Personnages historiques, xixe s. - Page 9 - Classification thématique

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(1784-1849) duc d'Isly et maréchal de France</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André Jean TUDESQ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">669 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Issu d'une famille irlandaise qui avait émigré en France, Bugeaud s'engage dans l'armée en 1804, comme vélite, dans les grenadiers à pied de la garde impériale. Il est promu caporal à Austerlitz et blessé à Pultusk ; il combat ensuite en Espagne, où il devient capitaine sous les ordres du général...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/bernhardt-bulow/"> <span class="rg">BÜLOW </span><span class="pc">BERNHARDT </span><span class="rm">prince de (1849-1929)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">François-Georges DREYFUS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">423 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Né dans le Schleswig-Holstein, Bernhardt von Bülow est issu d'une vieille famille danoise (son père sert successivement le Danemark et les États allemands). Il est officier de hussards, puis, après 1871, entre dans la carrière diplomatique. Très rapidement ambassadeur à Bucarest puis à Rome, il devient...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/philippe-buonarroti/"> <span class="rg">BUONARROTI </span><span class="pc">PHILIPPE </span><span class="rm">(1761-1837)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean MASSIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">586 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Né à Pise d'une noble famille toscane justement fière d'avoir donné au monde Michel-Ange, Philippe Buonarroti fait à l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'Université a longtemps constitué l'exemple presque parfait d'une « institution » au sens traditionnel de ce terme, c'est-à-dire d'une organisation reposant sur des valeurs reconnues comme légitimes et centrales pour la société ; étroitement associée à la classe dirigeante et gérée selon des normes décidées par les autorités politiques centrales. Elle était alors davantag..." title="Article : UNIVERSITÉ" href="/encyclopedie/universite/">université</a> de Pise de bonnes études littéraires et juridiques. Fervent admirateur de Rousseau, il publie un journal, <em>Gazetta universale</em>, ce qui le fait...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/john-elliot-burns/"> <span class="rg">BURNS </span><span class="pc">JOHN ELLIOT </span><span class="rm">(1858-1943)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Paul CLAUDEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">532 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BURNS JOHN ELLIOT (1858-1943)" href="/encyclopedie/john-elliot-burns/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="John Burns - crédits : W & D Downey/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/7/csm_ph998203_44a6a76e92.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Alors qu'il n'est qu'un jeune ouvrier mécanicien, Burns adhère au socialisme. Il participe, avec Hyndmann notamment, à la fondation de la Democratic Federation, première organisation ouvrière anglaise se réclamant du marxisme. Dénonçant le « défensisme » des leaders syndicalistes, Burns et ses...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/etienne-cabet/"> <span class="rg">CABET </span><span class="pc">ÉTIENNE </span><span class="rm">(1788-1856)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">François BURDEAU</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">605 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Jeune avocat, issu d'une famille d'artisans bourguignons, Cabet adhère à la Charbonnerie et devient même membre de son comité dirigeant, la Vente suprême, sous la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="De 1814 à 1830, hors le bref épisode des Cent-Jours, les deux frères de Louis XVI règnent sur la France, sous les noms de Louis XVIII et Charles X . Cette restauration de la maison de Bourbon devait être aussi, dans l'esprit de ceux qui l'ont souhaitée, une restauration de l' Ancien Régime dans l'ordre politique et social. Mais le fossé creusé par la Révolution, dont l'Empire a co..." title="Article : RESTAURATION" href="/encyclopedie/restauration/">Restauration</a>. Un moment procureur général en Corse, au lendemain de la révolution de Juillet, puis député de la Côte-d'Or,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cabral-alfonso-bernardo-da-costa-y-marquis-de-tomar/"> <span class="rg">CABRAL </span><span class="pc">ALFONSO BERNARDO DA </span><span class="rm">COSTA </span><span class="pc">Y, </span><span class="rm">marquis de Tomar (1803-1889)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean de PINS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">261 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Homme politique portugais. Juriste de formation, Cabral fait ses débuts comme avocat. Ses idées libérales lui valent d'être exilé par la faction miguéliste. Élu ensuite député des Açores, il participe au mouvement révolutionnaire de septembre 1836 puis doit rétablir l'ordre à ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/marcel-cachin/"> <span class="rg">CACHIN </span><span class="pc">MARCEL </span><span class="rm">(1869-1958)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Paul CLAUDEL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">747 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Né à Paimpol, d'un père gendarme et d'une mère de vieille souche paysanne, Cachin fait des études secondaires grâce à une bourse, puis prépare une licence de philosophie à la faculté de Bordeaux ; il y suit les cours de Durkheim. Il a vingt ans lorsqu'il rejoint le groupe des étudiants socialistes...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/georges-cadoudal/"> <span class="rg">CADOUDAL </span><span class="pc">GEORGES </span><span class="rm">(1771-1804)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Clément MARTIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 137 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Georges Cadoudal est une figure de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Entre 1794 et 1800, le mot chouannerie désigne une série d'insurrections et de mouvements contre-révolutionnaires qui affectent l'ouest de la France. L'origine de ces chouanneries – on peut en parler au pluriel – est le mécontentement des ruraux devant les mesures politiques et religieuses de la Révolution française prises après 1791. Des communautés rurales refusent, dès 1791-179..." title="Article : CHOUANNERIE" href="/encyclopedie/chouannerie/">chouannerie</a>, à laquelle il a donné une image d'intransigeance et de forte conviction religieuse, finalement consacrée par l'exécution, en place publique, pour complot contre le Premier consul. L'itinéraire politique de ce chouan emblématique s'est bâti contre...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/elisabeth-cady-stanton/"> <span class="rg">CADY STANTON </span><span class="pc">ELISABETH </span><span class="rm">(1815-1902)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 047 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Chef de file du mouvement américain pour les droits des femmes, Elizabeth Cady Stanton formula en 1848 la première demande organisée en faveur du suffrage féminin aux États-Unis.</p><p>Née le 12 novembre 1815 à Johnstown, dans l'État de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le nom de New York renvoie à deux réalités urbaines : la ville et l'aire métropolitaine, dénommée par le bureau du recensement « Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area » (CMSA). Cette catégorie statistique englobe ici une douzaine de métropoles et leurs banlieues respectives, soit vingt-cinq comtés répartis dans trois États, New York, New Jersey et Connecticut. En tant que..." title="Article : NEW YORK" href="/encyclopedie/new-york/">New York</a>, Elizabeth Cady reçoit un enseignement supérieur...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/john-caldwell-calhoun/"> <span class="rg">CALHOUN </span><span class="pc">JOHN CALDWELL </span><span class="rm">(1782-1850)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André KASPI</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">149 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Avocat de Caroline du Sud, John Caldwell Calhoun est secrétaire à la Guerre, de 1817 à 1825, puis élu, sous l'étiquette démocrate, vice-président en 1824 et réélu en 1828. Il démissionne en 1832 pour protester contre des droits de douane, qu'il estime nuisibles pour les intérêts du Sud. Il élabore...</p> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="row"> <div class="col mt-3"> <ul class="d-print-none pagination justify-content-center"> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/"> 1 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/"> ... </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/3/"> 3 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/4/"> 4 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/5/"> 5 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/6/"> 6 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/7/"> 7 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/8/"> 8 </a> </li> <li class="page-item active"> <span class="page-link">9</span> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/10/"> 10 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/11/"> 11 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/12/"> 12 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/13/"> 13 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/14/"> 14 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/"> ... </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/personnages-historiques-xixe-s/59/"> 59 </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5"> <i id="classification-medias" class="anchor"></i> <h2 class="minor"> Médias </h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996122" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Abd el-Kader" href="/media/abd-el-kader-ph996122/"> <img id="PH996122" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/5/csm_ph996122_7d9f85ec51.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Abd el-Kader - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le chef nationaliste algérien Abd el-Kader (1808-1883), proclamé "sultan des Arabes" par les tribus de l'Oranie en 1832, mena pendant quinze ans la guerre sainte contre les Français." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="655" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Abd el-Kader </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990280" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Abraham Lincoln et le général McClellan, A. Gardner" href="/media/abraham-lincoln-et-le-general-mcclellan-a-gardner-ph990280/"> <img id="PH990280" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/3/csm_ph990280_770934ed6d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Abraham Lincoln et le général McClellan, A. Gardner - crédits : MPI/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images" data-description="Alexander Gardner (1821-1882), Abraham Lincoln: At Antietam, 3 octobre 1862, épreuve gélatino-argentique, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington. Le président Lincoln (1809-1865) et le général McClellan (1826-1885, à l'extrême gauche de l'image) à son quartier général…" data-copyright="MPI/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images" width="680" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Abraham Lincoln et le général McClellan, A. Gardner </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> MPI/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998029" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Alfred Dreyfus" href="/media/alfred-dreyfus-ph998029/"> <img id="PH998029" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_ph998029_8bc3ec6df3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Alfred Dreyfus - crédits : Aaron Gerschel/ A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" data-description="À la fin du xixe siècle, le capitaine Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935) fut victime d’une erreur judiciaire. « L’affaire Dreyfus » ébranla l’ensemble de la société française." data-copyright="Aaron Gerschel/ A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="840" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Alfred Dreyfus </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Aaron Gerschel/ A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010920" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Allemagne, 1870-1871" href="/media/allemagne-1870-1871-v010920/"> <img id="V010920" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/0/csm_v010920_304d20f204.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne, 1870-1871 - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="La formation de l'empire allemand, le IIe Reich (1870-1871)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1976" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne, 1870-1871 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH992717" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>Arthur Wellesley, premier duc de Wellington</it>, T. Lawrence" href="/media/arthur-wellesley-premier-duc-de-wellington-t-lawrence-ph992717/"> <img id="PH992717" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/6/csm_ph992717_20c76a89b9.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>Arthur Wellesley, premier duc de Wellington</it>, T. Lawrence - crédits : Bridgeman Images " data-description="Thomas LAWRENCE, Arthur Wellesley, premier duc de Wellington, huile sur toile. The Wellington Museum, Londres." data-copyright=" Bridgeman Images " width="456" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>Arthur Wellesley, premier duc de Wellington</it>, T. Lawrence </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bridgeman Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996344" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Axelrod" href="/media/axelrod-ph996344/"> <img id="PH996344" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_ph996344_34ff750414.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Axelrod - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Pavel Borissovitch Axelrod (1850-1928), père de la social-démocratie russe." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="730" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Axelrod </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996345" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Bakounine" href="/media/bakounine-ph996345/"> <img id="PH996345" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/6/csm_ph996345_d82b932392.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Bakounine - crédits : Nadar/ Getty Images" data-description="Michel Bakounine (1814-1876), théoricien russe de l'anarchisme, ici vers 1870." data-copyright="Nadar/ Getty Images" width="755" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bakounine </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Nadar/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994875" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Bartolomé Mitre" href="/media/bartolome-mitre-ph994875/"> <img id="PH994875" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/c/csm_ph994875_1eac9fd133.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Bartolomé Mitre - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="L'homme d'État argentin Bartolomé Mitre (1821-1906), en 1865." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="803" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bartolomé Mitre </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998211" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Benjamin Disraeli" href="/media/benjamin-disraeli-ph998211/"> <img id="PH998211" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/c/csm_ph998211_4d68f6289e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Benjamin Disraeli - crédits : Jabez Hughes/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881), écrivain et homme d'État britannique." data-copyright="Jabez Hughes/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="671" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Benjamin Disraeli </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jabez Hughes/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996109" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Bernadotte" href="/media/bernadotte-ph996109/"> <img id="PH996109" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/9/csm_ph996109_3065a3ad05.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Bernadotte - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Français Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte (1763-1844), devenu prince héréditaire de Suède en 1810, devient roi de Suède et de Norvège sous le nom de Charles XIV, en 1818." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="618" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bernadotte </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH997826" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Bismarck impose ses conditions" href="/media/bismarck-impose-ses-conditions-ph997826/"> <img id="PH997826" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/4/a/csm_ph997826_7273d7a84f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Bismarck impose ses conditions - crédits : Ullstein Bild/ Ullstein Bild/ Getty Images" data-description="Le chancelier prussien Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) dicte ses conditions aux représentants français, Félix Faure (1841-1899) et Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877), lors de la signature des préliminaires de paix à Versailles, en 1871." data-copyright="Ullstein Bild/ Ullstein Bild/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="722" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bismarck impose ses conditions </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ullstein Bild/ Ullstein Bild/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH020053" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Cavour" href="/media/cavour-ph020053/"> <img id="PH020053" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/a/csm_ph020053_14f42a200e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Cavour - crédits : AKG-images" data-description="Camillo Benso, comte de Cavour (1810-1861), le principal artisan de l'unité italienne." data-copyright="AKG-images" width="447" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Cavour </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994840" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Cecil Rhodes" href="/media/cecil-rhodes-ph994840/"> <img id="PH994840" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/9/csm_ph994840_ae8923bbd0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Cecil Rhodes - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Britannique Cecil John Rhodes (1853-1902), apôtre de l'expansionnisme colonial, à Matappo Hills, Afrique du Sud (1897), où il sera inhumé." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="731" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Cecil Rhodes </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998031" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Dreyfus en cour martiale" href="/media/dreyfus-en-cour-martiale-ph998031/"> <img id="PH998031" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/e/csm_ph998031_27c01c98b2.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Dreyfus en cour martiale - crédits : Henry Guttmann/ Getty Images" data-description="Accusé à tort de trahison et d'espionnage au profit de l'Allemagne, Alfred Dreyfus est condamné en 1894 et emprisonné à l’île du Diable (Guyane). Il passe une seconde fois en Conseil de guerre, en 1899, où le premier jugement est confirmé. Il est gracié quelques jours après le verdict et réhabilité…" data-copyright="Henry Guttmann/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="964" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Dreyfus en cour martiale </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Henry Guttmann/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH992543" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>Exécution du maréchal Ney</it>, J. L. Gerôme" href="/media/execution-du-marechal-ney-j-l-gerome-ph992543/"> <img id="PH992543" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_ph992543_563f96840a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>Exécution du maréchal Ney</it>, J. L. Gerôme - crédits : Bridgeman Images " data-description="Jean Léon GERÔME, Exécution du maréchal Ney. Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust, Royaume-Uni." data-copyright=" Bridgeman Images " width="800" height="495" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>Exécution du maréchal Ney</it>, J. L. Gerôme </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bridgeman Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH00I352" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Francesco Crispi (1818-1901)" href="/media/francesco-crispi-1818-1901-ph00i352/"> <img id="PH00I352" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/8/csm_ph00i352_09890a6e72.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Francesco Crispi (1818-1901) - crédits : A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" data-description="Francesco Crispi (1818-1901), homme politique italien, président du Conseil de 1887 à 1891, puis de 1893 à 1896." data-copyright="A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="457" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Francesco Crispi (1818-1901) </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH992596" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter" href="/media/francois-joseph-ier-empereur-dautriche-f-x-winterhalter-ph992596/"> <img id="PH992596" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/d/csm_ph992596_d473125b81.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter - crédits : Bridgeman Images " data-description="Franz Xaver WINTERHALTER, François-Joseph Ier, empereur d'Autriche, huile sur toile. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienne, Autriche." data-copyright=" Bridgeman Images " width="366" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>François-Joseph I<sup>er</sup>, empereur d'Autriche</it>, F. X. Winterhalter </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bridgeman Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998181" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : George III" href="/media/george-iii-ph998181/"> <img id="PH998181" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/7/csm_ph998181_202d7c158d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="George III - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="George III (1738-1820), roi de Grande-Bretagne (1760-1820)." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="803" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> George III </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998232" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : George V" href="/media/george-v-ph998232/"> <img id="PH998232" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/5/csm_ph998232_10329ae7df.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="George V - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="George V (1865-1936), roi de Grande-Bretagne (1910-1936)." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="764" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> George V </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="MU980140" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>Georges Clemenceau</it>, É. Manet" href="/media/georges-clemenceau-e-manet-mu980140/"> <img id="MU980140" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/c/csm_mu980140_ba2a9d4bad.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>Georges Clemenceau</it>, É. Manet - crédits : Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" data-description="Édouard Manet, Georges Clemenceau, 1879-1880. Huile sur toile, 94,5 cm × 74 cm. Musée d'Orsay, Paris." data-copyright="Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="598" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>Georges Clemenceau</it>, É. Manet </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Lessing/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH993219" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Giuseppe Garibaldi" href="/media/giuseppe-garibaldi-ph993219/"> <img id="PH993219" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/c/csm_ph993219_d5dc228e08.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Giuseppe Garibaldi - crédits : Universal History Archive/ UIG/ Getty Images" data-description="Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), en 1861." data-copyright="Universal History Archive/ UIG/ Getty Images" width="701" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Giuseppe Garibaldi </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Universal History Archive/ UIG/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998333" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Gladstone" href="/media/gladstone-ph998333/"> <img id="PH998333" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/c/csm_ph998333_25740596b6.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Gladstone - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Premier ministre conservateur britannique William Ewart Gladstone (1809-1898) prononce son dernier discours à la Chambre des communes, à Londres, en 1894." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="629" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gladstone </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH060027" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : James Monroe, président des Etats-Unis" href="/media/james-monroe-president-des-etats-unis-ph060027/"> <img id="PH060027" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/e/csm_ph060027_4b8a513ada.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="James Monroe, président des Etats-Unis - crédits : Library of Congress, Washington D.C." data-description="Combattant de la guerre d'Indépendance, membre du Congrès constitutif des États-Unis, ambassadeur à Paris, James Monroe (1758-1831), est président des États-Unis de 1817 à 1825." data-copyright="Library of Congress, Washington D.C." width="586" height="768" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> James Monroe, président des Etats-Unis </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Library of Congress, Washington D.C. </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH041089" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Jean Jaurès" href="/media/jean-jaures-ph041089/"> <img id="PH041089" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/6/csm_ph041089_d2697c8439.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Jean Jaurès - crédits : Manuel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Député du Tarn de 1885 à 1889 et de 1902 jusqu'à sa mort, Jean Jaurès prend parti pour Dreyfus à partir de janvier 1898. Élu vice-président de la Chambre en 1903, il devient directeur politique du journal L'Humanité, paru pour la première fois le 18 avril 1904. L'assassinat du tribun pacifiste le 31…" data-copyright="Manuel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="720" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jean Jaurès </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Manuel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994348" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Joseph Bonaparte" href="/media/joseph-bonaparte-ph994348/"> <img id="PH994348" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/f/csm_ph994348_591dac26d4.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Joseph Bonaparte - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844), roi de Naples (1806-1808), puis roi d'Espagne de 1808 à 1813." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="693" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Joseph Bonaparte </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994349" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Juan Prim" href="/media/juan-prim-ph994349/"> <img id="PH994349" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/c/csm_ph994349_930d36c24d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Juan Prim - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images" data-description="Le général espagnol Juan Prim y Prats (1814-1870), héros militaire romantique aux yeux du peuple et figure de proue de l'opposition politique." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images" width="882" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Juan Prim </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Archive Photos/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH060316" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Jules Grévy" href="/media/jules-grevy-ph060316/"> <img id="PH060316" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/c/csm_ph060316_92d42b1248.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Jules Grévy - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Jules Grévy, élu président de la République en 1879." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="675" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jules Grévy </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH00I315" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Jules Grévy, président de la République (1807-1891)" href="/media/jules-grevy-president-de-la-republique-1807-1891-ph00i315/"> <img id="PH00I315" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/3/csm_ph00i315_7d4e154e02.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Jules Grévy, président de la République (1807-1891) - crédits : A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" data-description="Léon Bonnat, Jules Grévy, président de la République. 1880. Huile sur toile, 152 cm × 116 cm. Musée national des châteaux de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles." data-copyright="A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="459" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jules Grévy, président de la République (1807-1891) </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> A. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PA081638" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Jules Guesde" href="/media/jules-guesde-pa081638/"> <img id="PA081638" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/1/csm_pa081638_2e14423b40.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Jules Guesde - crédits : Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Jules Guesde, homme politique et théoricien du socialisme, a participé activement à la reconstruction d'un mouvement ouvrier français, décapité après la répression de la Commune de Paris en 1871." data-copyright="Corbis/ Getty Images" width="754" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Jules Guesde </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996002" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Junot" href="/media/junot-ph996002/"> <img id="PH996002" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/7/csm_ph996002_c99d7d830d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Junot - crédits : Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" data-description="Le général français Andoche Junot (1771-1813). La prise de Lisbonne en 1807 lui vaut d'être nommé duc d'Abrantès par Napoléon." data-copyright=" Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" width="699" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Junot </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH993938" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kitchener" href="/media/kitchener-ph993938/"> <img id="PH993938" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/c/csm_ph993938_ffa4e24d66.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kitchener - crédits : I Heyman/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Horatio Herbert Kitchener (1850-1916), officier irlandais et homme politique, qui obtint le retrait de la mission Marchand, à Fachoda, en 1898." data-copyright="I Heyman/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="649" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kitchener </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> I Heyman/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PA083210" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Klemens von Metternich, dessin" href="/media/klemens-von-metternich-dessin-pa083210/"> <img id="PA083210" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/b/csm_pa083210_2f01d9cc00.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Klemens von Metternich, dessin - crédits : Courtesy of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresde" data-description="Metternich. Dessin au crayon lithographique réalisé vers 1803 par le portraitiste Anton Graff." data-copyright="Courtesy of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresde" width="600" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Klemens von Metternich, dessin </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Courtesy of the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresde </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH993651" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kropotkine" href="/media/kropotkine-ph993651/"> <img id="PH993651" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/8/csm_ph993651_6954a7bec0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kropotkine - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Russe Piotr Alexeïevitch Kropotkine (1842-1921), aristocrate moscovite, écrivain, savant, géographe et révolutionnaire." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="766" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kropotkine </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996350" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kropotkine, vers 1910" href="/media/kropotkine-vers-1910-ph996350/"> <img id="PH996350" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/7/csm_ph996350_d524457641.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kropotkine, vers 1910 - crédits : Edward Gooch Collection/ Getty Images" data-description="Piotr Alexeïevitch Kropotkine (1842-1921), théoricien russe de l'anarchisme, ici vers 1910." data-copyright="Edward Gooch Collection/ Getty Images" width="728" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kropotkine, vers 1910 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Edward Gooch Collection/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994350" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : La famille royale espagnole" href="/media/la-famille-royale-espagnole-ph994350/"> <img id="PH994350" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/e/csm_ph994350_327199a83a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="La famille royale espagnole - crédits : Bettmann/ Getty Images" data-description="La famille royale espagnole : au centre, la reine Isabelle II (1830-1904), à gauche, sa mère, Marie-Christine de Bourbon (1806-1878) tenant sur ses genoux le prince Alphonse, le futur roi Alphonse XII, et son époux, le roi Don Francisco de Asis." data-copyright="Bettmann/ Getty Images" width="849" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> La famille royale espagnole </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bettmann/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH991801" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Lamartine" href="/media/lamartine-ph991801/"> <img id="PH991801" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/2/csm_ph991801_572ed858cc.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Lamartine - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Alphonse de Lamartine (1790-1869), poète romantique et homme politique français." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="657" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Lamartine </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996014" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Le capitaine Marchand" href="/media/le-capitaine-marchand-ph996014/"> <img id="PH996014" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/d/csm_ph996014_e9eb54505d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Le capitaine Marchand - crédits : Henry Guttmann/ Getty Images" data-description="Jean-Baptiste Marchand (1863-1934), militaire français et explorateur, en uniforme blanc. Il traversa l'Afrique à la tête de la mission Congo-Nil, et son arrivée à Fachoda (Soudan), en 1898, provoqua une grave crise franco-britannique." data-copyright="Henry Guttmann/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="674" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Le capitaine Marchand </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Henry Guttmann/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="MU980118" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>Le Duc de Wellington</it>, F. Goya" href="/media/le-duc-de-wellington-f-goya-mu980118/"> <img id="MU980118" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/c/csm_mu980118_533e364bda.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>Le Duc de Wellington</it>, F. Goya - crédits : Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" data-description="Francisco GOYA, Le Duc de Wellington, huile sur toile. The National Gallery, Londres." data-copyright="Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="638" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>Le Duc de Wellington</it>, F. Goya </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Lessing/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998025" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Le général Trochu" href="/media/le-general-trochu-ph998025/"> <img id="PH998025" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/8/csm_ph998025_dcd2a6de6c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Le général Trochu - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le général Louis Trochu (1815-1896), gouverneur de Paris puis président du gouvernement de la Défense nationale, en 1870." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="705" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Le général Trochu </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994001" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Le Lion du Pendjab" href="/media/le-lion-du-pendjab-ph994001/"> <img id="PH994001" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/a/csm_ph994001_9995bb88f2.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Le Lion du Pendjab - crédits : Universal History Archive/ Universal Images Group/ Universal Images Group Editorial/ Getty Images" data-description="Le souverain sikh Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) qui prit, en 1800, le titre de Maharaja. On le surnommait le Lion du Pendjab." data-copyright="Universal History Archive/ Universal Images Group/ Universal Images Group Editorial/ Getty Images" width="731" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Le Lion du Pendjab </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Universal History Archive/ Universal Images Group/ Universal Images Group Editorial/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH999383" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Le patriote italien Giuseppe Mazzini, vers 1870" href="/media/le-patriote-italien-giuseppe-mazzini-vers-1870-ph999383/"> <img id="PH999383" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/3/csm_ph999383_d105091cb3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Le patriote italien Giuseppe Mazzini, vers 1870 - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Promoteur infatigable du Risorgimento (c'est-à-dire la «résurrection»), Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) fut le grand inspirateur du patriotisme italien et de l'idée d'unification, s'attachant à leur donner l'aspect moral et religieux résumé dans son mot d'ordre : «Dieu et le peuple»." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="714" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Le patriote italien Giuseppe Mazzini, vers 1870 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="MU980119" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Le Prince Otto von Bismarck en uniforme, F.S. von Lenbach" href="/media/le-prince-otto-von-bismarck-en-uniforme-f-s-von-lenbach-mu980119/"> <img id="MU980119" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/e/csm_mu980119_782d26f34a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Le Prince Otto von Bismarck en uniforme, F.S. von Lenbach - crédits : Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" data-description="Franz Seraph von LENBACH, Le Prince Otto von Bismarck en uniforme, toile. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienne." data-copyright="Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="608" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Le Prince Otto von Bismarck en uniforme, F.S. von Lenbach </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Lessing/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH999142" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Le roi Thibaw de Birmanie, vers 1880" href="/media/le-roi-thibaw-de-birmanie-vers-1880-ph999142/"> <img id="PH999142" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/f/csm_ph999142_e48c5361dd.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Le roi Thibaw de Birmanie, vers 1880 - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Dernier roi de la dynastie Konbaung, Thibaw (1858-1916) fut placé sur le trône en 1878. Sa politique de renforcement des liens avec la France servit de prétexte pour déclencher la troisième guerre anglo-birmane, qui mènera à l'annexion du royaume myanmar dans l'Empire des Indes." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="685" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Le roi Thibaw de Birmanie, vers 1880 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH140351" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <em>L’Empereur Napoléon dans son cabinet de travail aux Tuileries</em>, J.-L. David" href="/media/lempereur-napoleon-dans-son-cabinet-de-travail-aux-tuileries-j-l-david-ph140351/"> <img id="PH140351" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/b/csm_ph140351_62a514df49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<em>L’Empereur Napoléon dans son cabinet de travail aux Tuileries</em>, J.-L. David - crédits : Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington" data-description="Jacques-Louis David, L'Empereur Napoléon dans son cabinet de travail aux Tuileries, 1812. Huile sur toile, 203,9 cm x 125,1 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington." data-copyright="Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington" width="483" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <em>L’Empereur Napoléon dans son cabinet de travail aux Tuileries</em>, J.-L. David </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998028" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Léon Gambetta" href="/media/leon-gambetta-ph998028/"> <img id="PH998028" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/b/csm_ph998028_25f2f82c0e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Léon Gambetta - crédits : Henry Guttmann/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Léon Gambetta (1838-1882), l'un des fondateurs de la IIIe République." data-copyright="Henry Guttmann/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="820" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Léon Gambetta </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Henry Guttmann/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH040748" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Léon XIII" href="/media/leon-xiii-ph040748/"> <img id="PH040748" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/8/csm_ph040748_dd1a4480d9.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Léon XIII - crédits : London Stereoscopic Company/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Portrait du pape Léon XIII, 1890. Lithographie. Pape de 1878 à 1903, Léon XIII s'illustra par son attitude offensive en faveur d'un ordre social chrétien, vigoureusement contre les gouvernements anticléricaux, la laïcisation, l'américanisme, la société moderne en général." data-copyright="London Stereoscopic Company/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="703" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Léon XIII </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> London Stereoscopic Company/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH993815" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Léopold I<sup>er</sup>" href="/media/leopold-ier-ph993815/"> <img id="PH993815" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/b/csm_ph993815_441478364a.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Léopold I<sup>er</sup> - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Léopold de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha (1790-1865), oncle de la reine Victoria, prête serment le 21 juillet 1831 et devient le premier roi des Belges sous le nom de Léopold Ier." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="769" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Léopold I<sup>er</sup> </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH997410" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Léopold II" href="/media/leopold-ii-ph997410/"> <img id="PH997410" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/9/csm_ph997410_45ae074a54.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Léopold II - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Léopold II (1835-1909), roi des Belges depuis 1865, ici vers 1880." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="634" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Léopold II </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="MU980117" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : L'Impératrice Eugénie et ses dames d'honneur, F.X. Winterhalter" href="/media/limperatrice-eugenie-et-ses-dames-dhonneur-f-x-winterhalter-mu980117/"> <img id="MU980117" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/c/csm_mu980117_fcd7216bd7.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="L'Impératrice Eugénie et ses dames d'honneur, F.X. Winterhalter - crédits : Print Collector/Getty Images" data-description="Franz Xaver Winterhalter, L'Impératrice Eugénie et ses dames d'honneur, huile sur toile. Musée national du château de Compiègne." data-copyright="Print Collector/Getty Images" width="1109" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> L'Impératrice Eugénie et ses dames d'honneur, F.X. Winterhalter </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Print Collector/Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998015" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>L'impératrice Joséphine</it>, F. P. S. Gérard" href="/media/limperatrice-josephine-f-p-s-gerard-ph998015/"> <img id="PH998015" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/7/csm_ph998015_29a5ee6000.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>L'impératrice Joséphine</it>, F. P. S. Gérard - crédits : Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" data-description="Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie (1763-1814), impératrice des Français, épouse de Napoléon Ier, avait épousé en premières noces le chevalier de Beauharnais. François Pascal Simon Gérard, L'impératrice Joséphine, 1807-1808. Musée national du Château de Fontainebleau." data-copyright="Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images" width="757" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>L'impératrice Joséphine</it>, F. P. S. Gérard </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Fine Art Images/ Heritage Images/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH992670" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : <it>L'Impératrice Joséphine</it>, , P.-P. Prud'hon" href="/media/limperatrice-josephine-p-p-prudhon-ph992670/"> <img id="PH992670" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/e/csm_ph992670_96fb2bbd7f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="<it>L'Impératrice Joséphine</it>, , P.-P. Prud'hon - crédits : Bridgeman Images " data-description="Pierre-Paul PRUD'HON, L'Impératrice Joséphine, huile sur toile. Wallace Collection, Londres." data-copyright=" Bridgeman Images " width="479" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> <it>L'Impératrice Joséphine</it>, , P.-P. 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Il sera condamné à mort et exécuté en 1871." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="633" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Louis Rossel </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990390" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Marcellin Berthelot" href="/media/marcellin-berthelot-ph990390/"> <img id="PH990390" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/f/csm_ph990390_e3ea25a8dd.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Marcellin Berthelot - crédits : C Gerschel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le chimiste et homme politique français Marcellin Berthelot (1827-1907)." data-copyright="C Gerschel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="711" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Marcellin Berthelot </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> C Gerschel/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH00I314" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Marie-Louise (1791-1847), impératrice des Français" href="/media/marie-louise-1791-1847-imperatrice-des-francais-ph00i314/"> <img id="PH00I314" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/e/csm_ph00i314_bf353bee5f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Marie-Louise (1791-1847), impératrice des Français - crédits : G. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" data-description="Robert Lefevre (1755-1830), Marie-Louise. Museo Glauco Lombardi, Parme." data-copyright="G. Dagli Orti/ De Agostini/ Getty Images" width="410" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Marie-Louise (1791-1847), impératrice des Français </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> G. 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J. Gros" href="/media/napoleon-sur-le-champ-de-bataille-deylau-a-j-gros-ph060215/"> <img id="PH060215" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/5/csm_ph060215_979021489d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Napoléon sur le champ de bataille d'Eylau, A. J. Gros - crédits : Universal History Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Antoine Jean Gros, Napoléon sur le champ de bataille d'Eylau, 1808. Huile sur toile, 5,21 m × 7,84 m, musée du Louvre, Paris. La bataille causa des pertes très élevées dans les deux camps, sans permettre la victoire de l'un ou de l'autre." data-copyright="Universal History Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="669" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Napoléon sur le champ de bataille d'Eylau, A. J. Gros </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Universal History Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH998189" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Palmerston" href="/media/palmerston-ph998189/"> <img id="PH998189" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/9/csm_ph998189_f49e34d328.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Palmerston - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Britannique Henry John Temple (1784-1865), vicomte Pamerston, inspirateur de la politique étrangère de la Grande-Bretagne de 1830 à 1865." data-copyright="Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="782" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Palmerston </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH995499" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Paul Bert" href="/media/paul-bert-ph995499/"> <img id="PH995499" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/c/csm_ph995499_fd9176d9c2.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Paul Bert - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le Français Paul Bert (1833-1886), homme politique et médecin. Il fut ministre de l'Instruction publique dans le cabinet Gambetta et il étudia les conséquences physiologiques de l'altitude et de la plongée en caisson." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="671" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Paul Bert </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH999507" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Portrait d'Adolphe Thiers par Disdéri" href="/media/portrait-dadolphe-thiers-par-disderi-ph999507/"> <img id="PH999507" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/d/csm_ph999507_01f6cafb6b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Portrait d'Adolphe Thiers par Disdéri - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="L'homme d'État Adolphe Thiers (1797-1877), vers 1860. Photographie sépia de Disdéri (1819-1889)." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="611" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Portrait d'Adolphe Thiers par Disdéri </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="MU980111" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Portrait de Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>, Girodet-Trioson" href="/media/portrait-de-napoleon-ier-girodet-trioson-mu980111/"> <img id="MU980111" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/d/csm_mu980111_264cabdfe1.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Portrait de Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>, Girodet-Trioson - crédits : Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" data-description="Anne Louis GIRODET dit GIRODET-TRIOSON, Portrait de Napoléon Ier - Étude pour "Remise des clés de la ville de Vienne le 13 novembre 1805", huile sur toile. Musée Bonnat, Bayonne." data-copyright="Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="502" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Portrait de Napoléon I<sup>er</sup>, Girodet-Trioson </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Lessing/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="MU980130" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Portrait équestre de Joachim Murat, roi de Naples, A. J. Gros" href="/media/portrait-equestre-de-joachim-murat-roi-de-naples-a-j-gros-mu980130/"> <img id="MU980130" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/3/csm_mu980130_4de45a0c62.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Portrait équestre de Joachim Murat, roi de Naples, A. J. Gros - crédits : Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" data-description="Antoine Jean GROS, Portrait équestre de Joachim Murat, roi de Naples, huile sur toile. Musée du Louvre, Paris." data-copyright="Erich Lessing/ AKG-images" width="641" height="800" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Portrait équestre de Joachim Murat, roi de Naples, A. J. Gros </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Erich Lessing/ AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH030036" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Proclamation de l’Empire allemand, 1871" href="/media/proclamation-de-lempire-allemand-1871-ph030036/"> <img id="PH030036" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/b/csm_ph030036_f537c51635.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Proclamation de l’Empire allemand, 1871 - crédits : AKG-images" data-description="À l'issue de la guerre franco-allemande, le roi de Prusse est proclamé empereur allemand sous le nom de Guillaume Ier, dans la galerie des Glaces du château de Versailles, le 18 janvier 1871. Anton von Werner, La Proclamation de l'Empire allemand, 1885. Bismarck-Museum, Friedrichsruh (Allemagne)." data-copyright="AKG-images" width="988" height="823" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Proclamation de l’Empire allemand, 1871 </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> AKG-images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994268" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Proudhon" href="/media/proudhon-ph994268/"> <img id="PH994268" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/4/csm_ph994268_9493981252.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Proudhon - crédits : Nadar/ Getty Images" data-description="Le journaliste politique français Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865). Son système de pensée lui fait rejeter le socialisme utopique et forger le concept de socialisme scientifique, fondé sur une science de la société méthodiquement découverte et rigoureusement appliquée.." data-copyright="Nadar/ Getty Images" width="664" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Proudhon </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Nadar/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH997363" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Rama V" href="/media/rama-v-ph997363/"> <img id="PH997363" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/f/csm_ph997363_d815039c42.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Rama V - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Chulalongkorn (1853-1910) ou Rama V, roi de Siam à partir de 1868, en compagnie de onze de ses fils." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="469" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Rama V </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH997267" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Ranavalona III" href="/media/ranavalona-iii-ph997267/"> <img id="PH997267" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/7/csm_ph997267_1e66d66bb4.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Ranavalona III - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Ranavalona III (1864-1917), reine de Madagascar (1883-1897), en compagnie de son mari et Premier ministre." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="769" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Ranavalona III </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH040054" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Richard Cobden" href="/media/richard-cobden-ph040054/"> <img id="PH040054" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/b/csm_ph040054_e4156b171f.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Richard Cobden - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Richard Cobden (1804-1865), industriel et homme d'État anglais, signa en janvier 1860 avec la France le premier traité bilatéral de libre-échange entre les deux pays." data-copyright="Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="603" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Richard Cobden </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH995983" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Rosa Luxemburg" href="/media/rosa-luxemburg-ph995983/"> <img id="PH995983" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/d/csm_ph995983_da22368332.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Rosa Luxemburg - crédits : Henry Guttmann/ Getty Images" data-description="Révolutionnaire allemande, Rosa Luxemburg (1870-1919) fut l'une des plus importantes théoriciennes de la pensée marxiste. 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