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href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-DNA rootpage-DNA skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=DNA" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=DNA" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Mewngofnodi</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Offer personol</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy"><span>Rhoi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=DNA" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=DNA" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Cyfraniadau</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Priodweddau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priodweddau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Priodweddau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priodweddau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adeiledd_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adeiledd_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adeiledd DNA</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adeiledd_DNA-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Adeiledd DNA</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adeiledd_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dyblygiad_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyblygiad_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dyblygiad DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyblygiad_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swyddogaethau_biolegol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swyddogaethau_biolegol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Swyddogaethau biolegol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Swyddogaethau_biolegol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Swyddogaethau biolegol</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Swyddogaethau_biolegol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genynnau_a_genomau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genynnau_a_genomau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Genynnau a genomau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genynnau_a_genomau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trawsgrifio_a_throsi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trawsgrifio_a_throsi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Trawsgrifio a throsi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trawsgrifio_a_throsi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyblygiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyblygiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dyblygiad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyblygiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhyngweithio_â_phroteinau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhyngweithio_â_phroteinau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rhyngweithio â phroteinau</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rhyngweithio_â_phroteinau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Rhyngweithio â phroteinau</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rhyngweithio_â_phroteinau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proteinau_DNA-rwymol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proteinau_DNA-rwymol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Proteinau DNA-rwymol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proteinau_DNA-rwymol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ensymau_DNA-addasol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ensymau_DNA-addasol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ensymau DNA-addasol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ensymau_DNA-addasol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esblygiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esblygiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Esblygiad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esblygiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defnydd_mewn_technoleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defnydd_mewn_technoleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Defnydd mewn technoleg</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defnydd_mewn_technoleg-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Defnydd mewn technoleg</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Defnydd_mewn_technoleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peirianneg_genetig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peirianneg_genetig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Peirianneg genetig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peirianneg_genetig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proffilio_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proffilio_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Proffilio DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proffilio_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DNA</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 164 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A4" title="ዲ ኤን ኤ - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዲ ኤን ኤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Acido desoxirribonucleico - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89" title="حمض نووى - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمض نووى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F" title="ডি এন এ - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডি এন এ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNT" title="DNT - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DNT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ائی - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دی‌ان‌ائی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNR" title="DNR - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="DNR" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat - Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F" title="ডিএনএ - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিএনএ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn_dezoksiribonukleek" title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_desoxiribonucleic" title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C" title="دی ئێن ئەی - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دی ئێن ئەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B3%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%97" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ای - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌ان‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide désoxyribonucléique - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide désoxyribonucléique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Ffriwleg" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Ffriwleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_d%C3%AD-ocsairibean%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asach" title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_d%C3%A9zoksoribonikl%C3%A9yik" title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoxiribonukleinsav" title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%86%D4%B9" title="ԴՆԹ - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԴՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_deoxyribonucleic" title="Acido deoxyribonucleic - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acido deoxyribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleiko_nga_asido" title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="デオキシリボ核酸 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デオキシリボ核酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaxiraibonyuukliik_asid" title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D2%9A" title="ДНҚ - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ДНҚ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81" title="ឌីអិនអេ - Chmereg" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឌីអិនអេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmereg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%8E_-(DNA)" title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA) - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE" title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDN" title="TDN - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="TDN" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_desoxyribonucleicum" title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asida_desosiribonucleal" title="Asida desosiribonucleal - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asida desosiribonucleal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ອາເດແອັນ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາເດແອັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukle%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be" title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidra_dez%C3%B4ksirib%C3%B4niokleika" title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%8E" title="ഡി.എൻ.എ - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡി.എൻ.എ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_deoksiribonukleik" title="Asid deoksiribonukleik - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid deoksiribonukleik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအန်အေ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီအန်အေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F" title="डी एन ए - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डी एन ए" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(biologie)" title="DNA (biologie) - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DNA (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_desoxiribonucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8.%E0%A8%8F." title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ. - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Almaeneg Pensylfania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Pensylfania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy" title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="ڊي اين اي - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊي اين اي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93.%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%92." title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ. - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ." data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kislina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BC%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%8F." title="டி. என். ஏ. - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டி. என். ஏ." data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ดีเอ็นเอ - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีเอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%87%D9%83%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonuklein_kislota" title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seur_dezocsiribonucleyike" title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="脱氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULibofuzo" title="ULibofuzo - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ULibofuzo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs:DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen (dim tudalen ar gael) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/DNA"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/DNA" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/DNA" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&oldid=12864433" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=DNA&id=12864433&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDNA"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDNA"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=DNA"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=DNA&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/DNA" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>DNA</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:DNA_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/DNA_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="181" height="313" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enghraifft o'r canlynol</th><td>dosbarth strwythurol cyfansoddion cemegol <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td><a href="/wiki/Asid_niwcl%C3%ABig" title="Asid niwclëig">asid niwclëig</a>, biopolymer, macromoleciwl biolegol <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430?uselang=cy#P279" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn cynnwys</th><td>polynucleotide, <a href="/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid">niwcleotid</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430?uselang=cy#P527" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DNA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DNA">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Moleciwl" title="Moleciwl">Moleciwl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>) yw <b>DNA</b>, sef <b>asid deocsiriboniwcleig</b>, sy'n cynnwys gwybodaeth etifeddol popeth byw, y <a href="/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg">côd genetig</a>. Mae'n cynnwys dwy gadwyn polyniwcleotidau sy'n torchi o amgylch ei gilydd i ffurfio helics dwbl. Mae'r polymer yn cynnwys cyfarwyddiadau <a href="/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg">genetig</a> ar gyfer datblygiad, gweithrediad, twf ac <a href="/wiki/Atgenhedlu" title="Atgenhedlu">atgenhedlu</a> pob <a href="/wiki/Organeb_byw" title="Organeb byw">organeb</a> y gwyddys amdano a llawer o <a href="/wiki/Firws" title="Firws">firysau</a> hefyd. Mae DNA ac <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">asid riboniwcleig</a> (RNA) yn <a href="/wiki/Asid_niwcl%C3%ABig" title="Asid niwclëig">asidau niwclëig</a>. Yn ogystal â <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">phroteinau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidau</a> a charbohydradau cymhleth (<a href="/wiki/Polysacarid" title="Polysacarid">polysacaridau</a>), mae asidau niwclëig yn un o'r pedwar prif fath o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Macromolecwl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macromolecwl (dim tudalen ar gael)">macromoleciwlau</a> sy'n hanfodol i bob ffurf hysbys ar <a href="/wiki/Bywyd" title="Bywyd">fywyd</a>. Mae DNA wedi'i wneud o'r elfennau <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocsigen" title="Ocsigen">ocsigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ffosfforws" title="Ffosfforws">ffosfforws</a> a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB_cy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB_cy.svg/340px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB_cy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB_cy.svg/510px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB_cy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB_cy.svg/680px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB_cy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2883" data-file-height="2813" /></a><figcaption>Adeiledd DNA (helics dwbwl)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mae'r ddau edefyn DNA yn cael eu hadnabod fel polyniwcleotidau gan eu bod yn cynnwys unedau <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomerig</a> symlach o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid">niwcleotidau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae pob niwcleotid yn cynnwys un o bedwar niwcleo-bas sy'n cynnwys nitrogen (sytosin [C], gwanin [G], adenin [A] neu thymin [T]), siwgr o'r enw deocsiribos, a grŵp ffosffad. Mae'r niwcleotidau'n cael eu cysylltu â'i gilydd mewn cadwyn gan <a href="/wiki/Bond_cofalent" title="Bond cofalent">fondiau cofalent</a> (a elwir yn ‘fond ffosffodiester’ yn fwy manwl) rhwng siwgr un niwcleotid a ffosffad y nesaf, gan arwain at asgwrn cefn siwgr a ffosffad bob yn ail. Mae basau nitrogenaidd y ddau edefyn polyniwcleotid ar wahân wedi'u rhwymo at ei gilydd, yn unol â rheolau paru basau (A gyda T ac C gydag G), gyda <a href="/wiki/Bond_hydrogen" title="Bond hydrogen">bondiau hydrogen</a> i wneud DNA edefyn dwbl. Rhennir y seiliau nitrogenaidd cyflenwol yn ddau grŵp, pyrimidinau a phurinau. Mewn DNA, y pyrimidinau yw thymin a sytosin; y purin yw adenin a gwanin. </p><p>Mae'r ddau edefyn o DNA edefyn dwbl yn storio'r un wybodaeth fiolegol. Mae'r wybodaeth hon yn cael ei hailadrodd pan fydd y ddau faes yn gwahanu. Mae rhan fawr o DNA (mwy na 98% ar gyfer bodau dynol) yn ddigodio (<i>non-coding</i>), sy'n golygu nad yw'r adrannau hyn yn gweithredu fel patrymau ar gyfer dilyniannau protein. Mae'r ddau edefyn o DNA yn rhedeg i gyfeiriadau dirgroes i'w gilydd ac felly maent yn wrthgyfochrog. Ynghlwm wrth bob siwgr mae un o bedwar math o fasau niwcleobaidd (neu <i>fasau</i>). Dilyniant y pedwar bas niwcleobaidd hyn ar hyd yr asgwrn cefn sy'n amgodio gwybodaeth enetig. Mae edefynnau <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> yn cael eu creu gan ddefnyddio edefynnau DNA fel templed mewn proses a elwir yn drawsgrifio, lle mae basau DNA yn cael eu cyfnewid am eu basau cyfatebol ac eithrio yn achos thymin (T), y mae RNA yn amnewid uracil (U) ar ei gyfer. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O dan y cod genetig, mae'r edefynnau RNA hyn yn pennu dilyniant yr <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asidau amino</a> o fewn proteinau mewn proses a elwir yn drosiad. </p><p>O fewn celloedd ewcaryotig, mae'r DNA wedi'i drefnu'n adeileddau hir o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom">cromosomau</a>. Cyn y <a href="/wiki/Cellraniad" title="Cellraniad">cellraniad</a> nodweddiadol, mae'r cromosomau hyn yn cael eu dyblygu yn y broses o ddyblygu'r DNA, gan ddarparu set gyflawn o gromosomau ar gyfer pob epilgell. <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">Mae organebau ewcaryotig</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail">anifeiliaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn">planhigion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ffwng" title="Ffwng">ffyngau</a> a <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">phrotistiaid</a>) yn storio'r rhan fwyaf o'u DNA y tu mewn i <a href="/wiki/Cnewyllyn_cell" title="Cnewyllyn cell">gnewyllyn y gell</a> fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_cnewyllol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA cnewyllol (dim tudalen ar gael)">DNA cnewyllol</a>, a rhai yn y <a href="/wiki/Mitocondria" title="Mitocondria">mitocondria</a> fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_mitocondriaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA mitocondriaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">DNA mitocondriaidd</a> neu mewn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloroplast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloroplast (dim tudalen ar gael)">cloroplastau</a> fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_cloroplast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA cloroplast (dim tudalen ar gael)">DNA cloroplast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mewn cyferbyniad, mae <a href="/wiki/Procaryot" title="Procaryot">procaryotau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>) yn storio'u DNA yn y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sytoplasm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sytoplasm (dim tudalen ar gael)">sytoplasm</a> yn unig, mewn cromosomau crwn. Mae proteinau cromatin, fel histonau, yn cywasgu ac yn trefnu DNA o fewn cromosomau ewcaryotig. Mae'r adeileddau cywasgu hyn yn arwain y rhyngweithiadau rhwng DNA a phroteinau eraill, gan helpu i reoli pa rannau DNA sy'n cael eu trawsgrifio. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priodweddau">Priodweddau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Priodweddau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Priodweddau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">Polymer</a> hir yw DNA sydd wedi'i wneud o unedau sy'n ailadrodd, o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid">niwcleotidau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alberts_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae adeiledd DNA yn ddeinamig ar ei hyd, gan allu torchi i ddolenni tynn a siapiau eraill.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ym mhob rhywogaeth mae'n cynnwys dwy gadwyn helical, wedi'u rhwymo i'w gilydd gan <a href="/wiki/Bond_hydrogen" title="Bond hydrogen">fondiau hydrogen</a>. Mae'r ddwy gadwyn wedi'u torchi o amgylch yr un echelin, ac mae ganddyn nhw'r un tro (<i>pitch</i>) o 34 ångström (3.4 nm). Mae gan y pâr o gadwyni radiws o 10 Å (1.0 nm).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn ôl astudiaeth arall, o'i fesur mewn hydoddiant gwahanol, roedd y gadwyn DNA yn mesur 22–26 Å (2.2–2.6 nm) o ran lled, ac un uned niwcleotid yn mesur 3.3 Å (0.33 nm) o ran hyd.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nid yw DNA fel arfer yn bodoli fel un edefyn, ond yn hytrach fel pâr o linynnau sy'n cael eu dal yn dynn at ei gilydd.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r ddau edefyn hir hyn yn torchi neu'n troelli o amgylch ei gilydd, ar ffurf helics dwbl. Mae'r niwcleotid yn cynnwys segment o asgwrn cefn y moleciwl (sy'n dal y gadwyn at ei gilydd) a niwcleobas (sy'n rhyngweithio â'r edefyn DNA arall yn yr helics). Gelwir niwcleobas sy'n gysylltiedig â siwgr yn niwcleosid, a gelwir bas sy'n gysylltiedig â siwgr ac un neu fwy o grwpiau ffosffad yn <a href="/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid">niwcleotid</a>. Gelwir biopolymer sy'n cynnwys niwcleotidau cysylltiedig lluosog (fel yn DNA) yn polyniwcleotid.<sup id="cite_ref-IUPAC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae asgwrn cefn yr edefyn DNA wedi'i wneud o grwpiau <a href="/wiki/Ffosffad" title="Ffosffad">ffosffad</a> a <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrad" title="Carbohydrad">siwgr</a> bob yn ail.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Y siwgr mewn DNA yw 2-deoxyribose, sy'n siwgr <a href="/wiki/Pentos" title="Pentos">pentos</a> (pump <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>). Mae grwpiau ffosffad yn ymuno â'r siwgrau sy'n ffurfio bondiau ffosffodiester rhwng trydydd a phumed <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> carbon cylchoedd siwgr cyfagos. Gelwir y rhain yn garbonau 3′-pen (tri pen cysefin), a 5′-pen (pum pen cysefin), y prif symbol sy'n cael ei ddefnyddio i wahaniaethu rhwng yr atomau carbon hyn a'r rhai o'r sylfaen y mae'r deocsaribos yn ffurfio bond glycosidig.<sup id="cite_ref-berg_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felly, mae gan unrhyw edefyn DNA, fel arfer, un pen lle mae grŵp ffosffad ynghlwm wrth 5′ carbon ribos (y 5′ ffosfforyl) a phen arall lle mae grŵp hydrocsyl rhydd ynghlwm wrth 3′ carbon a ribos (y 3′ hydrocsyl). Mae cyfeiriadedd y carbonau 3′ a 5′ ar hyd yr asgwrn cefn siwgr-ffosffad yn rhoi cyfeiriadedd (a elwir weithiau'n bolaredd) i bob edefyn DNA. Mewn helics dwbl asid niwclëig, mae cyfeiriad y niwcleotidau mewn un edefyn gyferbyn â'u cyfeiriad yn yr edefyn arall: mae'r ceinciau'n wrthgyfochrog. Dywedir bod gan bennau anghymesur yr edefynnau DNA gyfeiriadedd o bum pen cysefin (5′), a thri pen cysefin (3′), gyda'r pen 5′ â grŵp ffosffad terfynol a'r pen 3′ yn grŵp hydrocsyl terfynol. Un gwahaniaeth mawr rhwng DNA ac <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> yw'r siwgr, gyda'r 2-deoxyribose mewn DNA yn cael ei ddisodli gan y ribos <a href="/wiki/Siwgr_pentos" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwgr pentos">siwgr pentos</a> cysylltiedig mewn RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-berg_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae'r helics dwbl DNA yn cael ei sefydlogi'n bennaf gan ddau rym: <a href="/wiki/Bond_hydrogen" title="Bond hydrogen">bondiau hydrogen</a> rhwng niwcleotidau a rhyngweithiadau pentyrru bas (<i>base-stacking</i>) ymhlith niwcleobasau aromatig.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakovchuk2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakovchuk2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Y pedwar bas a geir mewn DNA yw adenin (A), sytosin (C), gwanin (G) a thymin (T). Mae'r pedwar bas hyn wedi'u cysylltu â'r siwgr-ffosffad i ffurfio'r niwcleotid cyflawn, fel y dangosir ar gyfer monoffosffad adenosin. Mae adenin yn parau gyda thymin a gwanin yn parau gyda sytosin, gan ffurfio  Parau sylfaen A-T ac G-C.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae <a href="/wiki/Cellraniad" title="Cellraniad">cellraniad</a> yn hanfodol er mwyn i organeb dyfu, ond, pan fydd cell yn ymrannu, rhaid iddo ddyblygu'r DNA yn ei genom fel bod gan y ddwy epilgell yr un wybodaeth enetig â'u rhiant. Mae adeiledd edefyn dwbl DNA yn darparu mecanwaith syml ar gyfer dyblygu DNA. Yma, mae'r ddau edefyn yn cael eu gwahanu ac yna mae dilyniant DNA cyferbyniol pob edefyn yn cael ei ail-greu gan <a href="/wiki/Ensym" title="Ensym">ensym</a> o'r enw DNA polymeras. Mae'r ensym hwn yn gwneud yr edefyn cyflenwol trwy ddod o hyd i'r sylfaen gywir trwy baru bas cyferbyniol a'i fondio â'r edefyn gwreiddiol. Gan mai dim ond i gyfeiriad 5′ i 3′ y gall polymerasau DNA ymestyn edefyn DNA, defnyddir gwahanol fecanweithiau i gopïo edefynnau gwrthbaralel yr helics dwbl.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn y modd hwn, mae sylfaen yr hen linyn yn pennu pa sylfaen sy'n ymddangos ar y edefyn newydd, ac mae'r gell yn gorffen gyda chopi perffaith o'i DNA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adeiledd_DNA">Adeiledd DNA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Adeiledd DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Adeiledd DNA"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Darganfu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrisch_Miescher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrisch Miescher (dim tudalen ar gael)">Friedrisch Miescher</a> DNA ym <a href="/wiki/1869" title="1869">1869</a> heb ddeall ei pwrpas. Darganfu <a href="/wiki/James_Dewey_Watson" title="James Dewey Watson">James Watson</a> a <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, ynghyd â <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a> adeiledd DNA ym <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a>. Mae dwy gadwyn o <a href="/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid">niwcleotidau</a> gyda'r DNA a mae <a href="/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid">niwcleotid</a> sy'n moleciwlau llai (<a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomerau</a>) a wedi'i wneud o <a href="/wiki/Siwgr_pentos" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwgr pentos">siwgr pentos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bas_nitrogenaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bas nitrogenaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">bas nitrogenaidd</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gr%C5%B5p_ffosffad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grŵp ffosffad (dim tudalen ar gael)">grŵp ffosffad</a>. Mae'r ddwy gadwyn o <a href="/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid">niwcleodidau</a> yn ffurfio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helics_dwbl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helics dwbl (dim tudalen ar gael)">helics dwbl</a> a chadwyd y ddwy gyda'i gilydd gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bondiau_hydrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bondiau hydrogen (dim tudalen ar gael)">bondiau hydrogen</a> sy'n cysylliau'r <a href="/wiki/Bas_(cemeg)" title="Bas (cemeg)">basau</a> y ddwy gadwyn yn wan (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paru_basau_cyflenwol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paru basau cyflenwol (dim tudalen ar gael)">paru basau cyflenwol</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adenin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adenin (dim tudalen ar gael)">adenin</a> (A), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thymin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thymin (dim tudalen ar gael)">thymin</a> (T), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwanin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwanin (dim tudalen ar gael)">gwanin</a> (G) a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sytosin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sytosin (dim tudalen ar gael)">sytosin</a> (C) yw'r pedair <a href="/wiki/Bas_(cemeg)" title="Bas (cemeg)">bas</a> y DNA. Mae Adenin o hyd yn cysylltu trwy dai bondiau hydrogen a Thymin. A mae gwanin o hyd yn cysylltu trwy tri bondiau hydrogen a sytosin. Mae llawer o baru basau cyflenwol mewn DNA, ond fod pob tri ohonyn yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B4d_tripled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Côd tripled (dim tudalen ar gael)">côd tripled</a>. Fel hynny, Mae nifer o godau tripled a pob un ym golygu un o'r 20 <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asid amino</a>, asid sy'n cael ei cynnwys mewn proteinau. O ganlyniad, mae'r trefn y <a href="/wiki/Bas_(cemeg)" title="Bas (cemeg)">basau</a> (a'r codau tripled hefyd) yn achosi'r trefn asid amino mewn proteinau - a mae hynny'n golygu fod y wybodaeth am adeiledd prodeinau mewn y DNA. Gall y DNA trawsgrifio'r wybodaeth hwn i'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=MRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRNA (dim tudalen ar gael)">mRNA</a> i wneud proteinau yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribosomau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribosomau (dim tudalen ar gael)">ribosomau</a>'r gell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyblygiad_DNA">Dyblygiad DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Dyblygiad DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Dyblygiad DNA"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae angen dyblygiad DNA wrth i gellau rannu (<a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>) Gall y DNA cynhyrchu copi ei hyn trwy <a href="/wiki/Ensym" title="Ensym">ensymau</a> a moleciwlau cludo arbennig. I wneud hynny, mae ensym yn rhannu'r DNA i'r ddwy <a href="/wiki/Niwcleotid" title="Niwcleotid">niwcleotidau</a> ac ar un pryd mae pob niwcleotid yn dechrau cynhyrchu niwcleotid newydd. Wedi'r gorffen y proses hyn, mae dwy DNA newydd, pob un gyda un niwcleotid hen ac un niwcleotid newydd. Camgymeriadau dybligiad yw'n achosi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwtaniad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwtaniad (dim tudalen ar gael)">mwtaniadau</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:DNA_replication_cy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DNA_replication_cy.svg/640px-DNA_replication_cy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DNA_replication_cy.svg/960px-DNA_replication_cy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DNA_replication_cy.svg/1280px-DNA_replication_cy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Dyblygiad DNA: Mae'r helics dwbl yn cael ei ddad-ddirwyn gan helicas a topoisomeras. Wedi hynny, mae un polymeras DNA yn cynhyrchu copi'r edefyn arweiniol. Mae polymeras DNA arall yn rhwymo i'r edefyn dilynol. Mae'r ensym hwn yn gwneud segmentau amharhaol (a elwir yn ddernynnau Okazaki) cyn i ligas DNA eu cydgysylltu.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swyddogaethau_biolegol">Swyddogaethau biolegol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Swyddogaethau biolegol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Swyddogaethau biolegol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/220px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/330px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg/440px-Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Lleoliad DNA cnewyllol ewcaryotau o fewn y cromosomau</figcaption></figure> <p>Mae DNA fel arfer yn digwydd fel <a href="/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom">cromosomau</a> llinol mewn <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotau</a>, a chromosomau crwn mewn <a href="/wiki/Procaryot" title="Procaryot">procaryotau</a>. Mae'r set o gromosomau mewn cell yn ffurfio ei genom; mae gan y <a href="/wiki/Y_Genom_Dynol" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Genom Dynol">genom dynol</a> tua 3 biliwn o barau sylfaen o DNA wedi'u trefnu'n 46 cromosom. Mae'r wybodaeth a gludir gan DNA yn cael ei chadw mewn dilyniant o ddarnau o DNA o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Genyn" title="Genyn">genynnau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Etifeddeg" title="Etifeddeg">Trosglwyddir</a> gwybodaeth enetig mewn genynnau trwy baru sylfaen cyflenwol. Er enghraifft, wrth drawsgrifio, pan fydd cell yn defnyddio'r wybodaeth mewn genyn, mae'r dilyniant DNA yn cael ei gopïo i ddilyniant RNA cyflenwol trwy'r atyniad rhwng y DNA a'r niwcleotidau RNA cywir. Fel arfer, mae'r copi RNA hwn wedyn yn cael ei ddefnyddio i wneud dilyniant protein cyfatebol, sy'n dibynnu ar yr un rhyngweithiad rhwng niwcleotidau RNA. Mewn ffordd arall, gall cell gopïo ei gwybodaeth enetig mewn proses a elwir yn ddyblygiad DNA. Ymdrinnir â manylion y swyddogaethau hyn mewn erthyglau eraill; yma mae'r ffocws ar y rhyngweithiadau rhwng DNA a moleciwlau eraill sy'n cyfryngu swyddogaeth y genom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genynnau_a_genomau">Genynnau a genomau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Genynnau a genomau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Genynnau a genomau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae DNA genomig wedi'i bacio'n dynn ac yn drefnus yn y broses a elwir yn anwedd DNA, i ffitio'r cyfeintiau bach o'r gell sydd ar gael. Mewn <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotau</a>, mae DNA wedi'i leoli yng <a href="/wiki/Cnewyllyn_cell" title="Cnewyllyn cell">nghnewyllyn y gell</a>, gyda symiau bach mewn <a href="/wiki/Mitocondria" title="Mitocondria">mitocondria</a> a chloroplastau. Mewn procaryotau, mae'r DNA yn cael ei ddal o fewn corff siâp afreolaidd yn y sytoplasm a elwir yn niwcleoid.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r wybodaeth enetig mewn genom yn cael ei chadw o fewn genynnau, a'r enw ar y set gyflawn o'r wybodaeth hon mewn organeb yw ei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genoteip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genoteip (dim tudalen ar gael)">genoteip</a>. Mae genyn yn uned <a href="/wiki/Etifeddeg" title="Etifeddeg">etifeddol</a> ac mae'n rhan o'r DNA sy'n dylanwadu ar nodwedd arbennig yr organeb. Mae genynnau'n cynnwys ffrâm ddarllen agored (<i>open reading frame</i>) y gellir ei thrawsgrifio, a dilyniannau rheoliadol fel hyrwyddwyr a chyfnerthwyr, sy'n rheoli trawsgrifio'r ffrâm darllen agored. </p><p>Mewn llawer <a href="/wiki/Rhywogaeth" title="Rhywogaeth">o rywogaethau</a>, dim ond ffracsiwn bach o gyfanswm dilyniant y genom sy'n amgodio protein. Er enghraifft, dim ond tua 1.5% o'r genom dynol sy'n cynnwys exons codio protein, gyda dros 50% o DNA dynol yn cynnwys dilyniannau ailadroddus nad ydynt yn codio.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r rhesymau dros bresenoldeb cymaint o DNA heb ei godio mewn genomau ewcaryotig a'r gwahaniaethau rhyfeddol ym maint y genom, neu <i>werth C</i>, ymhlith rhywogaethau, yn cynrychioli pos a elwir yn "enigma gwerth-C".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fodd bynnag, efallai y bydd rhai dilyniannau DNA nad ydynt yn codio protein yn dal i amgodio moleciwlau RNA swyddogaethol nad ydynt yn codio, sy'n ymwneud â rheoleiddio mynegiant genynnau. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/220px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/330px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg/440px-T7_RNA_polymerase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Polymeras RNA T7 (glas) yn cynhyrchu mRNA (gwyrdd) o dempled DNA (oren)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae rhai dilyniannau DNA nad ydynt yn codio yn chwarae rolau adeileddol mewn cromosomau. Ychydig o enynnau sydd gan y telomer a'r centromer ond maent yn bwysig ar gyfer swyddogaeth a sefydlogrwydd cromosomau.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ffurf doreithiog o DNA nad yw'n codio mewn bodau dynol yw ffug-enynnau, sef copïau o enynnau sydd wedi'u hanalluogi gan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwtaniad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwtaniad (dim tudalen ar gael)">fwtaniad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fel arfer, dyw'r dilyniannau hyn yn ddim byd ond <a href="/wiki/Ffosil" title="Ffosil">ffosilau</a> moleciwlaidd, er y gallant weithiau wasanaethu fel deunydd genetig crai ar gyfer creu genynnau newydd trwy'r broses o ddyblygu genynnau a dargyfeirio.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trawsgrifio_a_throsi">Trawsgrifio a throsi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Trawsgrifio a throsi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Trawsgrifio a throsi"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae genyn yn ddilyniant o DNA sy'n cynnwys gwybodaeth enetig a gall ddylanwadu ar ffenoteip organeb. O fewn genyn, mae'r dilyniant o fasau ar hyd edefyn DNA yn diffinio dilyniant y RNA negeseuol, sydd wedyn yn diffinio un neu fwy o ddilyniannau protein. Mae'r berthynas rhwng y dilyniannau niwcleotid o enynnau a'r dilyniannau <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asid amino</a> o broteinau yn cael ei phennu gan reolau trosi, a elwir gyda'i gilydd yn god genetig. Mae'r cod genetig yn cynnwys 'geiriau' tair llythyren o'r enw <i>codonau</i> a ffurfiwyd o ddilyniant o dri niwcleotid (ee ACT, CAG, TTT). </p><p>Wrth drawsgrifio, mae codonau genyn yn cael eu copïo i RNA negeseuol gan polymeras RNA. Yna mae'r copi RNA hwn yn cael ei ddadgodio gan <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosom</a> sy'n darllen y dilyniant RNA trwy baru'r RNA negeseuol i drosglwyddo RNA, sy'n cario asidau amino. Gan fod 4 sylfaen mewn cyfuniadau 3 llythyren, mae yna 64 codon posib (4<sup>3</sup> cyfuniad). Mae'r rhain yn amgodio'r ugain asid amino safonol, gan roi mwy nag un codon posibl i'r rhan fwyaf o asidau amino. Mae yna hefyd dri codon gorffen neu ddisynnwyr sy'n dynodi diwedd y rhanbarth codio; dyma'r codonau TAG, TAA a TGA, (UAG, UAA ac UGA ar yr mRNA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyblygiad">Dyblygiad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Dyblygiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Dyblygiad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhyngweithio_â_phroteinau"><span id="Rhyngweithio_.C3.A2_phroteinau"></span>Rhyngweithio â phroteinau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Rhyngweithio â phroteinau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Rhyngweithio â phroteinau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae holl swyddogaethau DNA yn dibynnu ar ryngweithio â phroteinau. Gall y rhyngweithiadau <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> hyn fod yn amhenodol, neu gall y protein rwymo'n benodol i un dilyniant o DNA. Gall ensymau rwymo i DNA hefyd ac o'r rhain, mae'r polymerasau sy'n copïo'r dilyniant bas DNA wrth drawsgrifio a dyblygu DNA yn arbennig o bwysig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proteinau_DNA-rwymol">Proteinau DNA-rwymol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Proteinau DNA-rwymol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Proteinau DNA-rwymol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ensymau_DNA-addasol">Ensymau DNA-addasol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Ensymau DNA-addasol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ensymau DNA-addasol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esblygiad">Esblygiad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Esblygiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Esblygiad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae DNA yn cynnwys y wybodaeth enetig sy'n caniatáu i bob ffurf ar fywyd weithredu, tyfu ac atgenhedlu. Fodd bynnag, nid yw'n glir pa mor hir yn <a href="/wiki/Llinell_amser_esblygiad_bywyd" title="Llinell amser esblygiad bywyd">hanes bywyd</a> 4-biliwn o flynyddoedd y mae DNA wedi cyflawni'r swyddogaeth hon, gan y cynigiwyd y gallai'r ffurfiau cynharaf ar fywyd fod wedi defnyddio RNA fel eu deunydd genetig.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'n bosibl bod RNA wedi gweithredu fel rhan ganolog o <a href="/wiki/Metabolaeth" title="Metabolaeth">fetaboledd celloedd</a> cynnar gan y gall drosglwyddo gwybodaeth enetig a chynnal <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> fel rhan o <a href="/wiki/Ribosym" title="Ribosym">ribosymau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'n bosibl bod y <a href="/wiki/Byd_RNA" title="Byd RNA">byd RNA</a> hynafol hwn lle byddai asid niwclëig wedi'i ddefnyddio ar gyfer catalysis a geneteg wedi dylanwadu ar <a href="/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad">esblygiad</a> y cod genetig presennol yn seiliedig ar bedwar sylfaen niwcleotid. Byddai hyn yn digwydd, gan fod nifer y basau gwahanol mewn organeb o'r fath yn gyfaddawd rhwng nifer fach o fasau gan gynyddu cywirdeb atgynhyrchu a nifer fawr o fasau sy'n cynyddu effeithlonrwydd catalytig ribosymau.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fodd bynnag, nid oes tystiolaeth uniongyrchol o systemau genetig hynafol, gan fod adferiad DNA o'r rhan fwyaf o ffosilau yn amhosibl oherwydd nad yw DNA wedi goroesi yn yr amgylchedd am fwy na miliwn o flynyddoedd, ac mae'n diraddio'n ddarnau bach, byr mewn hydoddiant.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawliodd rhai gwyddonwyr y caed DNA hŷn, ee adroddiad am ynysu bacteriwm hyfyw oddi wrth grisial halen 250 miliwn o flynyddoedd oed,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ond mae’r honiadau hyn yn ddadleuol.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae'n bosibl bod blociau adeiladu DNA (adenin, gwanin a moleciwlau organig cysylltiedig) wedi'u ffurfio'n allfydol yn <a href="/wiki/Y_gofod" title="Y gofod">y gofod allanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callahan-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steigerwald_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigerwald-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae cyfansoddion <a href="/wiki/Bywyd" title="Bywyd">bywyd</a> organig cymhleth DNA ac <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, gan gynnwys uracil, sytosin a thymin, hefyd wedi'u ffurfio yn y labordy o dan amodau sy'n dynwared y rhai a geir yn <a href="/wiki/Y_gofod" title="Y gofod">y gofod allanol</a>, gan ddefnyddio cemegau cychwynnol, megis pyrimidin, a geir mewn meteorynnau. Mae'n bosibl bod pyrimidin, fel hydrocarbonau aromatig polysyclig (PAHs), y cemegyn mwyaf carbon-gyfoethog a geir yn y <a href="/wiki/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)" title="Bydysawd (seryddiaeth)">bydysawd</a>, wedi'i ffurfio mewn <a href="/wiki/Cawr_coch" title="Cawr coch">cewri coch</a> neu mewn llwch cosmig rhyngserol a chymylau nwy.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20150303_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20150303-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yn Chwefror 2021, adroddodd gwyddonwyr, am y tro cyntaf, am ddilyniant DNA a ganfuwyd yng ngweddillion <a href="/wiki/Mamoth" title="Mamoth">mamoth</a> dros filiwn o flynyddoedd oed, y dilyniant DNA hynaf hyd yn hyn.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-20210217_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20210217-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20210217_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20210217-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defnydd_mewn_technoleg">Defnydd mewn technoleg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Defnydd mewn technoleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Defnydd mewn technoleg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peirianneg_genetig">Peirianneg genetig</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Peirianneg genetig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Peirianneg genetig"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae dulliau wedi'u datblygu i 'buro' DNA o organebau, megis echdynnu ffenol-clorofform, a'i drin yn y <a href="/wiki/Labordy" title="Labordy">labordy</a>, megis cyfyngu'r treulio ac adwaith cadwynol polymeras. Gwna <a href="/wiki/Bywydeg" title="Bywydeg">bioleg</a> fodern a <a href="/wiki/Biocemeg" title="Biocemeg">biocemeg</a> ddefnydd dwys o'r technegau hyn mewn technoleg DNA ailgyfunol (<i>recombinant</i>). Dilyniant DNA o waith dyn yw DNA ailgyfunol sydd wedi'i gasglu o ddilyniannau DNA eraill. Gellir eu trawsnewid yn organebau ar ffurf plasmidau neu mewn dull briodol, trwy ddefnyddio fector firaol.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gellir defnyddio'r organebau a addaswyd yn enetig i gynhyrchu cynhyrchion megis <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteinau</a> ailgyfunol, a ddefnyddir mewn ymchwil feddygol,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neu gellir eu tyfu mewn <a href="/wiki/Amaeth" title="Amaeth">amaethyddiaeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proffilio_DNA">Proffilio DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Proffilio DNA" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Proffilio DNA"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gall <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwyddoniaeth_fforensig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwyddoniaeth fforensig (dim tudalen ar gael)">gwyddonwyr fforensig</a> ddefnyddio DNA mewn <a href="/wiki/Gwaed" title="Gwaed">gwaed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croen" title="Croen">croen</a>, poer neu <a href="/wiki/Blew" title="Blew">wallt</a> a ddarganfuwyd mewn lleoliad trosedd i adnabod DNA yr unigolion fel troseddwyr.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelwir y broses hon yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proffilio_DNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proffilio DNA (dim tudalen ar gael)">broffilio DNA</a> yn ffurfiol, a elwir hefyd yn <i>olion bysedd DNA</i>. Mewn proffilio DNA, mae hyd adrannau amrywiol o DNA ailadroddus, megis ailadroddiadau tandem byr a miniloerennau, yn cael eu cymharu rhwng pobl. Mae'r dull hwn fel arfer yn dechneg hynod ddibynadwy ar gyfer adnabod DNA unigryw yr unigolyn.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fodd bynnag, gall adnabod fod yn gymhleth os yw'r olygfa wedi'i halogi â DNA gan nifer o bobl.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datblygwyd proffilio DNA yn 1984 gan y genetegydd Syr Alec Jeffreys,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ac fe'i defnyddiwyd gyntaf mewn gwyddoniaeth fforensig i euogfarnu Colin Pitchfork yn achos llofruddiaethau Enderby ym 1988<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae datblygiad gwyddoniaeth fforensig a'r gallu i fatsio genynnau samplau bach iawn o waed, croen, poer neu wallt wedi arwain at ail-edrych ar lawer o achosion. Bellach gellir dod o hyd i dystiolaeth a oedd yn wyddonol amhosibl ar adeg yr archwiliad gwreiddiol. Ar y cyd â dileu’r gyfraith perygl dwbl mewn rhai mannau, gall hyn ganiatáu i achosion gael eu hailagor lle mae treialon blaenorol wedi methu â chyflwyno digon o dystiolaeth i argyhoeddi rheithgor. Mae’n bosibl y bydd yn ofynnol i bobl sydd wedi’u cyhuddo o droseddau difrifol ddarparu sampl o DNA at ddibenion y matsio (neu 'baru') hwn. Yr amddiffyniad mwyaf amlwg i barau DNA a gafwyd yn fforensig yw honni bod tystiolaeth wedi'i groeshalogi. Mae hyn wedi arwain at weithdrefnau trin manwl a llym gydag achosion newydd o droseddau difrifol. </p><p>Mae proffilio DNA hefyd yn cael ei ddefnyddio'n llwyddiannus i nodi'n gadarnhaol ddioddefwyr (neu ddarnau o'u cyrff) a fu mewn digwyddiadau torfol difrifol,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a dioddefwyr unigol mewn beddau rhyfel torfol, trwy baru ag aelodau'r teulu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garlandscience.com/product/isbn/9780815344322"><i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i></a> (arg. 6th). Garland. 2014. t. Chapter 4: DNA, Chromosomes and Genomes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8153-4432-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8153-4432-2"><bdi>978-0-8153-4432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.pages=Chapter+4%3A+DNA%2C+Chromosomes+and+Genomes&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4432-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garlandscience.com%2Fproduct%2Fisbn%2F9780815344322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105045651/http://basicbiology.net/micro/genetics/dna/">"DNA"</a>. <i>Basic Biology</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://basicbiology.net/micro/genetics/dna">gwreiddiol</a> ar 5 Ionawr 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basic+Biology&rft.atitle=DNA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbasicbiology.net%2Fmicro%2Fgenetics%2Fdna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Uracil">"Uracil"</a>. <i>Genome.gov</i> (yn Saesneg)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">21 Tachwedd</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genome.gov&rft.atitle=Uracil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.gov%2Fgenetics-glossary%2FUracil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/igenetics0000russ_v6o1"><i>iGenetics</i></a>. New York: Benjamin Cummings. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-8053-4553-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-8053-4553-1"><bdi>0-8053-4553-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=iGenetics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8053-4553-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Figenetics0000russ_v6o1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofnucl0000saen"><i>Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure</i></a>. New York: Springer-Verlag. 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-387-90762-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-387-90762-9"><bdi>0-387-90762-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Nucleic+Acid+Structure&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-387-90762-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofnucl0000saen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21054/"><i>Molecular Biology of the Cell</i></a> (arg. 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New York and London: Garland Science. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/0-8153-3218-1"><bdi>0-8153-3218-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/145080076">145080076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145080076&rft.isbn=0-8153-3218-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK21054%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4608029">"Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i> <b>6</b>: 8440. October 2015. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.8440I">2015NatCo...6.8440I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms9440">10.1038/ncomms9440</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4608029/?tool=pmcentrez">4608029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26455586">26455586</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4608029">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4608029</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">"Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid"</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>171</b> (4356): 737–38. April 1953. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..737W">1953Natur.171..737W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F171737a0">10.1038/171737a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054692">13054692</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"The dimensions of DNA in solution". <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i> <b>152</b> (1): 153–61. 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Methods in Molecular Biology. <b>360</b>. 2007. tt. 163–202. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1385%2F1-59745-165-7%3A163">10.1385/1-59745-165-7:163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59745-165-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59745-165-9"><bdi>978-1-59745-165-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17172731">17172731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transgenic+animal+models+in+biomedical+research&rft.btitle=Target+Discovery+and+Validation+Reviews+and+Protocols&rft.series=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.pages=163-202&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17172731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1385%2F1-59745-165-7%3A163&rft.isbn=978-1-59745-165-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3481857">"Multigene engineering: dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Biotechnology</i> <b>13</b> (2): 136–41. April 2002. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0958-1669%2802%2900297-5">10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00297-5</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3481857/?tool=pmcentrez">3481857</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950565">11950565</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3481857">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3481857</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Plant biotechnology in agriculture". <i>Biochimie</i> <b>84</b> (11): 1105–10. November 2002. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0300-9084%2802%2900013-5">10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00013-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595138">12595138</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022033110/http://theconversation.com/from-the-crime-scene-to-the-courtroom-the-journey-of-a-dna-sample-82250">"From the crime scene to the courtroom: the journey of a DNA sample"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. 29 Awst 2017. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/from-the-crime-scene-to-the-courtroom-the-journey-of-a-dna-sample-82250">gwreiddiol</a> ar 22 Hydref 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">22 Hydref</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=From+the+crime+scene+to+the+courtroom%3A+the+journey+of+a+DNA+sample&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ffrom-the-crime-scene-to-the-courtroom-the-journey-of-a-dna-sample-82250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=44126">"Likelihood ratios for DNA identification"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> <b>91</b> (13): 6007–11. June 1994. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994PNAS...91.6007C">1994PNAS...91.6007C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.91.13.6007">10.1073/pnas.91.13.6007</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (dim tudalen ar gael)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC44126/?tool=pmcentrez">44126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8016106">8016106</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=44126">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=44126</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f47f/2c895d0b06b3dc72a4707b464126e6c820aa.pdf">"Interpreting DNA mixtures"</a>. <i>Journal of Forensic Sciences</i> <b>42</b> (2): 213–22. March 1997. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1520%2FJFS14100J">10.1520/JFS14100J</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9068179">9068179</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f47f/2c895d0b06b3dc72a4707b464126e6c820aa.pdf">http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f47f/2c895d0b06b3dc72a4707b464126e6c820aa.pdf</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA". <i>Nature</i> <b>316</b> (6023): 76–79. 1985. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.316...76J">1985Natur.316...76J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F316076a0">10.1038/316076a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2989708">2989708</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214004903/http://www.forensic.gov.uk/forensic_t/inside/news/list_casefiles.php?case=1">"Colin Pitchfork"</a>. 2006-12-14. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forensic.gov.uk/forensic_t/inside/news/list_casefiles.php?case=1">gwreiddiol</a> ar 14 Rhagfyr 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">2023-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colin+Pitchfork&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forensic.gov.uk%2Fforensic_t%2Finside%2Fnews%2Flist_casefiles.php%3Fcase%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112000837/http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/">"DNA Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents"</a>. National Institute of Justice. September 2006. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/">gwreiddiol</a> ar 12 Tachwedd 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+Identification+in+Mass+Fatality+Incidents&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Justice&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmassfatality.dna.gov%2FIntroduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ADNA" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awdurdod" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Awdurdod" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Awdurdod" class="mw-redirect" title="Awdurdod">Awdurdod</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-sh85-037008">WorldCat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85037008">sh85037008</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4070512-2">4070512-2</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119649178">cb119649178</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119649178">(data)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561484">00561484</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116977&CON_LNG=ENG">ph116977</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527602">XX527602</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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