotografia infraroja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotografia infraroja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra%C4%8Derven%C3%A1_fotografie" title="Infračervená fotografie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Infračervená fotografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrarotfotografie" title="Infrarotfotografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Infrarotfotografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soojuspilt" title="Soojuspilt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Soojuspilt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_infrarroja" title="Fotografía infrarroja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotografía infrarroja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="عکاسی فروسرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عکاسی فروسرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographie_infrarouge" title="Photographie infrarouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Photographie infrarouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grianghrafad%C3%B3ireacht_infridhearg" title="Grianghrafadóireacht infridhearg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grianghrafadóireacht infridhearg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ինֆրակարմիր լուսանկարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինֆրակարմիր լուսանկարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_inframerah" title="Fotografi inframerah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotografi inframerah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_inframerah" title="Fotografi inframerah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fotografi inframerah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Инфрақызыл фотосурет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инфрақызыл фотосурет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroutfotografie" title="Infraroutfotografie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Infraroutfotografie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrav%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_f%C3%A9nyk%C3%A9pez%C3%A9s" title="Infravörös fényképezés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Infravörös fényképezés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraroodfotografie" title="Infraroodfotografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Infraroodfotografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F" title="赤外線写真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤外線写真" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraqizil_fotografiya" title="Infraqizil fotografiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Infraqizil fotografiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2mera_de_infravermelho" title="Câmera de infravermelho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câmera de infravermelho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Инфракрасная фотография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инфракрасная фотография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra%C4%8Derven%C3%A1_fotografia" title="Infračervená fotografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Infračervená fotografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mp%C3%B6kuvaus" title="Lämpökuvaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lämpökuvaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrar%C3%B6d_fotografering" title="Infraröd fotografering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Infraröd fotografering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BF" title="ఇన్ఫ్రారెడ్ ఫోటోగ్రఫి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇన్ఫ్రారెడ్ ఫోటోగ్రఫి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C3%B6tesi_foto%C4%9Fraf" title="Kızılötesi fotoğraf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kızılötesi fotoğraf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Інфрачервона фотографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інфрачервона фотографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q852632#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 10em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:115%;"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_process" title="Alternative process">Alternative<br />photography</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_Cream_Dreams,_by_Chris_Marchant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ice_Cream_Dreams%2C_by_Chris_Marchant.jpg/120px-Ice_Cream_Dreams%2C_by_Chris_Marchant.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ice_Cream_Dreams%2C_by_Chris_Marchant.jpg/180px-Ice_Cream_Dreams%2C_by_Chris_Marchant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ice_Cream_Dreams%2C_by_Chris_Marchant.jpg/240px-Ice_Cream_Dreams%2C_by_Chris_Marchant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Print_Process#Bromoil_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Print Process">Bromoil process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_exposure" class="mw-redirect" title="Double exposure">Double exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_bichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum bichromate">Gum bichromate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_print_process" title="Oil print process">Oil print process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">Pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_print" title="Platinum print">Platinum process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprocket_hole_photography" title="Sprocket hole photography">Sprocket hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Viewfinder_photography" title="Through the Viewfinder photography">Through the Viewfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_photography" title="Template:Alternative photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_photography" title="Template talk:Alternative photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <b>infrared photography</b>, the <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> used is sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light. The part of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">spectrum</a> used is referred to as near-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal imaging">thermal imaging</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">Wavelengths</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> range from about 700 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a> to about 900 nm. Film is usually sensitive to visible light too, so an infrared-passing filter is used; this lets infrared (IR) light pass through to the camera, but blocks all or most of the visible light spectrum; these filters thus look black (opaque) or deep red.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When these <a href="/wiki/Band-pass_filter" title="Band-pass filter">filters</a> are used together with infrared-sensitive film or sensors, "<a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">in-camera effects</a>" can be obtained; <a href="/wiki/False-color" class="mw-redirect" title="False-color">false-color</a> or <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> images with a dreamlike or sometimes lurid appearance known as the "Wood Effect," an effect mainly caused by foliage (such as tree leaves and grass) strongly reflecting infrared in the same way visible light is reflected from snow.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a small contribution from chlorophyll <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>, but this is marginal and is not the real cause of the brightness seen in infrared photographs. The effect is named after the infrared photography pioneer <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a>, and not after the material wood, which does not strongly reflect infrared. </p><p>The other attributes of infrared photographs include very dark skies and penetration of atmospheric haze, caused by reduced <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mie_scattering" title="Mie scattering">Mie scattering</a>, respectively, compared to visible light. The dark skies, in turn, result in less infrared light in shadows and dark reflections of those skies from water, and clouds will stand out strongly. These wavelengths also penetrate a few millimeters into skin and give a milky look to portraits, although eyes often look black. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Infrared imaging examples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_example_IR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tree photographed using the near infrared range."><img alt="A tree photographed using the near infrared range." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tree_example_IR.jpg/200px-Tree_example_IR.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tree_example_IR.jpg/300px-Tree_example_IR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tree_example_IR.jpg/400px-Tree_example_IR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tree photographed using the near <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> range.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_example_VIS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="For comparison, the same tree photographed using the visible part of the spectrum"><img alt="For comparison, the same tree photographed using the visible part of the spectrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tree_example_VIS.jpg/200px-Tree_example_VIS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tree_example_VIS.jpg/300px-Tree_example_VIS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tree_example_VIS.jpg/400px-Tree_example_VIS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">For comparison, the same tree photographed using the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible part of the spectrum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minnesota_Lock_and_Dam_1_006-062-02-1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="False-color infrared image of the Mississippi River crossed by a bridge and a dam, between red foliage on left, and blue parking lots and buildings on right"><img alt="False-color infrared image of the Mississippi River crossed by a bridge and a dam, between red foliage on left, and blue parking lots and buildings on right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Minnesota_Lock_and_Dam_1_006-062-02-1994.jpg/151px-Minnesota_Lock_and_Dam_1_006-062-02-1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Minnesota_Lock_and_Dam_1_006-062-02-1994.jpg/227px-Minnesota_Lock_and_Dam_1_006-062-02-1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Minnesota_Lock_and_Dam_1_006-062-02-1994.jpg/303px-Minnesota_Lock_and_Dam_1_006-062-02-1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="921" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">False-color infrared image of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> crossed by a bridge and a dam, between red foliage on left, and blue parking lots and buildings on right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_Spectrum_vs_IR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visible and infrared (900 nm LP) aerial photography of Old Hickory Lake, Tennessee. Taken from a passenger airplane within seconds apart using a Sony H-9 Digital camera."><img alt="Visible and infrared (900 nm LP) aerial photography of Old Hickory Lake, Tennessee. Taken from a passenger airplane within seconds apart using a Sony H-9 Digital camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Visible_Spectrum_vs_IR.jpg/200px-Visible_Spectrum_vs_IR.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Visible_Spectrum_vs_IR.jpg/300px-Visible_Spectrum_vs_IR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Visible_Spectrum_vs_IR.jpg/400px-Visible_Spectrum_vs_IR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3984" data-file-height="1493" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Visible and infrared (900 nm LP) aerial photography of <a href="/wiki/Old_Hickory_Lake" title="Old Hickory Lake">Old Hickory Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>. Taken from a passenger airplane within seconds apart using a <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> H-9 Digital camera.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bnb_train_2_bnw.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A near-infrared photograph of a Ringling Brothers' circus train idling near MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts"><img alt="A near-infrared photograph of a Ringling Brothers' circus train idling near MIT in Cambridge, Massachusetts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bnb_train_2_bnw.jpg/182px-Bnb_train_2_bnw.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bnb_train_2_bnw.jpg/273px-Bnb_train_2_bnw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bnb_train_2_bnw.jpg/364px-Bnb_train_2_bnw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A near-infrared photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Ringling_Bros._and_Barnum_%26_Bailey_Circus" title="Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus">Ringling Brothers</a>' circus train idling near <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Until the early 20th century, infrared photography was not possible because <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> emulsions are not sensitive to longer wavelengths than that of blue light (and to a lesser extent, green light) without the addition of a dye to act as a color sensitizer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first infrared photographs (as distinct from spectrographs) to be published appeared in the February 1910 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Century_Magazine" title="The Century Magazine">The Century Magazine</a></i> and in the October 1910 edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society" title="Royal Photographic Society">Royal Photographic Society</a> Journal</i> to illustrate papers by <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Wood" title="Robert W. Wood">Robert W. Wood</a>, who discovered the unusual effects that now bear his name.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RPS co-ordinated events to celebrate the centenary of this event in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wood's photographs were taken on experimental film that required very long exposures; thus, most of his work focused on landscapes. A further set of infrared landscapes taken by Wood in Italy in 1911 used plates provided for him by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Mees" title="Kenneth Mees">C. E. K. Mees</a> at <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wratten" title="Frederick Wratten">Wratten</a> & Wainwright. Mees also took a few infrared photographs in Portugal in 1910, which are now in the Kodak archives. </p><p>Infrared-sensitive photographic plates were developed in the United States during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> for spectroscopic analysis, and infrared sensitizing dyes were investigated for improved haze penetration in aerial photography.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1930, new emulsions from Kodak and other manufacturers became useful to <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">infrared astronomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/220px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/330px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg/440px-Are_You_Experienced_-_US_cover-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Album_cover" title="Album cover">Album cover</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Are_You_Experienced" title="Are You Experienced">Are You Experienced</a></i> (1967) by <a href="/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jimi Hendrix Experience">The Jimi Hendrix Experience</a>; the photographer captured the trio with a <a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye lens</a> on color infrared film</figcaption></figure> <p>Infrared photography became popular with photography enthusiasts in the 1930s when suitable film was introduced commercially. <i>The Times</i> regularly published landscape and aerial photographs taken by their staff photographers using <a href="/wiki/Ilford_Photo" title="Ilford Photo">Ilford</a> infrared film. By 1937, 33 kinds of infrared film were available from five manufacturers including <a href="/wiki/Agfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agfa">Agfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> and Ilford.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrared movie film was also available and was used to create <a href="/wiki/Day-for-night" class="mw-redirect" title="Day-for-night">day-for-night</a> effects in motion pictures. A notable example being the pseudo-night aerial sequences in the James Cagney/Bette Davis movie, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_Came_C.O.D." title="The Bride Came C.O.D.">The Bride Came C.O.D.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>False-color infrared photography became widely practiced with the introduction of Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Aero Film and Ektachrome Infrared EIR. The first version of this, known as Kodacolor Aero-Reversal-Film, was developed by Clark and others at the Kodak for camouflage detection in the 1940s. The EIR film became more widely available in 35mm form in the 1960s but has been since discontinued. </p><p>Infrared photography became popular with a number of 1960s recording artists, because of the unusual results; <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donovan" title="Donovan">Donovan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> all issued albums with infrared cover photos. The unexpected colors and effects that infrared film can produce fit well with the <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelic</a> aesthetic that emerged in the late 1960s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques_and_special_equipment">Techniques and special equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Techniques and special equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrared_filters">Infrared filters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Infrared filters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg/220px-IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg/330px-IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg/440px-IR_filters_01_Pengo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Infrared-Pass Filters</figcaption></figure> <p>Infrared light lies between the visible and microwave portions of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. Infrared light has a range of wavelengths, just like visible light has wavelengths that range from red light to violet. "Near infrared" light is closest in wavelength to visible light, ranging from approximately 700 to 5000 nm and "far infrared" is closer to the microwave region of the electromagnetic <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>, ranging from approximately 25 to 350 <a href="/wiki/Micron" class="mw-redirect" title="Micron">μm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longer, far infrared wavelengths are about the size of a pin head and the shorter, near infrared ones are the size of cells, or are microscopic. </p><p>Historically, black-and-white infrared films are sensitive to near infrared wavelengths shorter than approximately 860 nm, and retain significant sensitivity to blue wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3, 5, 21">: 3, 5, 21 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White95_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White95-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infrared-passing filters are used in black-and-white infrared photography to block blue wavelengths and limit the photograph to infrared wavelengths only. Without filters, infrared negative films look much like conventional negative films because the blue sensitivity lowers the contrast and effectively counteracts the infrared look of the film.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark39_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark39-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> Typically, a red filter (<a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten</a> #25) is recommended as the best compromise, which removes blue wavelengths while still passing enough visible light for focusing.<sup id="cite_ref-White95_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White95-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark39_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark39-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:80%;text-align:center;width:5em;"> <caption>Wratten IR filter nos.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Kodak70_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak70-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35, 64–66, 81">: 35, 64–66, 81 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">No.</a></th> <th>50% (nm)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#f90;"> <td>15</td> <td>530 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f20;"> <td>21</td> <td>560 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f00;color:#fff;"> <td>23A</td> <td>580 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d00;color:#fff;"> <td>25</td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#a00;color:#fff;"> <td>29</td> <td>620 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#600;color:#fff;"> <td>70</td> <td>675 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#400;color:#fff;"> <td>89B</td> <td>720 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#200;color:#fff;"> <td>88</td> <td>735 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#200;color:#fff;"> <td>72B</td> <td>740 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>88A</td> <td>750 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>87</td> <td>795 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>87C</td> <td>850 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>87B</td> <td>930 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#000;color:#fff;"> <td>87A</td> <td>1050 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some photographers use orange or red filters to allow slight amounts of blue wavelengths to reach the film, and thus lower the contrast. The majority of black-and-white infrared art, landscape, and <a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">wedding photography</a> is done using orange (Wratten #15 or 21), red (#23, 25, or 29) or visually opaque (#72)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> filters over the lens to block the blue visible light from the exposure. Very dark-red (#29) filters block out almost all blue, and visually opaque (#70, 89b, 87c, 72) filters block out all blue and also visible red wavelengths, resulting in a more pure-infrared photo with a more pronounced contrast. </p><p>Instead of the Wratten number, some manufacturers embed the transition or cutoff wavelength in the name of the filter. For example, Hoya markets the R72 (720 nm cutoff, 750 nm 50% transition)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and RM90 (900 nm cutoff) filters for infrared photography.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> B+W (<a href="/wiki/Schneider_Kreuznach" title="Schneider Kreuznach">Schneider Kreuznach</a>) and Heliopan sell filters using glass sourced from <a href="/wiki/Schott_AG" title="Schott AG">Schott AG</a>, including types RG695 (695 nm transition, considered approximately equivalent to Wratten #89B), RG715 (715 nm, #88A), RG780 (780 nm, #87), RG830, RG850, and RG1000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26, 38">: 26, 38 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focusing_infrared">Focusing infrared</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Focusing infrared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AiS_Nikkor_85mm-2.0_(3116699202).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AiS_Nikkor_85mm-2.0_%283116699202%29.jpg/220px-AiS_Nikkor_85mm-2.0_%283116699202%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AiS_Nikkor_85mm-2.0_%283116699202%29.jpg/330px-AiS_Nikkor_85mm-2.0_%283116699202%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AiS_Nikkor_85mm-2.0_%283116699202%29.jpg/440px-AiS_Nikkor_85mm-2.0_%283116699202%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2573" data-file-height="2573" /></a><figcaption>Nikon lens for <a href="/wiki/Nikon_F_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon F mount">Nikon F mount</a>; the infrared index mark is the small red dot under one yellow hash mark for hyperfocal range at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1263863036">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Manual_focus" title="Manual focus">manual focus</a> lenses for 35 mm <a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">single-lens reflex cameras</a> (SLR) and <a href="/wiki/Medium_format_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium format (film)">medium format</a> SLR have a red dot, line or diamond, often with a red "R" called the infrared index mark, which can be used to achieve proper infrared focus; many autofocus lenses no longer have this mark. For these lenses, after visual focus is achieved for the intended subject, the distance indicated by the visual focusing mark is then re-set to the infrared index mark.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without refocusing, a sharp infrared photograph can be taken by proper hyperfocal settings, which generally requires a tripod, a narrow aperture (like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span>);<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> however, wider apertures like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/2.0</span> can produce sharp photos when the lens is meticulously refocused to the infrared index mark, and only if this index mark is the correct one for the filter and film in use. <a href="/wiki/Airy_disk" title="Airy disk">Diffraction</a> effects inside a camera are greater at infrared wavelengths so that stopping down the lens too far may actually reduce sharpness. </p><p>Some lens manufacturers such as <a href="/wiki/Leica_Camera" title="Leica Camera">Leica</a> never put IR index marks on their lenses. The reason for this is that any index mark is only valid for one particular IR filter and film combination, and may lead to user error. Even when using lenses with index marks, focus testing is advisable as there may be a large difference between the index mark and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subject_plane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subject plane (page does not exist)">subject plane</a>. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Apochromat" title="Apochromat">apochromatic</a> ('APO') lenses do not have an Infrared index mark and do not need to be refocused for the <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectrum</a> because they are already optically corrected into the near-infrared spectrum. <a href="/wiki/Catadioptric" class="mw-redirect" title="Catadioptric">Catadioptric</a> lenses do not often require this adjustment because their <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirror</a> containing elements do not suffer from <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">chromatic aberration</a> and so the overall aberration is comparably less. <a href="/wiki/Catadioptric" class="mw-redirect" title="Catadioptric">Catadioptric</a> lenses do, of course, still contain lenses, and these lenses do still have a dispersive property. </p><p>When a SLR camera is fitted with a filter that is opaque to visible light, the reflex system becomes useless for both framing and focusing, one must compose the picture without the filter and then attach the filter. This requires the use of a tripod to prevent the composition from changing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">Zoom lenses</a> may scatter more light through their more complicated optical systems than <a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime lenses</a>, that is, lenses of fixed focal length; for example, an infrared photo taken with a 50 mm prime lens may have more contrast than the same image taken at 50 mm with a 28–80 zoom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_cameras">Film cameras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Film cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fogged_hienegs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Fogged_hienegs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>Infrared negatives fogged by the frame counter of a <a href="/wiki/Minolta_Maxxum_4" title="Minolta Maxxum 4">Minolta Maxxum 4</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many conventional cameras can be used for near-infrared photography, where the portion of the infrared is light of a wavelength only slightly longer than that of visible light. Photography of the far-infrared spectrum with longer wavelengths is called <a href="/wiki/Thermography" title="Thermography">thermography</a> and requires special equipment. </p><p>With some patience and ingenuity, most film cameras can be used. However, some cameras of the 1990s that used <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">35mm film</a> have infrared sprocket-hole sensors that can fog infrared film (their manuals may warn against the use of infrared film for this reason). Other film cameras are not completely opaque to infrared light. </p><p>Arguably the greatest obstacle to infrared film photography has been the difficulty of obtaining infrared-sensitive film. Kodak typically manufactured just one or two batches of infrared films per year.<sup id="cite_ref-White95_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White95-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Begleiter02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> In addition, the popularity of digital photography has pushed film manufacturers to discontinue niche film products, including infrared-sensitive films. The discontinuance of Konica Infrared 750 (2006),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kodak High-Speed Infrared (2007),<sup id="cite_ref-KodakPR2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KodakPR2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Efke" title="Efke">Efke</a> IR820 Aura (2012) has now narrowed the selection for <a href="/wiki/Black_and_White_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and White Photography">black and white</a> infrared film to Agfa Aviphot films, made for areal photography.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These films are not available directly to consumers and must be purchased in large quantities and non-consumer formats. This film is often bought by large companies and sold in consumer quantities and formats under different brands, such as Rollei Infrared 400 film.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black-and-white_infrared_film">Black-and-white infrared film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Black-and-white infrared film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black-and-white infrared negative films are sensitive to wavelengths in the 700 to 900 nm <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared spectroscopy">near infrared spectrum</a>, and most also have an inherent sensitivity to blue light wavelengths.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37–38">: 37–38 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kodak_High-Speed_Infrared" title="Kodak High-Speed Infrared">Kodak High-Speed Infrared</a> (HIE), which produced <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negatives</a> for photographic prints, was one of the most common black-and-white infrared films used. Because HIE was so prevalent, black-and-white infrared photographs have been associated with a notable halation effect or glow often seen in the highlights, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Soft_focus" title="Soft focus">soft focus</a> effect of uncorrected <a href="/wiki/Spherical_aberration" title="Spherical aberration">spherical aberration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harnischmacher-2008_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnischmacher-2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> This halation is an artifact of the clear polyester <a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">film base</a> used for HIE and not inherent to infrared photography; it is caused by the absence of an <a href="/wiki/Anti-halation_backing" title="Anti-halation backing">anti-halation layer</a> on the back side of Kodak HIE film, which results in a scattering or blooming around the highlights that would usually be absorbed by the anti-halation layer in conventional films. In addition, the clear backing means that Kodak HIE must only be loaded and unloaded in total darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-F13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-F13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudin-house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Rudin-house.jpg/550px-Rudin-house.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Rudin-house.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudin_House" title="Walter Rudin House">Rudin House</a>: panchromatic film on the left, infrared on the right</figcaption></figure> <p>Infrared black-and-white films require special development times but exposed film can be processed using standard black-and-white <a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">photographic developers</a> and chemicals, including D-76;<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-F13_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-F13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> the choice of chemical may affect the characteristic exposure/density curve.<sup id="cite_ref-White95_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White95-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–47">: 44–47 </span></sup> Kodak HIE film has a <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> film base that is very stable but extremely easy to scratch, therefore special care must be used in the handling of Kodak HIE throughout the development and printing/scanning process to avoid damage to the film. </p><p>Kodak HIE was sensitive to 900 nm. Other infrared black-and-white films include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert" title="Agfa-Gevaert">Agfa</a> Aviphot (sensitive to approximately 770 nm) Widely available in most formats, such as <a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">135 film</a>, <a href="/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">120 film</a>, and sheets by larger resellers (such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rolleifilm.com/">Rollei</a> as 80S, 400S and IR 400) and individuals. Occasionally <a href="/wiki/220_film" class="mw-redirect" title="220 film">220 film</a>, 70mm film, and other formats not sold at scale may be available from individual sellers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fotokemika/Efke IR 820 (also sensitive to approximately 800 nm)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilford_Photo" title="Ilford Photo">Ilford</a> SFX 200 ("extended" sensitivity in the near-infrared range to 740 nm)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Konica Infrared 750 (sensitive to approximately 800 nm)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_infrared_film">Color infrared film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Color infrared film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodak_Ektachrome_IE_135-20_Infrared_Slide_Film.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kodak_Ektachrome_IE_135-20_Infrared_Slide_Film.jpg/220px-Kodak_Ektachrome_IE_135-20_Infrared_Slide_Film.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kodak_Ektachrome_IE_135-20_Infrared_Slide_Film.jpg/330px-Kodak_Ektachrome_IE_135-20_Infrared_Slide_Film.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kodak_Ektachrome_IE_135-20_Infrared_Slide_Film.jpg/440px-Kodak_Ektachrome_IE_135-20_Infrared_Slide_Film.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Color 35mm Color Film (expired in the 1970s)</figcaption></figure> <p>Like HIE, the most commonly used infrared color <a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">reversal film</a>, also called transparency or slide film, was manufactured by Kodak and sold as Ektachrome Infrared (EIR), under code 2236, packaged as a 36-exposure roll; in addition, Kodak made EIR in bulk lengths (for the motion picture industry) and the similar Aerochrome III Infrared for aerial photography (codes 1443 and SO-734).<sup id="cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Begleiter02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> EIR originally was developed during World War II as a means to detect camouflaged objects, taking advantage of the difference in infrared reflectance between plants and green paint,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was adopted by the military and scientific communities after the war. It was not marketed to consumers until the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Begleiter02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12–13">: 12–13 </span></sup> To improve camouflage paint, companies began incorporating infrared-reflecting materials.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Color <a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">reversal film</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-6_step_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/E-6_step_01.svg/200px-E-6_step_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/E-6_step_01.svg/300px-E-6_step_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/E-6_step_01.svg/400px-E-6_step_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">During exposure, light selectively sensitizes each of the three wavelength-sensitive layers; an internal blue-blocking filter is used to prevent false sensitization of the red- and green-sensitive layers</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E-6_step_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/E-6_step_05.svg/200px-E-6_step_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/E-6_step_05.svg/300px-E-6_step_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/E-6_step_05.svg/400px-E-6_step_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">After <a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 development process</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive color</a> negative layers</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The structure of all color reversal films (both standard and infrared-sensitive) contains at least three separate <a href="/wiki/Densitometry" title="Densitometry">photosensitive</a> layers. Each layer is specifically sensitized to respond to a different set of wavelengths; for instance, a standard color reversal film has red-, green-, and blue-sensitive layers.<sup id="cite_ref-Z119-1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Z119-1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the modern <a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a> of development, grains of <a href="/wiki/Silver_halide" title="Silver halide">silver halide</a> that were sensitized by the appropriate wavelengths of light in each layer react with a <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> agent to form metallic silver particles. The unexposed grains are then sensitized chemically during a second development step and produce oxidized developer, which react with <a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">dye coupler</a> compounds embedded in the film <a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> layers to form negative images in various color <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, respective to how the silver halide was originally sensitized for each layer. </p><p>In conventional color films, the topmost (blue-sensitive) layer gets exposed to light prior to the green- and red-sensitive layers stacked behind it. Since the green- and red-sensitive layers also retain an inherent sensitivity to blue light, a yellow filter layer is placed behind the blue-sensitive layer, in front of the green and red-sensitive layers. This serves to minimize undesired passthrough of shorter wavelengths that are not supposed to expose the bottom layers. </p><p>During development, each emulsion layer forms a negative image in the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive color</a> (cyan-magenta-yellow): the blue-sensitive layer forms a yellow-dyed ("minus-blue") negative image, the green-sensitive layer forms a magenta-dyed negative image, and the red-sensitive layer forms a cyan-dyed negative image. When the slide is viewed or projected by passing white light through these stacked layers, the visible wavelengths are filtered correspondingly with the reversed colors. For example, blue light will result in no yellow dye formation in the blue-sensitive layer, but cyan and magenta dye will form in the red- and green-sensitive layers. By projecting white light through the combined layers, blue is produced: cyan (aka negative-red) removes red and passes blue and green, and magenta (aka negative-green) removes green and passes blue and red; when these layers are stacked, only blue light is passed. </p><p>Since silver halides are sensitive to wavelengths of light outside of the visible range of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, longer wavelengths corresponding with infrared light can be captured by using suitable dyes. Without specialized dyes, silver halides are only sensitive to a wavelength shorter than around 450 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"> <caption>Comparison of color <a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">reversal film</a> structure (<a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Conventional<sup id="cite_ref-Z119-1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Z119-1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="7">  </td> <th colspan="4">Infrared<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-ti-2323_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-ti-2323-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Layer</th> <th>Present</th> <th>Final dye color </th> <th>Final dye color</th> <th>Present</th> <th>Layer </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ffa;">Yellow filter (external) </th> <td>Not used</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>During exposure </td> <th style="background:#ffa;">Yellow filter (external) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#00f;color:#fff;">Blue-sensitive </th> <td>Present</td> <td style="background:#ff0;">Yellow </td> <td style="background:#0ff;">Cyan</td> <td>Present </td> <th style="background:#f00;color:#fff;">IR-sensitive </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ffa;">Yellow filter (internal) </th> <td>Present</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Carey_Lea" title="Mathew Carey Lea">Carey Lea silver</a>, bleached clear </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>Not present </td> <th style="background:#ffa;">Yellow filter (internal) </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#0a0;color:#fff;">Green-sensitive </th> <td>Present</td> <td style="background:#f0f;">Magenta </td> <td style="background:#ff0;">Yellow</td> <td>Present </td> <th style="background:#00f;color:#fff;">Green-sensitive layer </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f00;color:#fff;">Red-sensitive </th> <td>Present</td> <td style="background:#0ff;">Cyan </td> <td style="background:#f0f;">Magenta</td> <td>Present </td> <th style="background:#0a0;color:#fff;">Red-sensitive </th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Color infrared <a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">reversal film</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_E-6_step_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/IR_E-6_step_01.svg/200px-IR_E-6_step_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/IR_E-6_step_01.svg/300px-IR_E-6_step_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/IR_E-6_step_01.svg/400px-IR_E-6_step_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">During exposure, light selectively sensitizes each of the three wavelength-sensitive layers; an external blue-blocking filter is used</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_E-6_step_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/IR_E-6_step_05.svg/200px-IR_E-6_step_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/IR_E-6_step_05.svg/300px-IR_E-6_step_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/IR_E-6_step_05.svg/400px-IR_E-6_step_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">After development, with <a href="/wiki/False-color" class="mw-redirect" title="False-color">false-color</a> remapping</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Color infrared reversal films share a similar three-layer emulsion structure with conventional color reversal films, with the blue-sensitive layer replaced by an infrared-sensitive layer, and different dyes used for each of the layers.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-ti-2323_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-ti-2323-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An external yellow <a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">photographic filter</a> is used (<a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten</a> #12 or equivalent) to block the blue and violet wavelengths, which results in a false-color image by translating or remapping the captured spectrum (from green through infrared) to the visible spectrum: Infrared wavelengths are mapped to the red color, even though the infrared wavelengths are not normally visible. Similarly, visible red wavelengths are remapped to green, and visible green band wavelengths are remapped to blue. The filter and color remapping means visible blue and violet wavelengths are not captured. The infrared-sensitive layer will form cyan dyes (negative-red), while the green-sensitive layer will form yellow dyes (negative-blue) and the red-sensitive layer will form magenta dyes (negative-green).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The external yellow filter is used because each emulsion layer in color films (both conventional and infrared) has an inherent sensitivity for short-wavelength radiation (blue and violet visible wavelengths of light) due to the silver halide chemistry. Since there is no blue-sensitive layer, color infrared films also omit the internal yellow filter layer built into conventional color films to protect the following layers. This requires photographers to use an external blue-blocking filter to absorb blue and violet wavelengths of light, which gives the filter a yellow color. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">'False-color' (remapped) infrared film examples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollywood_Hills_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Hollywood Hills. Kodak Infrared color slide film, no filter used and developed with E-6 process"><img alt="View of the Hollywood Hills. Kodak Infrared color slide film, no filter used and developed with E-6 process" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hollywood_Hills_California.jpg/225px-Hollywood_Hills_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hollywood_Hills_California.jpg/338px-Hollywood_Hills_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hollywood_Hills_California.jpg/450px-Hollywood_Hills_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="2896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the Hollywood Hills. Kodak Infrared color slide film, no filter used and developed with <a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_infrared_SFOSEAYYZ-tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of color infrared"><img alt="An example of color infrared" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Color_infrared_SFOSEAYYZ-tree.jpg/225px-Color_infrared_SFOSEAYYZ-tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Color_infrared_SFOSEAYYZ-tree.jpg/338px-Color_infrared_SFOSEAYYZ-tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Color_infrared_SFOSEAYYZ-tree.jpg/450px-Color_infrared_SFOSEAYYZ-tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of color infrared</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BClmen,_L%C3%BCdinghauser_Tor_--_1981_--_0011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lüdinghauser Tor in Dülmen (1981); remapped false color represents infrared wavelengths (as reflected by foliage) as shades of red"><img alt="Lüdinghauser Tor in Dülmen (1981); remapped false color represents infrared wavelengths (as reflected by foliage) as shades of red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/D%C3%BClmen%2C_L%C3%BCdinghauser_Tor_--_1981_--_0011.jpg/225px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_L%C3%BCdinghauser_Tor_--_1981_--_0011.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/D%C3%BClmen%2C_L%C3%BCdinghauser_Tor_--_1981_--_0011.jpg/338px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_L%C3%BCdinghauser_Tor_--_1981_--_0011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/D%C3%BClmen%2C_L%C3%BCdinghauser_Tor_--_1981_--_0011.jpg/450px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_L%C3%BCdinghauser_Tor_--_1981_--_0011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lüdinghauser Tor in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BClmen" title="Dülmen">Dülmen</a> (1981); remapped false color represents infrared wavelengths (as reflected by foliage) as shades of red</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribeira_da_Janela_Valley_on_Madeira_Island,_view_from_Levada,_Infrared_False-Color_Film_(10-79.c).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ribiera da Janela Valley on Madeira Island, using Kodak EIR (2003)"><img alt="Ribiera da Janela Valley on Madeira Island, using Kodak EIR (2003)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ribeira_da_Janela_Valley_on_Madeira_Island%2C_view_from_Levada%2C_Infrared_False-Color_Film_%2810-79.c%29.jpg/225px-Ribeira_da_Janela_Valley_on_Madeira_Island%2C_view_from_Levada%2C_Infrared_False-Color_Film_%2810-79.c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ribeira_da_Janela_Valley_on_Madeira_Island%2C_view_from_Levada%2C_Infrared_False-Color_Film_%2810-79.c%29.jpg/338px-Ribeira_da_Janela_Valley_on_Madeira_Island%2C_view_from_Levada%2C_Infrared_False-Color_Film_%2810-79.c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ribeira_da_Janela_Valley_on_Madeira_Island%2C_view_from_Levada%2C_Infrared_False-Color_Film_%2810-79.c%29.jpg/450px-Ribeira_da_Janela_Valley_on_Madeira_Island%2C_view_from_Levada%2C_Infrared_False-Color_Film_%2810-79.c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="979" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ribiera da Janela Valley on <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Island" title="Madeira Island">Madeira Island</a>, using Kodak EIR (2003)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluebeard%27s_Castle,_St_Thomas_1980,_Infra_Red_Film_Analog.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bluebeard's Castle, Charlotte Amalie (1980)"><img alt="Bluebeard's Castle, Charlotte Amalie (1980)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bluebeard%27s_Castle%2C_St_Thomas_1980%2C_Infra_Red_Film_Analog.jpg/100px-Bluebeard%27s_Castle%2C_St_Thomas_1980%2C_Infra_Red_Film_Analog.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bluebeard%27s_Castle%2C_St_Thomas_1980%2C_Infra_Red_Film_Analog.jpg/150px-Bluebeard%27s_Castle%2C_St_Thomas_1980%2C_Infra_Red_Film_Analog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bluebeard%27s_Castle%2C_St_Thomas_1980%2C_Infra_Red_Film_Analog.jpg/200px-Bluebeard%27s_Castle%2C_St_Thomas_1980%2C_Infra_Red_Film_Analog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bluebeard's Castle, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands">Charlotte Amalie</a> (1980)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Early color infrared films were developed in the older <a href="/wiki/E-4_process" title="E-4 process">E-4 process</a>, but Kodak later manufactured a color transparency film that could be developed in standard <a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6</a> chemistry, although more accurate results were obtained by developing using the AR-5 process.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like HIE, EIR uses a clear polyester film base and must be loaded in complete darkness. In general, color infrared does not need to be refocused to the infrared index mark on the lens.<sup id="cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Begleiter02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> </p><p>Kodak EIR loses its infrared sensitivity as it ages, giving photographs a cyan cast, as fewer grains in the infrared-sensitive (cyan-forming) layer will be sensitized.<sup id="cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Begleiter02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 59">: 59 </span></sup> Anecdotally, EIR is most sensitive up to approximately 21 days after purchase, and stabilizes at a decreased sensitivity thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Begleiter02-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26">: 26 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kodak discontinued production of HIE Infrared 35 mm film at the end of 2007, stating that, "Demand for these products has been declining significantly in recent years, and it is no longer practical to continue to manufacture given the low volume, the age of the product formulations and the complexity of the processes involved."<sup id="cite_ref-KodakPR2007_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KodakPR2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kodak-F13_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak-F13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time it was discontinued, HIE Infrared 135-36 was available at a street price of around $12.00 a roll at US mail order outlets. </p><p>Also in 2007, Kodak announced that production of the 35 mm version of their color infrared film (Ektachrome Professional Infrared/EIR) would cease as there was insufficient demand. </p><p>In 2008, Los Angeles photographer, Dean Bennici started cutting and hand rolling Aerochrome color Infrared film. All Aerochrome medium and large format which exists today came directly from his lab. The trend in infrared photography continues to gain momentum with the success of photographer Richard Mosse and multiple users all around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2011, all formats of color infrared film have been discontinued. Specifically, Aerochrome 1443 and SO-734. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_cameras">Digital cameras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Digital cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Digital infrared photograph examples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montreal-in-infrared.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view in infrared of Montréal as seen from Mont Royal, taken with filter made of a floppy disk"><img alt="A view in infrared of Montréal as seen from Mont Royal, taken with filter made of a floppy disk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Montreal-in-infrared.jpg/225px-Montreal-in-infrared.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Montreal-in-infrared.jpg/338px-Montreal-in-infrared.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Montreal-in-infrared.jpg/450px-Montreal-in-infrared.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3661" data-file-height="2441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view in infrared of <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a> as seen from <a href="/wiki/Mont_Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Royal">Mont Royal</a>, taken with filter made of a <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SD10_IR_Bending_Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bending Cypress: infrared shot by Sigma SD10 with B+W 093 filter, ISO 100, f/8, 1/160 s"><img alt="Bending Cypress: infrared shot by Sigma SD10 with B+W 093 filter, ISO 100, f/8, 1/160 s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/SD10_IR_Bending_Tree.jpg/225px-SD10_IR_Bending_Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/SD10_IR_Bending_Tree.jpg/338px-SD10_IR_Bending_Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/SD10_IR_Bending_Tree.jpg/450px-SD10_IR_Bending_Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bending Cypress: infrared shot by <a href="/wiki/Sigma_SD10" title="Sigma SD10">Sigma SD10</a> with B+W 093 filter, ISO 100, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/8</span>, 1/160 s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Succulents_in_a_CT_Greenhouse_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Digital infrared using a 50mm lens, D810 and the program Exposure. Infrared photography typically produces false-color artifacts, such as turning greens into pinks and purples as shown in this example."><img alt="Digital infrared using a 50mm lens, D810 and the program Exposure. Infrared photography typically produces false-color artifacts, such as turning greens into pinks and purples as shown in this example." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Succulents_in_a_CT_Greenhouse_II.jpg/150px-Succulents_in_a_CT_Greenhouse_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Succulents_in_a_CT_Greenhouse_II.jpg/225px-Succulents_in_a_CT_Greenhouse_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Succulents_in_a_CT_Greenhouse_II.jpg/300px-Succulents_in_a_CT_Greenhouse_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Digital infrared using a 50mm lens, D810 and the program Exposure. Infrared photography typically produces <a href="/wiki/False-color" class="mw-redirect" title="False-color">false-color</a> artifacts, such as turning greens into pinks and purples as shown in this example.</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> sensors are inherently sensitive to infrared light,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could interfere with normal photography by confusing the <a href="/wiki/Autofocus" title="Autofocus">autofocus</a> calculations, because infrared light wavelengths may focus at a different point than visible light wavelengths, or by softening the image, if the red channel becomes oversaturated. Also, some clothing is transparent in the infrared, leading to unintended (at least to the manufacturer) uses of <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video cameras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nightshot_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nightshot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, to improve image quality and protect privacy, many digital cameras have infrared <a href="/wiki/Filter_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (optics)">blockers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hot_mirror" title="Hot mirror">hot mirrors</a> installed in front of their sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the subject matter, adding a infrared-passing filter to the lens may not be practical with these cameras because the exposure times become overly long, often in the range of 30 seconds, creating <a href="/wiki/Noise_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise (physics)">noise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motion_blur" title="Motion blur">motion blur</a> in the final image. However, for some subject matter the long exposure does not matter or the motion blur effects actually add to the image. Some lenses will also show a 'hot spot' in the center of the image as their <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">coatings</a> are optimized for visible light and not for IR. </p><p>There is no currently available digital camera that will directly produce the same results as Kodak color infrared film although equivalent images can be produced using a full spectrum converted infrared digital camera and a Kolari Vision Color IR Chrome lens filter.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar effects can be achieved by taking two exposures, one infrared and the other full-color, and combining in <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a>. A yellow (minus-blue) filter can also be used, which produces a single image that can also be post-processed to emulate the Ektachrome look.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The color images produced by digital still cameras using infrared-pass filters are not equivalent to those produced on color infrared film. The colors result from varying amounts of infrared passing through the color filters on the photo sites, further amended by the Bayer filtering. While this makes such images unsuitable for the kind of applications for which the film was used, such as remote sensing of plant health, the resulting color tonality has proved popular artistically. </p><p>Color digital infrared, as part of <a href="/wiki/Full_spectrum_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Full spectrum photography">full spectrum photography</a> is gaining popularity. The ease of creating a softly colored photo with infrared characteristics has found interest among hobbyists and professionals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hot_mirror_removal">Hot mirror removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hot mirror removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Lawrence_infrared.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/St_Lawrence_infrared.jpg/220px-St_Lawrence_infrared.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/St_Lawrence_infrared.jpg/330px-St_Lawrence_infrared.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/St_Lawrence_infrared.jpg/440px-St_Lawrence_infrared.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2974" data-file-height="1982" /></a><figcaption>An example of color digital infrared photography. The camera's infrared blocking filter has been removed. Red and blue channels have been swapped for more conventional sky color.</figcaption></figure> <p>One method of infrared photography using digital cameras is to remove the infrared blocker in front of the sensor and replace it with a glass cover that either removes or restricts visible light (infrared-only conversion) or one that passes infrared wavelengths ("full spectrum" conversion). This filter is behind the mirror of <a href="/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLRs</a>, so the camera can be used normally - handheld, normal shutter speeds, normal composition through the viewfinder, and focus, all work like a normal camera. Metering works but is not always accurate because of the difference between visible and infrared refraction.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the IR blocker is removed, many lenses which did display a hotspot cease to do so, and become perfectly usable for infrared photography. Additionally, because the red, green and blue micro-filters remain and have transmissions not only in their respective color but also in the infrared, enhanced infrared color may be recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filters</a> in most digital cameras may also absorb a significant fraction of the infrared light, converted cameras are sometimes not very sensitive to infrared wavelengths and can sometimes produce false colors in the images. An alternative approach is to use a <a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a>, which does not have absorptive filters on it; the <a href="/wiki/Sigma_SD10" title="Sigma SD10">Sigma SD10</a> DSLR has a removable IR blocking filter and dust protector, which can be simply omitted or replaced by a deep red or complete visible light blocking filter. The <a href="/wiki/Sigma_SD14" title="Sigma SD14">Sigma SD14</a> has an IR/UV blocking filter that can be removed/installed without tools. The result is a very sensitive digital IR camera.<sup id="cite_ref-Harnischmacher-2008_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harnischmacher-2008-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p><p>While it is common to use a filter that blocks almost all visible light, the wavelength sensitivity of a digital camera without internal infrared blocking is such that a variety of artistic results can be obtained with more conventional filtration. For example, a very dark neutral density filter can be used (such as the Hoya ND400) which passes a very small amount of visible light compared to the near-infrared it allows through. Wider filtration permits an SLR viewfinder to be used and also passes more varied color information to the sensor without necessarily reducing the Wood effect. Wider filtration is however likely to reduce other infrared artefacts such as haze penetration and darkened skies. This technique mirrors the methods used by infrared film photographers where black-and-white infrared film was often used with a deep red filter rather than a visually opaque one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-processing">Post-processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another common technique with near-infrared filters is to swap blue and red channels in software (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a>) which retains much of the characteristic 'white foliage' while rendering skies a glorious blue.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phase_One_(company)" title="Phase One (company)">Phase One</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">digital camera backs</a> can be ordered in an infrared modified form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_and_specific_implementations">Applications and specific implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Applications and specific implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Digital infrared applications</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_at_Rufford_Abbey,_Nottinghamshire,_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of the use of infrared photography in aerial archaeology to delineate sub-surface features"><img alt="An example of the use of infrared photography in aerial archaeology to delineate sub-surface features" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_at_Rufford_Abbey%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK.jpg/112px-Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_at_Rufford_Abbey%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_at_Rufford_Abbey%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK.jpg/169px-Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_at_Rufford_Abbey%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_at_Rufford_Abbey%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK.jpg/225px-Near_infra-red_kite_aerial_photo_at_Rufford_Abbey%2C_Nottinghamshire%2C_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of the use of infrared photography in aerial archaeology to delineate sub-surface features</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Series_2009_Five_Dollar_Bill_in_Infrared.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The reverse of the United States five-dollar bill has two rectangular strips that are blanked out when viewed in the infrared spectrum, as seen in this image taken by an infrared camera."><img alt="The reverse of the United States five-dollar bill has two rectangular strips that are blanked out when viewed in the infrared spectrum, as seen in this image taken by an infrared camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Series_2009_Five_Dollar_Bill_in_Infrared.jpg/200px-Series_2009_Five_Dollar_Bill_in_Infrared.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Series_2009_Five_Dollar_Bill_in_Infrared.jpg/300px-Series_2009_Five_Dollar_Bill_in_Infrared.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Series_2009_Five_Dollar_Bill_in_Infrared.jpg/400px-Series_2009_Five_Dollar_Bill_in_Infrared.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="1587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The reverse of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">United States five-dollar bill</a> has two rectangular strips that are blanked out when viewed in the infrared spectrum, as seen in this image taken by an infrared camera.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooktop_Ceran_IR.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nightshot infrared photography of a stove with 600 nm red-filter and polarizing filter at daylight"><img alt="Nightshot infrared photography of a stove with 600 nm red-filter and polarizing filter at daylight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cooktop_Ceran_IR.JPG/200px-Cooktop_Ceran_IR.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cooktop_Ceran_IR.JPG/300px-Cooktop_Ceran_IR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cooktop_Ceran_IR.JPG/400px-Cooktop_Ceran_IR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nightshot infrared photography of a stove with 600 nm red-filter and polarizing filter at daylight</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Coffee_Shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thermographic image of coffee cup"><img alt="Thermographic image of coffee cup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Wikipedia_Coffee_Shot.jpg/200px-Wikipedia_Coffee_Shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Wikipedia_Coffee_Shot.jpg/300px-Wikipedia_Coffee_Shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Wikipedia_Coffee_Shot.jpg/400px-Wikipedia_Coffee_Shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thermographic image of coffee cup</div> </li> </ul> <p>The health of foliage can be determined from the relative strengths of green and infrared light reflected using color infrared film; this shows in color infrared as a shift from red (healthy) towards magenta (unhealthy). </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> cameras had a feature branded as Night Shot, which physically moves the blocking filter away from the light path, making the cameras very sensitive to infrared light. Soon after its development, this facility was 'restricted' by Sony to make it difficult for people to take photos that saw through clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-nightshot_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nightshot-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To do this the iris is opened fully and exposure duration is limited to long times of more than 1/30 second or so. It is possible to shoot infrared but neutral density filters must be used to reduce the camera's sensitivity and the long exposure times mean that care must be taken to avoid camera-shake artifacts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji</a> have produced digital cameras for use in <a href="/wiki/Forensic" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensic">forensic</a> criminology and medicine which have no infrared blocking filter. The first camera, designated the S3 PRO UVIR, also had extended <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> sensitivity (digital sensors are usually less sensitive to UV than to IR). Optimum UV sensitivity requires special lenses, but ordinary lenses usually work well for IR. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">FujiFilm</a> introduced a new version of this camera, based on the Nikon D200/ FujiFilm S5 called the <a href="/wiki/FinePix_IS_Pro" title="FinePix IS Pro">IS Pro</a>, also able to take Nikon lenses. Fuji had earlier introduced a non-SLR infrared camera, the IS-1, a modified version of the FujiFilm <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fujifilm_FinePix_cameras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Fujifilm FinePix cameras (page does not exist)">FinePix</a> S9100. Unlike the S3 PRO UVIR, the IS-1 does not offer UV sensitivity. FujiFilm restricts the sale of these cameras to professional users with their <a href="/wiki/EULA" class="mw-redirect" title="EULA">EULA</a> specifically prohibiting "unethical photographic conduct".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">thermographic cameras</a> are sensitive to longer wavelengths of infrared (see <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectrum#Commonly_used_sub-division_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared spectrum">Infrared spectrum § Commonly used sub-division scheme</a>). They may be <a href="/wiki/Multispectral" class="mw-redirect" title="Multispectral">multispectral</a> and use a variety of technologies which may not resemble common camera or filter designs. Cameras sensitive to longer infrared wavelengths including those used in <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">infrared astronomy</a> often require cooling to reduce thermally induced dark currents in the sensor (see <a href="/wiki/Dark_current_(physics)" title="Dark current (physics)">Dark current (physics)</a>). Lower cost uncooled thermographic digital cameras operate in the Long Wave infrared band (see <a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera#Uncooled_infrared_detectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a>). These cameras are generally used for building inspection or preventative maintenance but can be used for artistic pursuits as well, such as this image of a cup of coffee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FinePix_IS_Pro" title="FinePix IS Pro">FinePix IS Pro</a> – Digital single lens reflex camera</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome photography</a> – Photography in which every point in the image has the same hue but different intensity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet photography</a> – Photographic process using UV radiation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "infrared filter" can be used to refer two types of filters: either a <i>high-pass filter</i> for infrared photography which blocks wavelengths of light lower than a certain value, allowing infrared to pass, or a <i>low-pass filter</i> that blocks infrared and higher wavelengths but passes visible wavelengths. To distinguish the two types, the low-pass filter is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Hot_mirror" title="Hot mirror">hot mirror</a> instead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Wood Effect results from the transparency of chlorophyll at wavelengths over 500 nm allowing light to be reflected within the plant cells. Normally the effect is invisible because so much green light is reflected by the foliage but it is possible to see the effect, albeit dimly, with the naked eye by looking through a 720 nm filter (or similar) on a sunny day and allowing your eye to adjust to the low light.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The approximate transition wavelength where the filter achieves 50% transmission; longer wavelengths are passed, while lower wavelengths are absorbed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to its high-pass spectral characteristics, Wratten #72B has an additional transmission notch, peaking at approximately 10% in the red-orange band, centered on 600 nm.<sup id="cite_ref-Kodak70_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kodak70-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is because HIE lacks anti-halation layers and has a completely transparent base rather than being directly due to infrared sensitivity. Film usually has a slightly fogged base and anti-halation layers coated on it in order to stop light reflections in the substrate while the film is being exposed. Light can enter film through the tail protruding from a 35mm canister and without a fogged base it will be <a href="/wiki/Light_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Light pipe">piped</a> into the film and expose it. Without an anti-halation layer, any light entering the substrate through the emulsion will be reflected back and forth inside the film, becoming diffuse as it travels and causing halation. HIE lacked a fogged base and anti-halation layers for two reasons: sensitivity is increased by allowing light to reflect back and forth and it was difficult to find any way of treating the film that would be effective at infrared wavelengths.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheresources.com/photochem.shtml">"Chemistry of Photography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Photography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheresources.com%2Fphotochem.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Wood1910" class="citation journal cs1">Robert W. Wood (February 1910). "A New Departure in Photography". <i>The Century Magazine</i>. <b>79</b> (4). The Century Company: <span class="nowrap">565–</span>572.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Century+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+New+Departure+in+Photography&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E565-%3C%2Fspan%3E572&rft.date=1910-02&rft.au=Robert+W.+Wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Wood1910" class="citation journal cs1">Robert W. Wood (October 1910). "Photography By Invisible Rays". <i>The Photographic Journal</i>. <b>50</b> (10). Royal Photographic Society: <span class="nowrap">329–</span>338.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Photographic+Journal&rft.atitle=Photography+By+Invisible+Rays&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=1910-10&rft.au=Robert+W.+Wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112155531/http://msp.rmit.edu.au/Article_04/06.html">"Pioneers of Invisible Radiation Photography – Professor Robert Williams Wood"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msp.rmit.edu.au/Article_04/06.html">the original</a> on 12 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Invisible+Radiation+Photography+%E2%80%93+Professor+Robert+Williams+Wood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsp.rmit.edu.au%2FArticle_04%2F06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"100 Years of Infrared". <i>The RPS Journal</i>. <b>148</b> (10). Royal Photographic Society: 571. December 2008 – January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RPS+Journal&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+Infrared&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=571&rft.date=2008-12%2F2009-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1GLcdK98HwC&pg=PA114"><i>Annual Report of the Director Bureau of Standards to the Secretary of Commerce for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1919</i></a>. United States Government Printing Office, United States National Bureau of Standards. 1919. pp. <span class="nowrap">115–</span>119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Director+Bureau+of+Standards+to+the+Secretary+of+Commerce+for+the+Fiscal+Year+Ended+June+30%2C+1919&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office%2C+United+States+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1GLcdK98HwC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1934" class="citation journal cs1">Merrill, Paul W. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1934ApJ....79..183M">"Photogeara0phy of the Near Infra-Red Region of Stellar Spectra"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>79</b>: <span class="nowrap">183–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934ApJ....79..183M">1934ApJ....79..183M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Photogeara0phy+of+the+Near+Infra-Red+Region+of+Stellar+Spectra&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934ApJ....79..183M&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1934ApJ....79..183M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Clark1939" class="citation book cs1">Walter Clark (1939). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/photographybyinf0000clar"><i>Photography by infrared: its Principles and Applications</i></a></span>. Wiley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography+by+infrared%3A+its+Principles+and+Applications&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Walter+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphotographybyinf0000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Cinematographer 1941 Vol 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icc.dur.ac.uk/~tt/Lectures/Galaxies/Images/Infrared/Regions/irregions.html">"Near, Mid & Far Infrared"</a>. <i>Infrared Processing and Analysis Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infrared+Processing+and+Analysis+Center&rft.atitle=Near%2C+Mid+%26+Far+Infrared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc.dur.ac.uk%2F~tt%2FLectures%2FGalaxies%2FImages%2FInfrared%2FRegions%2Firregions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infrared-ultraviolet-photography"><i>Infrared and Ultraviolet Photography</i></a> (Second ed.). Eastman Kodak. 1947<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrared+and+Ultraviolet+Photography&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfrared-ultraviolet-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White95-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White95_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White95_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White95_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White95_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1995" class="citation book cs1">White, Laurie (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/infraredphotogra0000whit/page/16/mode/2up"><i>Infrared photography handbook</i></a></span>. Buffalo, New York: Amherst Media Inc. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936262-38-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-936262-38-9"><bdi>0-936262-38-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/95-79716">95-79716</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrared+photography+handbook&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Amherst+Media+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95-79716&rft.isbn=0-936262-38-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finfraredphotogra0000whit%2Fpage%2F16%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1956" class="citation magazine cs1">West, Lloyd (June 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gV4zAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA72">"Infrared Film for special effects"</a>. <i>Popular Photography</i>. pp. 72, 122<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Photography&rft.atitle=Infrared+Film+for+special+effects&rft.pages=72%2C+122&rft.date=1956-06&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgV4zAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark39-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark39_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark39_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1939" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Walter (1939). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/photographybyinf0000clar/"><i>Photography by Infrared: its principles and applications</i></a></span>. New York, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <q>Infrared plates and films are sensitive to the ultraviolet, violet and blue, as well as to the infrared. Their response to the short wavelengths is so much higher than that to the infrared that it is necessary to use some means for confining the exposures to the infrared. Otherwise, the photographs will appear just like normal negatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photography+by+Infrared%3A+its+principles+and+applications&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphotographybyinf0000clar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkerink2002" class="citation web cs1">Markerink, Willem-Jan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pe2bz.philpem.me.uk/Lights/-%20Filters/WrattenFilters-IR+UV/irfilter.htm">"Wratten filters for Infrared- & UV-Photography"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wratten+filters+for+Infrared-+%26+UV-Photography&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Markerink&rft.aufirst=Willem-Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpe2bz.philpem.me.uk%2FLights%2F-%2520Filters%2FWrattenFilters-IR%2BUV%2Firfilter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodak70-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak70_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak70_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kodakfiltersfors00koda/"><i>Kodak filters for scientific and technical uses</i></a>. Eastman Kodak Company. 1970. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87985-029-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87985-029-9"><bdi>0-87985-029-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodak+filters+for+scientific+and+technical+uses&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-87985-029-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkodakfiltersfors00koda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hoyafilter.com/product/r72_infrared/">"Hoya R72 Infrared"</a>. <i>Hoya Filter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoya+Filter&rft.atitle=Hoya+R72+Infrared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhoyafilter.com%2Fproduct%2Fr72_infrared%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualzilla-id-7167041/page/52/mode/2up">"Hoya Filter Catalog"</a> (in German). Hoya. p. 52<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hoya+Filter+Catalog&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Hoya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualzilla-id-7167041%2Fpage%2F52%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103034209/http://www.heliopan.de:80/Heliopan-Filters.pdf">"Filters for Digital Photography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Heliopan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heliopan.de:80/Heliopan-Filters.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filters+for+Digital+Photography&rft.pub=Heliopan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heliopan.de%3A80%2FHeliopan-Filters.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.manfrotto.com/media/downloadable/manual/Brochure-B+W_EN.pdf">"75 Years Filter Fascination"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. B+W Filter, Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH. July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=75+Years+Filter+Fascination&rft.pub=B%2BW+Filter%2C+Jos.+Schneider+Optische+Werke+GmbH&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.manfrotto.com%2Fmedia%2Fdownloadable%2Fmanual%2FBrochure-B%2BW_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1974" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Joseph David (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nikonnikkormatha0000jose/page/n213/mode/2up">"4"</a></span>. <i>Nikon-Nikkormat Handbook of Photography</i>. Garden City, New York: American Photographic Book Publishing Company, Inc. p. 4-25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8174-0566-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8174-0566-6"><bdi>0-8174-0566-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=Nikon-Nikkormat+Handbook+of+Photography&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pages=4-25&rft.pub=American+Photographic+Book+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8174-0566-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Joseph+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnikonnikkormatha0000jose%2Fpage%2Fn213%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Begleiter02-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Begleiter02_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBegleiter2002" class="citation book cs1">Begleiter, Steven H (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofcolorinfrar0000begl/"><i>The art of color infrared photography</i></a></span>. Amherst Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58428-065-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58428-065-1"><bdi>978-1-58428-065-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+color+infrared+photography&rft.pub=Amherst+Media&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58428-065-1&rft.aulast=Begleiter&rft.aufirst=Steven+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofcolorinfrar0000begl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshibashi2006" class="citation news cs1">Ishibashi, Kanji (20 January 2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB113767895658950829">"Konica to quit cameras, film"</a></span>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. Dow Jones Newswires<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Konica+to+quit+cameras%2C+film&rft.date=2006-01-20&rft.aulast=Ishibashi&rft.aufirst=Kanji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB113767895658950829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KodakPR2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KodakPR2007_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KodakPR2007_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109073342/http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/products/films/discontinuedNotice.jhtml?id=0.2.26.14.25&lc=en">"Preannounced Professional Film Discontinuances"</a> (Press release). Kodak. 2 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/products/films/discontinuedNotice.jhtml?id=0.2.26.14.25&lc=en">the original</a> on 9 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preannounced+Professional+Film+Discontinuances&rft.pub=Kodak&rft.date=2007-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Fglobal%2Fen%2Fprofessional%2Fproducts%2Ffilms%2FdiscontinuedNotice.jhtml%3Fid%3D0.2.26.14.25%26lc%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agfa.com/specialty-products/solutions/aerial-photography/aviphot/">"Agfa Aviphot film"</a>. <i>Agfa Specialty Producys</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agfa+Specialty+Producys&rft.atitle=Agfa+Aviphot+film&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agfa.com%2Fspecialty-products%2Fsolutions%2Faerial-photography%2Faviphot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rolleianalog.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/INFRARED_Data-Sheet_EN_R210701.pdf">"Rollei Infrared Data Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rollei Analog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rollei+Analog&rft.atitle=Rollei+Infrared+Data+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rolleianalog.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2FINFRARED_Data-Sheet_EN_R210701.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/KodakReferenceHandbook/page/n107/mode/2up">"Kodak Films"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/KodakReferenceHandbook/"><i>Kodak Reference Handbook</i></a>. Rochester, New York: Eastman Kodak Company. 1946<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kodak+Films&rft.btitle=Kodak+Reference+Handbook&rft.place=Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FKodakReferenceHandbook%2Fpage%2Fn107%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harnischmacher-2008-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harnischmacher-2008_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harnischmacher-2008_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnischmacher2008" class="citation book cs1">Harnischmacher, Cyrill (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalinfraredp0000harn/"><i>Digital Infrared Photography</i></a></span>. Santa Barbara, California: Rocky Nook Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933952-35-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933952-35-2"><bdi>978-1-933952-35-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Infrared+Photography&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Rocky+Nook+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-933952-35-2&rft.aulast=Harnischmacher&rft.aufirst=Cyrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdigitalinfraredp0000harn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kodak-F13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-F13_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-F13_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kodak-F13_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509094752/http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/f13/f13.pdf">"Technical data / black-and-white film: KODAK PROFESSIONAL High-Speed Infrared Film"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kodak. February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/global/en/professional/support/techPubs/f13/f13.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Due to declining demand, KODAK High-Speed Infrared Film / HIE has been discontinued, effective YE 2007</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+data+%2F+black-and-white+film%3A+KODAK+PROFESSIONAL+High-Speed+Infrared+Film&rft.pub=Kodak&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Fglobal%2Fen%2Fprofessional%2Fsupport%2FtechPubs%2Ff13%2Ff13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agfa.com/specialty-products/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2017/06/AVIPHOT-PAN-200.pdf">"Aviphot Pan 200 data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Agfa-Gevaert N.V. January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aviphot+Pan+200+data+sheet&rft.pub=Agfa-Gevaert+N.V.&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agfa.com%2Fspecialty-products%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F8%2F2017%2F06%2FAVIPHOT-PAN-200.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2008" class="citation web cs1">Hicks, Roger W. (1 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shutterbug.com/content/efke%E2%80%99s-ir-820-infrared-film-unique-ir-option">"Efke's IR 820 Infrared Film"</a>. <i>Shutterbug</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shutterbug&rft.atitle=Efke%27s+IR+820+Infrared+Film&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Roger+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shutterbug.com%2Fcontent%2Fefke%25E2%2580%2599s-ir-820-infrared-film-unique-ir-option&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilfordphoto.com/amfile/file/download/file/1907/product/701/">"SFX 200 Technical Information"</a>. Ilford Photo, Harman Technology Limited. November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SFX+200+Technical+Information&rft.pub=Ilford+Photo%2C+Harman+Technology+Limited&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilfordphoto.com%2Famfile%2Ffile%2Fdownload%2Ffile%2F1907%2Fproduct%2F701%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://125px.com/docs/film/konica/INF750.pdf">"Konica Infrared 750 Data Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Konica<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jimchenphoto.com&rft.atitle=Digital+Infrared+at+Jim+Chen+photography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimchenphoto.com%2Fdigitalirfaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215235949/http://surrealcolor.110mb.com/IR_explained_web/IR_explained.htm#IRColor">"110mb.com - Want to start a website?"</a>. <i>surrealcolor.110mb.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=surrealcolor.110mb.com&rft.atitle=110mb.com+-+Want+to+start+a+website%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurrealcolor.110mb.com%2FIR_explained_web%2FIR_explained.htm%23IRColor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhalley2023" class="citation web cs1">Whalley, Robin (9 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lenscraft.co.uk/photo-editing-tutorials/infrared-channel-swap-photoshop/">"How To Do An Infrared Channel Swap in Adobe Photoshop"</a>. <i>Lenscraft Photography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lenscraft+Photography&rft.atitle=How+To+Do+An+Infrared+Channel+Swap+in+Adobe+Photoshop&rft.date=2023-06-09&rft.aulast=Whalley&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flenscraft.co.uk%2Fphoto-editing-tutorials%2Finfrared-channel-swap-photoshop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722031545/http://www.fujifilmusa.com/products/digital_cameras/is/finepix_is1/index.html#Fujifilm">"IS-1 web page including EULA"</a>. <i>fujifilmusa.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fujifilmusa.com/products/digital_cameras/is/finepix_is1/index.html#Fujifilm">the original</a> on 22 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fujifilmusa.com&rft.atitle=IS-1+web+page+including+EULA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fujifilmusa.com%2Fproducts%2Fdigital_cameras%2Fis%2Ffinepix_is1%2Findex.html%23Fujifilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrared_photography&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Infrared_photography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Infrared photography">Infrared photography</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2019" class="citation web cs1">Penny, Cameron (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cameraon.ca/infrared-photography-tutorial/">"Simple Introduction to Digital Infrared Photography"</a>. <i>Camera On</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Camera+On&rft.atitle=Simple+Introduction+to+Digital+Infrared+Photography&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cameraon.ca%2Finfrared-photography-tutorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRørslett" class="citation web cs1">Rørslett, Bjørn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturfotograf.com/UV_IR_rev00.html">"All you ever wanted to know about digital UV and IR photography, but could not afford to ask"</a>. <i>Natur Fotograf</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Natur+Fotograf&rft.atitle=All+you+ever+wanted+to+know+about+digital+UV+and+IR+photography%2C+but+could+not+afford+to+ask&rft.aulast=R%C3%B8rslett&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturfotograf.com%2FUV_IR_rev00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannemyr" class="citation web cs1">Hannemyr, Gisle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414022905/http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~gisle/photo/ir.html">"Digital Infrared Resource Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~gisle/photo/ir.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Infrared+Resource+Page&rft.aulast=Hannemyr&rft.aufirst=Gisle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheim.ifi.uio.no%2F~gisle%2Fphoto%2Fir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span> List of cameras and their usefulness in digital infrared photography, and lenses that do and don't produce "ir hot-spots"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kleptography.com/notes-irconvert.htm">"g-series infrared conversion"</a>. <i>Kleptography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kleptography&rft.atitle=g-series+infrared+conversion&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kleptography.com%2Fnotes-irconvert.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span> Conversion instructions for the Canon G1</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vega.org.uk/video/programme/306">Short video showing how to take infrared photographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infra-redmistpete.blogspot.com/2010/01/budget-high-resolution-infra-red.html">Make your own budget IR camera</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelentijevic2015" class="citation web cs1">Melentijevic, Ilija (2 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kolarivision.com/problemswithinfrared.html">"Common problems with infrared photography"</a>. <i>Kolari Vision</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kolari+Vision&rft.atitle=Common+problems+with+infrared+photography&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft.aulast=Melentijevic&rft.aufirst=Ilija&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkolarivision.com%2Fproblemswithinfrared.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schott.com/shop/advanced-optics/en/Longpass/c/glass-LONGPASS">"Longpass optical filter glass"</a>. Schott AG.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longpass+optical+filter+glass&rft.pub=Schott+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schott.com%2Fshop%2Fadvanced-optics%2Fen%2FLongpass%2Fc%2Fglass-LONGPASS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInfrared+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Film photography">Film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br />processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Photography" title="Category:Photography">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_photography" title="Outline of photography">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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