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<span>Teachings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Teachings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Key ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Main practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation_and_recitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation_and_recitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Meditation and recitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation_and_recitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_true_mind_and_its_three_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_true_mind_and_its_three_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The true mind and its three aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_true_mind_and_its_three_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Pure_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pure_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>The Pure Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pure_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_nine_grades_of_rebirth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_nine_grades_of_rebirth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>The nine grades of rebirth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_nine_grades_of_rebirth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parable_of_the_White_Path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parable_of_the_White_Path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Parable of the White Path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parable_of_the_White_Path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulty_of_attaining_rebirth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulty_of_attaining_rebirth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Difficulty of attaining rebirth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulty_of_attaining_rebirth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Main works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_possible_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_possible_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other possible texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_possible_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations_of_Shandao's_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations_of_Shandao's_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Interpretations of Shandao's thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations_of_Shandao's_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>In China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_Japanese_Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_Japanese_Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Role in Japanese Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_Japanese_Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shandao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shandao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%84%E5%B0%8E" title="善導 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="善導" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shandao" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk; influential writer in Pure Land Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFD068; color:black;"><div class="fn">Shandao</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh">善導</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_Patriarchs_-_Shandao_(Otani_University_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Two_Patriarchs_-_Shandao_%28Otani_University_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="455" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="455" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Shandao, <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctani_University_Museum" title="Ōtani University Museum">Ōtani University Museum</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFD068; color:black;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">613<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Zibo" title="Zibo">Zibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">681 (aged 67–68)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Chinese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Commentary on the Contemplation Sutra</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFD068; color:black;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Temple</th><td class="infobox-data">Wuzhen Temple<br /><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhong_Temple" title="Xuanzhong Temple">Xuanzhong Temple</a><br />Wenguo Temple<br />Fengxian Temple</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma names</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Shandao</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFD068; color:black;">Senior posting</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Teacher</th><td class="infobox-data">Mingsheng (<span lang="zh-Hant">明勝</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Students</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Huaiyun (怀恽)<br />Huaigan (<span lang="zh-Hant">懷感</span>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shaokang" title="Shaokang">Shaokang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shandao</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">善导大师</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">善導大師</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shàndǎo dàshī</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <i lang="ja">Zendō Daishi</i>; 613–681) was a Chinese Buddhist scholar monk and an influential figure of East Asian <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao was one of the first Pure Land authors to argue that all <a href="/wiki/P%E1%B9%9Bthagjana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pṛthagjana">ordinary people</a>, and even the most evil person, can be reborn in the <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure land">Pure Land</a> by relying on the <a href="/wiki/Other_power" title="Other power">karmic power</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a> Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Primal_Vow" class="mw-redirect" title="Primal Vow">past vows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao was also one of the earliest Pure Land authors to teach the primacy of faithfully reciting Amitābha's name (Ch: <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a>). Shandao saw this practice as sufficient for birth in the Pure Land, and as the supreme practice (even more important than <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">meditation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with Shandao's efforts to teach common laypeople in various ways, like disseminating paintings of the Pure Land, made Pure Land Buddhism much more accessible and popular among the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several modern scholars consider Shandao to be the central figure of the Chinese Pure Land tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bloom_(Buddhist)" title="Alfred Bloom (Buddhist)">Alfred Bloom</a>, Shandao "systematized Pure Land thought and brought it to its highest peak of development in China."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao's writings had a strong influence on later Pure Land masters, especially his teachings on recitation of the Buddha's name and on faith.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also very important for Japanese pure land founders <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a>. In <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a>, he is considered the Fifth Patriarch, while in Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, he is considered the second <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)#Chinese" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">patriarch</a> after <a href="/wiki/Lushan_Huiyuan" title="Lushan Huiyuan">Lushan Huiyuan</a>. Shandao was so influential to the Pure Land tradition that he eventually came to be seen as a manifestation of the Buddha himself (a <a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">Nirmāṇakāya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various sources for Shandao's biography, the earliest and most reliable is <i>Further Biographies of Eminent Monks</i> (T 2060) by <a href="/wiki/Daoxuan" title="Daoxuan">Daoxuan</a> (596–667), a contemporary of Shandao who also resided with him at <a href="/wiki/Zhongnan_Mountains" title="Zhongnan Mountains">mount Zhōngnán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao (lay name: Chu) was most likely born in 613, in what is now <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China's</a> <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a buddhist monk (<a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhiksu</a>) early in life under master Master Mingsheng of Mizhou (about whom little is known). With his teacher, Shandao studied the <i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vimalakirti_Sutra" title="Vimalakirti Sutra">Vimalakirti Sutra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some sources, he once saw a picture of the pure land and this inspired him to attain birth in the pure land for the first time. After receiving the full monastic precepts, Shandao (now twenty years old) read the <i><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81yus_Contemplation_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitāyus Contemplation Sūtra">Contemplation Sutra</a></i> together with his <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> Master Miaokai and concluded that Buddhist practices other than the pure land method were too uncertain and difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then spent some time traveling, visiting temples and teachers. He is said to have visited <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lu" title="Mount Lu">Mount Lu</a> during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_View_of_Qinling_from_Crouching_Tiger_Mountain_Peak,_Oct_29_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/South_View_of_Qinling_from_Crouching_Tiger_Mountain_Peak%2C_Oct_29_2023.jpg/250px-South_View_of_Qinling_from_Crouching_Tiger_Mountain_Peak%2C_Oct_29_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/South_View_of_Qinling_from_Crouching_Tiger_Mountain_Peak%2C_Oct_29_2023.jpg/330px-South_View_of_Qinling_from_Crouching_Tiger_Mountain_Peak%2C_Oct_29_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/South_View_of_Qinling_from_Crouching_Tiger_Mountain_Peak%2C_Oct_29_2023.jpg/500px-South_View_of_Qinling_from_Crouching_Tiger_Mountain_Peak%2C_Oct_29_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5490" data-file-height="3916" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Zhongnan_Mountains" title="Zhongnan Mountains">Zhōngnán</a> mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>In around 633, Shandao also studied at Wu chen Monastery on <a href="/wiki/Zhongnan_Mountains" title="Zhongnan Mountains">mount Zhōngnán</a> near the capital of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>), a center of pure land meditation practice. This monastery had been built by the followers of Ching yeh (564 616), a direct disciple of <a href="/wiki/Jingying_Huiyuan" title="Jingying Huiyuan">Jingying Huiyuan</a> (c. 523–592).<sup id="cite_ref-:22_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jingying Huiyuan was a great scholar-monk who had written commentaries on the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amit%C4%81yus_Sutra" title="The Amitāyus Sutra">Amitayus Sutra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81yus_Contemplation_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitāyus Contemplation Sūtra">Contemplation Sutra</a></i>. According to Tanaka, Shandao's training at this monastery gave him the opportunity to the study the works of this scholar and Shandao's works do show the influence of Huiyuan.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also said to have meditated on the visualizations of the Pure Land and attained deep <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point between 633 and 645 (the sources disagree on the dating), Shandao visited the famous <a href="/wiki/Xuanzhong_Temple" title="Xuanzhong Temple">Xuánzhōng Temple</a>, a major temple of the Pure Land Buddhist masters Tanluan and <a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a> (562–645).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao met Daochuo, and was inspired to become Daochuo's disciple.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Daochuo's death in 645, Shandao returned to Wu-chen temple and also traveled to the imperial capital at <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) to preach Pure Land Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 30 years, Shandao preached Pure Land teachings to the lay population of the city, teaching them to chant the <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a> (the name of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a>), copying the Pure Land sutras numerous times, distributing copies of the <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitābha Sūtra"><i>Amitabha sutra</i></a>, making many paintings of the pure land, restoring monasteries and writings books.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stressed that reciting the Buddha's name was the easiest practice for attaining birth in the pure land.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao taught men and women of all classes equally, and even butchers and wine sellers are said to have followed his teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao lived in <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> for more than 30 years. Chinese sources indicate that he was a strict practitioner of nianfo (reciting the Buddha's name) and <a href="/wiki/Pratyutpanna_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra">pratyutpanna samadhi</a> meditation, as well as spending much of his time in devotional practices to the Buddha, such as circumambulation (around a Buddha statue), and reciting the sutras.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also strictly observed the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethical precepts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of his strict and demanding spiritual practice, Shandao still thought of himself as an ordinary worldly person (<a href="/wiki/P%E1%B9%9Bthagjana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pṛthagjana">pṛthagjana</a>), writing: "certainly, I myself am a sinful prthagjana". Thus, he still believed that he (along with most people) needed to rely on the compassionate power of Amitabha Buddha to attain <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao's activities in the <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> capital area centered around four main monasteries: Wu-chen temple on <a href="/wiki/Zhongnan_Mountains" title="Zhongnan Mountains">mount Zhōngnán</a> (40 km southeast of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a> city), Guang Ming Temple, Tz'u-en temple (during the time that <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> would have resided here) and Shih-chi temple.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also visited <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, where he supervised the building of the large <a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> Buddha statue at the <a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese sources describe Shandao as a man who lived a very simple <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> life. He preferred begging for his food and did not have a room to himself. He kept the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic rules</a> strictly and gave away all possesions and gifts. He ate the simplest and coarsest food, and gave the best to others, avoiding even milk products.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his lifetime, Shandao wrote five major works on Pure Land Buddhism, with his commentaries on the <i>Contemplation Sutra</i> being among the most influential.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_ideas">Key ideas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffec00;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ffec00;"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#A0522D">Pure Land Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Budda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amitabha Buddha"><img alt="Amitabha Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Budda.svg/150px-Budda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Budda.svg/225px-Budda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Budda.svg/300px-Budda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffec00;;background:#ffec00;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Buddhas and bodhisattvas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahasthamaprapta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaisajyaguru" title="Bhaisajyaguru">Medicine Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffec00;;background:#ffec00;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Teachings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" title="Pure Land">Pure Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjin" title="Shinjin">Mind of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_power" title="Other power">Other power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_Vow" class="mw-redirect" title="Primal Vow">Primal Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">Trikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Age of Dharma Decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffec00;;background:#ffec00;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">Bodhisattva Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81nusm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Buddhānusmṛti">Buddha recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_contemplation" title="Buddha contemplation">Buddha contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%ABj%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Pūjā (Buddhism)">Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra_copying" title="Sutra copying">Sutra copying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Making merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_merit" title="Transfer of merit">Dedication of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dhāraṇī</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffec00;;background:#ffec00;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Amit%C4%81yus_Sutra" title="The Amitāyus Sutra">Amitāyus Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitābha Sūtra">Amitābha Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81yus_Contemplation_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitāyus Contemplation Sūtra">Contemplation Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_the_Pure_Land" title="Discourse on the Pure Land">Discourse on the Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81vata%E1%B9%83saka_S%C5%ABtra#The_Aspiration_Prayer_for_Good_Conduct" title="Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra">Samantabhadra Aspiration Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyutpanna_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra">Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasabhumika-vibh%C4%81s%C4%81" title="Dasabhumika-vibhāsā">Dasabhumika-vibhāsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABra%E1%B9%85gama_S%C5%ABtra" title="Śūraṅgama Sūtra">Śūraṅgama Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitabha_Pure_Land_Rebirth_Dharani" title="Amitabha Pure Land Rebirth Dharani">Amitabha Pure Land Rebirth Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3a_Vijaya_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī">Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABlaka%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%ADha_Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī">Great Compassion Dhāraṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra_of_Light#Amoghapāśa_sūtras" title="Mantra of Light">Amoghapāśa sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Mani mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cj%C5%8Dy%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Ōjōyōshū">Ōjōyōshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senchakush%C5%AB" title="Senchakushū">Senchakushū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Sheet_Document" title="One-Sheet Document">One-Sheet Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgy%C5%8Dshinsh%C5%8D" title="Kyōgyōshinshō">Kyōgyōshinshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannish%C5%8D" title="Tannishō">Tannishō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjin_Ketsuj%C5%8D_Sh%C5%8D" title="Anjin Ketsujō Shō">Anjin Ketsujō Shō</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffec00;;background:#ffec00;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Huiyuan" title="Lushan Huiyuan">Lushan Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingying_Huiyuan" title="Jingying Huiyuan">Jingying Huiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-luan" title="Tan-luan">Tanluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaigan" title="Huaigan">Huaigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulong_Shaokang" title="Wulong Shaokang">Wulong Shaokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uisang" title="Uisang">Uisang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongming_Yanshou" title="Yongming Yanshou">Yongming Yanshou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siming_Zhili" title="Siming Zhili">Siming Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongxiao" title="Zongxiao">Zongxiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senkan" title="Senkan">Senkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genshin" title="Genshin">Genshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanzhao" title="Yuanzhao">Yuanzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Ziyuan" title="Mao Ziyuan">Mao Ziyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dnin" title="Ryōnin">Ryōnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dk%C5%AB" title="Shōkū">Shōkū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench%C5%8D" title="Benchō">Benchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakunyo" title="Kakunyo">Kakunyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Shaosheng" title="Peng Shaosheng">Peng Shaosheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunqi_Zhuhong" title="Yunqi Zhuhong">Yunqi Zhuhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouyi_Zhixu" title="Ouyi Zhixu">Ouyi Zhixu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Hongdao" title="Yuan Hongdao">Yuan Hongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jixing_Chewu" title="Jixing Chewu">Jixing Chewu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Yinguang" title="Shi Yinguang">Yinguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Kung" title="Chin Kung">Jìngkōng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang_Qin" title="Guang Qin">Guang Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyozawa_Manshi" title="Kiyozawa Manshi">Kiyozawa Manshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soga_Ry%C5%8Djin" title="Soga Ryōjin">Soga Ryōjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taitetsu_Unno" title="Taitetsu Unno">Taitetsu Unno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bloom_(Buddhist)" title="Alfred Bloom (Buddhist)">Alfred Bloom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ffec00;;background:#ffec00;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; border: 2px solid #FFFFE0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Chinese_Pure_Land" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Chinese Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinzei" title="Chinzei">Chinzei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizan" title="Seizan">Seizan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongan-ji" title="Hongan-ji">Honganji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_Nembutsu" title="Yuzu Nembutsu">Yuzu Nembutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakure_nenbutsu" title="Kakure nenbutsu">Kakure nenbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji-shu" title="Ji-shu">Ji-shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayan school">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnamese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Churches_of_America" title="Buddhist Churches of America">Buddhist Churches of America</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Template:Pure Land Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pure_Land_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pure Land Buddhism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pure Land Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shandao synthesized much of the teachings of earlier Chinese Pure Land Buddhists, such as <a href="/wiki/Tanluan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanluan">Tanluan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a>, however, he also introduced new ideas that became central to both Chinese and Japanese Pure Land traditions. The key four ideas of Shandao's thought are:<sup id="cite_ref-jones_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>All beings can attain birth in the pure land, no matter how evil or deluded they are, by saying the name of the Buddha Amitabha with faith. Once born there, all beings can equally perceive the pure land (<a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhāvatī</a>) in its true form (as a “<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83bhogak%C4%81ya" title="Saṃbhogakāya">reward land</a>”). This attainment does not depend on the meditative qualities or level of purification of the practitioner, instead it depends on the Buddha's vows and merit.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ten <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfos</a> cited in both the <i><a href="/wiki/Longer_Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%ABvy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra">Infinite Life Sūtra</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Amitayurdhyana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitayurdhyana Sutra">Contemplation Sutra</a></i> (as the bare necessity for attaining rebirth in the pure land) are <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">oral recitations</a> (kǒuchēng 口稱, also called the “ten sounds”, shíshēng 十聲). Previous interpretations were more ambiguous in interpreting the meaning of the term <i>niàn</i> (念)<i>.</i> Shandao was the first to define these as “orally holding Amitāyus’s name” (kǒuchēng Mítuó mínghào 口稱彌陀名號).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao even applies this interpretation in cases where a text does not clearly state that <i>nian</i> refers to oral repetition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>All nine levels of rebirth in the Pure Land discussed by the <i>Contemplation Sutra</i> were accomplished by ordinary people not advanced āryas (noble sages). The lowest level includes even people who have committed the worst of evils but have converted and said the nianfo wishing to be reborn in the Pure Land.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rebirth in the <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Pure Land</a> comes primarily through <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a> Buddha's vow rather than one's own efforts. Shandao writes that the vows are "the direct and empowering cause" (zēngshàng yuàn 增上緣) of rebirth in the Pure Land. Most previous authors (except <a href="/wiki/Tan-luan" title="Tan-luan">Tanluan</a>) had held that Amitabha merely creates the Pure Land, but that it is our own deeds and <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit</a> that takes us there.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_practices">Main practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Main practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shandao discusses Pure Land practice in various ways. His most general schema is one which divides practices into primary practices (zhengxing) and miscellaneous practices (zaxing).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Shandao, the primary Pure Land practices are:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Single-minded recitation of the Pure Land sutras</li> <li>Single-minded meditation and visualization of Amitabha and the Pure Land</li> <li>Worshiping and bowing to Amitabha exclusively</li> <li>Exclusively recite Amitabha's name</li> <li>Singing praises and making offerings to Amitabha</li></ol> <p>Shandao further highlights the importance of <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a>, the oral recitation of Buddha's name (in Chinese: Nāmó Ēmítuófó, 南無阿彌陀佛, "Homage to Amitabha Buddha"), by classifying it as the "primary deed" (zhengye), while calling the other four practices "auxiliary" (zhuye). This indicates that for him, oral recitation of Amitabha's name is the most important practice out of the five.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As Shandao writes:</p><blockquote><p> If sentient beings are mindful of the Buddha and chant his name, then he eliminates the sins which they have been accumulating for a long time. Also, when their lives are about to end, the Buddha, together with his attendant bodhisattvas, appear and they welcome them [into the Pure Land]. They will never again be perverted by the various forms of sinful karma [after being born in the Pure Land]. Therefore, we call this the "Dominant Factor". Even though some other practices may be wholesome, if we compare them with the practice of chanting the name of Buddha Amitabha, the latter is, beyond all comparison, the best.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Miscellaneous practices on the other hand include all other practices, including keeping <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist precepts</a>, doing meritorious acts, other forms of Buddhist meditation and so forth.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shandao, we may still attain rebirth in the Pure Land by dedicating the merit of these miscellaneous practices to birth in the Pure Land, but they are not the main practices.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditation_and_recitation">Meditation and recitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meditation and recitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Shandao's <i>Commentary to the</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81yus_Contemplation_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitāyus Contemplation Sūtra">Contemplation Sutra</a></i>, he writes that the essential intent of the sutra is both the meditative <a href="/wiki/Buddha_contemplation" title="Buddha contemplation">contemplation of the Buddha</a> (guanfo) and the recollection of the Buddha (<a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:03_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He divides the sutra's main teaching section into two parts: the meditative and the non-meditative teachings, terms which he borrows from <a href="/wiki/Jingying_Huiyuan" title="Jingying Huiyuan">Jingying Huiyuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike Huiyuan (who argued the meditative teachings included all sixteen contemplations taught in the sutra), Shandao argues that only the first thirteen contemplations are part of the meditative teaching, while the other three (focusing on the nine grades of rebirth in the pure land) are non-meditative and based on nianfo.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Shandao's teaching focuses on the vocal nianfo (reciting the Namo Amitabha Buddha), he also practiced and taught meditative nianfo in his writings, as did previous Pure Land figures like <a href="/wiki/Tan-luan" title="Tan-luan">Tanluan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daochuo" title="Daochuo">Daochuo</a>. This was a practice generally done in a retreat setting lasting for several days in which one practiced recitation and meditation on Amitabha's bodily form intensively to achieve a state of <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>. It was based on sutras like the <a href="/wiki/Pratyutpanna_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra"><i>Pratyutpannasamādhi,</i></a> and the <i>Guānfó sānmèi hăi jīng</i> (<i>Sūtra on the Ocean Samādhi of <a href="/wiki/Buddha_contemplation" title="Buddha contemplation">Buddha contemplation</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two inscriptions from shortly after Shandao's death indicate that he was known for his meditative prowess, since they call him "Meditation (Chan) master Shandao" and "Great Precept Master Shandao who has realized samadhi".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, Shandao clearly sees the vocal nianfo as the best practice since it is accessible to all, as he writes in his <i>Verses in Praise for Rebirth in the Pure Land:</i></p><blockquote><p>Because sentient beings are burdened with weighty obstacles: their conscious worlds are limited; their minds are coarse; their senses are disturbed and their spirits are frivolous. Thus, meditation is difficult to observe. Therefore, the Great Sage compassionately urged them to chant the name exclusively. Precisely because chanting the name is easy, they can do so continuously and attain birth in the Pure Land.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In commenting on the <i>Contemplation Sutra</i>, after admitting that the sutra teaches both meditation and recitation, Shandao writes: "if we see [the sutra] from the standpoint of the intention of the essential vow of Buddha Amitabha, we realize that the purpose of the text is to make all sentient beings single-heartedly and exclusively chant the name of Buddha Amitabha."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in commenting on the last lines of the sutra, in which Shakyamuni says to Ananda "You must uphold these words. To uphold them is to uphold the name of Amida Buddha," Shandao writes:</p><blockquote><p>Although this sutra has carefully expounded the thirteen visualizations of the Pure Land and the nine levels of practice proper for the nine levels of beings, its most important explanation is reserved for the last lines of this sutra. It concerns the very heart of Amida Buddha's vow; that one must recite the name, the nianfo. (T. 365, 12:346b) <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Thus, Shandao clearly elevates the vocal nianfo as the supreme practice over all others.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Atone, Shandao's promotion of the chanting of nianfo as a practice that was superior to meditation was a major innovation in the history of East Asian Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_practices">Other practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Shandao_Dashi_(Zendo_Daishi),_Nanbokucho_period,_14th_century.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_Shandao_Dashi_%28Zendo_Daishi%29%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_14th_century.JPG/250px-Portrait_of_Shandao_Dashi_%28Zendo_Daishi%29%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_14th_century.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_Shandao_Dashi_%28Zendo_Daishi%29%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_14th_century.JPG/330px-Portrait_of_Shandao_Dashi_%28Zendo_Daishi%29%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_14th_century.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Portrait_of_Shandao_Dashi_%28Zendo_Daishi%29%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_14th_century.JPG/500px-Portrait_of_Shandao_Dashi_%28Zendo_Daishi%29%2C_Nanbokucho_period%2C_14th_century.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2785" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Shandao reciting Amitabha's name, Nanbokuchō period, 14th century, Japan, hanging scroll; ink, color and gold on silk, private collection</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>Hymns in Praise of Birth</i>, Shandao also taught the "Five Mindful Practices" and "Four Modes of [Pure Land Buddhist] Practice" (四修).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Five Mindful Practices, which Shandao quotes directly from <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu's</a> <i>Discourse on the Pure Land</i> (<i>Jìngtǔ lùn</i> 浄土論) are: (1) worship Amitabha reverentially with a concentrated mind and make offerings; (2) praise the glory of Amitabha and his Pure Land; (3) concentrate, contemplate and think of Amitabha and the noble beings of the Pure Land; (4) aspire to be born in the Pure Land with a sincere heart; and (5) concentrate on and rejoice in your good deeds and the good deeds done by all beings and dedicate the merit of all good deeds towards birth in the Pure Land.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Four Modes of Practice described by Shandao are the following:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Reverential practice: to worship the Buddha and bodhisattvas.</li> <li>Exclusive practice: to exclusively focus on reciting the Buddha's name, to contemplate, be mindful of and worship the Buddha Amitabha exclusively.</li> <li>Uninterrupted practice: to revere, worship, recite, praise, contemplate and aspire for birth in the pure land with concentration and without interruption. If negative thoughts take you astray, practice repentance without delay.</li> <li>"Perform these acts continuously with determination until the end of your life; this is a long term practice."</li></ol> <p>Aside from <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a>, Shandao often emphasized other textual, meditative and ritual practices. Shandao's tract, "<i>The Meritorious Dharma Gate of the Samādhi Involving Contemplation of the Ocean-like Marks of the Buddha Amitābha"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese:</a> 阿彌陀佛相海三昧功德法門; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Ēmítuófó xiāng hǎi sānmèi gōngdé fǎmén</i>) emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samādhi</a> and ritual practice. Also, Shandao's direct disciples, such as <a href="/wiki/Huaigan" title="Huaigan">Huaigan</a>, were recorded as having emphasized meditation practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Shandao's <i>Fǎshì Zàn</i> (法事讚) focuses on the ritual recitation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%ABvy%C5%ABha_S%C5%ABtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra">Amitabha Sutra</a></i> in front of an altar with a statue of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao also practiced copying the Pure Land sutras. The <i>Xu Gaoseng zhuan</i> contains a biography of Shandao which states that "after he entered the capital, he preached his teaching extensively. He transcribed the <i>Amituo jing (Amitabha Sutra)</i> many tens of thousands of times."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In numerous passages, Shandao also emphasizes the practice of repentance as an important practice which can be joined with the recitationn of nianfo and can remove all our evil karma.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Shandao's expositions on the Pure Land are also rooted in classic <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a> principles, indicating his deep study of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophical tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao was also noted to be a practitioner who engaged in <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> practices such as never lying down to sleep and constantly practicing samādhi and ritual activity, and he is said to have advised other people to do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_true_mind_and_its_three_aspects">The true mind and its three aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The true mind and its three aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A key element of Shandao's Pure Land teaching is his emphasis on faith or trust, which he saw as being necessary for gaining birth in the Pure Land.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faith is explained by Shandao through the schema of the triple mind (三心), which indicate the faithful mental attitude (the "true mind") that is needed to attain rebirth in the Pure land.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is derived from a passage in the <i>Sutra on the Visualization of Amitayus</i> which states that beings who are born in the highest grade are "sentient beings who resolve to be born in that land, awaken the threefold mind and so are born there."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sutra goes on to explain that the three are: "first, a sincere mind; second, a deep mind; and third, a mind that seeks birth there by transferring one's merit. Those who have these three kinds of mind will certainly be born there."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar concept of faith with three aspects is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Awakening_of_Faith_in_the_Mahayana" title="Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana">Awakening of Faith</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In <i>Hymns in Praise of Birth</i> (<i>Wangsheng Lizan Ji,</i> 往生礼讃), Shandao explains the triple mind which are required to attain birth in the Pure Land as follows:</p><blockquote><p>First, sincere mind; worshiping that Buddha as the bodily act, praising and glorifying him as the verbal act, and concentrating on and contemplating him as the mental act - in performing those three kinds of acts, you are required to be sincere. Hence, this is called 'sincere mind.' Second, deep mind; this is the true faith which accepts that you are an ordinary person full of evil passions, possessed of few roots of good, subject to transmigration in the three worlds, and unable to escape from the 'burning house'; nevertheless, now you recognize the fact that Amitabha's Universal <a href="/wiki/Primal_Vow" class="mw-redirect" title="Primal Vow">Primal Vow</a> definitely ensures birth in the Pure Land of those who recite the Name even ten times or down to once. Since you do not entertain even a single thought of doubt, such a state of mind is called 'deep mind.' Third, making aspiration for birth through <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit-transference</a>; you aspire for birth through transferring all the roots of good towards it; hence, such a state of mind is called 'making an aspiration for birth through merit-transference.'Those who possess all the three minds unfailingly attain birth. If one of them is lacking, birth cannot be attained.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>The two key elements of faith for Shandao are ultimately (1) an acceptance of our limited and defiled mind and (2) faith in the infinite compassionate power of the Buddha to save us.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in his commentary to the <i>Contemplation Sutra</i>, he indicates that the true mind of faith includes an ethical commitment to avoid evil and do good:</p><blockquote><p>There are two types of truly benefiting oneself: First, within the true mind one should prevent and discard all of the various evils of self and other, defiled lands, etc., and think 'Just as all the bodhisattvas prevent and discard all the various evils, so too will I'....One should necessarily discard non-good in the three types of action [bodily, verbal, mental] within the mind of truth. Also when one does good, one should necessarily do it within the mind of truth.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>However, Shandao is also clear that ethical action, no matter how good, will not lead to birth in the Pure land. Thus he warns against merely doing good outwardly, against pretentiously and "strenuously" working to do good. He calls this self-centered action, "good tainted with poison".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, we must not have any faith on our good actions or other individual qualities, but on Amitabha's <a href="/wiki/Other_power" title="Other power">vow-power</a>. For Shandao, anyone seeking Buddhahood must recognize that "one is an evil, ordinary being", and then when "one without doubt or hesitation gives oneself over to the power of the vows" one will definitely attain birth in the pure land.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pure_Land">The Pure Land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Pure Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9E%81%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%81%E8%A7%82%E9%B9%8F%E7%BB%98.%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E6%9E%81%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%81%E8%A7%82%E9%B9%8F%E7%BB%98.%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/250px-%E6%9E%81%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%81%E8%A7%82%E9%B9%8F%E7%BB%98.%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E6%9E%81%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%81%E8%A7%82%E9%B9%8F%E7%BB%98.%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/330px-%E6%9E%81%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%81%E8%A7%82%E9%B9%8F%E7%BB%98.%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%E6%9E%81%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%81%E8%A7%82%E9%B9%8F%E7%BB%98.%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg/500px-%E6%9E%81%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E8%BD%B4.%E6%B8%85%E4%B8%81%E8%A7%82%E9%B9%8F%E7%BB%98.%E6%B8%85%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4.%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BE%E8%89%B2%E6%8F%8F%E9%87%91.%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2%E8%97%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6636" data-file-height="14429" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese painting of the Pure Land</figcaption></figure> <p>Shandao also defended the view that Amitabha was perceived as a reward-body Buddha (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83bhogak%C4%81ya" title="Saṃbhogakāya">samboghakaya</a>) and that Sukhavati was seen as a reward-land by beings who were reborn there. He thus went against a common idea in China at the time which saw Amitabha and his Pure Land as a transformation body (<a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">nirmanakaya</a>) with limited lifespan.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position is found in his commentary to the <i><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81yus_Contemplation_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitāyus Contemplation Sūtra">Contemplation Sutra</a></i>, in which he states that <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhavati</a> "is a Reward [land] and not a Transformed [land]. How is this known? It is as explained in the <i>Mahayanabhisamaya sutra*</i> [大乘同性經 Dàchéng Tóngxìng Jīng, T.673], Sukhavati in the Western Quarter and Buddha Amitabha are [respectively] Reward Buddha and Reward land."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Shandao was also adamant that even though this Pure Land was a glorious reward land, it was not only accessible to <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> (a common feature of samboghakaya buddhafields in some Mahayana sources), but was actually accessible to all beings.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because the power of Amitabha's vows can carry all beings to the Pure Land:</p><blockquote><p>If we discuss the hindrances of the defilements of the sentient beings, It is very difficult to wish to be born in the Pure Land. [However], if we rely completely on the power of the essential vow of Amitabha Buddha, [the reliance] becomes a powerful condition by which all five vehicles are, with equanimity, permitted to enter the Pure Land.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Thus, the power of Amitabha Buddha is the main cause for birth. Indeed, Shandao writes that all ordinary worldly people (<a href="/wiki/P%E1%B9%9Bthagjana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pṛthagjana">prthagjanas</a>) "depend upon the karma power of the great vow of Buddha Amitabha, which they regard as the essential condition [for their birth]".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_nine_grades_of_rebirth">The nine grades of rebirth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The nine grades of rebirth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_of_the_%27Rules_for_Repenting_and_Rebirth_in_the_Pure_Land_(Wangsheng_Jingtu_Chanyuan_Yikuei)%27_with_Amitabha_(Omituo)_Flanked_by_Two_Bodhisattvas_(Pusa)_and_Reborn_Souls_on_Lotus_Blossoms_LACMA_M.74.91.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frontispiece_of_the_%27Rules_for_Repenting_and_Rebirth_in_the_Pure_Land_%28Wangsheng_Jingtu_Chanyuan_Yikuei%29%27_with_Amitabha_%28Omituo%29_Flanked_by_Two_Bodhisattvas_%28Pusa%29_and_Reborn_Souls_on_Lotus_Blossoms_LACMA_M.74.91.2.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frontispiece_of_the_%27Rules_for_Repenting_and_Rebirth_in_the_Pure_Land_%28Wangsheng_Jingtu_Chanyuan_Yikuei%29%27_with_Amitabha_%28Omituo%29_Flanked_by_Two_Bodhisattvas_%28Pusa%29_and_Reborn_Souls_on_Lotus_Blossoms_LACMA_M.74.91.2.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Frontispiece_of_the_%27Rules_for_Repenting_and_Rebirth_in_the_Pure_Land_%28Wangsheng_Jingtu_Chanyuan_Yikuei%29%27_with_Amitabha_%28Omituo%29_Flanked_by_Two_Bodhisattvas_%28Pusa%29_and_Reborn_Souls_on_Lotus_Blossoms_LACMA_M.74.91.2.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece of the <i>Rules for Repenting and Rebirth in the Pure Land</i> (Wangsheng Jingtu Chanyuan Yikuei), depicting beings being born in lotus blossoms</figcaption></figure> <p>Shandao also provides an innovative interpretation of the nine grades of rebirth into the Pure Land found in the Contemplation Sutra.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Shandao, all of these grades are for different types of ordinary worldly beings (<a href="/wiki/P%E1%B9%9Bthagjana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pṛthagjana">pṛthagjana</a>). This contrasts with previous authors like <a href="/wiki/Jingying_Huiyuan" title="Jingying Huiyuan">Jingying Huiyuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a> who had argued that higher levels were for <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">the stages</a> and the lower levels were for ordinary people.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao also held that all types of ordinary people could easily be born in the Pure Land by reciting the Buddha's name. Previous authors like <a href="/wiki/Jizang" title="Jizang">Jizang</a> had argued that to even be born in the lowest grades one needed to have some spiritual attainment in practicing Mahayana Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao even argues that even those who have committed the "five grave deeds" (which includes killing one's parents, injuring a Buddha, etc) can attain the Pure Land through the Buddha's power.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao explanation of these grades can be outlined as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The highest of the high grades: This is attained by those who have the triple mind of faith, avoid killing, recite the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana vaipulya sutras</a>, practice <a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">six kinds of mindfulness</a> and transfer their merit to others.</li> <li>The middle high grade: This is attained by those understand the meaning of the Mahayana vaipulya sutras and avoid slandering the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>.</li> <li>The lowest high grade: This is attained by those who understand the principle of <a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">dependent arising</a> and avoid slandering the Mahayana.</li> <li>The highest middle grade: This is attained by those who keep the <a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">five precepts</a> and eight precepts and do not commit the five great evils: killing one's father or mother (1, 2), killing an arhat or a Buddha (3, 4) or causing a schism in the sangha (5).</li> <li>The middle of the middle grades: This is attained by those who observe the <a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">eight precepts</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">monastic precepts.</a></li> <li>The lowest middle grade: This is attained by those who are good to their parents and observe moral principles and who at the time of death, meet a virtuous teacher who teaches them about the pure land.</li> <li>The highest lower grade: This is attained by those who have committed evil acts but do not slander the Mahayana and at the time of death say the name of Buddha Amitabha.</li> <li>The middle low grade: This is attained by those who meet a virtuous teacher who teaches them about the pure land at the end of their lives, even though they have violated the five precepts and stolen from the <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">sangha</a>.</li> <li>The lowest of the low grades: This is attained by those who committed the five great evils along with other bad acts but meet a good teacher who teaches them about the pure land and then they say the nianfo.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parable_of_the_White_Path">Parable of the White Path</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parable of the White Path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Path_to_the_Pure_Land_of_Amida_(Amit%C4%81bha)_between_Two_Rivers_of_Worldly_Vice,_Kosetsu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/White_Path_to_the_Pure_Land_of_Amida_%28Amit%C4%81bha%29_between_Two_Rivers_of_Worldly_Vice%2C_Kosetsu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/220px-White_Path_to_the_Pure_Land_of_Amida_%28Amit%C4%81bha%29_between_Two_Rivers_of_Worldly_Vice%2C_Kosetsu_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/White_Path_to_the_Pure_Land_of_Amida_%28Amit%C4%81bha%29_between_Two_Rivers_of_Worldly_Vice%2C_Kosetsu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/330px-White_Path_to_the_Pure_Land_of_Amida_%28Amit%C4%81bha%29_between_Two_Rivers_of_Worldly_Vice%2C_Kosetsu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/White_Path_to_the_Pure_Land_of_Amida_%28Amit%C4%81bha%29_between_Two_Rivers_of_Worldly_Vice%2C_Kosetsu_Museum_of_Art.jpg/440px-White_Path_to_the_Pure_Land_of_Amida_%28Amit%C4%81bha%29_between_Two_Rivers_of_Worldly_Vice%2C_Kosetsu_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption>A 13th century depiction of the Parable of the White Path to the Pure Land of Amida (Amitābha) between Two Rivers of Worldly Vice, Kosetsu Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <p>In his <i>Commentary on the Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra</i>, Shandao described the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a> and the Pure Land path using a now famous parable known as the "Parable of the Two Rivers and White Path" (Ch: 二河白道). Shandao describes a man harried by bandits and wild beasts (symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five aggregates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Skandha#Eighteen_dhātus_and_four_paramatthas" title="Skandha">eighteen dhatus</a>) who comes to a river bank. Spanning a river is a narrow, white path, while on one side the river is made of churning water (symbolizing desire and greed), and the other fire (aversion, hatred). Then, the man hears a voice calling from the other side of the river, assuring him that if he crosses the path, he will be safe. The voice says: "With singleness of mind and right attention go forward at once; I will protect you!" The voice on the other side of the river is said to be <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a> Buddha, guiding them across the narrow white path (symbolyzing the pure faithful aspiration to be reborn in the pure land), from samsara to the Pure Land (the other shore).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulty_of_attaining_rebirth">Difficulty of attaining rebirth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Difficulty of attaining rebirth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Charles Jones, Shandao conceived of it to be possible for one to fail to be born "at the final moment ... if impure persons defiled the ritual space and allowed demonic beings to invade."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources may indicate this possibility. In one text, "<i>The Meritorious Dharma Gate of the Samādhi Involving Contemplation of the Ocean-like Marks of the Buddha Amitābha"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese:</a> 阿彌陀佛相海三昧功德法門; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Ēmítuófó xiāng hǎi sānmèi gōngdé fǎmén</i>), Shandao describes a specific set of ritual protocols and practices for helping dying Buddhist devotees achieve successful deliverance from “evil destinies” and procure successful rebirth in the Pure Land.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another text called "<i>Correct Mindfulness for Rebirth at the Moment of Death"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese:</a> 臨終往生正念文; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <i>Línzhōng wǎngshēng zhèngniàn wén</i>), often attributed to Shandao, presents a nuanced understanding of the rebirth process and details many dangers that can hinder the dying aspirant’s rebirth in the Pure Land.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Dao Duan Liangxiu, this text has long been considered by scholars to have been a later composition that began to circulate widely in the Song dynasty, and to be a false attribution.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also various <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographical</a> records concerning Shandao which reflect concerns regarding more complicated requirements for rebirth in the Pure Land, including but not limited to recitation of Amitābha's name on one's deathbed specifically.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, Shandao and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Huaigan" title="Huaigan">Huaigan</a> emphasised that all ordinary beings, no matter their level of attainment, are capable of birth by the power of the Buddha's vows, and that "even the worst evil-doer could say the name of the Buddha and gain immediate access to a glittering Pure Land immediately after death."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular that utterance is interpreted by Shandao as calling "Amitābha Buddha for seven days or even for one day for as little as ten oral invocations or even one oral calling or one contemplation". As such, for Shandao, birth in the Pure Land was not for just superior practitioners, but for the lowest kinds of people who have performed "unwholesome acts: the Five Heinous Deeds, the ten evils, and everything that is not good."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, Shandao interprets the key passage on <a href="/wiki/Primal_Vow" class="mw-redirect" title="Primal Vow">the 18th vow</a> in the <i>Infinite Life Sutra</i> as meaning that anyone who, trusting in the Buddha, recites his name ten times, will achieve birth in the Pure Land. Shandao writes this even though the <i>Infinite Life Sutra</i> states that the pure land excludes those who have comitted the five heinous acts (killing (1) one's father, (2) one's mother, (3) an arhat, (4) harming a Buddha's body, (5) causing a schism in the Buddhist community). According to Shandao, this is because the Buddha's infinite compassion and power will save all beings and take them to the Pure Land, even those who have committed the worst offenses. As such, he does not take this exclusionary passage literally.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shandao wrote several texts, including Mahayana commentaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_works">Main works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Main works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shandao's main extant works include:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>The Commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81yus_Contemplation_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitāyus Contemplation Sūtra">Contemplation Sūtra</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 觀無量壽經疏; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Guān wúliàngshòu jīng shū; <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Kanmuryōju kyō sho). <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō</a> no. 1753, in four fascicles. This is his <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a>, which contains Shandao's main Pure Land theories and philosophies. An English translation of it exists by Peter Lunde Johnson (<i>The Land of Pure Bliss, On the Nature of Faith & Practice in Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna) Buddhism,</i> 2020)<i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Verses in Praise for Rebirth in the Pure Land</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 往生禮讚偈; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Wǎngshēng lǐ zànjié; <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Ōjō rai sange, <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō</a> no. 1980, in one fascicle). An english translation by Zuio Hisao Inagaki (2002) is titled <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/stclair/www/horai/raisan.htm#top">Liturgy for Birth</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text discusses Pure Land practice more generally, as well as liturgical practice. It includes six hymns of praise for chanting at six periods of the day and night cycle. </p><p><i><b>Dharma Gate of Contemplative Recollection</b></i> (<i>Guānniàn fǎmén</i>, <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō</a> no. 1959, in one fascicle); Full title: <i>The Dharma Gate of the Merits of the Ocean-like Samādhi of the Contemplation of the Marks of Amitābha Buddha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 觀念阿彌陀佛相海三昧功德法門; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Guānniàn āmítuó fó xiāng hǎisānmèi gōngdé fǎmén; <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Kannen amida butsu sō kai sammai kudoku hōmen). This text explains how to meditate on the various <a href="/wiki/Buddha_contemplation" title="Buddha contemplation">Buddha contemplations</a> (guanfo samadhi) found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Amitayurdhyana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitayurdhyana Sutra">Contemplation Sutra</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Pratyutpanna_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra">Pratyutpannasamadhi sutra</a>.</i> Topics include proper meditation technique and the ritual preparations which are performed before meditaiton. There is an English translation by Inagaki titled "The Method of Contemplation of Amida". </p><p><i><b>Praise of Dharma Services</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 法事讚; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Fǎshì Zàn; <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Hōji San), full title: <i>Liturgy for the Rite of Desiring Birth in the Pure Land Through Chanting Sutras and Circumambulation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō</a> no. 1979, in two fascicles. A ritual manual which explains the performance of a ritual for reciting the <i><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha_S%C5%ABtra" title="Amitābha Sūtra">Amitabha sutra</a></i> (along with confession, recitation of hymns and the name of the Buddha). The ritual emphasizes confession of past bad deeds and chanting of scripture. </p><p><i><b>Praise of Pratyutpanna</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 般舟讚; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: Pánzhōu Zàn; <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Hanjū San, <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Taishō Tripiṭaka">Taishō</a> no. 1981, in one fascicle); Full title: <i>Hymns Praising Birth in the Pure Land Through the Practice of Pratyupanna-Samadhi on the Basis of the Meditation Sutra and other Sutras</i>. This is another ritual manual which relies on the <a href="/wiki/Pratyutpanna_Sam%C4%81dhi_S%C5%ABtra" title="Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra"><i>Pratyutpanna Samādhi Sūtra</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_possible_texts">Other possible texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other possible texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are other works attributed to Shandao. Scholars are somewhat divided on these works or the works may be lost / fragmentary. These other possible works of Shandao include:<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Nianfo-jing</i> (<i>Mirror of Nianfo</i>, T. 1966), the colophon of this text mentions two authors, Shandao and Tao-ching. Tao-ching's work seems to quote from a lost work of Shandao, the <i>Nianfo-chi</i>.</li> <li><i>Hymn for the Ceremony of the Western Land</i> (<i>Hsi-fang li tsang-wen,</i> T. 2875): A hymn cited by <a href="/wiki/Fazhao" title="Fazhao">Fazhao</a>, copies of which were rediscovered by modern scholars at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, and at another site near <a href="/wiki/Tuyoq_valley" title="Tuyoq valley">Toyuk</a>.</li> <li>Three lost works are mentioned in other Chinese sources: <i>The Meaning of Amitabha</i> (<i>Mitou-yi</i>), <i>The Mahayana Bodhisattva Dharma</i> (<i>Dacheng Pusa Fa</i>) and <i>Essay about Techniques for Converting People to the Western Paradise</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations_of_Shandao's_thought"><span id="Interpretations_of_Shandao.27s_thought"></span>Interpretations of Shandao's thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interpretations of Shandao's thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different interpretations of the Pure Land thought of Shandao among religious and secular scholars. Scholarly interpretations of Shandao have often been influenced by the understandings of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of this Japanese Pure Land influenced interpretation can be found in Ryōsetsu Fujiwara's <i>The Way to Nirvana: The Concept of the Nembutsu in Shan-tao’s Pure Land Buddhism.</i> According to Fujiwara, Shandao's most mature work is his commentary to the <i>Contemplation sutra</i> (not all scholars agree on this)<i>.</i> Fujiwara argues that by Shandao's mature phase, he only advocated vocal recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo</a> (jp. nembutsu). Other practices taught in other works (the <a href="/wiki/Buddha_contemplation" title="Buddha contemplation">Buddha contemplation</a> or visualization meditations) are labeled as “primitive nembutsu" by Fujiwara, who argues that they were only practiced by Shandao as an expression of gratitude to the Buddha (which is a specifically <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> idea).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, not all scholars agree with the view that Shandao held vocal recitation as superior to all other forms of <a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81nusm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Buddhānusmṛti">buddha recollection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julian Pas’ <i>Visions of Sukāhavatī</i> argues for the opposite thesis, that Shandao's main method of practice was the contemplative visualizations of the <i>Contemplation Sutra</i> and that vocal recitation was a minor element of his teaching used as a skillful means for certain laypeople.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pas argues that Shandao wrote extensively on samādhi practices such as visualization and meditation indicating that these practices were central to his teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:04_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Defenders of the Japanese approach, such as Jérôme Ducor, have suggested that writers such as Pas have misrepresented the relevant Japanese sources, and that Shandao's scheme clearly delineates between "meditation sūtras" such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Pratyutpanna_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyutpanna Sutra">Pratyutpanna Sūtra</a></i> from sūtras that teach "birth in the Pure Land," among which are included the <i>Infinite Life Sūtra</i>, the <i>Amitābha Sūtra</i>, and the <i>Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra</i>. Ducor also notes how Shandao's <i>Commentary on the Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra</i> makes clear the distinction between birth in the Pure Land by faith and nianfo/nembutsu, which he regards as definitive and a "non-requested" teaching, from the meditative practices such as visualisation, which he regards as a <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skilful means</a> and a teaching given only on request by Queen Vaidehī.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other modern scholars present a more balanced view which see Shandao as teaching the importance of both vocal recitation and meditative visualization. For example, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_K._Tanaka" title="Kenneth K. Tanaka">Kenneth Tanaka</a> writes that for Shandao, the main intent of the <i>Contemplation sutra</i> is both meditative guanfo and nianfo. According to Tanaka, "nianfo" for Shandao also "included a wide range of practices such as "recollection" (i), "listening" (wen), and "oral recitation'' (ch'eng)."<sup id="cite_ref-:03_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is as opposed to earlier figures like <a href="/wiki/Jingying_Huiyuan" title="Jingying Huiyuan">Jingying Huiyuan</a> who wrote that the main intent of the <i>Contemplation Sutra</i> was just meditative visualization (guan).<sup id="cite_ref-:03_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao's commentary itself states that the doctrinal essence of the <i>Contemplation sutra</i> is both nianfo and guanfo: "I consider both the samadhi of mediation on the Buddha and the samadhi of chanting the name of Buddha [Amitabha] to be the main characteristics of the Contemplation sutra."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus according to Atone, Shandao presented both methods with impartiality in his commentary, while also holding that recitation of the name was the primary and most important practice overall.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, Jérôme Ducor writes that while Shandao affirmed the visualizations of the <i>Contemplation Sutra</i> as <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means</a> taught on Vaidehi's request, he saw vocal nianfo as easier and more accessible to all and as more important since it was taught without prompting.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_China">In China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shandao had an influence on many later Chinese Buddhist figures who wrote on Pure Land Buddhism, including those later Chinese masters considered to be Pure Land patriarchs, like <a href="/wiki/Fazhao" title="Fazhao">Fazhao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wulong_Shaokang" title="Wulong Shaokang">Wulong Shaokang</a>, who was eventually considered to be a reincarnation of Shandao.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao's disciple, <a href="/wiki/Huaigan" title="Huaigan">Huaigan</a> (d. 699) became an influential author after his composition of <i>Treatise explaining a number of doubts about Pure Land</i>, (<i>Shì jìngtǔ qúnyí lùn</i> 釋淨土群疑論, T.1960) which expanded on Shandao's Pure Land views.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Song era <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> school author <a href="/wiki/Yuanzhao" title="Yuanzhao">Zhanran Yuanzhao</a> (1048-1116) was also influenced by Shandao's commentary on the <i>Contemplation sutra</i> and draws on it in his own commentary on this sutra.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Song dynasty figure who draws on Shandao is Jiedu, who defends Shandao in his <i>Refutation of New Criticisms</i> (<i>Fu Xin Lun</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao's Pure Land works were influential on various Tiantai authors who wrote on Pure Land practice, and his influence on Tiantai Pure land was only second to <a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shandao was also praised by later figures as well, including <a href="/wiki/Yunqi_Zhuhong" title="Yunqi Zhuhong">Yunqi Zhuhong</a> in his <i>Record of Rebirth</i> (<i>Wangsheng Zhuan</i>) who calls Shandao “a figure rivaling <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> or <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a> if not Amitābha himself.”<sup id="cite_ref-:7_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shandao is praised as a Pure Land patriarch in later works such as <i>Treasury of the Lotus School</i> (<i>Lianzong Baojian</i>) by Pudu, <i>Collected Directions for Pure Land Practice</i> (<i>Jingtu Zhigui Ji</i>) by Dayou in the Ming dynasty, Daoyan’s <i>Concise Record of the Pure Land</i>, and Qing scholar Zhaoying’s <i>Painful Admonitions for Pure Practice</i> (<i>Jingye Tongce</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:7_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, Dharma Master Huijing (1950-) and Dharma Master Jingzong (1966-, Abbot of Hongyuan Monastery) have founded a new lineage focused on the Pure land teachings of Shandao, which calls itself the "Shandao lineage".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_Japanese_Traditions">Role in Japanese Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Role in Japanese Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honen_shonin_eden_-_Honen_dreams_of_Shan-tao.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Honen_shonin_eden_-_Honen_dreams_of_Shan-tao.jpeg/220px-Honen_shonin_eden_-_Honen_dreams_of_Shan-tao.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Honen_shonin_eden_-_Honen_dreams_of_Shan-tao.jpeg/330px-Honen_shonin_eden_-_Honen_dreams_of_Shan-tao.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Honen_shonin_eden_-_Honen_dreams_of_Shan-tao.jpeg/440px-Honen_shonin_eden_-_Honen_dreams_of_Shan-tao.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> dreaming of Shandao</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japanese Pure Land traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a>, Shandao is traditionally seen as the most important Chinese Pure Land commentator and patriarch. He is also considered an emanation of Amitabha Buddha himself. Shandao is seen in these traditions as having advocated for the exclusivity of the <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nianfo/nembutsu</a> as a practice in order to seek salvation through <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a>, meaning that reciting the name of Amitābha Buddha was all that was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:04_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaigan" title="Huaigan">Huaigan</a>, Shandao's disciple</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazhao" title="Fazhao">Fazhao</a>, called "the latter day Shandao"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimin_Huiri" title="Cimin Huiri">Cimin Huiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaokang" title="Shaokang">Shaokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan-luan" title="Tan-luan">Tanluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism in China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (2019), pp. 20-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.purelandbuddhism.org/publications/1/802">"Pure land Buddhism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pure+land+Buddhism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.purelandbuddhism.org%2Fpublications%2F1%2F802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheung, Tak-ching Neky. and 張德貞. “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-comparative-study-of-the-pure-land-teachings-of-Cheung-%E5%BC%B5%E5%BE%B7%E8%B2%9E./5aed79e7ffb88e0037e71ba7d40d20278633993b">A comparative study of the pure land teachings of Shandao (613-681) and Shinran (1173-1262).”</a> (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones (2019), pp. 21-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas (1995), p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 41-42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas (1995), p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. (eds.) <i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism,</i>Princeton University Press, p. 797, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas (1995), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanaka (1990), p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas (1995), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 49-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130802075832/http://www.jodo.org/about_plb/buddhas.html">"About Pure Land Buddhism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jodo.org/about_plb/buddhas.html">the original</a> on August 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Pure+Land+Buddhism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jodo.org%2Fabout_plb%2Fbuddhas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 55-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas (1995), pp. 91-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p.56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p.96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 59-64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas (1995), pp. 102-103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jones_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jones_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Charles B. (2021). <i>Pure Land: History, Tradition, and Practice (Buddhist Foundations)</i>. 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Albany: State University of New York Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanaka (1990), p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanaka (1990), p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 159-165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 169-170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jodo Shu Research Institute of Buddhism, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20200223215812/http://www.jsri.jp/English/Honen/TEACHINGS/zendo.html">The Influence of Shan-tao on Honen's Teachings</a> (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInagaki2000" class="citation web cs1">Inagaki, Zuio H. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.mit.edu/stclair/www/horai/raisan.htm">"Liturgy for Birth"</a>. <i>web.mit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Liturgy+for+Birth&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Inagaki&rft.aufirst=Zuio+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fstclair%2Fwww%2Fhorai%2Fraisan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharf2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sharf, Robert H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528903">"On Pure Land Buddhism and Ch'an/Pure Land Syncretism in Medieval China"</a>. <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>88</b> (4/5): <span class="nowrap">282–</span>331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853202100368398">10.1163/156853202100368398</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0082-5433">0082-5433</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4528903">4528903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=On+Pure+Land+Buddhism+and+Ch%27an%2FPure+Land+Syncretism+in+Medieval+China&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=4%2F5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0082-5433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4528903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853202100368398&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4528903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheng, Kai. <i>A History of Chinese Buddhist Faith and Life</i>, pp. 22-232. BRILL, Jun 15, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sheng, Kai. <i>A History of Chinese Buddhist Faith and Life</i>, p. 227. BRILL, Jun 15, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 203-208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881387072"><i>The Wiley Blackwell companion to East and inner Asian Buddhism</i></a>. Mario Poceski. Chichester, West Sussex, UK. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61035-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-61035-0"><bdi>978-1-118-61035-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881387072">881387072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+companion+to+East+and+inner+Asian+Buddhism&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881387072&rft.isbn=978-1-118-61035-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F881387072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 200-200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway, Micheal. "Ethics in Pure Land School", in Cozort; Shields. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics,</i> Oxford University Press, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyer, Christian; Clart, Philip. <i>From Trustworthiness to Secular Beliefs: Changing Concepts of Xin 信 from Traditional to Modern Chinese,</i> p. 185. BRILL, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 201-202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway, Micheal. "Ethics in Pure Land School", in Cozort; Shields. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics,</i> p. 191. Oxford University Press, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway, Micheal. "Ethics in Pure Land School", in Cozort; Shields. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics,</i> p. 192. Oxford University Press, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conway, Micheal. "Ethics in Pure Land School", in Cozort; Shields. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Ethics,</i> p. 194. Oxford University Press, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanaka, Kenneth K. 1990. <i>The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Buddhist Doctrine: Ching-ying Hui-yüanʼs Commentary on the Visualization Sutra,</i> p. 103. Albany: State University of New York Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kane, Paula. Arai, Robinson. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Buddhist Practice,</i> p. 323. Oxford University Press, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 119-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKwan2018" class="citation web cs1">Kwan, Alan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/features/parable-of-the-two-rivers-and-a-white-path-part-one/">"Parable of the Two Rivers and a White Path, Part One"</a>. <i>Buddhistdoor Global</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buddhistdoor+Global&rft.atitle=Parable+of+the+Two+Rivers+and+a+White+Path%2C+Part+One&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Kwan&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Ffeatures%2Fparable-of-the-two-rivers-and-a-white-path-part-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, pp. 214-215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2019" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Charles B. (2019). <i>Chinese Pure Land Buddhism: Understanding a Tradition of Practice</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824881016" title="Special:BookSources/9780824881016"><bdi>9780824881016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Pure+Land+Buddhism%3A+Understanding+a+Tradition+of+Practice&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780824881016&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dao Duan Liangxiu (Otani University). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.淨土宗.org/webplsch/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86/d6%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%A5%E5%BE%8C.htm">The Pure Land Tradition after the Song Dynasty and Shan-tao</a> [宋代以後的净土教与善导作者/道端良秀(大谷大学教授) 译者/释佛可、佛意居士]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas (1995), pp. 105-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2020" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Peter Lunde (2020). <i>The Land of Pure Bliss, On the Nature of Faith & Practice in Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna) Buddhism, Including a Full Translation of Shàndǎo's Commentary Explaining The Scripture About Meditation on the Buddha 'Of Infinite Life' (Amitāyur Buddha Dhyāna Sūtra, 觀無量壽佛經)</i>. An Lac Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7923-4208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7923-4208-0"><bdi>978-1-7923-4208-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Pure+Bliss%2C+On+the+Nature+of+Faith+%26+Practice+in+Greater+Vehicle+%28Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na%29+Buddhism%2C+Including+a+Full+Translation+of+Sh%C3%A0nd%C7%8Eo%27s+Commentary+Explaining+The+Scripture+About+Meditation+on+the+Buddha+%27Of+Infinite+Life%27+%28Amit%C4%81yur+Buddha+Dhy%C4%81na+S%C5%ABtra%2C+%E8%A7%80%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A3%BD%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%29&rft.pub=An+Lac+Publications&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7923-4208-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Peter+Lunde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInagaki2009" class="citation book cs1">Inagaki, Zuio Hisao (2009). <i>Shan-tao's liturgy for birth Ōjōraisan</i>. Tan Peng Yau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810822392" title="Special:BookSources/9789810822392"><bdi>9789810822392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shan-tao%27s+liturgy+for+birth+%C5%8Cj%C5%8Draisan&rft.pub=Tan+Peng+Yau&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789810822392&rft.aulast=Inagaki&rft.aufirst=Zuio+Hisao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas (1995), pp. 112-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marchman 2015, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marchman 2015, pp. 72-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fujiwara, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marchman 2015, pp. 71-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marchman 2015, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pas, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPas1995" class="citation book cs1">Pas, Julian F. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42854968"><i>Visions of Sukhāvatī : Shan-tao's commentary on the Kuan Wu-liang shou-fo ching</i></a>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-04595-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-04595-X"><bdi>0-585-04595-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42854968">42854968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%AB+%3A+Shan-tao%27s+commentary+on+the+Kuan+Wu-liang+shou-fo+ching&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42854968&rft.isbn=0-585-04595-X&rft.aulast=Pas&rft.aufirst=Julian+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42854968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35319329"><i>The Pure Land tradition : history and development</i></a>. James Harlan Foard, Michael Solomon, Richard Karl Payne. Berkeley, Calif.: Regents of the University of California. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89581-092-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89581-092-1"><bdi>0-89581-092-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35319329">35319329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pure+Land+tradition+%3A+history+and+development&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=Regents+of+the+University+of+California&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35319329&rft.isbn=0-89581-092-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F35319329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDucor1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ducor, Jérôme (1999). "Shandao and Hōnen. Apropos of Julian F. Pas' book Visions of Sukhāvatī". <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Shandao+and+H%C5%8Dnen.+Apropos+of+Julian+F.+Pas%27+book+Visions+of+Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%AB&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Ducor&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 92, 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atone 1988, p. 100, 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDucor1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ducor, Jérôme (1999-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/view/8888">"Shandao and Hōnen. Apropos of Julian F. Pas's book Visions of Sukhāvatī"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>: <span class="nowrap">251–</span>252. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0193-600X">0193-600X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Shandao+and+H%C5%8Dnen.+Apropos+of+Julian+F.+Pas%27s+book+Visions+of+Sukh%C4%81vat%C4%AB&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=1999-06-30&rft.issn=0193-600X&rft.aulast=Ducor&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chün-fang Yü. The Renewal of Buddhism in China: Zhuhong and the Late Ming Synthesis, p. 52. Columbia University Press, Mar 2, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:42_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lopez, Jr., Donald S. <i>Religions of Asia in Practice: An Anthology</i>, pp. 286-287.Princeton University Press, Jun 5, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Charles B. (2019) <i>Chinese Pure Land Buddhism, Understanding a Tradition of Practice,</i> p. 25. University of Hawai‘i Press / Honolulu.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chi-chiang Huang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chibs.edu.tw/ch_html/chbj/13/chbj1341.htm">Pure Land Hermeneutics in the Song Dynasty: The Case of Zhanran Yuanzhao (1048~1116)</a>. Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, No. 13, (2000) Taipei: The Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies ISSN: 1071-7132 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKwan" class="citation web cs1">Kwan, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.buddhistdoor.net/features/pristine-pure-land-buddhism-my-final-choice">"Pristine Pure Land Buddhism: My Final Choice | Buddhistdoor"</a>. <i>www2.buddhistdoor.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www2.buddhistdoor.net&rft.atitle=Pristine+Pure+Land+Buddhism%3A+My+Final+Choice+%7C+Buddhistdoor&rft.aulast=Kwan&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.buddhistdoor.net%2Ffeatures%2Fpristine-pure-land-buddhism-my-final-choice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShandao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atone, Joji. 1988. “Shan-tao: His Life and Thought.” PhD diss., <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin, Madison</a>.</li> <li>Fujiwara, Ryosetsu. <i>The Way to Nirvana: The Concept of the Nembutsu in Shan-Tao's Pure Land Buddhism.</i> The Kyoiku Shincho Sha Co., 1974.</li> <li>Jones, Charles B. (2019).<i> Chinese Pure Land Buddhism: Understanding a Tradition of Practice</i>, University of Hawaii Press</li> <li>Inagaki, Hisao, trans. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707004355/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/pwj3-1/07KAN.pdf"><i>Shan-tao's Exposition of the Method of Contemplation on Amida Buddha</i></a>, part 1, Pacific World, Third Series, Number 1, 77–89.</li> <li>Inagaki, Hisao, trans. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707053340/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/pwj3-2/12HI2.pdf"><i>Shan-tao's Exposition of the Method of Contemplation on Amida Buddha</i></a>, part 2, Pacific World, Third Series, Number 2, 207–228.</li> <li>Inagaki, Hisao, trans. (2001). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707072120/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/pwj3-3/12KN3.pdf">Shan-tao's Exposition of the Method of Contemplation on Amida Buddha</a>,</i> part 3, Pacific World, Third Series, Number 3, 277–288.</li> <li>Pas, Julian F. (1995). <i>Visions of Sukhavati: Shan-Tao's Commentary on the Kuan Wu-liang- Shou-Fo Ching</i>. Albany, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2520-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2520-7">0-7914-2520-7</a></li> <li>Johnson, Peter, trans. (2020). <i>The Land of Pure Bliss, On the Nature of Faith & Practice in Greater Vehicle (Mahāyāna) Buddhism, Including a Full Translation of Shàndǎo's Commentary Explaining The Scripture About Meditation on the Buddha ‘Of Infinite Life’</i> (Amitāyur Buddha Dhyāna Sūtra, 觀無量壽佛經) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://anlacpublications.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/lpb-shandao-n.pdf">[1]</a>, An Lac Publications <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7923-4208-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7923-4208-0">978-1-7923-4208-0</a></li> <li>Tanaka, Kenneth K. 1990. <i>The Dawn of Chinese Pure Land Buddhist Doctrine: Ching-ying Hui-yüanʼs Commentary on the Visualization Sutra.</i> Albany: State University of New York Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shandao&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Inagaki, Hisao: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101850/http://www12.canvas.ne.jp/horai/shan-tao.htm">Biography of Shan-Tao</a> A comprehensive look at Shan-Tao's life</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag1225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/40px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/60px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB_Gautam%C4%AB" title="Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a 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