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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Founding of Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_and_war_with_Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_and_war_with_Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relations and war with Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_and_war_with_Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration_of_New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration_of_New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exploration of New France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration_of_New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Military expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_administration_in_New_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_administration_in_New_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Improving administration in New France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improving_administration_in_New_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_return,_and_last_years_working_in_Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_return,_and_last_years_working_in_Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Last return, and last years working in Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_return,_and_last_years_working_in_Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Death and burial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel de Champlain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صمويل دو شامبلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صمويل دو شامبلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_%C5%9Eamplen" title="Samuel de Şamplen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Samuel de Şamplen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81" title="সাম্যুয়েল দ্য শঁপল্যাঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাম্যুয়েল দ্য শঁপল্যাঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Самюэль дэ Шамплейн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самюэль дэ Шамплейн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Самюэль дэ Шамплен – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самюэль дэ Шамплен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Самюел дьо Шамплен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самюел дьо Шамплен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Σαμουέλ ντε Σαμπλαίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμουέλ ντε Σαμπλαίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%86" title="ساموئل دو شامپلن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساموئل دو شامپلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AE%88%EC%97%98_%EB%93%9C_%EC%83%B9%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%AD" title="사뮈엘 드 샹플랭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사뮈엘 드 샹플랭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Սամյուել դը Շամպլեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սամյուել դը Շամպլեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="סמואל דה שמפלן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמואל דה שמפלן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სამიუელ შამპლენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამიუელ შამპლენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Camplenius" title="Samuel Camplenius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Samuel Camplenius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="സാമുവൽ ഡി ചാംപ്ലെയിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാമുവൽ ഡി ചാംപ്ലെയിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="صمويل دو شامبلان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صمويل دو شامبلان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9A%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဆယ်မျူယယ် ဒါ ရှမ်ပလိန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆယ်မျူယယ် ဒါ ရှမ်ပလိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="サミュエル・ド・シャンプラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サミュエル・ド・シャンプラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Шамплен, Самюэль де – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шамплен, Самюэль де" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Шамплен, Самюэль де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шамплен, Самюэль де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Самјуел де Шамплен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самјуел де Шамплен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samuel de Champlain" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Самюель де Шамплен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самюель де Шамплен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%B1%B3%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%9A%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0" title="萨米埃尔·德·尚普兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨米埃尔·德·尚普兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Champlain" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Champlain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Champlain (disambiguation)">Champlain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Samuel de Champlain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Samchamprifle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samchamprifle.jpg/220px-Samchamprifle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samchamprifle.jpg/330px-Samchamprifle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Samchamprifle.jpg/440px-Samchamprifle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="646" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Detail from "Défaite des Iroquois au Lac de Champlain", Champlain <i>Voyages</i> (1613). This <a href="/wiki/Self-portrait" title="Self-portrait">self-portrait</a> is the only surviving contemporary likeness of the explorer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Samuel Champlain</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1574-08-13</span>)</span>13 August 1574<sup id="cite_ref-birth_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1635<span style="display:none">(1635-12-25)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">New France</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"The Father of New France"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">Navigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartographer">cartographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a>, administrator and <a href="/wiki/Chronicler" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicler">chronicler</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Hélène Boullé</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="27 December 1610">1610</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_de_Champlain_(signature).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Typical signature of Samuel de Champlain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Samuel_de_Champlain_%28signature%29.svg/150px-Samuel_de_Champlain_%28signature%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Samuel_de_Champlain_%28signature%29.svg/225px-Samuel_de_Champlain_%28signature%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Samuel_de_Champlain_%28signature%29.svg/300px-Samuel_de_Champlain_%28signature%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Samuel de Champlain</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[samɥɛl<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɑ̃plɛ̃]</a></span>; 13 August 1574<sup id="cite_ref-birth_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birth2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 25 December 1635) was a French explorer, navigator, cartographer, draftsman, soldier, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He made between 21 and 29 trips across the Atlantic Ocean,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and founded <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, on 3 July 1608. An important figure in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">Canadian history</a>, Champlain created the first accurate coastal map during his explorations and founded various colonial settlements. </p><p>Born into a family of sailors, Champlain began exploring North America in 1603, under the guidance of his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grav%C3%A9_Du_Pont" title="François Gravé Du Pont">François Gravé Du Pont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davignon_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davignon-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1603, Champlain's life and career consolidated into the path he would follow for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritch_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1604 to 1607, he participated in the exploration and creation of the first permanent European settlement north of Florida, <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> (1605). In 1608, he established the French settlement that is now Quebec City.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champlain was the first European to describe the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, and published maps of his journeys and accounts of what he learned from the natives and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">French living among the Natives</a>. He formed long time relationships with local Montagnais and <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu</a>, and, later, with others farther west—tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipissing" title="Lake Nipissing">Lake Nipissing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Bay" title="Georgian Bay">Georgian Bay</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wendat</a>. He agreed to provide assistance in the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>. He learned and mastered their languages. </p><p>Late in the year of 1615, Champlain returned to the Wendat and stayed with them over the winter, which permitted him to make the first ethnographic observations of this important nation, the events of which form the bulk of his book <i>Voyages et Découvertes faites en la Nouvelle France, depuis l'année 1615</i> published in 1619.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritch_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritch-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1620, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a> ordered Champlain to cease exploration, return to Quebec, and devote himself to the administration of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In every way but formal title, Samuel de Champlain served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">Governor of New France</a>, a title that may have been formally unavailable to him owing to his non-noble status.<sup id="cite_ref-honorifics_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorifics-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champlain established trading companies that sent goods, primarily fur, to France, and oversaw the growth of New France in the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a> valley until his death in 1635. Many places, streets, and structures in northeastern North America today bear his name, most notably <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg/220px-Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg/330px-Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg/440px-Samuel-de-champlain-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Inauthentic depiction of Champlain, by <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Hamel" title="Théophile Hamel">Théophile Hamel</a> (1870), after the one by Ducornet, based on a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">Michel Particelli d'Emery</a> by Balthasar Moncornet. No authentic portrait of Champlain is known to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Champlain was born to John Pork Champlain (also written "Anthoine Chappelain" in some records) and Marguerite Le Roy, in either <a href="/wiki/Hiers-Brouage" title="Hiers-Brouage">Hiers-Brouage</a>, or the port city of <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>, in the French province of <a href="/wiki/Aunis" title="Aunis">Aunis</a>. </p><p>He was born on or before 13 August 1574, according to a recent baptism record found by Jean-Marie Germe, French genealogist.<sup id="cite_ref-birth_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birth2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Germe_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germe-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although in 1870, the Canadian Catholic priest Laverdière, in the first chapter of his <i>Œuvres de Champlain</i>, accepted Pierre-Damien Rainguet's<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate of Champlain's birth year as 1567 and tried to justify it, his calculations were based on assumptions now believed, or proven, to be incorrect. </p><p>Although Léopold Delayant (member, secretary, then president of <i>l'Académie des belles-lettres, sciences et arts de La Rochelle</i>) wrote as early as 1867 that Rainguet's estimate was wrong, the books of Rainguet and Laverdière have had a significant influence. The 1567 date was carved on numerous <a href="/wiki/Monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments">monuments</a> dedicated to Champlain and is widely regarded as accurate. </p><p>In the first half of the 20th century, some authors disagreed, choosing 1570 or 1575 instead of 1567. In 1978 Jean Liebel published groundbreaking research about these estimates of Champlain's birth year and concluded, "Samuel Champlain was born about 1580 in Brouage, France."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liebel asserts that some authors, including the Catholic priests Rainguet and Laverdière, preferred years when Brouage was under Catholic control (which include 1567, 1570, and 1575).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champlain claimed to be from Brouage in the title of his 1603 book and to be <i>Saintongeois</i> in the title of his second book (1613). </p><p>He belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> family in Brouage which was most of the time a Catholic city, Brouage was a royal fortress and its governor, from 1627 until his death in 1635, was <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>. The exact location of his birth is thus also not known with certainty, but at the time of his birth his parents were living in <a href="/wiki/Hiers-Brouage" title="Hiers-Brouage">Brouage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChamplianStoneDingleTowerHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ChamplianStoneDingleTowerHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/220px-ChamplianStoneDingleTowerHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ChamplianStoneDingleTowerHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/330px-ChamplianStoneDingleTowerHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/ChamplianStoneDingleTowerHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg/440px-ChamplianStoneDingleTowerHalifaxNovaScotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sir_Sandford_Fleming_Park" title="Sir Sandford Fleming Park">Sir Sandford Fleming Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> – Stone from Samuel de Champlain's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Brouage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brouage">Brouage</a>, France (1574)</figcaption></figure> <p>Born into a family of mariners (both his father and uncle-in-law were sailors, or navigators), Samuel Champlain learned to navigate, draw, make <a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">nautical charts</a>, and write practical reports. His education did not include <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, so he did not read or learn from any ancient literature. </p><p>As each French fleet had to assure its own defense at sea, Champlain sought to learn to fight with the firearms of his time: he acquired this practical knowledge when serving with the army of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">King Henry IV</a> during the later stages of <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">France's religious wars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> from 1594 or 1595 to 1598, beginning as a quartermaster responsible for the feeding and care of horses. </p><p>During this time he claimed to go on a "certain secret voyage" for the king,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and saw combat (including maybe the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon" title="Siege of Fort Crozon">Siege of Fort Crozon</a>, at the end of 1594).<sup id="cite_ref-F65_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F65-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1597 he was a "capitaine d'une compagnie" serving in a garrison near <a href="/wiki/Quimper,_Finist%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Quimper, Finistère">Quimper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-F65_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F65-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_travels">Early travels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SamuelDeChamplainStatueILMVT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SamuelDeChamplainStatueILMVT.JPG/220px-SamuelDeChamplainStatueILMVT.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SamuelDeChamplainStatueILMVT.JPG/330px-SamuelDeChamplainStatueILMVT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/SamuelDeChamplainStatueILMVT.JPG/440px-SamuelDeChamplainStatueILMVT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Champlain and guide<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle La Motte, Vermont">Isle La Motte, Vermont</a>, at the site Champlain is said to have first set foot in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (and encamped) in 1609. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> is in the background. <small>(Sculptor E.L.Weber, 1967; Photo by Matt Wills, 2009)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>In year 3, his uncle-in-law, a navigator whose ship <i>Saint-Julien</i> was to transport Spanish troops to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vervins" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Vervins">Treaty of Vervins</a>, allowed Champlain to accompany him. </p><p>After a difficult passage, he spent some time in Cádiz before his uncle, whose ship was then chartered to accompany a large Spanish fleet to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, again offered him a place on the ship. His uncle, who gave command of the ship to Jeronimo de Valaebrera, instructed the young Champlain to watch over the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This journey lasted two years and allowed Champlain to see or hear about Spanish holdings from the Caribbean to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Along the way, he took detailed notes, wrote an illustrated report on what he learned on this trip, and gave this secret report to King Henry,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who rewarded Champlain with an annual pension. </p><p>This report was published for the first time in 1870, by Laverdière, as <i>Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Samuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite</i> (and in English as <i>Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602</i>). </p><p>The authenticity of this account as a work written by Champlain has frequently been questioned, due to inaccuracies and discrepancies with other sources on some points; however, recent scholarship indicates that the work probably was authored by Champlain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Champlain's return to Cádiz in August 1600, his uncle Guillermo Elena (Guillaume Allene),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had fallen ill, asked him to look after his business affairs. This Champlain did, and when his uncle died in June 1601, Champlain inherited his substantial estate. It included an estate near <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a>, commercial properties in Spain, and a 150-ton merchant ship.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This inheritance, combined with the king's annual pension, gave the young explorer a great deal of independence, as he did not need to rely on the financial backing of merchants and other investors.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1601 to 1603 Champlain served as a geographer in the court of King Henry IV. As part of his duties, he traveled to French ports. He learned much about North America from the fishermen that seasonally traveled to coastal areas from <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a> to <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> to capitalize on the rich fishing grounds there. </p><p>He also made a study of previous French failures at colonization in the area, including that of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Chauvin_de_Tonnetuit" title="Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit">Pierre de Chauvin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tadoussac" title="Tadoussac">Tadoussac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Chauvin forfeited his monopoly on the fur trade in North America in 1602, responsibility for renewing the trade was given to <a href="/wiki/Aymar_de_Chaste" title="Aymar de Chaste">Aymar de Chaste</a>. Champlain approached de Chaste about a position on the first voyage, which he received with the king's assent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Champlain's first trip to North America was as an observer on a fur-trading expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Grav%C3%A9_Du_Pont" title="François Gravé Du Pont">François Gravé Du Pont</a>. Du Pont was a navigator and merchant who had been a ship's captain on Chauvin's expedition, and with whom Champlain established a firm lifelong friendship. </p><p>He educated Champlain about navigation in North America, including the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>. In dealing with the natives there (and in <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> after).<sup id="cite_ref-Davignon_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davignon-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Bonne-Renommée</i> (the <i>Good Fame</i>) arrived at Tadoussac on March 15, 1603. Champlain was anxious to see all of the places that <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> had seen and described sixty years earlier, and wanted to go even further than Cartier, if possible. </p><p>Champlain created a map of the Saint Lawrence on this trip and, after his return to France on 20 September, published an account as <i>Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603</i> ("Concerning the Savages: or travels of Samuel Champlain of Brouages, made in New France in the year 1603").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Included in his account were meetings with <a href="/wiki/Begourat" title="Begourat">Begourat</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Innu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu people">Montagnais</a> at Tadoussac, in which positive relationships were established between the French and the many Montagnais gathered there, with some <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> friends. </p><p>Promising to King Henry to report on further discoveries, Champlain joined a second expedition to New France in the spring of 1604. This trip, once again an exploratory journey without women and children, lasted several years, and focused on areas south of the St. Lawrence River, in what later became known as <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua de Mons</a>, a noble and Protestant merchant who had been given a fur trading monopoly in New France by the king. Dugua asked Champlain to find a site for winter settlement. </p><p>After exploring possible sites in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, Champlain selected <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix Island, New Brunswick">Saint Croix Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_River_(Maine_%E2%80%93_New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)">St. Croix River</a> as the site of the expedition's first winter settlement. After enduring a harsh winter on the island the settlement was relocated across the bay where they established <a href="/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitation at Port-Royal">Port Royal</a>. Until 1607, Champlain used that site as his base, while he explored the Atlantic coast. Dugua was forced to leave the settlement for France in September 1605, because he learned that his monopoly was at risk. His monopoly was rescinded by the king in July 1607 under pressure from other merchants and proponents of free trade, leading to the abandonment of the settlement. </p><p>In 1605 and 1606, Champlain explored the North American coast as far south as <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, searching for sites for a permanent settlement. Minor skirmishes with the resident <a href="/wiki/Nauset" title="Nauset">Nausets</a> dissuaded him from the idea of establishing one near present-day <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_Massachusetts" title="Chatham, Massachusetts">Chatham, Massachusetts</a>. He named the area Mallebar ("bad bar").<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-map_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_Quebec">Founding of Quebec</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding of Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Special:EditPage/Samuel de Champlain">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samuel+de+Champlain%22">"Samuel de Champlain"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samuel+de+Champlain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samuel+de+Champlain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samuel+de+Champlain%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samuel+de+Champlain%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samuel+de+Champlain%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_commemorative_samuel_de_champlain_honfleur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Plaque_commemorative_samuel_de_champlain_honfleur.jpg/220px-Plaque_commemorative_samuel_de_champlain_honfleur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Plaque_commemorative_samuel_de_champlain_honfleur.jpg/330px-Plaque_commemorative_samuel_de_champlain_honfleur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Plaque_commemorative_samuel_de_champlain_honfleur.jpg/440px-Plaque_commemorative_samuel_de_champlain_honfleur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a> commemorating Champlain's departures</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_de_Champlain_arrive_%C3%A0_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_George_Agnew_Reid_-_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Samuel_de_Champlain_arrive_%C3%A0_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_George_Agnew_Reid_-_1909.jpg/220px-Samuel_de_Champlain_arrive_%C3%A0_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_George_Agnew_Reid_-_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Samuel_de_Champlain_arrive_%C3%A0_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_George_Agnew_Reid_-_1909.jpg/330px-Samuel_de_Champlain_arrive_%C3%A0_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_George_Agnew_Reid_-_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Samuel_de_Champlain_arrive_%C3%A0_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_George_Agnew_Reid_-_1909.jpg/440px-Samuel_de_Champlain_arrive_%C3%A0_Qu%C3%A9bec_-_George_Agnew_Reid_-_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Agnew_Reid" title="George Agnew Reid">George Agnew Reid</a>, done for the third centennial (1908), showing the arrival of Samuel de Champlain on the site of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ships_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ships-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1608, Dugua wanted Champlain to start a new French colony and fur trading centre on the shores of the St. Lawrence. Dugua equipped, at his own expense, a fleet of three ships with workers, that left the French port of <a href="/wiki/Honfleur" title="Honfleur">Honfleur</a>. The main ship, called <a href="/wiki/Don_de_Dieu" title="Don de Dieu"><i>Don-de-Dieu</i></a> (French for <i>Gift of God</i>), was commanded by Champlain. Another ship, <i>Lévrier</i> (<i>Hunt Dog</i>), was commanded by his friend Du Pont. The small group of male settlers arrived at <a href="/wiki/Tadoussac,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadoussac, Quebec">Tadoussac</a> on the lower St. Lawrence in June. Because of the dangerous strength of the <a href="/wiki/Saguenay_River" title="Saguenay River">Saguenay River</a> ending there, they left the ships and continued up the "Big River" in small boats bringing the men and the materials.<sup id="cite_ref-ships_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ships-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arriving in Quebec, Champlain later wrote: "I arrived there on the third of July, when I searched for a place suitable for our settlement; but I could find none more convenient or better suited than the point of Quebec, so called by the savages, which was covered with nut-trees." Champlain ordered his men to gather lumber by cutting down the nut-trees for use in building habitations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some days after Champlain's arrival in Quebec, Jean du Val, a member of Champlain's party, plotted to kill Champlain to the end of securing the settlement for the Basques or Spaniards and making a fortune for himself. Du Val's plot was ultimately foiled when an associate of Du Val confessed his involvement in the plot to Champlain's pilot, who informed Champlain. Champlain had a young man deliver Du Val, along with 3 co-conspirators, two bottles of wine and invite the four worthies to an event on board a boat. Soon after the four conspirators arrived on the boat, Champlain had them arrested. Du Val was strangled and hung in Quebec and his head was displayed in the "most conspicuous place" of Champlain's fort. The other three were sent back to France to be tried.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_and_war_with_Native_Americans">Relations and war with Native Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relations and war with Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/220px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/330px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg/440px-DefeatOfIroquoisByChamplain.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage. It depicts a battle between <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Algonquian people">Algonquian</a> tribes near Lake Champlain</figcaption></figure> <p>During the summer of 1609, Champlain attempted to form better relations with the local <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations tribes</a>. He made alliances with the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wendat</a> (called <i>Huron</i> by the French) and with the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Innu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu people">Montagnais</a> and the Etchemin, who lived in the area of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>. These tribes sought Champlain's help in their war against the <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Iroquois</a>, who lived farther south. Champlain set off with nine French soldiers and 300 natives to explore the <i>Rivière des Iroquois</i> (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a>), and became the first European to map <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>. Having had no encounters with the Haudenosaunee at this point many of the men headed back, leaving Champlain with only 2 Frenchmen and 60 natives. </p><p>On 29 July, somewhere in the area near <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga,_New_York" title="Ticonderoga, New York">Ticonderoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_New_York" title="Crown Point, New York">Crown Point, New York</a> (historians are not sure which of these two places, but <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a> historians claim that it occurred near its site), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Haudenosaunee. In a battle that began the next day, two hundred and fifty Haudenosaunee advanced on Champlain's position, and one of his guides pointed out the three chiefs. In his account of the battle, Champlain recounts firing his <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> and killing two of them with a single shot, after which one of his men killed the third. The Haudenosaunee turned and fled. While this cowed the Iroquois for some years, they would later return to successfully fight the French and Algonquin for <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">the rest of the century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorel" title="Battle of Sorel">Battle of Sorel</a> occurred on 19 June 1610, with Samuel de Champlain supported by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> and his allies, the <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wendat people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu people">Innu people</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk people</a> in New France at present-day <a href="/wiki/Sorel-Tracy" title="Sorel-Tracy">Sorel-Tracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. Champlain's forces armed with the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> engaged and slaughtered or captured nearly all of the Mohawks. The battle ended major hostilities with the Mohawks for 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One route Champlain may have chosen to improve his access to the court of the regent was his decision to enter into marriage with the twelve-year-old Hélène Boullé. She was the daughter of Nicolas Boullé, a man charged with carrying out royal decisions at court. The marriage contract was signed on 27 December 1610 in presence of Dugua, who had dealt with the father, and the couple was married three days later. Champlain was then 43 years old. The terms of the contract called for the marriage to be consummated two years later.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Champlain's marriage was initially quite troubled, as Hélène rallied against joining him in August 1613. Their relationship, while it apparently lacked any physical connection, recovered and was apparently good for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hélène lived in Quebec for several years,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but returned to Paris and eventually decided to enter a convent. The couple had no children, and Champlain adopted three Montagnais girls named Faith, Hope, and Charity in the winter of 1627–28. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration_of_New_France">Exploration of New France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exploration of New France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baie_des_Chaleurs_1612.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baie_des_Chaleurs_1612.PNG/290px-Baie_des_Chaleurs_1612.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Baie_des_Chaleurs_1612.PNG/435px-Baie_des_Chaleurs_1612.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Baie_des_Chaleurs_1612.PNG 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Chaleur_Bay" title="Chaleur Bay">Chaleur Bay</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> — extract of Champlain 1612 map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrolabe_de_marin,_France,_1603.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Astrolabe_de_marin%2C_France%2C_1603.jpg/240px-Astrolabe_de_marin%2C_France%2C_1603.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Astrolabe_de_marin%2C_France%2C_1603.jpg/360px-Astrolabe_de_marin%2C_France%2C_1603.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Astrolabe_de_marin%2C_France%2C_1603.jpg/480px-Astrolabe_de_marin%2C_France%2C_1603.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="3186" /></a><figcaption>Marine astrolabe thought to have belonged to Champlain, made in France in 1603, and found in Ontario in 1867.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 March 1613, arriving back in New France, he first ensured that his new royal commission be <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclaimed</a>. Champlain set out on May 27 to continue his exploration of the Huron country and in hopes of finding the "northern sea" he had heard about (probably <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>). He travelled the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a>, later giving the first description of this area.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the way, he apparently dropped or left behind a cache of silver cups, copper kettles, and a brass astrolabe dated 1603 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/vmnf/champlain/expl5_en.shtml">(Champlain's Astrolabe)</a>, which was later found by a farm boy named Edward Lee near <a href="/wiki/Cobden,_Ontario" title="Cobden, Ontario">Cobden, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in June that he met with <a href="/wiki/Tessouat" title="Tessouat">Tessouat</a>, the Algonquin chief of <a href="/wiki/L%27Isle-aux-Allumettes,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Isle-aux-Allumettes, Quebec">Allumettes Island</a>, and offered to build the tribe a fort if they were to move from the area they occupied, with its poor soil, to the locality of the Lachine Rapids.<sup id="cite_ref-map_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-map-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Champlain's ownership of the astrolabe has been questioned by modern scholars. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 26 August, Champlain was back in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>. There, he wrote an account of his life from 1604 to 1612 and his journey up the Ottawa river, his <i>Voyages</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published another map of New France. In 1614, he formed the "Compagnie des Marchands de Rouen et de Saint-Malo" and "Compagnie de Champlain", which bound the Rouen and Saint-Malo merchants for eleven years. He returned to New France in the spring of 1615 with four <a href="/wiki/Recollects" title="Recollects">Recollects</a> in order to further religious life in the new colony. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> was eventually given <i><a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">en seigneurie</a></i> large and valuable tracts of land, estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">French Crown</a> in New France.<sup id="cite_ref-roydalton_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roydalton-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1615, Champlain reunited with <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9" title="Étienne Brûlé">Étienne Brûlé</a>, his capable interpreter, following separate four-year explorations. There, Brûlé reported North American explorations, including that he had been joined by another French interpreter named Grenolle with whom he had travelled along the north shore of <i>la mer douce</i> (the calm sea), now known as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>, to the great rapids of <a href="/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario" title="Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario">Sault Ste. Marie</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Lake_Superior" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> enters Lake Huron, some of which was recorded by Champlain.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Champlain continued to work to improve relations with the natives, promising to help them in their struggles against the Iroquois. With his native guides, he explored further up the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> and reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nipissing" title="Lake Nipissing">Lake Nipissing</a>. He then followed the <a href="/wiki/French_River_(Ontario)" title="French River (Ontario)">French River</a> until he reached <a href="/wiki/Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1615, Champlain was escorted through the area that is now <a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough, Ontario</a> by a group of Wendat. He used the ancient portage between <a href="/wiki/Chemong_Lake" title="Chemong Lake">Chemong Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Lake_(Peterborough)" title="Little Lake (Peterborough)">Little Lake</a> (now Chemong Road) and stayed for a short period of time near what is now Bridgenorth.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_expedition">Military expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champlain_statue,_Nepean_Point,_Ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Champlain_statue%2C_Nepean_Point%2C_Ottawa.jpg/220px-Champlain_statue%2C_Nepean_Point%2C_Ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Champlain_statue%2C_Nepean_Point%2C_Ottawa.jpg/330px-Champlain_statue%2C_Nepean_Point%2C_Ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Champlain_statue%2C_Nepean_Point%2C_Ottawa.jpg/440px-Champlain_statue%2C_Nepean_Point%2C_Ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1657" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>Samuel de Champlain, <a href="/wiki/Nepean_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepean Point">Nepean Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_MacCarthy" title="Hamilton MacCarthy">Hamilton MacCarthy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 September 1615, at Cahiagué (a Wendat community on what is now called <a href="/wiki/Lake_Simcoe" title="Lake Simcoe">Lake Simcoe</a>), he and the northern tribes started a military expedition against the Iroquois. The party passed <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> at its eastern tip where they hid their canoes and continued their journey by land. They followed the <a href="/wiki/Oneida_River" title="Oneida River">Oneida River</a> until they arrived at the main Onondaga fort on October 10. The exact location of this place is still a matter of debate. Although the traditional location, Nichols Pond, is regularly disproved by professional and amateur archaeologists, many still claim that Nichols Pond is the location of the battle, 10 miles (16 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Canastota,_New_York" title="Canastota, New York">Canastota, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiskotten,_1998_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiskotten,_1998-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champlain attacked the stockaded Oneida village. He was accompanied by 10 Frenchmen and 300 Wendat. Pressured by the Huron Wendat to attack prematurely, the assault failed. Champlain was wounded twice in the leg by arrows, one in his knee. The conflict ended on October 16 when the French Wendat were forced to flee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although he did not want to, the Wendat insisted that Champlain spend the winter with them. During his stay, he set off with them in their great deer hunt, during which he became lost and was forced to wander for three days living off game and sleeping under trees until he met up with a band of First Nations people by chance. He spent the rest of the winter learning "their country, their manners, customs, modes of life". On 22 May 1616, he left the Wendat country and returned to Quebec before heading back to France on 2 July.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Improving_administration_in_New_France">Improving administration in New France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Improving administration in New France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_de_Champlain_Carte_geographique_de_la_Nouvelle_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Samuel_de_Champlain_Carte_geographique_de_la_Nouvelle_France.jpg/400px-Samuel_de_Champlain_Carte_geographique_de_la_Nouvelle_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Samuel_de_Champlain_Carte_geographique_de_la_Nouvelle_France.jpg/600px-Samuel_de_Champlain_Carte_geographique_de_la_Nouvelle_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Samuel_de_Champlain_Carte_geographique_de_la_Nouvelle_France.jpg/800px-Samuel_de_Champlain_Carte_geographique_de_la_Nouvelle_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10173" data-file-height="5834" /></a><figcaption>Map of New France (Champlain, 1612). A more precise map was drawn by Champlain in 1632.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_de_Champlain_by_Ronjat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Samuel_de_Champlain_by_Ronjat.jpg/260px-Samuel_de_Champlain_by_Ronjat.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Samuel_de_Champlain_by_Ronjat.jpg/390px-Samuel_de_Champlain_by_Ronjat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Samuel_de_Champlain_by_Ronjat.jpg/520px-Samuel_de_Champlain_by_Ronjat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>19th-century artist's conception of Champlain by E. Ronjat.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Champlain returned to New France in 1620 and was to spend the rest of his life focusing on administration of the territory rather than exploration. Champlain spent the winter building Fort Saint-Louis on top of Cape Diamond. By mid-May, he learned that the fur trading monopoly had been handed over to another company led by the Caen brothers. After some tense negotiations, it was decided to merge the two companies under the direction of the Caens. Champlain continued to work on relations with the natives and managed to impose on them a chief of his choice. He also negotiated a peace treaty with the Iroquois. </p><p>Champlain continued to work on the fortifications of what became Quebec City, laying the first stone on 6 May 1624. On 15 August he once again returned to France where he was encouraged to continue his work as well as to continue looking for a passage to China, something widely believed to exist at the time. By July 5 he was back at Quebec and continued expanding the city. </p><p>In 1627 the Caen brothers' company lost its monopoly on the fur trade, and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a> (who had joined the Royal Council in 1624 and rose rapidly to a position of dominance in French politics that he would hold until his death in 1642) formed the <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_des_Cent-Associ%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie des Cent-Associés">Compagnie des Cent-Associés</a> (the Hundred Associates) to manage the fur trade. Champlain was one of the 100 investors, and its first fleet, loaded with colonists and supplies, set sail in April 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Champlain had overwintered in Quebec. Supplies were low, and English merchants sacked <a href="/wiki/Cap_Tourmente" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Tourmente">Cap Tourmente</a> in early July 1628.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">A war</a> had broken out between France and England, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> had issued <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of marque">letters of marque</a> that authorized the capture of French shipping and its colonies in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champlain received a summons to surrender on July 10 from the <a href="/wiki/David_Kirke" title="David Kirke">Kirke brothers</a>, two Scottish brothers who were working for the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English government</a>. Champlain refused to deal with them, misleading them to believe that Quebec's defenses were better than they actually were (Champlain had only 50 pounds of gunpowder to defend the community). Successfully bluffed, they withdrew, but encountered and captured the French supply fleet, cutting off that year's supplies to the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the spring of 1629 supplies were dangerously low and Champlain was forced to send people to <a href="/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_Peninsula" title="Gaspé Peninsula">Gaspé</a> and into Indian communities to conserve rations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 19, the Kirke brothers arrived before Quebec after intercepting Champlain's plea for help, and Champlain was forced to surrender the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many colonists were transported first to England and then to France by the Kirkes, but Champlain remained in London to begin the process of regaining the colony. A <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Susa">peace treaty had been signed</a> in April 1629, three months before the surrender, and, under the terms of that treaty, Quebec and other prizes that were taken by the Kirkes after the treaty were to be returned.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1632)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1632)">1632 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, however, that Quebec was formally given back to France. (David Kirke was rewarded when Charles I knighted him and gave him a charter for <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>.) Champlain reclaimed his role as commander of New France on behalf of Richelieu on 1 March 1633, having served in the intervening years as commander in New France "in the absence of my Lord the <a href="/wiki/Armand_Jean_du_Plessis,_Cardinal_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal de Richelieu</a>" from 1629 to 1635.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudel_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudel-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1632 Champlain published <i>Voyages de la Nouvelle-France</i>, which was dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu, and <i>Traitté de la marine et du devoir d'un bon marinier</i>, a treatise on leadership, seamanship, and navigation. (Champlain made more than 25 round-trip crossings of the Atlantic in his lifetime, without losing a single ship.)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_return,_and_last_years_working_in_Quebec"><span id="Last_return.2C_and_last_years_working_in_Quebec"></span>Last return, and last years working in Quebec</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Last return, and last years working in Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Champlain returned to Quebec on 22 May 1633, after an absence of four years. Richelieu gave him a commission as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_of_New_France" title="Lieutenant General of New France">Lieutenant General of New France</a>, along with other titles and responsibilities, but not that of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">governor</a>. Despite this lack of formal status, many colonists, French merchants, and Indians treated him as if he had the title; writings survive in which he is referred to as "our governor".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 August 1634, he sent a report to Richelieu stating that he had rebuilt on the ruins of Quebec, enlarged its fortifications, and established two more habitations. One was 15 leagues upstream, and the other was at <a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a>. He also began <a href="/wiki/French_and_Iroquois_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="French and Iroquois Wars">an offensive</a> against the Iroquois, reporting that he wanted them either wiped out or "brought to reason".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and burial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Champlain had a severe <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> in October 1635, and died on 25 December, leaving no immediate heirs. <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> records state he died in the care of his friend and confessor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lallemant" title="Charles Lallemant">Charles Lallemant</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although his will (drafted on 17 November 1635) gave much of his French property to his wife Hélène Boullé, he made significant bequests to the Catholic missions and to individuals in the colony of Quebec. However, Marie Camaret, a cousin on his mother's side, challenged the will in Paris and had it overturned. It is unclear exactly what happened to his estate.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samuel de Champlain was temporarily buried in the church while a standalone chapel was built to hold his remains in the upper part of the city. This small building, along with many others, was destroyed by a large fire in 1640. Though immediately rebuilt, no traces of it exist. His exact burial site is still unknown, despite much research since about 1850, including several archaeological digs in the city. There is general agreement that the previous Champlain chapel site, and the remains of Champlain, should be somewhere near the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral">Notre-Dame de Québec Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The search for Champlain's remains supplies a key plot-line in the crime writer <a href="/wiki/Louise_Penny" title="Louise Penny">Louise Penny</a>'s 2010 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Bury_Your_Dead_(novel)" title="Bury Your Dead (novel)">Bury Your Dead</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_de_Champlain_(Qu%C3%A9bec).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Samuel_de_Champlain_%28Qu%C3%A9bec%29.jpg/220px-Samuel_de_Champlain_%28Qu%C3%A9bec%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Samuel_de_Champlain_%28Qu%C3%A9bec%29.jpg/330px-Samuel_de_Champlain_%28Qu%C3%A9bec%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Samuel_de_Champlain_%28Qu%C3%A9bec%29.jpg/440px-Samuel_de_Champlain_%28Qu%C3%A9bec%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3647" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Samuel de Champlain at sunrise (looking to the north-west; with a similar expressive face as traditionally <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>'s), by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul-Romain_Marie_L%C3%A9once_Chevr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul-Romain Marie Léonce Chevré (page does not exist)">Paul-Romain Marie Léonce Chevré</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Chevr%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Chevré">fr</a>]</span> (Paris, 1896–1898), as newly repaired for 2008, at <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a> since 1898, near <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Frontenac" title="Château Frontenac">Château Frontenac</a></i> grand hotel, on the <i><a href="/wiki/Terrasse_Dufferin" title="Terrasse Dufferin">Terrasse Dufferin</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many sites and landmarks have been named to honour Champlain, who was a prominent figure in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>. Memorialized as the "Father of New France" and "Father of <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>", his historic significance endures in modern times. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, which straddles the border between northern <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, extending slightly across the border into Canada, was named by him, in 1609, when he led an expedition along the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu River</a>, exploring a long, narrow lake situated between the <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. The first European to map and describe it, Champlain claimed the lake as his namesake. </p><p>Memorials include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Trail_Lakes" title="Champlain Trail Lakes">Champlain Trail Lakes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Sea" title="Champlain Sea">Champlain Sea</a>: a past inlet of the Atlantic Ocean in North America, over the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">St. Lawrence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saguenay_River" title="Saguenay River">Saguenay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Richelieu_River" title="Richelieu River">Richelieu</a> rivers, to over <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>, which inlet disappeared many thousands years before Champlain was born.</li> <li>Champlain Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Acadia_National_Park" title="Acadia National Park">Acadia National Park</a> – which he first observed in 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Champlain_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Champlain (town), New York">town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champlain_(village),_New_York" title="Champlain (village), New York">village</a> in New York, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Champlain,_Ontario" title="Champlain, Ontario">township in Ontario</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Champlain,_Quebec" title="Champlain, Quebec">municipality in Quebec</a>.</li> <li>The provincial electoral district of <a href="/wiki/Champlain_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Champlain (provincial electoral district)">Champlain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and several defunct electoral districts elsewhere in Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain_Provincial_Park" title="Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park">Samuel de Champlain Provincial Park</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Provincial_park" title="Provincial park">provincial park</a> in northern Ontario near the town of <a href="/wiki/Mattawa,_Ontario" title="Mattawa, Ontario">Mattawa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Bridge_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champlain Bridge (Montreal)">Champlain Bridge</a>, which connects the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Montreal" title="Island of Montreal">island of Montreal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brossard" title="Brossard">Brossard</a>, Quebec across the St. Lawrence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Bridge_(Ottawa)" title="Champlain Bridge (Ottawa)">Champlain Bridge</a>, which connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario and <a href="/wiki/Gatineau" title="Gatineau">Gatineau</a>, Quebec.</li> <li>Champlain College, one of six colleges at <a href="/wiki/Trent_University" title="Trent University">Trent University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough, Ontario</a>, is named in his honour.</li> <li>Fort Champlain, a <a href="/wiki/Dormitory" title="Dormitory">dormitory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>; named in his honour in 1965, it houses the 10th cadet squadron.</li> <li>A French school in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>; École Champlain, an elementary school in <a href="/wiki/Moncton,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncton, New Brunswick">Moncton, New Brunswick</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Brossard" title="Brossard">Brossard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Champlain_College" title="Champlain College">Champlain College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington, Vermont</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Regional_College" title="Champlain Regional College">Champlain Regional College</a>, a <a href="/wiki/CEGEP" title="CEGEP">CEGEP</a> with three campuses in Quebec.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Champlain" title="Château Champlain">Marriott Château Champlain</a> hotel, in Montreal.</li> <li>Streets named Champlain in numerous cities, including Quebec, <a href="/wiki/Shawinigan" title="Shawinigan">Shawinigan</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_New_Brunswick" title="Dieppe, New Brunswick">Dieppe</a> in the province of New Brunswick, in <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a>, and no less than eleven communities in northwestern Vermont.</li> <li>A garden called Jardin Samuel-de-Champlain in Paris, France.</li> <li>A memorial statue on Cumberland Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Plattsburgh (city), New York">Plattsburgh, New York</a> on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> in a park named for Champlain.</li> <li>A memorial statue in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, Canada in Queen Square that commemorates his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John River (New Brunswick)">Saint John River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A memorial statue in <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle La Motte, Vermont">Isle La Motte, Vermont</a>, on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Crown_Point,_New_York" title="Crown Point, New York">Crown Point, New York</a> features a statue of Champlain by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Augustus_Heber" title="Carl Augustus Heber">Carl Augustus Heber</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamp</a> issue in May 2006 jointly by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A statue in <a href="/wiki/Ticonderoga,_New_York" title="Ticonderoga, New York">Ticonderoga, New York</a>, unveiled in 2009 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Champlain's exploration of Lake Champlain.</li> <li>A statue in <a href="/wiki/Orillia" title="Orillia">Orillia</a>, Ontario at Couchiching Beach Park on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Couchiching" title="Lake Couchiching">Lake Couchiching</a>. This statue was removed by Parks Canada, and is not likely to be returned, as it incorporated offensive depictions of First Nations peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Champlain_(1919)" title="HMCS Champlain (1919)">HMCS <i>Champlain</i> (1919)</a>, a S class destroyer that served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> from 1928 to 1936.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Champlain" title="HMCS Champlain">HMCS <i>Champlain</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Naval_Reserve" title="Canadian Forces Naval Reserve">Canadian Forces Naval Reserve</a> division based in <a href="/wiki/Chicoutimi,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicoutimi, Quebec">Chicoutimi, Quebec</a> since activation in 1985.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Place" title="Champlain Place">Champlain Place</a>, a shopping centre located in <a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_New_Brunswick" title="Dieppe, New Brunswick">Dieppe, New Brunswick</a>, Canada.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Champlain_Society" title="Champlain Society">Champlain Society</a>, a Canadian historical and <a href="/wiki/Text_publication_society" title="Text publication society">text publication society</a>, chartered in 1927.</li> <li>A memorial statue in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%ACwek%C3%AC_Point" title="Kìwekì Point">Kìwekì Point</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_MacCarthy" title="Hamilton MacCarthy">Hamilton MacCarthy</a>. The statue depicts Champlain holding an astrolabe (upside-down, as it happens). It did previously include an "Indian Scout" kneeling at its base. In the 1990s, after lobbying by Indigenous people, it was removed from the statue's base, renamed and placed as the "<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_Scout" title="Anishinaabe Scout">Anishinaabe Scout</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Major%27s_Hill_Park" title="Major's Hill Park">Major's Hill Park</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are works that were written by Champlain: </p> <ul><li><i>Brief Discours des Choses plus remarquables que Sammuel Champlain de Brouage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en icettes en l'année 1599 et en l'année 1601, comme ensuite</i> (first French publication 1870, first English publication 1859 as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrativeavoyag00shawgoog"><i>Narrative of a Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico 1599–1602</i></a>)</li> <li><i>Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603</i> (first French publication 1604, first English publication 1625)</li> <li><i>Voyages de la Nouvelle-France</i> (first French publication 1632)</li> <li><i>Traitté de la marine et du devoir d'un bon marinier</i> (first French publication 1632)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birth2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed analysis of his baptismal record, see <a href="#Ritch">Ritch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The baptism act does not contain information about the age of Samuel, neither his birth date nor his place of birth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thanks to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua de Mons</a>, who fully financed—at a loss—the first years of both French settlements in North America (first Acadia, then Quebec).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="#Trudel">Trudel (1979)</a>, Louis was 18 years old, an inexperienced minor (when age of majority was 25), and Champlain was lieutenant to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry II de Bourbon, prince de Condé">the Prince de Condé</a>, the viceroy of New France since 1612, who, as Trudel writes, "was liberated [from jail, where he been for 3 years] in October 1619, and yielded his rights as viceroy to <a href="/wiki/Henri_II_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri II de Montmorency">Henri II de Montmorency</a>, admiral of France. The latter confirmed Champlain in his office [...]. On 7 May 1620, Louis XIII wrote to Champlain to enjoin him to maintain the country 'in obedience to me, making the people who are there live as closely in conformity with the laws of my kingdom as you can.' From that moment Champlain was to devote himself exclusively to the administration of the country; he was to undertake no further great voyages of discovery; his career as an explorer had ended."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honorifics-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honorifics_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some say that the King of France made him his "<i>royal</i> geographer", but it is unproven and may only come from <a href="/wiki/Marc_Lescarbot" title="Marc Lescarbot">Marc Lescarbot</a> books: Champlain never used that title. The honorific "<i>de</i>" was only added to his name from 1610, when he was already well-known, right after his patron, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, was murdered. This usage by a non-noble was tolerated so that he would continue to gain access to the court during the long regency of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">King Louis XIII</a> (who was only eight years old at the death of his father). Champlain received the official title of "lieutenant" (adjunct representative) of whichever noble was designated as Viceroy of New France, the first being <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons</a>. In 1629, Champlain was named "commandant" under the authority of the King Minister, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Richelieu</a>. It was Champlain's successor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jacques_Huault_de_Montmagny" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny">Charles Jacques Huault de Montmagny</a>, who was the first to be formally named as the governor of New France, when he moved to Quebec City in 1636 and became the first noble to live there in that century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His family lived in Brouage at the time of his birth; the exact place and date of his birth are unknown.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain">Britannica.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414232618/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/105187/Samuel-de-Champlain">Archived</a> 2009-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Three different handwritten copies of this report still exist. One of them is at the <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_Library" title="John Carter Brown Library">John Carter Brown Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed treatment of claims against Champlain's authorship, see the chapter by François-Marc Gagnon in <a href="#Litalien">Litalien (2004)</a>, pp. 84ff. <a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 586ff also addresses these claims and accepts Champlain's authorship.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Champlain did not begin using the honorific <i>de</i> in his name until at least 1610 when he married, the year King Henry was murdered. A reprint of this book in 1612 was credited to "Sieur <i>de</i> Champlain, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/expos/champlain/oeuv_eng.html">civilization.ca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311143335/http://www.civilization.ca/vmnf/expos/champlain/oeuv_eng.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ships-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ships_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ships_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Only at his last arrival (in 1633), Champlain did not leave the ships at Tadoussac but sailed them directly to Quebec City.<a href="#Trudel">Trudel (1979)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1701, <a href="/wiki/Great_Peace_of_Montreal" title="Great Peace of Montreal">The Great Peace Treaty</a> was signed in Montreal, involving the French and every Indigenous nation coming or living on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River except maybe in wintertime.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1953, a rock was found at a location now known as the <a href="/wiki/Storyland_(Ontario)" title="Storyland (Ontario)">Champlain lookout</a>, which bore the inscription "Champlain juin 2, 1613". What about this finding?</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[[#Fichier]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/canadian-history-biographies/samuel-de-champlain">"Samuel de Champlain"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426180707/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/canadian-history-biographies/samuel-de-champlain">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fhistory%2Fcanadian-history-biographies%2Fsamuel-de-champlain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davignon-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davignon_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davignon_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Davignon">d'Avignon (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vaugeois2008">Vaugeois (2008)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritch-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritch_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritch_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidenreichRitch2010" class="citation book cs1">Heidenreich, Conrad E.; Ritch, K. Janet, eds. (2010). <i>Samuel de Champlain before 1604: Des Sauvages and Other Documents Related to the Period</i>. The Publications of the Champlain Society. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442620339">10.3138/9781442620339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3756-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-3756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain+before+1604%3A+Des+Sauvages+and+Other+Documents+Related+to+the+Period&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=The+Publications+of+the+Champlain+Society&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442620339&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3756-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bishop1948">Bishop (1948)</a>, pp 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germe-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Germe_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Germe">Germe</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Rainguet1851">Rainguet (1851)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Liebel1978">Liebel (1978)</a>, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Liebel1978">Liebel (1978)</a>, pp. 229–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F65-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F65_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F65_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 65 Note: Fischer cites numerous other authorities in repeating this.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Weber1967">Weber (1967)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Litalien">Litalien (2004)</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidenreichRitch2010" class="citation book cs1">Heidenreich, Conrad E.; Ritch, K. Janet, eds. (2010). <i>Samuel de Champlain before 1604: Des Sauvages and Other Documents Related to the Period</i>. The Publications of the Champlain Society. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442620339">10.3138/9781442620339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3756-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-3756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain+before+1604%3A+Des+Sauvages+and+Other+Documents+Related+to+the+Period&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=The+Publications+of+the+Champlain+Society&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442620339&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3756-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 98–99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 100–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 121–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#NPS">NPS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-map-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-map_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-map_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Vermont_Map">Vermont Map</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/founding-of-quebec/">"Founding of Quebec | Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA)"</a>. <i>eada.lib.umd.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421050806/http://eada.lib.umd.edu/text-entries/founding-of-quebec/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eada.lib.umd.edu&rft.atitle=Founding+of+Quebec+%7C+Early+Americas+Digital+Archive+%28EADA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feada.lib.umd.edu%2Ftext-entries%2Ffounding-of-quebec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 577–578</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 287–288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 313–316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 374–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrebner1966" class="citation book cs1">Brebner, John Bartlett (1966). <i>The Explorers of North America, 1492–1806</i>. 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Cleveland, Ohio: Helman-Taylor. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbruls00buttuoft/page/n72">49</a>–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Brul%C3%A9%27s+Discoveries+and+Explorations%2C+1610%E2%80%931626&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=49-51&rft.pub=Helman-Taylor&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=Consul+Willshire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbruls00buttuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span>(online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_00368">archive.org</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=gcfr&fileName=0015//gcfr0015.db&recNum=4">Library of Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003164607/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=gcfr&fileName=0015//gcfr0015.db&recNum=4">Archived</a> 2018-10-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/etienne-brule-1615-1621/">"The Explorers Étienne Brûlé 1615-1621"</a>. <i>Virtual Museum of New France</i>. Canadian Museum of History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324211021/https://www.historymuseum.ca/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/etienne-brule-1615-1621/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Museum+of+New+France&rft.atitle=The+Explorers+%C3%89tienne+Br%C3%BBl%C3%A9+1615-1621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historymuseum.ca%2Fvirtual-museum-of-new-france%2Fthe-explorers%2Fetienne-brule-1615-1621%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/samuel-de-champlain">"Samuel de Champlain: timeline"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608225657/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/samuel-de-champlain">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+de+Champlain%3A+timeline&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Ftimeline%2Fsamuel-de-champlain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Doug (September 8, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220212419/http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2015/09/08/a-small-man-with-a-big-gun-not-everyone-in-the-peterborough-area-celebrates-the-anniversary-of-champlains-arrival-first-of-a-two-part-guest-column">"A small man with a big gun"</a>. <i>Peterborough Examiner</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepeterboroughexaminer.com/2015/09/08/a-small-man-with-a-big-gun-not-everyone-in-the-peterborough-area-celebrates-the-anniversary-of-champlains-arrival-first-of-a-two-part-guest-column">the original</a> on February 20, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peterborough+Examiner&rft.atitle=A+small+man+with+a+big+gun&rft.date=2015-09-08&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepeterboroughexaminer.com%2F2015%2F09%2F08%2Fa-small-man-with-a-big-gun-not-everyone-in-the-peterborough-area-celebrates-the-anniversary-of-champlains-arrival-first-of-a-two-part-guest-column&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiskotten,_1998-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weiskotten,_1998_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Weiskotten1998">Weiskotten (1998)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Guizot">Guizot</a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 404–410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 410–412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 409</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 412–415</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 418–420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 428</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trudel-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trudel_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Trudel">Trudel (1979)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 447</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, pp. 445–446</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/samuel-de-champlain">"Samuel de Champlain"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Samuel+de+Champlain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsamuel-de-champlain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Fischer">Fischer (2008)</a>, p. 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Heidenreich">Heidenreich</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Le_Blant1964">Le Blant (1964)</a>, pp 425–437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Travels">Champlain: Travels in the Canadian Francophonie</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#La_Chapelle">La Chappelle</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Penny">Penny (2010)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Acadia">Acadia National Park</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/Heritage/HistoricalTour/AdditionalInformation.htm">Saint John Additional Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927110701/http://www.saintjohn.nbcc.nb.ca/Heritage/HistoricalTour/AdditionalInformation.htm">Archived</a> September 27, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gicker2006">Gicker (2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barrie.ctvnews.ca/orillia-s-champlain-monument-restoration-on-hold-1.4018930">"Orillia's Champlain monument restoration on hold"</a>. 18 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112191503/https://barrie.ctvnews.ca/orillia-s-champlain-monument-restoration-on-hold-1.4018930">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orillia%27s+Champlain+monument+restoration+on+hold&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarrie.ctvnews.ca%2Forillia-s-champlain-monument-restoration-on-hold-1.4018930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Acadia" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohranger.com/acadia/history">"Acadia National Park"</a>. <i>Oh Ranger</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701040857/http://www.ohranger.com/acadia/history">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oh+Ranger&rft.atitle=Acadia+National+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohranger.com%2Facadia%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bishop1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Bishop" title="Morris Bishop">Bishop, Morris</a> (1948). <i>Samuel de Champlain: The Life of Fortitude</i>. New York: Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain%3A+The+Life+of+Fortitude&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Champlain1613" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Champlain, Samuel (1613). <i>Les voyages du Sieur de Champlain, Saintongeois, capitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Marine</i> (in French). J. Berjon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+voyages+du+Sieur+de+Champlain%2C+Saintongeois%2C+capitaine+ordinaire+pour+le+Roy+en+la+Marine&rft.pub=J.+Berjon&rft.date=1613&rft.aulast=Champlain&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dalton" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Roy C. (1968). <i>The Jesuit Estates Question, 1760–88</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesuit+Estates+Question%2C+1760%E2%80%9388&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Roy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Davignon" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">d'Avignon (Davignon), Mathieu (2008). <i>Champlain et les fondateurs oubliés, les figures du père et le mythe de la fondation</i> (in French). Quebec City: Les Presses de l'Université Laval (PUL). p. 558. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-8644-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-8644-5"><bdi>978-2-7637-8644-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champlain+et+les+fondateurs+oubli%C3%A9s%2C+les+figures+du+p%C3%A8re+et+le+mythe+de+la+fondation&rft.place=Quebec+City&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=Les+Presses+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+Laval+%28PUL%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-8644-5&rft.aulast=d%27Avignon+%28Davignon%29&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span> Note: Mathieu d'Avignon (Ph.D. in history, <a href="/wiki/Laval_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Laval University">Laval University</a>, 2006) is an affiliate researcher into the <i><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Chicoutimi" title="Université du Québec à Chicoutimi">University of Quebec at Chicoutimi</a></i> Research Group on History. He is preparing a special new full edition, in modern French, of Champlain's Voyages in New France.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Germe" class="citation journal cs1">Germe, Jean-Marie (April 15, 2012). "Journal le Soleil": 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Journal+le+Soleil&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2012-04-15&rft.aulast=Germe&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2015">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fichier_Origine" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fichierorigine.com/detail.php?numero=240788">"Champlain (de), Samuel"</a>. <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier_Origine" class="extiw" title="fr:Fichier Origine">Fichier Origine</a></i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140915192011/http://www.fichierorigine.com/detail.php?numero=240788">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fichier+Origine&rft.atitle=Champlain+%28de%29%2C+Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fichierorigine.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fnumero%3D240788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="La_Chapelle" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040148/http://webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html">"La chapelle et le tombeau de Champlain : état de la question"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html">the original</a> on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+chapelle+et+le+tombeau+de+Champlain+%3A+%C3%A9tat+de+la+question&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebhome.look.ca%2F~pdubeau1%2Fmaison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fischer" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, David Hackett (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Igxh-pKXkkC"><i>Champlain's Dream</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9332-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-9332-4"><bdi>978-1-4165-9332-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203326/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Igxh-pKXkkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champlain%27s+Dream&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-9332-4&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Igxh-pKXkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gicker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gicker, William J., ed. (2006). "Samuel de Champlain 39¢ (USA); Samuel de Champlain 51¢ (Canada)". <i>USA Philatelic</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 7. <q>This souvenir sheet celebrates the 400th anniversary of the explorations of Samuel de Champlain in 1606.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Philatelic&rft.atitle=Samuel+de+Champlain+39%C2%A2+%28USA%29%3B+Samuel+de+Champlain+51%C2%A2+%28Canada%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Guizot" class="citation book cs1">Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume. "Chapter 53". <i>A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times</i>. Vol. 6. Black, Robert (trans). Boston: Dana Estes & Charles E. Lauriat (Imp.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+53&rft.btitle=A+Popular+History+of+France+from+the+Earliest+Times&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Dana+Estes+%26+Charles+E.+Lauriat+%28Imp.%29&rft.aulast=Guizot&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Pierre+Guillaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Heidenreich" class="citation conference cs1">Heidenreich, Conrad E. (August 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512220553/http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/who_was_champlain_his_family_a.php"><i>Who was Champlain? His Family and Early Life</i></a>. Métis sur mer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/who_was_champlain_his_family_a.php">the original</a> on May 12, 2013. <q>This lecture is based on parts of a book by Conrad E. Heidenreich and K. Janet Ritch soon to by published by The Champlain Society, provisionally entitled: <i>The Works of Samuel de Champlain: Des Sauvages and other Documents Related to the Period before 1604.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Who+was+Champlain%3F+His+Family+and+Early+Life&rft.place=M%C3%A9tis+sur+mer&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Heidenreich&rft.aufirst=Conrad+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.septentrion.qc.ca%2Fdocuments%2F2008%2F08%2Fwho_was_champlain_his_family_a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Le_Blant1964" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Blant, Robert (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/haf/1964/v18/n3/302392ar.pdf">"Le triste veuvage d'Hélène Boullé"</a> [The sad widow of Hélène Boullé] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française</i> (in French). <b>18</b> (3): 425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F302392ar">10.7202/302392ar</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.erudit.org/revue/haf/1964/v18/n3/302392ar.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27histoire+de+l%27Am%C3%A9rique+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=Le+triste+veuvage+d%27H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+Boull%C3%A9&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F302392ar&rft.aulast=Le+Blant&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Frevue%2Fhaf%2F1964%2Fv18%2Fn3%2F302392ar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Liebel1978" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liebel, Jean (September 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/303691ar">"On a vieilli Champlain"</a> [They made Champlain older]. <i>La Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française</i> (in French). <b>32</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F303691ar">10.7202/303691ar</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629125429/http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/303691ar">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Revue+d%27histoire+de+l%27Am%C3%A9rique+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=On+a+vieilli+Champlain&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=1978-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F303691ar&rft.aulast=Liebel&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.erudit.org%2Fiderudit%2F303691ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Litalien" class="citation book cs1">Litalien, Raymonde; Vaugeois, Denis, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnE0tjj9MbgC"><i>Champlain: the Birth of French America</i></a>. Roth, Käthe (trans). McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2850-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2850-4"><bdi>0-7735-2850-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203345/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnE0tjj9MbgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champlain%3A+the+Birth+of+French+America&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7735-2850-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZnE0tjj9MbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="NPS" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archeology/visit/Champlain/Malle.htm">"Malle Barre (Modern Nauset Harbor, Eastham, MA)"</a>. <i>Archeology Program</i>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040148/http://www.nps.gov/archeology/visit/Champlain/Malle.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archeology+Program&rft.atitle=Malle+Barre+%28Modern+Nauset+Harbor%2C+Eastham%2C+MA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farcheology%2Fvisit%2FChamplain%2FMalle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Penny" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Louise (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312377045"><i>Bury Your Dead</i></a></span>. New York: Minotaur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3123-7704-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3123-7704-5"><bdi>978-0-3123-7704-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bury+Your+Dead&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Minotaur&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-3123-7704-5&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312377045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rainguet1851" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rainguet, Pierre-Damien (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enBHAQAAMAAJ"><i>Biographie Saintongeaise ou Dictionnaire Historique de Tous les Personnages qui se sont Illustrés dans les Anciennes Provinces de Saintonge et d'Aunis jusqu'à Nos Jours</i></a> (in French). Saintes, France: M. Niox. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/466560584">466560584</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203347/https://books.google.com/books?id=enBHAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographie+Saintongeaise+ou+Dictionnaire+Historique+de+Tous+les+Personnages+qui+se+sont+Illustr%C3%A9s+dans+les+Anciennes+Provinces+de+Saintonge+et+d%27Aunis+jusqu%27%C3%A0+Nos+Jours&rft.place=Saintes%2C+France&rft.pub=M.+Niox&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F466560584&rft.aulast=Rainguet&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenBHAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ritch" class="citation web cs1">Ritch, Janet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205011433/http://www.champlainsociety.ca/discovery-of-the-baptismal-certificate-of-samuel-de-champlain/">"Discovery of the Baptismal Certificate of Samuel de Champlain"</a>. <i>The Champlain Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.champlainsociety.ca/discovery-of-the-baptismal-certificate-of-samuel-de-champlain/">the original</a> on 2013-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Champlain+Society&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+Baptismal+Certificate+of+Samuel+de+Champlain&rft.aulast=Ritch&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.champlainsociety.ca%2Fdiscovery-of-the-baptismal-certificate-of-samuel-de-champlain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vermont_Map" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111014335/http://www.travel-vermont.net/2008/09/map-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels/">"Samuel de Champlain's Voyages"</a>. <i>Travel Vermont</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travel-vermont.net/2008/09/map-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels/">the original</a> on November 11, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+Vermont&rft.atitle=Samuel+de+Champlain%27s+Voyages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travel-vermont.net%2F2008%2F09%2Fmap-samuel-de-champlain-voyages-travels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Travels" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722035118/http://champlain.rpfo.ca/epoque/ang_vie_mort.php">"Time Periods – Life and Death of Champlain"</a>. <i>Champlain : Travels in the Canadian Francophonie</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://champlain.rpfo.ca./epoque/ang_vie_mort.php">the original</a> on 2015-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Champlain+%3A+Travels+in+the+Canadian+Francophonie&rft.atitle=Time+Periods+%E2%80%93+Life+and+Death+of+Champlain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchamplain.rpfo.ca.%2Fepoque%2Fang_vie_mort.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Trudel" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Trudel, Marcel (1979) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/champlain_samuel_de_1E.html">"Samuel de Champlain"</a>. In Brown, George Williams (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Canadian_Biography" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</a></i>. Vol. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samuel+de+Champlain&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Trudel&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2Fen%2Fbio%2Fchamplain_samuel_de_1E.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Vaugeois2008" class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Vaugeois" title="Denis Vaugeois">Vaugeois, Denis</a> (June 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513044445/http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/champlain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php"><i>Champlain et Dupont Gravé en contexte</i></a>. 133e congrès du comtié des travaux historiques et scientifiques (CTHS) (in French). Québec City. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/documents/2008/08/champlain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php">the original</a> on May 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Champlain+et+Dupont+Grav%C3%A9+en+contexte&rft.place=Qu%C3%A9bec+City&rft.date=2008-06-02&rft.aulast=Vaugeois&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.septentrion.qc.ca%2Fdocuments%2F2008%2F08%2Fchamplain_et_dupont_grave_en_c.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Weber1967" class="citation web cs1">Weber, E. L. (Sculptor). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=124T66R91061R.38160&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100008~!182958~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!siartinventories&term=Outdoor+Sculpture+--+Vermont+--+Isle+LaMotte&index=OBJEC">"Samuel de Champlain, (sculpture)"</a>. <i>Art Inventories Catalog</i>. Smithsonian American Art Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904040149/http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=124T66R91061R.38160&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100008~!182958~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!siartinventories&term=Outdoor+Sculpture+--+Vermont+--+Isle+LaMotte&index=OBJEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Inventories+Catalog&rft.atitle=Samuel+de+Champlain%2C+%28sculpture%29&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=E.+L.+%28Sculptor%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiris-artinventories.si.edu%2Fipac20%2Fipac.jsp%3Fsession%3D124T66R91061R.38160%26profile%3Dariall%26uri%3Dlink%3D3100008~%21182958~%213100001~%213100002%26aspect%3DBrowse%26menu%3Dsearch%26ri%3D1%26source%3D~%21siartinventories%26term%3DOutdoor%2BSculpture%2B--%2BVermont%2B--%2BIsle%2BLaMotte%26index%3DOBJEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Weiskotten1998" class="citation web cs1">Weiskotten, Daniel H. (July 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyccazen/Shorts/Questions/NicholsPond.html">"The Real Battle of Nichols Pond"</a>. <i>Roots Web, Ancestry.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527113751/http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nyccazen/Shorts/Questions/NicholsPond.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roots+Web%2C+Ancestry.com&rft.atitle=The+Real+Battle+of+Nichols+Pond&rft.date=1998-07-01&rft.aulast=Weiskotten&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~nyccazen%2FShorts%2FQuestions%2FNicholsPond.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Samuel de Champlain</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Champlain%2C+Samuel+de%2C+1567%E2%80%931635&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Champlain%2C+Samuel+de%2C+1567%E2%80%931635">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Champlain%2C+Samuel+de%2C+1567%E2%80%931635&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Samuel de Champlain</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Champlain%2C+Samuel+de%2C+1567%E2%80%931635&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Champlain%2C+Samuel+de%2C+1567%E2%80%931635">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=&au=Champlain%2C+Samuel+de%2C+1567%E2%80%931635&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamplain2005" class="citation book cs1">Champlain, Samuel de (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hLAbmiXoRWEC&q=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&pg=PP1"><i>Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, 1604–1918: with a map and two plans</i></a>. Elibron Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-2853-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-2853-3"><bdi>1-4021-2853-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419203327/https://books.google.com/books?id=hLAbmiXoRWEC&q=Samuel%20de%20Champlain&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+of+Samuel+de+Champlain%2C+1604%E2%80%931918%3A+with+a+map+and+two+plans&rft.pub=Elibron+Classics&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4021-2853-3&rft.aulast=Champlain&rft.aufirst=Samuel+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhLAbmiXoRWEC%26q%3DSamuel%2520de%2520Champlain%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dix, Edwin Asa. (1903). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tXy3rBHDEQC&dq='Champlain%2C%20the%20Founder%20of%20New%20France&pg=PP1">Champlain, the Founder of New France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405003218/https://books.google.com/books?id=0tXy3rBHDEQC&dq=%27Champlain%2C%20the%20Founder%20of%20New%20France&pg=PP1">Archived</a> 2023-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, IndyPublish <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-2270-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4179-2270-2">1-4179-2270-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverdière1870" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laverdière, Abbé Charles-Honoré Cauchon (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uvresdechamplai00lavegoog"><i>Œuvres de Champlain</i></a> (in French). Quebec City: Desbarats. <q>Œuvres de Champlain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%92uvres+de+Champlain&rft.place=Quebec+City&rft.pub=Desbarats&rft.date=1870&rft.aulast=Laverdi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Abb%C3%A9+Charles-Honor%C3%A9+Cauchon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fuvresdechamplai00lavegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorganelli2006" class="citation book cs1">Morganelli, Adrianna (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samueldechamplai0000morg"><i>Samuel de Champlain: from New France to Cape Cod</i></a></span>. Crabtree Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-2414-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-2414-8"><bdi>978-0-7787-2414-8</bdi></a>. <q>Samuel de Champlain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain%3A+from+New+France+to+Cape+Cod&rft.pub=Crabtree+Pub&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7787-2414-8&rft.aulast=Morganelli&rft.aufirst=Adrianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamueldechamplai0000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Morison, Samuel Eliot, (1972). <i>Samuel de Champlain: Father of New France</i> Little Brown, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-58399-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-58399-5">0-316-58399-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2003" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, Josepha (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samueldechamplai00sher"><i>Samuel de Champlain, Explorer of the Great Lakes Region and Founder of Quebec</i></a></span>. Group's Rosen Central. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-3629-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-3629-5"><bdi>0-8239-3629-5</bdi></a>. <q>Samuel de Champlain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+de+Champlain%2C+Explorer+of+the+Great+Lakes+Region+and+Founder+of+Quebec&rft.pub=Group%27s+Rosen+Central&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8239-3629-5&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=Josepha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamueldechamplai00sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+de+Champlain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Samuel_de_Champlain" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Champlain,_Samuel_de" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Champlain, Samuel de">Samuel de Champlain</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2130">Works by Samuel de Champlain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=de%20Champlain%2C%20Samuel">Works by Samuel de Champlain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%20de%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Champlain%2C%20S%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Samuel%20de%20Champlain%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Samuel%20d%2E%20Champlain%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20d%2E%20Champlain%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Samuel%20Champlain%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Samuel%20de%20Champlain%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Samuel%20d%2E%20Champlain%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20d%2E%20Champlain%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20de%20Champlain%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Champlain%2C%20S%2E%20d%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Champlain%2C%20S%2E%20de%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Samuel%20Champlain%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Samuel%20de%20Champlain%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Samuel%20d%2E%20Champlain%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20d%2E%20Champlain%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Samuel%20Champlain%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Samuel%20de%20Champlain%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Samuel%20d%2E%20Champlain%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20d%2E%20Champlain%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%20de%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%20d%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Samuel%20Champlain%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Champlain%2C%20Samuel%22%29%20OR%20%28%221567-1635%22%20AND%20Champlain%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Samuel de Champlain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>From Marcel Trudel: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/samuel-de-champlain">Champlain, Samuel de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921050201/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/samuel-de-champlain/">Archived</a> 2017-09-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (at <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228172837/http://www.histori.ca/champlain/index.do">Champlain in Acadia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/explore/virtual-museum-of-new-france/the-explorers/samuel-de-champlain">Biography at the <i>Museum of Civilization</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603135809/https://www.samueldechamplain.com/">Samuel de Champlain Biography by Appleton and Klos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031204154/http://mychatham.com/chathamhistory.html">Description of Champlain's voyage to Chatham, Cape Cod in 1605 and 1606.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/books/review/Boot-t.html">They Didn't Name That Lake for Nothing, Sunday Book Review, The New York Times, October 31, 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912014938/http://champlaininamerica.org/">Dead Reckoning – Champlain in America, PBS documentary 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a> presentation of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.wdl/wdl.280"><i>Descripsion des costs, pts., rades, illes de la Nouuele France faict selon son vray méridien</i>or <i>Description of the Coasts, Points, Harbours and Islands of New France</i>.</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Primary source portolan style chart on vellum with summary description, image with enhanced view and zoom features, text to speech capability. French. Links to related content. Content available as TIF. One of the major cartographic resources, this map offers the first thorough delineation of the New England and Canadian coasts from Cape Sable to Cape Cod.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126100552/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2830/">A book from 1603 of Champlain's first voyage to New France</a> from the <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901060544/http://www.webhome.look.ca/~pdubeau1/maison.html">Champlain's tomb: State of the Art Inquiry</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> From Samuel de Champlain: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314203347/http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/chpvyg/index.html"><i>Les Voyages de la Nouvelle France...</i> (1632)</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Rare_Book_Room" title="Rare Book Room">Rare Book Room</a>)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosorigines.qc.ca/biography.aspx?name=Champlain_Samuel&id=1008143&lng=en">Baptismal parish register, August 13, 1574, protestant temple Saint.Yon, La Rochelle</a></li> <li>(in French) <a href="//archive.org/details/dessauuagesouvoy00cham/page/n5" class="extiw" title="iarchive:dessauuagesouvoy00cham/page/n5">Digitized copy of Champlain's <i>Des Sauvages</i></a> from the <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_Library" title="John Carter Brown Library">John Carter Brown Library</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_of_New_France" title="Lieutenant General of New France">Lieutenant General of New France</a> </b><br />1632–1635 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Montmagny" title="Charles de Montmagny">Charles de Montmagny</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_France" title="Governor of New France">Governor of New France</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Explorers_of_New_France" title="Template:Explorers of New France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Explorers_of_New_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Explorers of New France (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Explorers_of_New_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Explorers of New France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Explorers_of_New_France23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Explorers of New France</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Greysolon" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Greysolon">Daniel Greysolon</a></li> <li>de La Vérendrye family <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaultier_de_Varennes_et_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye">Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye" title="Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye">Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaultier_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye" title="Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye">Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye" title="François de La Vérendrye">François de La Vérendrye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Gaultier_de_La_V%C3%A9rendrye" title="Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye">Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Brulé">Étienne Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Couture" title="Guillaume Couture">Guillaume Couture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Tonti" title="Henri de Tonti">Henri de Tonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Le_Moyne_de_Bienville" title="Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville">Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rocque_de_Roberval" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval">Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicolet" title="Jean Nicolet">Jean Nicolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hennepin" title="Louis Hennepin">Louis Hennepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchereau_de_St._Denis" title="Louis Juchereau de St. Denis">Louis Juchereau de St. Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9dard_des_Groseilliers" title="Médard des Groseilliers">Médard des Groseilliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Perrot" title="Nicolas Perrot">Nicolas Perrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Le_Moyne_d%27Iberville" title="Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville">Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Esprit_Radisson" title="Pierre-Esprit Radisson">Pierre-Esprit Radisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samuel de Champlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thanksgiving314" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:wheat;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thanksgiving" title="Template:Thanksgiving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thanksgiving" title="Template talk:Thanksgiving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thanksgiving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thanksgiving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thanksgiving314" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and<br />traditions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Canada)" title="Thanksgiving (Canada)">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samuel de Champlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)" title="William Bradford (governor)">William Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Winslow" title="Edward Winslow">Edward Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Brewster" title="Mary Brewster">Mary Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_White_(Mayflower_passenger)" title="Susanna White (Mayflower passenger)">Susanna White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoset" title="Samoset">Samoset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squanto" title="Squanto">Squanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massasoit" title="Massasoit">Massasoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">National Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Turkey_Presentation" title="National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation">National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Josepha_Hale" title="Sarah Josepha Hale">Sarah Josepha Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout_Wednesday" title="Blackout Wednesday">Blackout Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Want" title="Freedom from Want">Freedom from Want</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendsgiving" title="Friendsgiving">Friendsgiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erntedankfest_D%C3%BCsseldorf-Urdenbach" title="Erntedankfest Düsseldorf-Urdenbach">Erntedankfest Düsseldorf-Urdenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_dinner" title="Thanksgiving dinner">Thanksgiving dinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_fryer" title="Turkey fryer">Deep-fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turducken" title="Turducken">Turducken</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">Gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butternut_squash" title="Butternut squash">Butternut squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creamed_corn" title="Creamed corn">Creamed corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashed_potato" title="Mashed potato">Mashed potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">Sweet potatoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succotash" title="Succotash">Succotash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean_casserole" title="Green bean casserole">Green bean casserole</a></li> <li>Pie <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_pie" title="Sweet potato pie">Sweet Potato</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Media</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_songs" title="Category:Thanksgiving songs">Songs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Restaurant" title="Alice's Restaurant">Alice's Restaurant</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bless_This_House_(song)" title="Bless This House (song)">Bless This House</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bringing_In_the_Sheaves" title="Bringing In the Sheaves">Bringing In the Sheaves</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Come,_Ye_Thankful_People,_Come" title="Come, Ye Thankful People, Come">Come, Ye Thankful People, Come</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/For_the_Beauty_of_the_Earth" title="For the Beauty of the Earth">For the Beauty of the Earth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jingle_Bells" title="Jingle Bells">Jingle Bells</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let_All_Things_Now_Living" class="mw-redirect" title="Let All Things Now Living">Let All Things Now Living</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Over_the_River_and_Through_the_Wood" title="Over the River and Through the Wood">Over the River and Through the Wood</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Song" title="The Thanksgiving Song">The Thanksgiving Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Gather_Together" title="We Gather Together">We Gather Together</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Plough_the_Fields_and_Scatter" title="We Plough the Fields and Scatter">We Plough the Fields and Scatter</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hold_My_Mule" title="Hold My Mule">You Name It</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Thanksgiving_television_specials" title="Category:Thanksgiving television specials">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bart_vs._Thanksgiving" title="Bart vs. Thanksgiving">Bart vs. Thanksgiving</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Berenstain_Bears_Meet_Bigpaw" title="The Berenstain Bears Meet Bigpaw">The Berenstain Bears Meet Bigpaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny%27s_Thanksgiving_Diet" title="Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet">Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Thanksgiving" title="A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving">A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garfield%27s_Thanksgiving" title="Garfield's Thanksgiving">Garfield's Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_Thanksgiving" title="Intergalactic Thanksgiving">Intergalactic Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga_and_the_Muppets_Holiday_Spectacular" title="Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular">Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mouse_on_the_Mayflower" title="The Mouse on the Mayflower">The Mouse on the Mayflower</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Oprah%27s_Favorite_Things" title="Oprah's Favorite Things">Oprah's Favorite Things</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saints_%26_Strangers" title="Saints & Strangers">Saints & Strangers</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slapsgiving" title="Slapsgiving">Slapsgiving</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slapsgiving_2:_Revenge_of_the_Slap" title="Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap">Slapsgiving 2: Revenge of the Slap</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_Holiday_Special" title="Star Wars Holiday Special">Star Wars Holiday Special</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(Family_Guy)" title="Thanksgiving (Family Guy)">Thanksgiving</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Orphans" title="Thanksgiving Orphans">Thanksgiving Orphans</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thanksgiving_Special" title="The Thanksgiving Special">The Thanksgiving Special</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Hollow" title="Turkey Hollow">Turkey Hollow</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turkeys_Away" title="Turkeys Away">Turkeys Away</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Gaga_Thanksgiving" title="A Very Gaga Thanksgiving">A Very Gaga Thanksgiving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Winnie_the_Pooh_Thanksgiving" title="A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving">A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Associated<br />events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">Harvest festival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvest_festivals" title="List of harvest festivals">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_Thanksgiving" title="List of films set around Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thanksgiving_television_specials" title="List of Thanksgiving television specials">Thanksgiving television specials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_winter_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of winter festivals">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Great_Tree" title="Macy's Great Tree">Lighting of the Macy's Great Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Black_Friday" title="Cyber Black Friday">Cyber Black Friday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Listening" title="National Day of Listening">National Day of Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Heritage_Day" title="Native American Heritage Day">Native American Heritage Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgivukkah" title="Thanksgivukkah">Thanksgivukkah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">Parades</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novant_Health_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Novant Health Thanksgiving Day Parade">Novant Health <span style="font-size:85%;">(Charlotte)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="Chicago Thanksgiving Parade">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Thanksgiving Parade">America's <span style="font-size:85%;">(Detroit)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchener%E2%80%93Waterloo_Oktoberfest" title="Kitchener–Waterloo Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kitchener-Waterloo)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Christmas_Parade" title="Hollywood Christmas Parade">Hollywood Christmas <span style="font-size:85%;">(Los Angeles)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macy%27s_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade">Macy's <span style="font-size:85%;">(New York City)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6abc_Dunkin%27_Donuts_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade" title="6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade">6abc-Dunkin' Donuts <span style="font-size:85%;">(Philadelphia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrate_the_Season_Parade" title="Celebrate the Season Parade">Celebrate the Season <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pittsburgh)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Hometown_Thanksgiving_Parade" title="America's Hometown Thanksgiving Parade">America's Hometown <span style="font-size:85%;">(Plymouth)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Protests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(United_States_protest)" title="National Day of Mourning (United States protest)">National Day of Mourning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unthanksgiving_Day" title="Unthanksgiving Day">Unthanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_Nothing_Day" title="Buy Nothing Day">Buy Nothing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:navajowhite;text-align:center;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Football68" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/American_football_on_Thanksgiving" title="American football on Thanksgiving">Football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Thanksgiving_Day" title="NFL on Thanksgiving Day">NFL on Thanksgiving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day_Classic" title="Thanksgiving Day Classic">CFL Thanksgiving Classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Day_Classic" title="Turkey Day Classic">Turkey Day Classic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey_trot" title="Turkey trot">Turkey trots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berwick_Run_for_the_Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick Run for the Diamonds">Berwick Run for the Diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Turkey_Trot" title="Buffalo Turkey Trot">Buffalo Turkey Trot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Turkey_Trot" title="Dallas Turkey Trot">Dallas Turkey Trot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feaster_Five_Road_Race" title="Feaster Five Road Race">Feaster Five Road Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Road_Race" title="Manchester Road Race">Manchester Road Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;background:cornsilk;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Dog_Show" title="National Dog Show">National Dog Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punkin_chunkin" title="Punkin chunkin">Pumpkin chucking / Pumpkin shoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_bowling" title="Turkey bowling">Turkey bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Night_Grand_Prix" title="Turkey Night Grand Prix">Turkey Night Grand Prix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3302" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3302" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000114770565">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88046723">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1797766/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJgckxYHcG3Xc8bPFkDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118973851">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78090538">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12166686h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12166686h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an61539773">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20070312003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1243400">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1354580">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/246429">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069565783">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90742981">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000284251&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000181610">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=95817">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq4663fb4rscrhd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810565356405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007432271305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14370486">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05626541?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=5257">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1842431">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118973851.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118973851">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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