CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8eaed779cdd4ce1f',cH: 'g_VdxoCBynKDzK_dGkVoWbKQ41EQXgtavibmAMX0f1Q-1733011695-1.2.1.1-LShqCqFZa8a39RwCMBg0fnd0oWUizTzLpl90VmlfcsGAYi9r1AWQR5hw8WHyUUeh',cUPMDTk: "\/doi\/10.4319\/lo.1980.25.5.0840?__cf_chl_tk=oeVGLmpMrnfnzoT34SgEQTH1fWDEf8BYL9AEX7lf_SY-1733011695-1.0.1.1-BrYaXHZVQmk_XVBwpJ.eT_8zD45IAZW92MIRDZ25AzA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1733011695',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/doi\/10.4319\/lo.1980.25.5.0840?__cf_chl_f_tk=oeVGLmpMrnfnzoT34SgEQTH1fWDEf8BYL9AEX7lf_SY-1733011695-1.0.1.1-BrYaXHZVQmk_XVBwpJ.eT_8zD45IAZW92MIRDZ25AzA",md: "JaR6CNbSH31AVF555adHdrqYjoA3g0FGa19g789f5yg-1733011695-1.2.1.1-PW8wsRVdWGuyijh11XJ_i7GIHJjSbU6dhW1OilDKmzR.nAoRE.M48mS.9BnAE19xZJraQ95kHY.VpUh.mgShTVFVgSc6gV6Teb_VFsLEszXiVtucwVwL_5r2cjnbrSm9g73T6Tkxhf1Q2QKLP9EchNLpR.RPn4UrWEoJs9.vxuAwCi_HhqLxjCUhgeWo0A2gvP.crGcA0phHSj3Stsmqt0okihL95n4_tAWQgd6_RurA8Gz9rDmc99qN1.V6bzlVk07RdnjUjcWciHrZJfmXOywjbh6YJzefsq.vohSJ.QqkGvLqGjfpskEwMoS6gGwAG58psx30nmHJLeZ_4eDqSKT0EDoM2QClGIxJBUl7zVYKbF8H8gkjRKvRMfX7lRptBruxGeVq0MS9ISlgqE4F.jBbbHz_geKWtqrlAMk6KVnr0MfSHWbK651KTypFWouYxJ4GtOBcpcsJU6HCoF5M6ae646qdWKsPO3sn8ZND8IedvMVW5YdDebSOVOS2EDvToMsedHOkxaeYEXRL0oHJqQfdjuvs4QzfEa2fT_jlyqeDuByKsW6wA9a9obVjwjQCv6fmAtaWY6jIFFZhJ4qkuglByfjsY8fLUwYS.iM1AqYSsCM3bGVBjIszVbacxcMQcZjBCJReVrBwGcJzCRRUd4h0VfYoS0wqjuTd648HzAZNx7lYMZrHgSJM2bR4PwHE5dEi09ZcsD876jD9cZSeV6WIsD9m8QrJnFmdjdNntge5MPxVrotsL0Rb2tNYUKMKNEp.eZOPt6SZ6je28puf_t47FwrUJEW_4vmZ7Snw42JevNf.yq6m84z1PNBEgyzsxF2N7PWSiATKLIMooMd33UhyzZo3sDRO7bu4AEZkdJRf8tPizAxnKinKHYWZvNtUHTzE351q0AP0CtEwIU7xv.iBA0z3D86TUlJMPOgnBrYPRPFtqxSdF4s2yMbwwv1a8NAUYpzAFC9DxtdaRgeCoH5UhAeZM6KcZ2eEuR2qyxGq1xZR3AcWWWY9d0xyHSkkWG6Pgf2zvWOFw8m7.78ndX03efQ42AGsDvSmVY.EvZpF4k.LWmQ_asKEBtzBm2_LiMBcW.JjzJtzhIHHQXmJ8Lcrnhp2I1GWb682Ws1_61AL.zQ7ftuwvj_IzF81pUF7tZKT84ITLB6gC3zQxZLPIsLzKo7XMOxT5isb_nJQSZnuh53YcpK4YFdjydPj0ppTN5Otz6c9K29LXZNrjKvb_Qd2Kg47.DD0l_bOaFNp1huT8kOWZK8zJxk0qtJxCBGPbWdJE3aykCpJMFjZzd8F0UuopChVrM1exD4YcjvHQ3dzljk2ez.qcNCM5I76smk17x.hu7q1QFlTAf4AngEB2VRDF5alsz.anNzWy2x9etvriauJoGzc4aYOjGZsPY3g_PAkuJre6130mu22xhnEpLZkF7RYZ2ym1aUTZ84MW7dBUsi4tCPCQ8tImJne27ChNzuSHX1wDIxmfKXMGauOniZJVv3MWBQVVZ5voGHLqvVYNOa0LsajdFhwBbCPP_i7RB4OzOBbhoe7YCyi6WUj72h6iBbGDqbx8pFTgbCxXkBfBL3hqk.KYjCiCpp3UFafS7tkimeu_ZH6QFw1iW3ncI2_eMWPH76LLb0ssyLM9h5f5shgHf8QmKGRsCuBKJMcjuqKBBIN2ayeEYDPuY.Y.fAWM9wrMDer9XI3p8o3D_Xys1ksEcNeScCkaJaUtKbDATiOd6fVk7OB83TdTAvywtLBTMEcQ5E1.TSSw_liu4I4ejMwCK6XHopbXp546h.iUvBtNPmZUgQrWLYcD8u83C1CqAdFBbl.O2WxtpDDDAEhbTywDKDepbsufMUm3TuEHE892TtDpExZkLQbmZdvKq5SkrEXrxlGdM_2U9bLzvWZFS.oV45.svi4DZHi2UYCXmFPc8q5MfGIXx0F5yiTyaI32TpWdv1_nFfHSq4VKSXJIRUdl1PBt4MabJ99oGwSXTrYqz6KydJ5vwO39t.ghh8eWUm3GTWfWhetzlGdkYE7J0_LmYVGmqJQmjyphxUhZUFcwkOydLg6gzwxsZEFoDRNnUJu..aQRCRfe7XE1tHgSyZ6awkl5pI6QJ261FRkkiNCRweXR6QsJuQiGfFjaeaSmwmY6v3RyVIlD9lIzBy8lBkbabiC2R.wKthcYk9PGV4ghThR3lSUxqrtIKlLrv2J8wWIRCLpP_oLvQiXLB0LOoZAHa7znTHLq1cQTyq0BsFU8z_8hz0rIHWCXHpg8Hoae8rggtsm7SUHdEqPWuAbKgJRAUau01IgwDHqvtwU2ifujT8TfzfDIVOgmKdTjEtH3v2wl8iwY3kuMELhd88SD_eS22Pum8cKwxZ7ULlCovW9sUzA_d9DdJcFK8r7FehVCXW3fnUyxriD2MtXXOMKg4EbmGDkD299BKKshNc0fk6M2NWmsiuDNYExdxj8AWTBKoAkcZp2SSHpXT6LlSFnu2eH0da1isbtnBhIRItcb8QSMSzowmWCfCN.2BKXBs4fOuMM3dqPznVZlUGOe9kVN.60.IeQCKqz02muAbdLiYUrUSGNyqdqMiLLg7L_jCc55jzq8rq5QOF4JRdNbu0wgi9pOiz9rgx_hepDsnqGqsRXpZEzx4TicOaP7meMhBhlyGqDExDYcZxc6UxjI_jG9JJEu5xPDH7B95HnjTFgKRfcNGnnaE7HFnCB1mnOF50JtFhPEiG4uISoTGMSVPCS3DJ6cZLiCOGoH11529GoS.mxk.jXZS8ssRgwtIqn1Y1uP1u5XlUYt202sxR.1kLjkyHeYRv5YxnaV8ENMOxYaXgGmjgFjkXJ4SYwu7OelXJmuSRGP0mbyOxa1NrNi.X0btbp2liu0.lvfZo_f9sZXUCXsX926beOxLnHZ7dyNUZf6KHyFT_vhsvqsb.6iewU8bMVOY_b_EiYqsgzhZIDTeL1W3xXHXBRndOZkHiX_MPuvteB39YnmH3J_IYX83B.zXS3mrGiDz4rJLPteNpO",mdrd: "cxEPXLGoI9MxXnobz3Ea.N_SKfNNWN3lJJ0o5lpKbOw-1733011695-1.2.1.1-jG568nh2ermWqGDf7egjLZRUphPnjqKIM.OCbW3c.nGKeQvy_Z40OsaSR4oVcjSTQvIysTmby7xQIAreCdz9Mfx6MvGomjOg8BPBv0xmDNgU79z.o._TQyDidtDAiZBOwJvBmtxwxG8PwBtXpy1czsGsqANpMkWDvs0ct_.14cBkUxv4hq7n1blV7gBQ2DbrhuTTbAnDTv_l5mIGf6N5vJeGo0JLckT_t04kMrI1bAjkmuaxgdSgx4oQi9Hi.z.vQ86uyWOPGTMEFaE8ImpqLL4RbsBCbTY.Cdnh8Mix1tmLq2UggcSVJ11RcPfU7t9SgGxFAYGCwRW7zNXO9e1PcskwoYCKAdgksKvzSa2lYCsvPpiyVaabKZatg2LazuI4yw_YOc_.X65h.CCW9FPKb8ynhs92bGQ1AXxe4RGGh4PYBOHawfSq1Qm_Rolzhnelc.R3Dg.DwFu4xN4mmJ_d6K8dDvr_Qkbpff.e5wPNrkvjK6ou6z2da6tRNl_YR9ACNcX.W6bU2e3mu4ZlNqFC03.clQ5Dv0KI2SyFmSgUrKRZIEf8VmAxuA561yD36ksA71KaGUSSTIhfTp4E2mjvSW9Zy2eXN16ETAlgu41CFp_QgE3cSAxucnI1aLfJa_d0iyIYb6_8JwDJIVPAzN2uyUMYcEnAKc4_VIfQoybZw4InHZ0xhevs4IUOyvFwbW.okfNjNzskM_MjF_nlNDPOKhJbyxqAPOkz0xGkI8OKlilr_zu494tVhXe5Ovs2AmBIrK9QUxPls4M.omVxt6LPIPqS5rJP9xQDVOPqvlm8PxkXZ.BNGt29Z9O2rHmrs3AwqFoH2ImJ1PpnCk.8uFeOaMgi_QVA1tDPSH_ibomu7A9DgHH.OTOU5MiBFauLKHOcne4_x.kuYWx1oz2gy1WdqxXqK5Cr6Ovsa8NYZhRyjir3Q.7neZXOSs3NAgQ_DO.IMVcWZVaZn5bvuuvSCKam8qN4OCJrawrKjDUg800VhhEVuoJ66JgDvsKSHZlp9x4OMIdWAaqJH329EfmO2XWk.VbyHn5ubMrbxTg0RrNtMLbjwv8rhpJglNAVcszx5l66MA_wp3bbtGxO.sqUjLZoRjwyA_1.ZtF0Kzbhd_cg404OgbM1Cs3H6fnJjv5c1tvADiNntxrh8s.zpv261kve.WsAuS4LII37_te4g8mLc8XFtkfzsL4WZiVEs8znY273Gm7FoG8BnbgklLM9HnHqFqFtQNB7GVuM1ekcABQn3gXIta_gIJyAzTSSAyx8.Jz0F3nuWdAnXAT0A7kd56eNZaQ.e6JpGQiH52i5sNMBe9Imy9QaIRbquOAh.OLb1fvcXNJHnsBsTllbOzqTsavqRgB1lGtyEz7kX20SsuX5_zkcVJDnET4Q.a4_SfURqOcaZogvC5UqZZjg7ktIenFhY7MaC8RJ3ufgsNF.TsX4y7Isr326vMcfjXh7kFlFeHQdkk._FSOGyt7TeJRke1E18Adkj2Iamt6xRbq9i5d.lPUDFm_ib.gr10_E59Q.0yCorBHRRGPYexEFJRntdEkbuIoX2pjtAby1wjxJOrIl_Zax7FfYw0zALesm41tE5WbXjGFkTUzCCOaIC9qQK87DFR0rlvaLp0VjKZbEUmmVfJcgHqRyKCChQTS2U6t6OrMGIEYTDy4g.89pO_r.5rVL.dKW4Xsx4ts6NheVktMnpa_B_Y3so84HbjzfXln6MudqMD8q38v5zumGI5XXhW4dXYuDFM2yaMRetkA_qjdNU_b4cu.GGTaNgu6_g7KHsdeQxuwR2ruGJEfOlnSav2ggwBIe_fe7iARA8_AUh5YmhcWnq7puRbvs0_TTPzx1d6.hdm8UhR1xRWx0bMoWNxEpiVRdHVmqoKCvBeGto4psH5BGxywPmsrjLL.tmISVcx1GHHJ89Y5yiTwUpM7xNTG9kvJcH9bzt4tDgL5ZPx9uDMTT_NWMflcerzVPmmMSVx9UwdLs_Ooyaquzn6u_NBFEpWLYm6rYtwiZeC6CSaRFkI8"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8eaed779cdd4ce1f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/doi\/10.4319\/lo.1980.25.5.0840?__cf_chl_rt_tk=oeVGLmpMrnfnzoT34SgEQTH1fWDEf8BYL9AEX7lf_SY-1733011695-1.0.1.1-BrYaXHZVQmk_XVBwpJ.eT_8zD45IAZW92MIRDZ25AzA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>