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<span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="بانكيسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بانكيسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankisi_d%C9%99r%C9%99si" title="Pankisi dərəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pankisi dərəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Панкиско дефиле – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панкиско дефиле" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankisis_Kheoba" title="Pankisis Kheoba – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pankisis Kheoba" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankissi-Tal" title="Pankissi-Tal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pankissi-Tal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankisi_kuru" title="Pankisi kuru – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pankisi kuru" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garganta_de_Pankisi" title="Garganta de Pankisi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Garganta de Pankisi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="پانکیسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانکیسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_Pankissi" title="Vallée de Pankissi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vallée de Pankissi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B3" title="Պանկիսի կիրճ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պանկիսի կիրճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Пъанкъисы ком – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пъанкъисы ком" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99" title="פנקיסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנקיסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პანკისის ხეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანკისის ხეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankiszi-szoros" title="Pankiszi-szoros – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pankiszi-szoros" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="പങ്കിസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പങ്കിസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პანკისიშ ლეხერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პანკისიშ ლეხერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankisivallei" title="Pankisivallei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pankisivallei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E6%B8%93%E8%B0%B7" title="パンキシ渓谷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンキシ渓谷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="ПӀаьнгаз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ПӀаьнгаз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%85w%C3%B3z_Pankisi" title="Wąwóz Pankisi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wąwóz Pankisi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Панкисское ущелье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Панкисское ущелье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankisidalen" title="Pankisidalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pankisidalen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankisi_Vadisi" title="Pankisi Vadisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pankisi Vadisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q627095#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pankisi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pankisi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pankisi&params=42_07_N_45_16_E_region:GE_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°07′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°16′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.117°N 45.267°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.117; 45.267</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi_gorge&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pankisi gorge">Pankisi gorge</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gorge in Georgia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="line-height: 1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Pankisi Gorge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">პანკისის ხეობა</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pankisi Gorge is located in Georgia"><img alt="Pankisi Gorge is located in Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/272px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/408px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/544px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="629" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.536%;left:77%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pankisi Gorge"><img alt="Pankisi Gorge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Pankisi Gorge</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Georgia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_Kakheti_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pankisi Gorge is located in Kakheti"><img alt="Pankisi Gorge is located in Kakheti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Georgia_Kakheti_relief_location_map.svg/272px-Georgia_Kakheti_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Georgia_Kakheti_relief_location_map.svg/408px-Georgia_Kakheti_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Georgia_Kakheti_relief_location_map.svg/544px-Georgia_Kakheti_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="669" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.945%;left:16.028%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pankisi Gorge"><img alt="Pankisi Gorge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Pankisi Gorge</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kakheti</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pankisi&params=42_07_N_45_16_E_region:GE_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°07′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°16′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.117°N 45.267°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.117; 45.267</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pankisi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">პანკისი</span></span>) or the <b>Pankisi Gorge</b> (Georgian: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">პანკისის ხეობა</span></span>, <i>Pankisis Kheoba</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, in the upper reaches of River <a href="/wiki/Alazani" title="Alazani">Alazani</a> just south of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>’s historic region of <a href="/wiki/Tusheti" title="Tusheti">Tusheti</a> between Mt Borbalo and the ruined 17th-century fortress of <a href="/wiki/Bakhtrioni" title="Bakhtrioni">Bakhtrioni</a>. Administratively, it is included in the <a href="/wiki/Akhmeta_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmeta municipality">Akhmeta municipality</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a> region. An ethnic group called <a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chechen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechen people">Chechen</a> roots form the majority (75%) in the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>17th century geographer and historian prince <a href="/wiki/Vakhushti_of_Kartli" title="Vakhushti of Kartli">Vakhushti Bagrationi</a> in his book "<a href="/wiki/Description_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Description of the Kingdom of Georgia">Description of Kingdom of Georgia</a>" writes that the inhabitants of Pankisi are <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> nobility with titles of <a href="/wiki/Aznauri" title="Aznauri">Aznauri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tavadi" title="Tavadi">Tavadi</a> who have buildings near the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-wikisource.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikisource.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also writes: "The village of Pankisi has vineyards, fruits and gardens, and mountain foods, like the places of mountains. Fish - trout, the forest is full of animals, land fertile for the grain, also for rice and cotton. A lots of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> and a lot of pigs."<sup id="cite_ref-wikisource.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikisource.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the legislative acts of Georgian law of the 18th century, the noble (Aznauri) Kobiashvili family of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a> are mentioned as the lords of the Pankisi valley.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to sources, in 1730s, the Pankisi valley was emptied of Georgian population: part of them were killed as a result of the invasions, and rest of them resettled elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to M. Albutashvili (also known as Kisti Chobani) toponym Pankisi is of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> origin, according to him, Pankisi derives from Pantisi which means land rich in wild forest pears (P’ant’a-პანტა) (pyrus caucasica) with Georgian suffix -სი(si).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_situation">Political situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pankisi_Gorge_crisis" title="Pankisi Gorge crisis">Pankisi Gorge crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pankisi_Gorge,_Flag_of_Ichkeria_and_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pankisi_Gorge%2C_Flag_of_Ichkeria_and_Georgia.jpg/220px-Pankisi_Gorge%2C_Flag_of_Ichkeria_and_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pankisi_Gorge%2C_Flag_of_Ichkeria_and_Georgia.jpg/330px-Pankisi_Gorge%2C_Flag_of_Ichkeria_and_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pankisi_Gorge%2C_Flag_of_Ichkeria_and_Georgia.jpg/440px-Pankisi_Gorge%2C_Flag_of_Ichkeria_and_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Flag of <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in Pankisi Gorge</figcaption></figure> <p>It had allegedly often been used as a base for transit, training and shipments of arms and financing by <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen</a> rebels and <a href="/wiki/Militant_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant Islam">Islamic militants</a>, including foreign fighters, many of whom followed <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Gelayev" title="Ruslan Gelayev">Ruslan Gelayev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these accusations were around 2002, but others allege that it is more peaceful now,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there are still many Chechen refugees living there.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former senior <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Shishani" title="Abu Omar al-Shishani">Tarkan Batirashvili</a>, otherwise known as "Omar the Chechen", grew up in the area where some of his family still lives.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Batirashvilii reportedly threatened to return to the area to lead a Muslim attack on Russian Chechnya.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, such a threat never came into fruition as he was killed during a battle in the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shirqat" title="Al-Shirqat">Al-Shirqat</a> in Iraq of 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The situation in the Pankisi Gorge received an extensive fictional treatment factoring into several of the popular <a href="/wiki/John_Ringo" title="John Ringo">John Ringo</a> anti-terrorism military science fiction books in the <a href="/wiki/John_Ringo#Paladin_of_Shadows_Series" title="John Ringo"><i>Paladin of Shadows</i> series</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: <span lang="ce">ПӀаьнгазхойн чӀаж</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Phängazkhoyn ch'azh</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>: <span lang="inh">ПӀенгишхой чӀож</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ingush-language romanization"><i lang="inh-Latn">Phengishkhoy ch'ozh</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikisource.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wikisource.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wikisource.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90,_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90,_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93_%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90">"აღწერა ჰერეთისა, კახეთისა და კუხეთისა, კუალად თუშეთისა და დიდოეთისა - Wikisource"</a>. <i>wikisource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wikisource.org&rft.atitle=%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90+%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%2C+%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%2C+%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93+%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90+-+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A6%25E1%2583%25AC%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%25B0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%2C_%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25AE%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25AE%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590%2C_%25E1%2583%2599%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2593_%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A8%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFდოლიძე1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">დოლიძე, ი (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/handle/1234/87555"><i>ქართული სამართლის ძეგლები : ტომი V</i></a> (in Georgian). თბილისი : მეცნიერება. pp. 288–292.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98+%3A+%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98+V&rft.pages=288-292&rft.pub=%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98+%3A+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94&rft.aufirst=%E1%83%98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nplg.gov.ge%2Fhandle%2F1234%2F87555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFმამისიმედიშვილი2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">მამისიმედიშვილი, ხვთისო (2008). <i>პანკისის წარსული და თანამედროვეობა</i> [<i>Pankisi Past and Modernity</i>] (in Georgian). Tbilisi: <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-13-034-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-13-034-2"><bdi>978-9941-13-034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90&rft.place=Tbilisi&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Tbilisi+State+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9941-13-034-2&rft.aulast=%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98&rft.aufirst=%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFმამისიმედაშვილი2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">მამისიმედაშვილი, ხვთისო (2008). <i>პანკისი წარსული და თანამედროვეობა</i> [<i>Pankisi Past and Modernity</i>] (in Georgian). თბილისი: <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9941-13-034-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9941-13-034-2"><bdi>978-9941-13-034-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98+%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90&rft.place=%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Tbilisi+State+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9941-13-034-2&rft.aulast=%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98&rft.aufirst=%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFალბუთაშვილი2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ალბუთაშვილი, მათე (2005). <i>პანკისის ხეობა</i> [<i>Pankisi Gorge</i>] (in Georgian). თბილისი: გოგი და ნიკო ჯავახიშვილები.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90&rft.place=%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98&rft.pub=%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D+%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98&rft.aufirst=%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleveman, Lutz, 'The New Great Game', Grove Press New York, 2003 page 35; sourced from New York Times August 15, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC News, Russia's reach unnerves Chechens, Wednesday, 16 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7189024.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7189024.stm</a> Retrieved September 29, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNHCR, 'Chechen refugees in Pankisi Gorge resume normal life after Georgia scare', 1 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unhcr.org/48e389e12.html">http://www.unhcr.org/48e389e12.html</a> Retrieved September 29, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhmeteli2014" class="citation news cs1">Akhmeteli, Nina (2014-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28217590">"Georgian roots of Isis commander"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgian+roots+of+Isis+commander&rft.date=2014-07-09&rft.aulast=Akhmeteli&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-28217590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Winfrey2014" class="citation web cs1">Michael Winfrey (October 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141117073004/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-08/how-islamic-state-grooms-chechen-fighters-against-putin">"Islamic State Grooms Chechen Fighters Against Putin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2014-10-08/how-islamic-state-grooms-chechen-fighters-against-putin">the original</a> on November 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+Grooms+Chechen+Fighters+Against+Putin&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.au=Michael+Winfrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2014-10-08%2Fhow-islamic-state-grooms-chechen-fighters-against-putin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtsikidzeChikovani2008" class="citation book cs1">Kurtsikidze, Shorena; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2008). <i>Ethnography and Folklore of the Georgia-Chechnya Border: Images, Customs, Myths & Folk Tales of the Peripheries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>: Lincom Europa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnography+and+Folklore+of+the+Georgia-Chechnya+Border%3A+Images%2C+Customs%2C+Myths+%26+Folk+Tales+of+the+Peripheries&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kurtsikidze&rft.aufirst=Shorena&rft.au=Chikovani%2C+Vakhtang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APankisi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pankisi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shorena Kurtsikidze and Vakhtang Chikovani, <i>Georgia's Pankisi Gorge: An Ethnographic Survey,</i> Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Spring 2002.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/64d7v9hj">http://escholarship.org/uc/item/64d7v9hj</a>)</li> <li>Rebecca Ruth Gould, “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1927686">Secularism and Belief in Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge</a>," Journal of Islamic Studies 22.3(2011): 339–373.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Sustainment_and_Stability_Operations_Program" title="Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program">Georgia Sustainment and Stability Operations Program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814182826/http://www.eucom.mil/english/GSSOP/index.asp">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pankissi-Tal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4758501-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004051171">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463770905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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