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(2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-François_et_al._(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Vanuatu languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_%C3%89fat%C3%A9-Shepherd" title="Lenguas Éfaté-Shepherd – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas Éfaté-Shepherd" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_du_Centre_du_Vanuatu" title="Langues du Centre du Vanuatu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues du Centre du Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_a_Tengnga_a_Vanuatu" title="Sasao a Tengnga a Vanuatu – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao a Tengnga a Vanuatu" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Central Vanuatu</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Central Vanuatu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2269">cent2269</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Central Vanuatu languages</b> form a <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(linguistics)" title="Linkage (linguistics)">linkage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic languages</a> spoken in central <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Vanuatu_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clark_(2009)"><span id="Clark_.282009.29"></span>Clark (2009)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Vanuatu_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clark (2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clark (2009) provides the following classification of the Central Vanuatu languages, divided into geographic areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark-Vanuatu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-Vanuatu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outlier (aberrant) languages identified by Clark (2009) are in <i>italics</i>. Clark's Central Vanuatu branch is wider in scope,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Wider in scope than? (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> including not only the Shepherd–Efate languages, but also the <a href="/wiki/Malakula_languages" title="Malakula languages">Malakula</a> and Ambrym–Paama–Epi languages. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Central Vanuatu</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Malakula_languages" title="Malakula languages">Malakula languages</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uripiv_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uripiv language">Uripiv</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a>, Vovo; <i><a href="/wiki/Mpotovoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpotovoro language">Mpotovoro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirak language">Dirak</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%27%C3%ABnen_Taut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="V'ënen Taut language">V’ënen Taut</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larevat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Larevat language">Larevat</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Naman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naman language">Naman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navava language">Navava</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nevwervwer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevwervwer language">Nevwervwer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pangkumu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkumu language">Pangkumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banam_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banam Bay language">Banam Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinesip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesip language">Sinesip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naha%27ai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha'ai language">Naha’ai</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ambrym–Paama–<a href="/wiki/Epi_languages" title="Epi languages">Epi</a></b> area <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ambrym_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrym Island">Ambrym Island</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paama_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Paama Island">Paama Island</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ambrym_language" title="Southeast Ambrym language">Southeast Ambrym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paamese_language" title="Paamese language">Paamese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Epi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi Island">Epi Island</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Epi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi Island">Epi Island</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Shepherd–Efate</b> area <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Islands" title="Shepherd Islands">Shepherd Islands</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a>); <i><a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Efate_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Efate Island">Efate Island</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="François_et_al._(2015)"><span id="Fran.C3.A7ois_et_al._.282015.29"></span>François et al. (2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Vanuatu_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: François et al. (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list of 19 Central Vanuatu languages (excluding the <a href="/wiki/Malakula_languages" title="Malakula languages">Malakula languages</a>) is from François et al. (<a href="#density">2015</a>:18–21). </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Language</th> <th>Other names</th> <th>Speakers</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th> <th>Region </th></tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></td> <td></td> <td>5250</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mmg" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mmg">mmg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orkon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkon language">Orkon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fanbak_language" title="Fanbak language">Fanbak</a></td> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:fnb" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:fnb">fnb</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ambrym_language" title="Southeast Ambrym language">Southeast Ambrym</a></td> <td></td> <td>3700</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:tvk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:tvk">tvk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daakie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Daakie language">Daakie</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Port_Vato_language" title="Port Vato language">Port Vato</a></td> <td>1300</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:ptv" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:ptv">ptv</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daakaka_language" title="Daakaka language">Daakaka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baiap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baiap language">Baiap</a></td> <td>1200</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bpa" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bpa">bpa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalkalaen_language" title="Dalkalaen language">Dalkalaen</a></td> <td></td> <td>1000</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>113</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raljago_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Raljago language">Raljago</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lonwolwol_language" title="Lonwolwol language">Lonwolwol</a></td> <td><10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:crc" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:crc">crc</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambrym" title="Ambrym">Ambrym</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>114</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paama language">Paama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paamese_language" title="Paamese language">Paamese</a></td> <td>6000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:paa" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:paa">paa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paama" title="Paama">Paama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>115</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamenu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamenu language">Lamenu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varmali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Varmali language">Varmali</a></td> <td>850</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:lmu" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:lmu">lmu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi Island">Epi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamen_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamen Island">Lamen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>116</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varsu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Varsu language">Varsu</a></td> <td>2200</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:lww" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:lww">lww</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi Island">Epi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonkovia-Yevali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonkovia-Yevali language">Bonkovia-Yevali</a></td> <td>900</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bnk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bnk">bnk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi Island">Epi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burumba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Burumba language">Burumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paki language">Paki</a></td> <td>350</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:bki" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:bki">bki</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi Island">Epi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>119</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maii_language" title="Maii language">Maii</a></td> <td>180</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:mmm" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:mmm">mmm</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi Island">Epi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>120</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bieri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bieri language">Bieri</a>, Vovo, <a href="/wiki/Wowo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wowo language">Wowo</a></td> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:brj" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:brj">brj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi Island">Epi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>121</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Namakura_language" title="Namakura language">Namakura</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Makura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makura language">Makura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></td> <td>3750</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:nmk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:nmk">nmk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Islands" title="Shepherd Islands">Shepherd Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tongoa" title="Tongoa">Tongoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongariki" title="Tongariki">Tongariki</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>123</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a></td> <td></td> <td>9500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:llp" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:llp">llp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Islands" title="Shepherd Islands">Shepherd Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nguna" title="Nguna">Nguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongoa" title="Tongoa">Tongoa</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>124</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lelepa_language" title="Lelepa language">Lelepa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havannah_Harbour_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Havannah Harbour language">Havannah Harbour</a></td> <td>400</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:lpa" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:lpa">lpa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lelepa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lelepa Island">Lelepa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>125</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eton_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Eton language (Vanuatu)">Eton</a></td> <td></td> <td>500</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:etn" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:etn">etn</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>126</td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erakor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Erakor language">Erakor</a></td> <td>6000</td> <td><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:erk" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639:erk">erk</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Efate" title="Efate">Efate</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Additionally, the extinct <a href="/wiki/Sowa_language" title="Sowa language">Sowa language</a> was formerly spoken in central Vanuatu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Vanuatu_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Clark-Vanuatu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark-Vanuatu_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ross (2009). <i>Leo Tuai: A comparative lexical study of North and Central Vanuatu languages</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leo+Tuai%3A+A+comparative+lexical+study+of+North+and+Central+Vanuatu+languages&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACentral+Vanuatu+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="density" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Alexandre François">François, Alexandre</a>; Franjieh, Michael; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Schnell, Stefan (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.francois.free.fr/data/Francois-et-al_2015_Languages-of-Vanuatu_Intro-chapter.pdf">"The exceptional linguistic density of Vanuatu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in François, Alexandre; Lacrampe, Sébastien; Franjieh, Michael; Schnell, Stefan (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alex.francois.free.fr/AFpub_SLIM-volumes_e.htm#a"><i>The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity</i></a>, Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia, Canberra: Asia Pacific Linguistics Open Access, pp. 1–21, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922185235" title="Special:BookSources/9781922185235"><bdi>9781922185235</bdi></a></cite><span 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Template:Southern Oceanic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Template talk:Southern Oceanic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern Oceanic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Oceanic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern Oceanic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North<br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres-Banks_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres-Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera’a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maewo–Ambae–<br />North Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sun̄wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterara language">Sun̄wadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duidui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duidui language">Duidui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ambae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Ambae language">Northeast Ambae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Pentecost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa language">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Cumberland_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cumberland language">Cape Cumberland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasiriki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasiriki language">Tasiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiale_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiale language">Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Merei language">Merei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%CC%88av%CC%88ea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="M̈av̈ea language">M̈av̈ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark Bay language">Shark Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear<br />Southern<br />Oceanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li>Vovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpotovoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mpotovoro language">Mpotovoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirak language">Dirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%27%C3%ABnen_Taut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="V'ënen Taut language">V’ënen Taut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larevat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Larevat language">Larevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve’ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naman_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naman language">Naman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navava language">Navava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevwervwer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevwervwer language">Nevwervwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangkumu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangkumu language">Pangkumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banam_Bay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banam Bay language">Banam Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avok_language" title="Avok language">Avok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinesip_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinesip language">Sinesip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naha%27ai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naha'ai language">Naha’ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ambrym language">West Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ambrym_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ambrym language">South Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkir language">Mkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguna language">Nguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namakir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakir language">Namakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Efate_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Efate language">South Efate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erromango</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie / Erromangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a> (Utaha) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tanna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera (South Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel (West Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands (East Tanna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalties–<br />New Caledonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Loyalty Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaai_language" title="Iaai language">Iaai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Caledonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndrumbea_language" title="Ndrumbea language">Ndrumbea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A8%C3%A8_language" title="Numèè language">Numèè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2c%C3%B9%C3%B9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xârâcùù language">Xârâcùù</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A2r%C3%A2gur%C3%A8_language" title="Xârâgurè language">Xârâgurè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%AEr%C3%AE_language" title="Tîrî language">Tîrî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zire_language" title="Zire language">Zire</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%B6_language" title="Arhö language">Arhö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arh%C3%A2_language" title="Arhâ language">Arhâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neku_language" title="Neku language">Neku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orowe_language" title="Orowe language">Orowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamale_language" title="Vamale language">Vamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveke_language" title="Haveke language">Haveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeke_language" title="Haeke language">Haeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8muh%C3%AE_language" title="Cèmuhî language">Cèmuhî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwaamei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwaamei language">Pwaamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwapwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwapwa language">Pwapwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwatoo">Bwatoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmwaveke_language" title="Hmwaveke language">Hmwaveke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waamwang_language" title="Waamwang language">Waamwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fw%C3%A2i_language" title="Fwâi language">Fwâi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawe_language" title="Jawe language">Jawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pije_language" title="Pije language">Pije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caac_language" title="Caac language">Caac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumak_language" title="Kumak language">Kumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanga_language" title="Yuanga language">Yuanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%A2layu_language" title="Nyâlayu language">Nyâlayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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