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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autoimmune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autoimmune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Autoimmune</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autoimmune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment-caused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment-caused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Treatment-caused</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-caused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vascular_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vascular_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Vascular disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vascular_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infectious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infectious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Infectious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infectious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unclassifiable_colitides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unclassifiable_colitides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Unclassifiable colitides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unclassifiable_colitides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microbiome_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiome_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Microbiome modification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiome_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Colitis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolitis" title="Kolitis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kolitis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="التهاب القولون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التهاب القولون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolit" title="Kolit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Колит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colitis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolitis" title="Kolitis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolitis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Colitis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kojlito" title="Kojlito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kojlito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolitis" title="Kolitis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolitis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="التهاب روده بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="التهاب روده بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colite" title="Colite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%B3lainn%C3%ADteas" title="Drólainníteas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Drólainníteas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%9E%A5%EC%97%BC" title="대장염 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대장염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հաստ աղիքների բորբոքում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաստ աղիքների բորբոքում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radang_usus_besar" title="Radang usus besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radang usus besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristilb%C3%B3lga" title="Ristilbólga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ristilbólga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colite" title="Colite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Колит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Колит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolitas" title="Kolitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekyenda_ekinene" title="Ekyenda ekinene – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekyenda ekinene" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2" title="ആന്ത്രശൂല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്ത്രശൂല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolitis" title="Kolitis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kolitis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colitis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E7%82%8E" title="大腸炎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大腸炎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolit" title="Kolit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kolit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colite" title="Colite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Колит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliti" title="Koliti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koliti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Colitis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolit%C3%ADda" title="Kolitída – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kolitída" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koliitti" title="Koliitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koliitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolit" title="Kolit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பெருங்குடல் அழற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருங்குடல் அழற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Колит – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Колит" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolit" title="Kolit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Коліт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коліт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAm_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_tr%C3%A0ng" title="Viêm đại tràng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viêm đại tràng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E8%85%B8%E7%82%8E" title="結腸炎 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="結腸炎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2453464#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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colitis</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Inflammation of the colon (large intestine)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Colitis</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg/220px-Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg/330px-Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg/440px-Cryptitis_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A <a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">micrograph</a> demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Cryptitis" title="Cryptitis">cryptitis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Ligh_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligh microscope">microscopic</a> correlate of colitis. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Colitis</b> is swelling or <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the large intestine (<a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colitis may be <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a> and self-limited or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">long-term</a>. It broadly fits into the category of <a href="/wiki/Digestive_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive diseases">digestive diseases</a>. </p><p>In a medical context, the label <i>colitis</i> (without qualification) is used if: </p> <ul><li>The cause of the inflammation in the colon is undetermined; for example, <i>colitis</i> may be applied to <i><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></i> at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a> is unknown, or</li> <li>The context is clear; for example, an individual with <a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">ulcerative colitis</a> is talking about their disease with a physician who knows the <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sign_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign (medicine)">signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> of colitis are quite variable and dependent on the cause of the given colitis and factors that modify its course and severity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common symptoms of colitis may include: mild to severe <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal tenderness">tenderness</a> (depending on the stage of the disease), persistent <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhagic</a> <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> with pus either present or absent in the <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">stools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">fecal incontinence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of appetite">loss of appetite</a> and unexplained <a href="/wiki/Weight_loss" title="Weight loss">weight loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More severe symptoms may include: <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">shortness of breath</a>, a fast or <a href="/wiki/Irregular_heartbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular heartbeat">irregular heartbeat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other less common or rare <a href="/wiki/Non-specific_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-specific symptoms">non-specific symptoms</a> that may accompany colitis include: <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouth_ulcer" title="Mouth ulcer">mouth ulcers</a>, painful, red and swollen skin and irritated, <a href="/wiki/Red_eye_(medicine)" title="Red eye (medicine)">bloodshot eyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signs seen on <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a> include: colonic mucosal <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a> (redness of the colon's inner surface), <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcerations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemorrhage">hemorrhage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symptoms suggestive of colitis are worked-up by obtaining the <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>, a physical examination and laboratory tests (<a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">CBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serum_electrolytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum electrolytes">electrolytes</a>, stool culture and sensitivity, stool ova and parasites et cetera). Additional tests may include medical imaging (e.g. abdominal <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal X-ray">abdominal X-rays</a>) and an examination with a camera inserted into the rectum (<a href="/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy" title="Sigmoidoscopy">sigmoidoscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important investigation in the assessment of colitis is biopsy for <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a>. A very small piece of tissue (usually about 2mm) is removed from the bowel mucosa during endoscopy and examined under the microscope by a histopathologist. A biopsy report generally does not state the diagnosis, but should state any presence of chronic colitis, give an indication of disease activity, as well as state the presence of any epithelial damage (erosions and ulcerations).<sup id="cite_ref-Kellermann2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellermann2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Histopathology findings generally associated with chronic colitis include:<sup id="cite_ref-Kellermann2021_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellermann2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_a_degenerated_crypt_of_chronic_inactive_colitis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crypt degeneration"><img alt="Crypt degeneration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Histopathology_of_a_degenerated_crypt_of_chronic_inactive_colitis.jpg/221px-Histopathology_of_a_degenerated_crypt_of_chronic_inactive_colitis.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Histopathology_of_a_degenerated_crypt_of_chronic_inactive_colitis.jpg/332px-Histopathology_of_a_degenerated_crypt_of_chronic_inactive_colitis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Histopathology_of_a_degenerated_crypt_of_chronic_inactive_colitis.jpg/441px-Histopathology_of_a_degenerated_crypt_of_chronic_inactive_colitis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crypt degeneration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_crypt_branching_of_colon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crypt branching and other architectural distortions"><img alt="Crypt branching and other architectural distortions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Histopathology_of_crypt_branching_of_colon.jpg/123px-Histopathology_of_crypt_branching_of_colon.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Histopathology_of_crypt_branching_of_colon.jpg/185px-Histopathology_of_crypt_branching_of_colon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Histopathology_of_crypt_branching_of_colon.jpg/246px-Histopathology_of_crypt_branching_of_colon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="1498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crypt branching and other architectural distortions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_Paneth_cell_metaplasia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paneth cell (pictured) or gastric metaplasia (only applies in the left colon and rectum)"><img alt="Paneth cell (pictured) or gastric metaplasia (only applies in the left colon and rectum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Histopathology_Paneth_cell_metaplasia.jpg/221px-Histopathology_Paneth_cell_metaplasia.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Histopathology_Paneth_cell_metaplasia.jpg/332px-Histopathology_Paneth_cell_metaplasia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Histopathology_Paneth_cell_metaplasia.jpg/441px-Histopathology_Paneth_cell_metaplasia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paneth_cell" title="Paneth cell">Paneth cell</a> (pictured) or gastric metaplasia (only applies in the left colon and rectum)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Other findings include basal plasmacytosis and mucin depletion.<sup id="cite_ref-Kellermann2021_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellermann2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Histopathology findings generally associated with active colitis include:<sup id="cite_ref-Kellermann2021_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellermann2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_neutrophilic_cryptitis_in_active_colitis,_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neutrophilic cryptitis (neutrophils within crypt epithelium)"><img alt="Neutrophilic cryptitis (neutrophils within crypt epithelium)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Histopathology_of_neutrophilic_cryptitis_in_active_colitis%2C_annotated.jpg/221px-Histopathology_of_neutrophilic_cryptitis_in_active_colitis%2C_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Histopathology_of_neutrophilic_cryptitis_in_active_colitis%2C_annotated.jpg/332px-Histopathology_of_neutrophilic_cryptitis_in_active_colitis%2C_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Histopathology_of_neutrophilic_cryptitis_in_active_colitis%2C_annotated.jpg/441px-Histopathology_of_neutrophilic_cryptitis_in_active_colitis%2C_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neutrophilic cryptitis (neutrophils within crypt epithelium)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_a_crypt_abscess.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crypt abscesses (luminal neutrophilic aggregates)"><img alt="Crypt abscesses (luminal neutrophilic aggregates)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Histopathology_of_a_crypt_abscess.jpg/181px-Histopathology_of_a_crypt_abscess.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Histopathology_of_a_crypt_abscess.jpg/272px-Histopathology_of_a_crypt_abscess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Histopathology_of_a_crypt_abscess.jpg/362px-Histopathology_of_a_crypt_abscess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crypt abscesses (luminal neutrophilic aggregates)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 147.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 145.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_gland_destruction_in_active_colitis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gland destruction"><img alt="Gland destruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Histopathology_of_gland_destruction_in_active_colitis.jpg/218px-Histopathology_of_gland_destruction_in_active_colitis.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Histopathology_of_gland_destruction_in_active_colitis.jpg/327px-Histopathology_of_gland_destruction_in_active_colitis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Histopathology_of_gland_destruction_in_active_colitis.jpg/435px-Histopathology_of_gland_destruction_in_active_colitis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1161" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gland destruction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Histopathology_of_colonic_ulceration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ulceration (seen here as absence of epithelium, and granulation tissue with many fibroblasts)"><img alt="Ulceration (seen here as absence of epithelium, and granulation tissue with many fibroblasts)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Histopathology_of_colonic_ulceration.jpg/221px-Histopathology_of_colonic_ulceration.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Histopathology_of_colonic_ulceration.jpg/332px-Histopathology_of_colonic_ulceration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Histopathology_of_colonic_ulceration.jpg/441px-Histopathology_of_colonic_ulceration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ulceration (seen here as absence of epithelium, and granulation tissue with many fibroblasts)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many types of colitis. They are usually classified by the cause. </p><p>Types of colitis include: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crypt_branching_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Crypt_branching_high_mag.jpg/150px-Crypt_branching_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Crypt_branching_high_mag.jpg/225px-Crypt_branching_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Crypt_branching_high_mag.jpg/300px-Crypt_branching_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> showing <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_crypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal crypt">intestinal crypt</a> branching, a <a href="/wiki/Histopathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Histopathological">histopathological</a> finding of chronic colitis. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collagenous_colitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Collagenous_colitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg/220px-Collagenous_colitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Collagenous_colitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg/330px-Collagenous_colitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Collagenous_colitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg/440px-Collagenous_colitis_-_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">collagenous colitis</a>. <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg/220px-Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg/330px-Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg/440px-Colonic_pseudomembranes_low_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colonic</a> pseudomembrane, as may be seen in <a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection" title="Clostridioides difficile infection"><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> colitis</a>, a type of infectious colitis.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autoimmune">Autoimmune</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autoimmune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">Inflammatory bowel disease</a> (IBD) – a group of chronic colitides. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative colitis</a> (UC) – a chronic colitis that affects the large intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a> (CD) – another type of IBD that often leads to colitis.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unknown">Unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_colitis" title="Microscopic colitis">Microscopic colitis</a> – a colitis diagnosed by <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopic</a> examination of colonic tissue; macroscopically ("to the eye") it appears normal. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis" title="Lymphocytic colitis">Lymphocytic colitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">Collagenous colitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment-caused">Treatment-caused</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment-caused"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversion_colitis" title="Diversion colitis">Diversion colitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_colitis" title="Chemical colitis">Chemical colitis</a></li> <li>Chemotherapy-induced colitis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_colitis" title="Radiation colitis">Radiation colitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkpoint_inhibitor_induced_colitis" title="Checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis">Checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vascular_disease">Vascular disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vascular disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Ischemic colitis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infectious">Infectious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Infectious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Bacterial_colitis"></span><span class="anchor" id="Bacterial"></span> </p> <ul><li>Infectious colitis</li></ul> <p>A subtype of infectious colitis is <a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_infection" title="Clostridioides difficile infection"><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> colitis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is informally abbreviated as "C-diff colitis". It classically forms <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pseudomembrane#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:pseudomembrane">pseudomembranes</a> and is often referred to as pseudomembranous colitis, which is its (nonspecific) <a href="/wiki/Histomorphologic" class="mw-redirect" title="Histomorphologic">histomorphologic</a> description. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Enterohemorrhagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterohemorrhagic">Enterohemorrhagic</a> colitis may be caused by <a href="/wiki/Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella_dysenteriae" title="Shigella dysenteriae">Shigella dysenteriae</a></i> or <i>Shigatoxigenic group</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> (STEC), which includes <a href="/wiki/Serotype" title="Serotype">serotype</a> <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">O157:H7</a> and other enterohemorrhagic <i>E. coli</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beutin_2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beutin_2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">Parasitic</a> infections, like those caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica" title="Entamoeba histolytica">Entamoeba histolytica</a></i>, can also cause colitis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unclassifiable_colitides">Unclassifiable colitides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unclassifiable colitides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Indeterminate colitis</i> is the classification for colitis that has features of both <i>Crohn's disease</i> and <i>ulcerative colitis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeterminate colitis' behaviour is usually closer to ulcerative colitis than Crohn's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19624520_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19624520-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment for this condition can include medications such as steroids and dietary changes.  In some instances, hospitalization and surgery may be required.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, several studies recently have found significant relationship between colitis and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy allergy">dairy allergy</a> (including: cow milk, cow milk UHT and casein),<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang_2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucendo_2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucendo_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sun_2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting some patients may benefit from an <a href="/wiki/Elimination_diet" title="Elimination diet">elimination diet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiome_modification">Microbiome modification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Microbiome modification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of oral <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotic</a> supplements to modify the composition and behavior of the microbiome has been considered as a possible therapy for both induction and maintenance of remission in people with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. A Cochrane review in 2020 did not find clear evidence of improved remission likelihood, nor lower adverse events, in people with Crohn's disease, following probiotic treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For ulcerative colitis, there is low-certainty evidence that probiotic supplements may increase the probability of clinical remission.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People receiving probiotics were 73% more likely to experience disease remission and over 2x as likely to report improvement in symptoms compared to those receiving a placebo, with no clear difference in minor or serious adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was no clear evidence of greater remission when probiotic supplements were compared with <a href="/wiki/Mesalazine" title="Mesalazine">5‐aminosalicylic acid</a> treatment as a <a href="/wiki/Monotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotherapy">monotherapy</a>, the likelihood of remission was 22% higher if probiotics were used in combination with 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas in people who are already in remission, it is unclear whether probiotics help to prevent future relapse, either as a monotherapy or <a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">combination therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One study reported successfully treating experimental colitis in mice with <a href="/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_cell" title="Mesenchymal stem cell">mesenchymal stem cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional research was conducted by Huang <i>et al.</i> that analyzed specific genes and biological markers that are associated with the risk of colon cancer development in patients with colitis. The results showed a correlation between certain biomarkers and the development of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colitis is common in parts of the world where <a href="/wiki/Helminthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminthic">helminthic</a> colonisation is rare, and uncommon in those areas where most people carry worms. <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">Infections</a> with helminths may alter the autoimmune response that causes the disease. Early trials of <i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_suis" title="Trichuris suis">Trichuris suis</a></i> ova (TSO) showed promising results when used in people with IBD<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ElliottWeinstock2012_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElliottWeinstock2012-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WeinstockElliott2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeinstockElliott2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but later trials failed at Phase 2, and most were eventually discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the phase 2 trials had used a different formulation of TSO from the one that had been used in the earlier studies that had shown positive outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummersElliottUrbanThompson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Summers RW, Elliott DE, Urban JF, Thompson RA, Weinstock JV (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2005.01.005">"Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled trial"</a>. <i>Gastroenterology</i>. <b>128</b> (4): 825–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2005.01.005">10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15825065">15825065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Trichuris+suis+therapy+for+active+ulcerative+colitis%3A+a+randomized+controlled+trial&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=825-32&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.gastro.2005.01.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15825065&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.au=Elliott%2C+DE&rft.au=Urban%2C+JF&rft.au=Thompson%2C+RA&rft.au=Weinstock%2C+JV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1053%252Fj.gastro.2005.01.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPommerville2014" class="citation book cs1">Pommerville J (2014). <i>Fundamentals of microbiology</i>. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-8861-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-8861-5"><bdi>978-1-4496-8861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+microbiology&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-8861-5&rft.aulast=Pommerville&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElliottWeinstock2012-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElliottWeinstock2012_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottWeinstock2012" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott DE, Weinstock JV (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105">"Where are we on worms?"</a>. <i>Current Opinion in Gastroenterology</i>. <b>28</b> (6): 551–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMOG.0b013e3283572f73">10.1097/MOG.0b013e3283572f73</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744105">3744105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23079675">23079675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=Where+are+we+on+worms%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=551-6&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3744105%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23079675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMOG.0b013e3283572f73&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=DE&rft.au=Weinstock%2C+JV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3744105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WeinstockElliott2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WeinstockElliott2013_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstockElliott2013" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstock JV, Elliott DE (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647">"Translatability of helminth therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases"</a>. <i>International Journal for Parasitology</i>. <b>43</b> (3–4): 245–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpara.2012.10.016">10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3683647">3683647</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23178819">23178819</a>. <q>Early clinical trials suggested that exposure to helminths such as Trichuris suis or Necator americanus can improve IBD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+Parasitology&rft.atitle=Translatability+of+helminth+therapy+in+inflammatory+bowel+diseases&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=245-51&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3683647%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23178819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijpara.2012.10.016&rft.aulast=Weinstock&rft.aufirst=JV&rft.au=Elliott%2C+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3683647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoronado_Biosciences2013" class="citation web cs1">Coronado Biosciences (November 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816142726/https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2013/11/07/587752/10056769/en/Coronado-Biosciences-Announces-Independent-Data-Monitoring-Committee-Recommendation-to-Discontinue-Falk-Phase-2-Trial-of-TSO-in-Crohn-s-Disease.html">"Coronado Biosciences Announces Independent Data Monitoring Committee Recommendation to Discontinue Falk Phase 2 Trial of TSO in Crohn's Disease"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coronado+Biosciences+Announces+Independent+Data+Monitoring+Committee+Recommendation+to+Discontinue+Falk+Phase+2+Trial+of+TSO+in+Crohn%27s+Disease&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft.au=Coronado+Biosciences&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobenewswire.com%2Fnews-release%2F2013%2F11%2F07%2F587752%2F10056769%2Fen%2FCoronado-Biosciences-Announces-Independent-Data-Monitoring-Committee-Recommendation-to-Discontinue-Falk-Phase-2-Trial-of-TSO-in-Crohn-s-Disease.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker_W2017" class="citation journal cs1">Parker W (December 2017). "Not infection with parasitic worms, but rather colonization with therapeutic helminths". <i>Immunology Letters</i>. <b>196</b>: 104–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.imlet.2017.07.008">10.1016/j.imlet.2017.07.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28720335">28720335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunology+Letters&rft.atitle=Not+infection+with+parasitic+worms%2C+but+rather+colonization+with+therapeutic+helminths&rft.volume=196&rft.pages=104-105&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.imlet.2017.07.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28720335&rft.au=Parker+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColitis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colitis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2453464" class="extiw" title="d:Q2453464">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/K50">K50</a> - K52</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=556.9">556.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/191390">191390</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003092">D003092</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb31340.htm">31340</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001125.htm">001125</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/435-overview">ped/435</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template talk:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_disease" title="Esophageal disease">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">Esophagitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Candidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetiform_esophagitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetiform esophagitis">Herpetiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Rupture</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Boerhaave syndrome">Boerhaave syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Mallory–Weiss syndrome">Mallory–Weiss syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum" title="Zenker's diverticulum">Zenker's diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder" title="Esophageal motility disorder">Esophageal motility disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus" title="Nutcracker esophagus">Nutcracker esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">Achalasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_junction_outflow_obstruction" title="Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction">Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm" title="Diffuse esophageal spasm">Diffuse esophageal spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">Esophageal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_inlet_patch" title="Esophageal inlet patch">Inlet patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaesophagus" title="Megaesophagus">Megaesophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_intramural_pseudodiverticulosis" title="Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis">Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_esophageal_necrosis" title="Acute esophageal necrosis">Acute esophageal necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">Gastritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis" title="Atrophic gastritis">Atrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s_disease" title="Ménétrier's disease">Ménétrier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (gastric) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushing_ulcer" title="Cushing ulcer">Cushing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieulafoy%27s_lesion" title="Dieulafoy's lesion">Dieulafoy's lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">Dyspepsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">Functional dyspepsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">Pyloric stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">Achlorhydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Gastroparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroptosis" title="Gastroptosis">Gastroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertensive_gastropathy" title="Portal hypertensive gastropathy">Portal hypertensive gastropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia" title="Gastric antral vascular ectasia">Gastric antral vascular ectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_dumping_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric dumping syndrome">Gastric dumping syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_volvulus" title="Gastric volvulus">Gastric volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_bumper_syndrome" title="Buried bumper syndrome">Buried bumper syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome" title="Zollinger–Ellison syndrome">Zollinger–Ellison syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Enteropathy" title="Enteropathy">Enteropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">Enteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenitis" title="Duodenitis">Duodenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunitis" title="Jejunitis">Jejunitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileitis" title="Ileitis">Ileitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (duodenal) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curling%27s_ulcer" title="Curling's ulcer">Curling's ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">Malabsorption</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_sprue" title="Tropical sprue">Tropical sprue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_loop_syndrome" title="Blind loop syndrome">Blind loop syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth" title="Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth">Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome" title="Short bowel syndrome">Short bowel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">Steatorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milroy_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Milroy disease">Milroy disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption" title="Bile acid malabsorption">Bile acid malabsorption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">Appendix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Colon</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Ischemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_colitis" title="Microscopic colitis">Microscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">Collagenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis" title="Lymphocytic colitis">Lymphocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">Dysentery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_colonic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional colonic disease">Functional colonic disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal pseudoobstruction">Intestinal pseudoobstruction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome" title="Ogilvie syndrome">Ogilvie syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacolon" title="Megacolon">Megacolon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxic_megacolon" title="Toxic megacolon">Toxic megacolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">Diverticulitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">Diverticulosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis" title="Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis">SCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large and/or small</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocolitis" title="Enterocolitis">Enterocolitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterocolitis" title="Gastroenterocolitis">Gastroenterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">IBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_angina" title="Abdominal angina">Abdominal angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Mesenteric ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiodysplasia" title="Angiodysplasia">Angiodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">Intussusception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">Volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_impaction" title="Fecal impaction">Fecal impaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_constipation" title="Functional constipation">Functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">Infectious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">Intestinal adhesions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_proctitis" title="Radiation proctitis">Radiation proctitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia fugax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_prolapse" title="Rectal prolapse">Rectal prolapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anismus" title="Anismus">Anismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture" title="Rectal stricture">Rectal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">Anal fissure</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">Anal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal abscess">Anal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_dysplasia" title="Anal dysplasia">Anal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">Anal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">GI bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">Blood in stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Upper gastrointestinal bleeding">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">Hematemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">Melena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Lower gastrointestinal bleeding">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">Hematochezia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Viral hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">PBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">Fatty liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_dysfunction%E2%80%93associated_steatotic_liver_disease" title="Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease">MASLD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutmeg liver">Nutmeg liver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">Liver failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_liver_failure" title="Acute liver failure">Acute liver failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_abscess" title="Liver abscess">Liver abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_liver_abscess" title="Pyogenic liver abscess">Pyogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess" title="Amoebic liver abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome" title="Hepatorenal syndrome">Hepatorenal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis" title="Peliosis hepatis">Peliosis hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">Hemochromatosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstone / Cholelithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_gallbladder" title="Cholesterolosis of gallbladder">Cholesterolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyomatosis" title="Adenomyomatosis">Adenomyomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome" title="Postcholecystectomy syndrome">Postcholecystectomy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder" title="Porcelain gallbladder">Porcelain gallbladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile duct</a>/ <br /> Other <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholangitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholangitis">Cholangitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Primary sclerosing cholangitis">Primary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sclerosing_cholangitis" title="Secondary sclerosing cholangitis">Secondary sclerosing cholangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_cholangitis" title="Ascending cholangitis">Ascending</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholestasis" title="Cholestasis">Cholestasis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mirizzi%27s_syndrome" title="Mirizzi's syndrome">Mirizzi's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_fistula" title="Biliary fistula">Biliary fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemobilia" title="Haemobilia">Haemobilia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">Common bile duct</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choledocholithiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choledocholithiasis">Choledocholithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_dyskinesia" title="Biliary dyskinesia">Biliary dyskinesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphincter_of_Oddi_dysfunction" title="Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction">Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_disease" title="Pancreatic disease">Pancreatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">Pancreatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_pancreatitis" title="Acute pancreatitis">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pancreatitis" title="Chronic pancreatitis">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_pancreatitis" title="Hereditary pancreatitis">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_abscess" title="Pancreatic abscess">Pancreatic abscess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_pseudocyst" title="Pancreatic pseudocyst">Pancreatic pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_pancreatic_insufficiency" title="Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency">Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_fistula" title="Pancreatic fistula">Pancreatic fistula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hernia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">Hernia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">Diaphragmatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">Congenital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">Hiatus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">Inguinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect inguinal hernia">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct inguinal hernia">Direct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_hernia" title="Umbilical hernia">Umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia" title="Femoral hernia">Femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_hernia" title="Obturator hernia">Obturator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spigelian_hernia" title="Spigelian hernia">Spigelian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar hernia">Lumbar</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petit%27s_hernia" title="Petit's hernia">Petit's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grynfeltt%E2%80%93Lesshaft_hernia" title="Grynfeltt–Lesshaft hernia">Grynfeltt–Lesshaft</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Undefined location</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incisional_hernia" title="Incisional hernia">Incisional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_hernia" title="Internal hernia">Internal hernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter%27s_hernia" title="Richter's hernia">Richter's</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal disease">Peritoneal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">Peritonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_bacterial_peritonitis" title="Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis">Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoperitoneum" title="Hemoperitoneum">Hemoperitoneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoperitoneum" title="Pneumoperitoneum">Pneumoperitoneum</a></li></ul> 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