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Liu</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Xiaoying Liu"> <meta name="keywords" content="Xiaoying Liu"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Xiaoying Liu"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Xiaoying Liu</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Road Vehicle Recognition Using Magnetic Sensing Feature Extraction and Classification </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiao%20Chen">Xiao Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoying%20Kong"> Xiaoying Kong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Xu"> Min Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a road vehicle detection approach for the intelligent transportation system. This approach mainly uses low-cost magnetic sensor and associated data collection system to collect magnetic signals. This system can measure the magnetic field changing, and it also can detect and count vehicles. We extend Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients to analyze vehicle magnetic signals. Vehicle type features are extracted using representation of cepstrum, frame energy, and gap cepstrum of magnetic signals. We design a 2-dimensional map algorithm using Vector Quantization to classify vehicle magnetic features to four typical types of vehicles in Australian suburbs: sedan, VAN, truck, and bus. Experiments results show that our approach achieves a high level of accuracy for vehicle detection and classification. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20classification" title="vehicle classification">vehicle classification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20processing" title=" signal processing"> signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20traffic%20model" title=" road traffic model"> road traffic model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20sensing" title=" magnetic sensing"> magnetic sensing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86644/road-vehicle-recognition-using-magnetic-sensing-feature-extraction-and-classification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> The Effect of Visual Fluency and Cognitive Fluency on Access Rates of Web Pages</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoying%20Guo">Xiaoying Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiangyun%20Wang"> Xiangyun Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Access rates is a key indicator of reflecting the popularity of web pages. Having high access rates are very important for web pages, especially for news web pages, online shopping sites and searching engines. In this paper, we analyzed the influences of visual fluency and cognitive fluency on access rates of Chinese web pages. Firstly, we conducted an experiment of scoring the web pages. Twenty-five subjects were invited to view top 50 web pages of China, and they were asked to give a score in a 5-point Likert-scale from four aspects, including complexity, comfortability, familiarity and usability. Secondly, the obtained results was analyzed by correlation analysis and factor analysis in R. By factor analysis; we analyzed the contributions of visual fluency and cognitive fluency to the access rates. The results showed that both visual fluency and cognitive fluency affect the access rate of web pages. Compared to cognitive fluency, visual fluency play a more important role in user’s accessing of web pages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20fluency" title="visual fluency">visual fluency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20fluency" title=" cognitive fluency"> cognitive fluency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20complexity" title=" visual complexity"> visual complexity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=usability" title=" usability"> usability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74117/the-effect-of-visual-fluency-and-cognitive-fluency-on-access-rates-of-web-pages" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74117.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Independent Control over Surface Charge and Wettability Using Polyelectrolyte Architecture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanshan%20Guo">Shanshan Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoying%20Zhu"> Xiaoying Zhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominik%20Ja%C5%84czewski"> Dominik Jańczewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koon%20Gee%20Neoh"> Koon Gee Neoh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surface charge and wettability are two prominent physical factors governing cell adhesion and have been extensively studied in the literature. However, a comparison between the two driving forces in terms of their independent and cooperative effects in affecting cell adhesion is rarely explored on a systematic and quantitative level. Herein, we formulate a protocol which allows two-dimensional and independent control over both surface charge and wettability. This protocol enables the unambiguous comparison of the effects of these two properties on cell adhesion. This strategy is implemented by controlling both the relative thickness of polyion layers in the layer-by-layer assembly and the polyion side chain chemical structures. The 2D property matrix spans surface isoelectric point ranging from 5 to 9 and water contact angle from 35º to 70º, with other interferential factors (e.g. roughness) eliminated. The interplay between these two surface variables influences 3T3 fibroblast cell adhesion. The results show that both surface charge and wettability have an effect on its adhesion. The combined effects of positive charge and hydrophilicity led to the highest cell adhesion whereas negative charge and hydrophobicity led to the lowest cell adhesion. Our design strategy can potentially form the basis for studying the distinct behaviors of electrostatic force or wettability driven interfacial phenomena and serving as a reference in future studies assessing cell adhesion to surfaces with known charge and wettability within the property range studied here. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20adhesion" title="cell adhesion">cell adhesion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layer-by-layer" title=" layer-by-layer"> layer-by-layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20charge" title=" surface charge"> surface charge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20wettability" title=" surface wettability"> surface wettability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57245/independent-control-over-surface-charge-and-wettability-using-polyelectrolyte-architecture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57245.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Research on Detection of Web Page Visual Salience Region Based on Eye Tracker and Spectral Residual Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoying%20Guo">Xiaoying Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiangyun%20Wang"> Xiangyun Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chunhua%20Jia"> Chunhua Jia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Web page has been one of the most important way of knowing the world. Humans catch a lot of information from it everyday. Thus, understanding where human looks when they surfing the web pages is rather important. In normal scenes, the down-top features and top-down tasks significantly affect humans’ eye movement. In this paper, we investigated if the conventional visual salience algorithm can properly predict humans’ visual attractive region when they viewing the web pages. First, we obtained the eye movement data when the participants viewing the web pages using an eye tracker. By the analysis of eye movement data, we studied the influence of visual saliency and thinking way on eye-movement pattern. The analysis result showed that thinking way affect human’ eye-movement pattern much more than visual saliency. Second, we compared the results of web page visual salience region extracted by Itti model and Spectral Residual (SR) model. The results showed that Spectral Residual (SR) model performs superior than Itti model by comparison with the heat map from eye movements. Considering the influence of mind habit on humans’ visual region of interest, we introduced one of the most important cue in mind habit-fixation position to improved the SR model. The result showed that the improved SR model can better predict the human visual region of interest in web pages. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20page%20salience%20region" title="web page salience region">web page salience region</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eye-tracker" title=" eye-tracker"> eye-tracker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectral%20residual" title=" spectral residual"> spectral residual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=visual%20salience" title=" visual salience"> visual salience</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74168/research-on-detection-of-web-page-visual-salience-region-based-on-eye-tracker-and-spectral-residual-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74168.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Decoding Gender Disparities in AI: An Experimental Exploration Within the Realm of AI and Trust Building</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Scott%20English">Alexander Scott English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yilin%20Ma"> Yilin Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoying%20Liu"> Xiaoying Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The widespread use of artificial intelligence in everyday life has triggered a fervent discussion covering a wide range of areas. However, to date, research on the influence of gender in various segments and factors from a social science perspective is still limited. This study aims to explore whether there are gender differences in human trust in AI for its application in basic everyday life and correlates with human perceived similarity, perceived emotions (including competence and warmth), and attractiveness. We conducted a study involving 321 participants using a two-subject experimental design with a two-factor (masculinized vs. feminized voice of the AI) multiplied by a two-factor (pitch level of the AI's voice) between-subject experimental design. Four contexts were created for the study and randomly assigned. The results of the study showed significant gender differences in perceived similarity, trust, and perceived emotion of the AIs, with females rating them significantly higher than males. Trust was higher in relation to AIs presenting the same gender (e.g., human female to female AI, human male to male AI). Mediation modeling tests indicated that emotion perception and similarity played a sufficiently mediating role in trust. Notably, although trust in AIs was strongly correlated with human gender, there was no significant effect on the gender of the AI. In addition, the study discusses the effects of subjects' age, job search experience, and job type on the findings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20intelligence" title="artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20differences" title=" gender differences"> gender differences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human-robot%20trust" title=" human-robot trust"> human-robot trust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mediation%20modeling" title=" mediation modeling"> mediation modeling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183314/decoding-gender-disparities-in-ai-an-experimental-exploration-within-the-realm-of-ai-and-trust-building" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">45</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Microbial Phylogenetic Divergence between Surface-Water and Sedimentary Ecosystems Drove the Resistome Profiles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Okugbe%20Ebiotubo%20Ohore">Okugbe Ebiotubo Ohore</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jingli%20Zhang"> Jingli Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Binessi%20Edouard%20Ifon"> Binessi Edouard Ifon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathieu%20Nsenga%20Kumwimba"> Mathieu Nsenga Kumwimba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoying%20Mu"> Xiaoying Mu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dai%20Kuang"> Dai Kuang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhen%20Wang"> Zhen Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ji-Dong%20Gu"> Ji-Dong Gu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guojing%20Yang"> Guojing Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Antibiotic pollution and the evolution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are increasingly viewed as major threats to both ecosystem security and human health, and has drawn attention. This study investigated the fate of antibiotics in aqueous and sedimentary substrates and the impact of ecosystem shifts between water and sedimentary phases on resistome profiles. The findings indicated notable variations in the concentration and distribution patterns of antibiotics across various environmental phases. Based on the partition coefficient (Kd), the total antibiotic concentration was significantly greater in the surface water (1405.45 ng/L; 49.5%) compared to the suspended particulate matter (Kd =0.64; 892.59 ng/g; 31.4%) and sediment (Kd=0.4; 542.64 ng/g; 19.1%). However, the relative abundance of ARGs in surface water and sediment was disproportionate to the abundance of antibiotics concentration, and sediments were the predominant ARGs reservoirs. Phylogenetic divergence of the microbial communities between the surface water and the sedimentary ecosystems potentially played important roles in driving the ARGs profiles between the two distinctive ecosystems. ARGs of Clinical importance; including blaGES, MCR-7.1, ermB, tet(34), tet36, tetG-01, and sul2 were significantly increased in the surface water, while blaCTX-M-01, blaTEM, blaOXA10-01, blaVIM, tet(W/N/W), tetM02, and ermX were amplified in the sediments. cfxA was an endemic ARG in surface-water ecosystems while the endemic ARGs of the sedimentary ecosystems included aacC4, aadA9-02, blaCTX-M-04, blaIMP-01, blaIMP-02, bla-L1, penA, erm(36), ermC, ermT-01, msrA-01, pikR2, vgb-01, mexA, oprD, ttgB, and aac. These findings offer a valuable information for the identification of ARGs-specific high-risk reservoirs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotic%20resistance%20genes" title="antibiotic resistance genes">antibiotic resistance genes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20diversity" title=" microbial diversity"> microbial diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suspended%20particulate%20matter" title=" suspended particulate matter"> suspended particulate matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sediment" title=" sediment"> sediment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20water" title=" surface water"> surface water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183355/microbial-phylogenetic-divergence-between-surface-water-and-sedimentary-ecosystems-drove-the-resistome-profiles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183355.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> A Systematic Review of Forest School for Early Childhood Education in China: Lessons Learned from European Studies from a Perspective of Ecological System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoying%20Zhang">Xiaoying Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Forest school – an outdoor educational experience that is undertaken in an outdoor environment with trees – becomes an emerging field of early childhood education recently. In China, the benefits of natural outdoor education to children and young people’s wellness have raised attention. Although different types of outdoor-based activities have been involved in some pre-school of China, few study and practice have been conducted in terms of the notion of forest school. To comprehend the impact of forest school for children and young people, this study aims to systematically review articles on the topic of forest school in preschool education from an ecological perspective, i.e. from individual level (e.g., behavior and mental health) to microsystem level (e.g., the relationship between teachers and children) to ecosystem level. Based on PRISMA framework flow, using the key words of “Forest School” and “Early Childhood Education” for searching in Web-of-science database, a total of 33 articles were identified. Sample participants of 13 studies were not preschool children, five studies were not on forest school theme, and two literature review articles were excluded for further analysis. Finally, 13 articles were eligible for thematic analysis. According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, there are some fingdings, on the individual level, current forest school studies are concerned about the children behavioral experience in forest school, how these experience may relate to their achievement or to develop children’s wellbeing/wellness, and how this type of learning experience may enhance children’s self-awareness on risk and safety issues. On the microsystem/mesosystem level, this review indicated that pedagogical development for forest school, risk perception from teachers and parents, social development between peers, and adult’s role in the participation of forest school were concerned, explored and discussed most frequently. On the macrosystem, the conceptualization of forest school is the key theme. Different forms of presentation in various countries with diverse cultures could provide various models of forest school education. However, there was no study investigating forest school on an ecosystem level. As for the potential benefits of physical health and mental wellness that results from forest school, it informs us to reflect the system of preschool education from the ecological perspective for Chinese children. For instance, most Chinese kindergartens ignored the significance of natural outdoor activities for children. Preschool education in China is strongly oriented by primary school system, which means pre-school children are expected to be trained as primary school students to do different subjects, such as math. Hardly any kindergarteners provide the opportunities for children and young people to take risks in a natural environment like forest school does. However, merely copying forest school model for a Chinese preschool education system will be less effective. This review of different level concerns could inform us that the localization the idea of forest school to adapt to a Chinese political, educational and cultural background. More detailed results and profound discussions will be presented in the full paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=early%20childhood%20education" title="early childhood education">early childhood education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecological%20system" title=" ecological system"> ecological system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=education%20development%20prospects%20in%20China" title=" education development prospects in China"> education development prospects in China</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest%20school" title=" forest school"> forest school</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127293/a-systematic-review-of-forest-school-for-early-childhood-education-in-china-lessons-learned-from-european-studies-from-a-perspective-of-ecological-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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