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<span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">RNDIS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Microsoft proprietary protocol</div> <p>The <b>Remote Network Driver Interface Specification</b> (<b>RNDIS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_protocol" title="Proprietary protocol">proprietary protocol</a> used mostly on top of <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides a virtual <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> link to most versions of the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> operating systems. Multiple revisions of a partial RNDIS specification are available from Microsoft, but Windows implementations have been observed to issue requests not included in that specification, and to have undocumented constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protocol is tightly coupled to Microsoft's programming interfaces and models, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">Network Driver Interface Specification</a> (NDIS), which are alien to operating systems other than Windows. This complicates implementing RNDIS on non-Microsoft operating systems,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The included operating systems account for the vast majority of available operating systems. If Windows, Linux (thereby Android), and Unix (with possibility of iPhone and Mac) all support it, why is it difficult to support anywhere? The Linux variant is open source and therefore would be easy to copy. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but Linux,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FreeBSD,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NetBSD<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and OpenBSD<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implement RNDIS natively. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB Implementers Forum</a> (USB-IF) defines at least three non-proprietary <a href="/wiki/USB_communications_device_class" title="USB communications device class">USB communications device class</a> (USB CDC) protocols with comparable "virtual Ethernet" functionality; one of them (CDC-ECM) predates RNDIS and is widely used for interoperability with non-Microsoft operating systems, but does not work with Windows. </p><p>Most versions of <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> include RNDIS USB functionality. For example, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Samsung</a> smartphones have the capability and use RNDIS over USB to operate as a virtual Ethernet card that will connect the host PC to the mobile or Wi-Fi network in use by the phone, effectively working as a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_broadband_modem" title="Mobile broadband modem">mobile broadband modem</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless card">wireless card</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_hotspot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile hotspot">mobile hotspot</a> tethering.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNDIS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022 it was suggested that support for RNDIS should be removed from Linux, claiming that is inherently and uncorrectably insecure in the presence of untrusted USB devices.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the claims said that Android have removed RNDIS "for years", most if not all Android devices released before 2024, with the exception of Google Pixel 6 and newer, are still using RNDIS in order to keep the driver-free experience with older systems such as Windows 7.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNDIS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_USB" title="Ethernet over USB">Ethernet over USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_MSM_Interface" title="Qualcomm MSM Interface">Qualcomm MSM Interface</a> - A Qualcomm proprietary alternative</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNDIS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://winprotocoldoc.blob.core.windows.net/productionwindowsarchives/WinArchive/%5BMS-RNDIS%5D.pdf">"MS-RNDIS Remote Network Driver Interface Specification (RNDIS) Protocol, revision 5.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Microsoft Corporation. May 1, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MS-RNDIS+Remote+Network+Driver+Interface+Specification+%28RNDIS%29+Protocol%2C+revision+5.0&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation.&rft.date=2014-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinprotocoldoc.blob.core.windows.net%2Fproductionwindowsarchives%2FWinArchive%2F%255BMS-RNDIS%255D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/drivers/net/usb/rndis_host.c"><i>comments in the host-side Linux implementation</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=comments+in+the+host-side+Linux+implementation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fdrivers%2Fnet%2Fusb%2Frndis_host.c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=64e049102d3de3e61409cb6019403a9e689dfda6">"kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree"</a>. <i>git.kernel.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=git.kernel.org&rft.atitle=kernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git+-+Linux+kernel+source+tree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Fscm%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3D64e049102d3de3e61409cb6019403a9e689dfda6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svnweb.freebsd.org/base?view=revision&revision=261541">"[base] Revision 261541"</a>. <i>svnweb.freebsd.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=svnweb.freebsd.org&rft.atitle=%5Bbase%5D+Revision+261541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvnweb.freebsd.org%2Fbase%3Fview%3Drevision%26revision%3D261541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=netbsd-source-changes&m=131119199610743">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'CVS commit: src/sys/dev/usb' - MARC"</a>. <i>marc.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marc.info&rft.atitle=%27CVS+commit%3A+src%2Fsys%2Fdev%2Fusb%27+-+MARC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarc.info%2F%3Fl%3Dnetbsd-source-changes%26m%3D131119199610743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marc.info/?l=openbsd-cvs&m=126748674430960">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'CVS: cvs.openbsd.org: src' - MARC"</a>. <i>marc.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marc.info&rft.atitle=%27CVS%3A+cvs.openbsd.org%3A+src%27+-+MARC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarc.info%2F%3Fl%3Dopenbsd-cvs%26m%3D126748674430960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.carahsoft.com/concrete/files/3915/2702/3007/Tactical_Edition_-_Brochure.pdf">"Galaxy S9 Tactical Edition support RNDIS protocol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galaxy+S9+Tactical+Edition+support+RNDIS+protocol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.carahsoft.com%2Fconcrete%2Ffiles%2F3915%2F2702%2F3007%2FTactical_Edition_-_Brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20221123124620.1387499-1-gregkh@linuxfoundation.org/">"USB: disable all RNDIS protocol drivers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USB%3A+disable+all+RNDIS+protocol+drivers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flore.kernel.org%2Flkml%2F20221123124620.1387499-1-gregkh%40linuxfoundation.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/forums/forum/phoronix/latest-phoronix-articles/1444204-linux-still-working-to-disable-rndis-drivers-in-2024/page2">"Linux Still Working To Disable RNDIS Drivers In 2024 - Phoronix Forums Page 2"</a>. 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Still+Working+To+Disable+RNDIS+Drivers+In+2024+-+Phoronix+Forums+Page+2&rft.date=2024-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fforums%2Fforum%2Fphoronix%2Flatest-phoronix-articles%2F1444204-linux-still-working-to-disable-rndis-drivers-in-2024%2Fpage2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/forums/forum/software/programming-compilers/1367109-linux-preparing-to-disable-drivers-for-microsoft-s-rndis-protocol">"Linux Preparing To Disable Drivers For Microsoft's RNDIS Protocol - Phoronix Forums"</a>. 10 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+Preparing+To+Disable+Drivers+For+Microsoft%27s+RNDIS+Protocol+-+Phoronix+Forums&rft.date=2023-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fforums%2Fforum%2Fsoftware%2Fprogramming-compilers%2F1367109-linux-preparing-to-disable-drivers-for-microsoft-s-rndis-protocol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARNDIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNDIS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/network/overview-of-remote-ndis--rndis-">Overview of Remote NDIS (RNDIS)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RNDIS&oldid=1258649853">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RNDIS&oldid=1258649853</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft_application_programming_interfaces" title="Category:Microsoft application programming interfaces">Microsoft application programming interfaces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_networking" title="Category:Computer networking">Computer networking</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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