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id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"> Wide area network </h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"> </div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head"> navigation </a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LAN_WAN_scheme.svg" class="image"><img alt="LAN WAN scheme.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/LAN_WAN_scheme.svg/300px-LAN_WAN_scheme.svg.png" width="300" height="212" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/LAN_WAN_scheme.svg/450px-LAN_WAN_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/LAN_WAN_scheme.svg/600px-LAN_WAN_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744"/></a></div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th class="navbox-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size: 120%"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a> types<br/> by spatial scope</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align: left"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanonetwork" title="Nanonetwork">Nanoscale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_field_communication" title="Near field communication">Near-field (NFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_area_network" title="Body area network">Body (BAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">Personal (PAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">Controller (CAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-me_area_network" title="Near-me area network">Near-me (NAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">Local (LAN)</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_network" title="Home network">Home (HAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage (SAN)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_network" title="Campus network">Campus (CAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbone_network" title="Backbone network">Backbone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network" title="Metropolitan area network">Metropolitan (MAN)</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Wide (WAN)</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_area_network" title="Internet area network">Cloud (IAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplanetary_Internet" title="Interplanetary Internet">Interplanetary Internet</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Area_networks" title="Template:Area networks"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Area_networks" title="Template talk:Area networks"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Area_networks&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p>A <b>wide area network</b> (<b>WAN</b>) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">telecommunications network</a> that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_line" title="Leased line">leased telecommunication lines</a>. Business and government entities use WANs to relay data among employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by businesses, governments, organizations, and individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Related terms for other types of networks are <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">personal area networks</a> (PANs), <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a> (LANs), <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_area_network" title="Campus area network" class="mw-redirect">campus area networks</a> (CANs), or <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network" title="Metropolitan area network">metropolitan area networks</a> (MANs) which are usually limited to a room, building, campus or specific metropolitan area (e.g., a city) respectively.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Design_options"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Design options</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Connection_technology"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Connection technology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Design_options">Design options</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_area_network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design options">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The textbook definition of a WAN is a computer network spanning regions, countries, or even the world. However, in terms of the application of computer networking protocols and concepts, it may be best to view WANs as computer networking technologies used to transmit data over long distances, and between different LANs, MANs and other localised computer networking architectures. This distinction stems from the fact that common LAN technologies operating at Layer 1/2 (such as the forms of Ethernet or Wifi) are often geared towards physically localised networks, and thus cannot transmit data over tens, hundreds or even thousands of miles or kilometres.</p> <p>WANs do not just necessarily connect physically disparate LANs. A CAN, for example, may have a localised backbone of a WAN technology, which connects different LANs within a campus. This could be to facilitate higher bandwidth applications, or provide better functionality for users in the CAN.</p> <p>WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a>, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_line" title="Leased line">leased lines</a>. At each end of the leased line, a <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a> connects the LAN on one side with a second <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a> within the LAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a> or <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> methods. Network <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol" title="Communications protocol">protocols</a> including <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect">TCP/IP</a> deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_over_SONET/SDH" title="Packet over SONET/SDH">Packet over SONET/SDH</a>, <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprotocol_Label_Switching" title="Multiprotocol Label Switching">MPLS</a>, <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a> and <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a> are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> are still in use today (with upgrades) by Frame Relay.</p> <p>Academic research into wide area networks can be broken down into three areas: <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical models</a>, <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_emulation" title="Network emulation">network emulation</a> and <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_simulation" title="Network simulation">network simulation</a>.</p> <p>Performance improvements are sometimes delivered via <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_file_services" title="Wide area file services">wide area file services</a> or <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN_optimization" title="WAN optimization">WAN optimization</a>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Connection_technology">Connection technology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_area_network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Connection technology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Network nodes can be connected using any given technology, from <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switched" title="Circuit switched" class="mw-redirect">circuit switched</a> telephone lines through radio waves through <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_fibre" title="Optic fibre" class="mw-redirect">optic fibre</a>. New technologies have allowed continuous increase in transmission rates. Around year 1960, a 110 bit/s (bits per second) line was normal on the edge of the WAN, while core links of 56 kbit/s to 64 kbit/s were considered "fast". As of 2014, households are connected to the Internet with <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_digital_subscriber_line" title="Asymmetric digital subscriber line">ADSL</a>, <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">Cable</a>, <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">Wimax</a>, <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> or <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber</a> at speeds ranging from 1 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s and the connections in the core of a WAN can range from 1 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s.</p> <p>Recently with the proliferation of low cost of <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> connectivity many companies and organizations have turned to <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VPN" title="VPN" class="mw-redirect">VPN</a> to interconnect their networks, creating a WAN in that way. Companies such as <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrix" title="Citrix" class="mw-redirect">Citrix</a>, <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco" class="mw-redirect">Cisco</a>, <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Peak_Systems" title="Silver Peak Systems">Silver Peak</a>, New Edge Networks and <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_Point" title="Check Point">Check Point</a> offer solutions to create VPN networks.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_area_network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bus_icon.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/32px-Bus_icon.svg.png" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/48px-Bus_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bus_icon.svg/64px-Bus_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="75"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_networking" title="Portal:Computer networking" class="mw-redirect">Computer networking portal</a></td> </tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/28px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/42px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/56px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Computer_Science" title="Portal:Computer Science" class="mw-redirect">Computer Science portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">Storage area network (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_area_network" title="Internet area network">Internet area network (IAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leased_line" title="Leased line">Leased line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">Circuit switching</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">Packet switching</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_switching" title="Cell switching" class="mw-redirect">Cell switching</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_Switching" title="Label Switching" class="mw-redirect">Label Switching</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SONET/SDH" title="SONET/SDH" class="mw-redirect">SONET/SDH</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_wide_area_network" title="Wireless wide area network" class="mw-redirect">Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_file_services" title="Wide area file services">Wide Area File Services (WAFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_application_services" title="Wide area application services">Wide Area Application Services (WAAS)</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_area_network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Groth, David and Skandler, Toby (2005). <i>Network+ Study Guide, Fourth Edition</i>. Sybex, Inc. <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7821-4406-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7821-4406-3">0-7821-4406-3</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWide+area+network&rft.aufirst=David+and+Skandler%2C+Toby&rft.au=Groth%2C+David+and+Skandler%2C+Toby&rft.aulast=Groth&rft.btitle=Network%2B+Study+Guide%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7821-4406-3&rft.pub=Sybex%2C+Inc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wide_area_network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/http://docwiki.cisco.com/wiki/Internetworking_Technology_Handbook#WAN_Technologies">Cisco - Introduction to WAN Technologies</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telecommunications&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image" title="Telecommunications symbol"><img alt="Telecommunications symbol" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/50px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/75px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/100px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a></div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line#History" title="Semaphore line">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_prepaid_mobile_phone" title="History of the prepaid mobile phone">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology" title="Timeline of communication technology">Timeline of communication technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing#History" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#Early_history" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pioneers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Papin_Tissot" title="Camille Papin Tissot">Camille Papin Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br/> media</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">Telephone lines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave#Communication" title="Microwave">Terrestrial microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">Molecules</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br/> and switching</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">Terminal node</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> (<a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO#SDMA" title="Multi-user MIMO">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" title="Code division multiple access">Code-division</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Networks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network" title="Television network">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">WAN</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By continent</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Angola" title="Telecommunications in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Benin" title="Telecommunications in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" title="Telecommunications in Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cape_Verde" title="Telecommunications in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Comoros" title="Telecommunications in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Eritrea" title="Telecommunications in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gabon" title="Telecommunications in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liberia" title="Telecommunications in Liberia" class="mw-redirect">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya" title="Telecommunications in Libya" class="mw-redirect">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malawi" title="Telecommunications in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritania" title="Telecommunications in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritius" title="Telecommunications in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Telecommunications in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Seychelles" title="Telecommunications in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somalia" title="Telecommunications in Somalia" class="mw-redirect">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tunisia" title="Telecommunications in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" title="Telecommunications in Uganda" class="mw-redirect">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mayotte" title="Telecommunications in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Telecommunications in Réunion">Réunion</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(France)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Helena" title="Telecommunications in Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telecommunications in Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Tristan da Cunha</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei" title="Telecommunications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burma" title="Telecommunications in Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iran" title="Telecommunications in Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Israel" title="Telecommunications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Japan" title="Telecommunications in Japan" class="mw-redirect">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Maldives" title="Telecommunications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Oman" title="Telecommunications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br/> limited recognition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Telecommunications in the Palestinian territories" class="mw-redirect">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telecommunications in Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Macau" title="Telecommunications in Macau">Macau</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Telecommunications in Europe" class="mw-redirect">Telecommunications in Europe</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" title="Telecommunications in Romania" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<br/> recognition</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man" class="mw-redirect">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other entities</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union" class="mw-redirect">European Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Dominica" title="Telecommunications in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Grenada" title="Telecommunications in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Telecommunications in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Telecommunications in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Telecommunications in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications in the United States" class="mw-redirect">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Anguilla" title="Telecommunications in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Aruba" title="Telecommunications in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Telecommunications in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greenland" title="Telecommunications in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guadeloupe" title="Telecommunications in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Martinique" title="Telecommunications in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montserrat" title="Telecommunications in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Navassa_Island" title="Telecommunications in Navassa Island" class="mw-redirect">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Telecommunications in Saint Barthélemy" class="mw-redirect">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Telecommunications in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Saba (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kiribati" title="Telecommunications in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Marshall Islands" class="mw-redirect">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nauru" title="Telecommunications in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Palau" title="Telecommunications in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea" class="mw-redirect">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tonga" title="Telecommunications in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Associated states<br/> of New Zealand</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niue" title="Telecommunications in Niue" class="mw-redirect">Niue</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br/> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_American_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Polynesia" title="Telecommunications in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guam" title="Telecommunications in Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Caledonia" title="Telecommunications in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in South America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Argentina" title="Telecommunications in Argentina" class="mw-redirect">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" title="Telecommunications in Colombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Paraguay" title="Telecommunications in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Suriname" title="Telecommunications in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Guiana" title="Telecommunications in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" class="mw-redirect"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunication" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150617191921im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mass_surveillance" title="Portal:Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150617191921/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="വൈഡ് ഏരിയ നെറ്റ്‌വർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangkaian_kawasan_luas" title="Rangkaian kawasan luas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Area_Network" title="Wide Area Network – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidstrakt_datanett" title="Vidstrakt datanett – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN" title="WAN – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Area_Network" title="Wide Area Network – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%87_rozleg%C5%82a" title="Sieć rozległa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_de_longa_dist%C3%A2ncia" title="Rede de longa distância – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C8%9Bea_de_arie_larg%C4%83" title="Rețea de arie largă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Глобальная компьютерная сеть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_aurie_network" title="Wide aurie network – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Area_Network" title="Wide Area Network – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%88" title="تۆڕی بەربڵاو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Регионална рачунарска мрежа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN" title="WAN – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laajaverkko" title="Laajaverkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Area_Network" title="Wide Area Network – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பெரும்பரப்பு வலையமைப்புகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="వైడ్ ఏరియా నెట్వర్క్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99" title="แวน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni%C5%9F_alan_a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Geniş alan ağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN" title="WAN – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAN" title="WAN – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%9F%9F%E7%BD%91" title="广域网 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150617191921/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%9F%9F%E7%BD%91" title="广域网 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li 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