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Informed by several decades of transdisciplinary recuperative research in Persian literary studies, Poets Iranica provides literary- historical articles on female poets and their poetic agency, imagination, tropes, narratives, and lives and the provenance and literary significance of their poetry. As a digital encyclopedia, Poets Iranica is an academic reconceptualization of women poets’ biographical dictionaries (tazkirah), which began with the mid-sixteenth century Javahir al-‘Ajayib (Jewels of Wonder) of Fakhri Haravi. 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(max-width:1000px){.nectar-split-heading[data-animation-type="line-reveal-by-space"][data-m-align="left"]{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;}.nectar-split-heading[data-animation-type="line-reveal-by-space"][data-m-align="center"]{display:flex;justify-content:center;}.nectar-split-heading[data-animation-type="line-reveal-by-space"][data-m-align="right"]{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.divider-wrap.height_tablet_70vh > .divider{height:70vh!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.nectar-cta.display_tablet_inherit{display:inherit;}}.nectar-button.medium{border-radius:3px 3px 3px 3px;padding:10px 15px;font-size:12px;color:#FFF;box-shadow:0 -2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1) inset;}.nectar-button.medium.see-through,.nectar-button.medium.see-through-2,.nectar-button.medium.see-through-3{padding-top:9px;padding-bottom:9px}.nectar-button.medium i.icon-button-arrow{font-size:16px}body[data-button-style^="rounded"] .nectar-button.medium:not(.see-through):not(.see-through-2):not(.see-through-3).has-icon,body[data-button-style^="rounded"] .nectar-button.medium:not(.see-through):not(.see-through-2):not(.see-through-3).tilt.has-icon{padding-left:42px;padding-right:42px}body[data-button-style^="rounded"] .nectar-button.medium:not(.see-through):not(.see-through-2):not(.see-through-3){padding:12px 18px;}.nectar-button.medium.has-icon,.nectar-button.medium.tilt.has-icon{padding-left:42px;padding-right:42px}@media only screen and (min-width:1300px){.nectar-flickity.nectar-carousel[data-desktop-columns="4"][data-spacing="5px"][data-format="default"] .cell{width:calc((100% - 30px) / 4);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px) and (max-width:1299px){.nectar-flickity.nectar-carousel[data-small-desktop-columns="3"][data-spacing="5px"][data-format="default"] .cell{width:calc((100% - 20px) / 3);}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px) and (min-width:690px){.nectar-flickity.nectar-carousel[data-tablet-columns="2"][data-spacing="5px"][data-format="default"] .cell{width:calc((100% - 10px) / 2);}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.wpb_column.bottom_margin_tablet_10px{margin-bottom:10px!important;}}.nectar-simple-slider .cell.color-overlay-1-transparent > .bg-layer-wrap > .color-overlay{background-color:transparent;}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap{position:static;pointer-events:none}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >span{position:absolute;z-index:100;}.wpb_column[data-border-style="solid"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >span{border-style:solid}.wpb_column[data-border-style="dotted"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >span{border-style:dotted}.wpb_column[data-border-style="dashed"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >span{border-style:dashed}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-top,.wpb_column[data-border-style*="double"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-top:after{width:100%;top:0;left:0;border-color:inherit;}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-bottom,.wpb_column[data-border-style*="double"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-bottom:after{width:100%;bottom:0;left:0;border-color:inherit;}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-left,.wpb_column[data-border-style*="double"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-left:after{height:100%;top:0;left:0;border-color:inherit;}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-right,.wpb_column[data-border-style*="double"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-right:after{height:100%;top:0;right:0;border-color:inherit;}#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.top_margin_-15px{margin-top:-15px;}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.vc_row.top_padding_tablet_0px{padding-top:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.left_padding_tablet_8pct .row_col_wrap_12{padding-left:8%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.right_padding_tablet_8pct .row_col_wrap_12{padding-right:8%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.wpb_row.reverse_columns_row_tablet .row_col_wrap_12,.wpb_row.inner_row.reverse_columns_row_tablet .row_col_wrap_12_inner{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_tablet .row_col_wrap_12,.wpb_row.inner_row.reverse_columns_column_tablet .row_col_wrap_12_inner{flex-direction:column-reverse;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_tablet:not([data-column-margin="none"]):not(.full-width-content) > .row_col_wrap_12 > .wpb_column:last-of-type,.wpb_row:not(.full-width-content) .wpb_row.inner_row:not([data-column-margin="none"]).reverse_columns_column_tablet .row_col_wrap_12_inner > .wpb_column:last-of-type{margin-bottom:25px;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_tablet:not([data-column-margin="none"]):not(.full-width-content) > .row_col_wrap_12 > .wpb_column:first-of-type,.wpb_row:not(.full-width-content) .wpb_row.inner_row:not([data-column-margin="none"]).reverse_columns_column_tablet .row_col_wrap_12_inner > .wpb_column:first-of-type{margin-bottom:0;}}#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.bottom_margin_60px{margin-bottom:60px;}body .container-wrap .wpb_row[data-column-margin="none"]:not(.full-width-section):not(.full-width-content){margin-bottom:0;}body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="none"] > .span_12,body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="none"] .full-page-inner > .container > .span_12,body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="none"] .full-page-inner > .span_12{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="none"] .wpb_column:not(.child_column),body .container-wrap .inner_row[data-column-margin="none"] .child_column{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.inner_row.right_padding_tablet_25pct .row_col_wrap_12_inner{padding-right:25%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.vc_row.inner_row.top_padding_tablet_8pct{padding-top:8%!important;}}.col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-2-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(600px * 0.03);}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-2-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.03);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-2-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.02);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.01);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1425px){.col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.02);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.01);}}.full-width-content .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.02);}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.full-width-content .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.03);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.full-width-content .column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.01);}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){body #ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.top_margin_phone_0px{margin-top:0;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.divider-wrap.height_phone_30vh > .divider{height:30vh!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){body #ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.bottom_margin_phone_10px{margin-bottom:10px;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.inner_row.right_padding_phone_0px .row_col_wrap_12_inner{padding-right:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.wpb_column.top_margin_phone_0px{margin-top:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.wpb_row.reverse_columns_row_phone .row_col_wrap_12,.wpb_row.inner_row.reverse_columns_row_phone .row_col_wrap_12_inner{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_phone .row_col_wrap_12,.wpb_row.inner_row.reverse_columns_column_phone .row_col_wrap_12_inner{flex-direction:column-reverse;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_phone:not([data-column-margin="none"]):not(.full-width-content) > .row_col_wrap_12 > .wpb_column:last-of-type,.wpb_row:not(.full-width-content) .wpb_row.inner_row:not([data-column-margin="none"]).reverse_columns_column_phone .row_col_wrap_12_inner > .wpb_column:last-of-type{margin-bottom:25px;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_phone:not([data-column-margin="none"]):not(.full-width-content) > .row_col_wrap_12 > .wpb_column:first-of-type,.wpb_row:not(.full-width-content) .wpb_row.inner_row:not([data-column-margin="none"]).reverse_columns_column_phone .row_col_wrap_12_inner > .wpb_column:first-of-type{margin-bottom:0;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.vc_row.bottom_padding_phone_5pct{padding-bottom:5%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.right_padding_phone_0px .row_col_wrap_12{padding-right:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.wpb_column.child_column.top_margin_phone_0px{margin-top:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){body .wpb_row .wpb_column.child_column.padding-6-percent_phone > .vc_column-inner,body .wpb_row .wpb_column.child_column.padding-6-percent_phone > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(690px * 0.06);}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){body #ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.bottom_margin_phone_5pct{margin-bottom:5%;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.nectar-cta.display_phone_inherit{display:inherit;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.vc_row.top_padding_phone_0px{padding-top:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.vc_row.top_padding_phone_10pct{padding-top:10%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.left_padding_phone_0px .row_col_wrap_12{padding-left:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.vc_row.inner_row.top_padding_phone_0px{padding-top:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.wpb_column.bottom_margin_phone_20px{margin-bottom:20px!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){body .wpb_row .wpb_column.child_column.padding-17-percent_phone > .vc_column-inner,body .wpb_row .wpb_column.child_column.padding-17-percent_phone > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(690px * 0.17);}}body .container-wrap .wpb_row[data-column-margin="30px"]:not(.full-width-section):not(.full-width-content){margin-bottom:30px;}.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h1,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h2,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h3,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h4,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h5,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h6,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] p{color:inherit}body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] > .span_12,body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] .full-page-inner > .container > .span_12,body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] .full-page-inner > .span_12{margin-left:-15px;margin-right:-15px;}body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] .wpb_column:not(.child_column),body .container-wrap .inner_row[data-column-margin="30px"] .child_column{padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}.container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"].full-width-content > .span_12,.container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"].full-width-content .full-page-inner > .span_12{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}.single-portfolio #full_width_portfolio .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"].full-width-content > .span_12{padding-right:15px;}@media only screen and (max-width:999px) and (min-width:690px){.vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] > .span_12 > .one-fourths:not([class*="vc_col-xs-"]),.vc_row-fluid .vc_row-fluid.inner_row[data-column-margin="30px"] > .span_12 > .one-fourths:not([class*="vc_col-xs-"]){margin-bottom:30px;}}.wpb_column.el_spacing_0px > .vc_column-inner > .wpb_wrapper > div:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;}.col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-8-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(600px * 0.08);}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-8-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.08);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-8-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.08);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.04);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1425px){.col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 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(max-width:690px){.col.padding-4-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-4-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.06);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.col.padding-4-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-4-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.04);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-4-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.02);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1425px){.col.padding-4-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.04);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-4-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.02);}}.full-width-content .col.padding-4-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.04);}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.full-width-content .col.padding-4-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.06);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.full-width-content .column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) 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(min-width:1425px){.col.padding-12-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.12);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-12-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.06);}}.full-width-content .col.padding-12-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.12);}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.full-width-content .col.padding-12-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.12);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.full-width-content .column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-12-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.06);}}.col.padding-6-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-6-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(600px * 0.06);}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.col.padding-6-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-6-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.06);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.col.padding-6-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-6-percent > 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(max-width:999px){.nectar-cta.display_tablet_inherit{display:inherit;}}.nectar-button.medium{border-radius:3px 3px 3px 3px;padding:10px 15px;font-size:12px;color:#FFF;box-shadow:0 -2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1) inset;}.nectar-button.medium.see-through,.nectar-button.medium.see-through-2,.nectar-button.medium.see-through-3{padding-top:9px;padding-bottom:9px}.nectar-button.medium i.icon-button-arrow{font-size:16px}body[data-button-style^="rounded"] .nectar-button.medium:not(.see-through):not(.see-through-2):not(.see-through-3).has-icon,body[data-button-style^="rounded"] .nectar-button.medium:not(.see-through):not(.see-through-2):not(.see-through-3).tilt.has-icon{padding-left:42px;padding-right:42px}body[data-button-style^="rounded"] .nectar-button.medium:not(.see-through):not(.see-through-2):not(.see-through-3){padding:12px 18px;}.nectar-button.medium.has-icon,.nectar-button.medium.tilt.has-icon{padding-left:42px;padding-right:42px}@media only screen and 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>span{position:absolute;z-index:100;}.wpb_column[data-border-style="solid"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >span{border-style:solid}.wpb_column[data-border-style="dotted"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >span{border-style:dotted}.wpb_column[data-border-style="dashed"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >span{border-style:dashed}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-top,.wpb_column[data-border-style*="double"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-top:after{width:100%;top:0;left:0;border-color:inherit;}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-bottom,.wpb_column[data-border-style*="double"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-bottom:after{width:100%;bottom:0;left:0;border-color:inherit;}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-left,.wpb_column[data-border-style*="double"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-left:after{height:100%;top:0;left:0;border-color:inherit;}.wpb_column > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-right,.wpb_column[data-border-style*="double"] > .vc_column-inner > .border-wrap >.border-right:after{height:100%;top:0;right:0;border-color:inherit;}#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.top_margin_-15px{margin-top:-15px;}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.vc_row.top_padding_tablet_0px{padding-top:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.left_padding_tablet_8pct .row_col_wrap_12{padding-left:8%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.right_padding_tablet_8pct .row_col_wrap_12{padding-right:8%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.wpb_row.reverse_columns_row_tablet .row_col_wrap_12,.wpb_row.inner_row.reverse_columns_row_tablet .row_col_wrap_12_inner{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_tablet .row_col_wrap_12,.wpb_row.inner_row.reverse_columns_column_tablet .row_col_wrap_12_inner{flex-direction:column-reverse;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_tablet:not([data-column-margin="none"]):not(.full-width-content) > .row_col_wrap_12 > .wpb_column:last-of-type,.wpb_row:not(.full-width-content) .wpb_row.inner_row:not([data-column-margin="none"]).reverse_columns_column_tablet .row_col_wrap_12_inner > .wpb_column:last-of-type{margin-bottom:25px;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_tablet:not([data-column-margin="none"]):not(.full-width-content) > .row_col_wrap_12 > .wpb_column:first-of-type,.wpb_row:not(.full-width-content) .wpb_row.inner_row:not([data-column-margin="none"]).reverse_columns_column_tablet .row_col_wrap_12_inner > .wpb_column:first-of-type{margin-bottom:0;}}#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.bottom_margin_60px{margin-bottom:60px;}body .container-wrap .wpb_row[data-column-margin="none"]:not(.full-width-section):not(.full-width-content){margin-bottom:0;}body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="none"] > .span_12,body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="none"] .full-page-inner > .container > .span_12,body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="none"] .full-page-inner > .span_12{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="none"] .wpb_column:not(.child_column),body .container-wrap .inner_row[data-column-margin="none"] .child_column{padding-left:0;padding-right:0;}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.inner_row.right_padding_tablet_25pct .row_col_wrap_12_inner{padding-right:25%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.vc_row.inner_row.top_padding_tablet_8pct{padding-top:8%!important;}}.col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-2-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(600px * 0.03);}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-2-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.03);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-2-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.02);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.01);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1425px){.col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.02);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.01);}}.full-width-content .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.02);}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.full-width-content .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.03);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.full-width-content .column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-2-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.01);}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){body #ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.top_margin_phone_0px{margin-top:0;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.divider-wrap.height_phone_30vh > .divider{height:30vh!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){body #ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.bottom_margin_phone_10px{margin-bottom:10px;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.inner_row.right_padding_phone_0px .row_col_wrap_12_inner{padding-right:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.wpb_column.top_margin_phone_0px{margin-top:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.wpb_row.reverse_columns_row_phone .row_col_wrap_12,.wpb_row.inner_row.reverse_columns_row_phone .row_col_wrap_12_inner{flex-direction:row-reverse;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_phone .row_col_wrap_12,.wpb_row.inner_row.reverse_columns_column_phone .row_col_wrap_12_inner{flex-direction:column-reverse;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_phone:not([data-column-margin="none"]):not(.full-width-content) > .row_col_wrap_12 > .wpb_column:last-of-type,.wpb_row:not(.full-width-content) .wpb_row.inner_row:not([data-column-margin="none"]).reverse_columns_column_phone .row_col_wrap_12_inner > .wpb_column:last-of-type{margin-bottom:25px;}.wpb_row.reverse_columns_column_phone:not([data-column-margin="none"]):not(.full-width-content) > .row_col_wrap_12 > .wpb_column:first-of-type,.wpb_row:not(.full-width-content) .wpb_row.inner_row:not([data-column-margin="none"]).reverse_columns_column_phone .row_col_wrap_12_inner > .wpb_column:first-of-type{margin-bottom:0;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.vc_row.bottom_padding_phone_5pct{padding-bottom:5%!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){#ajax-content-wrap .vc_row.right_padding_phone_0px .row_col_wrap_12{padding-right:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.wpb_column.child_column.top_margin_phone_0px{margin-top:0!important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){body .wpb_row .wpb_column.child_column.padding-6-percent_phone > .vc_column-inner,body .wpb_row 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.wpb_row .wpb_column.child_column.padding-17-percent_phone > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(690px * 0.17);}}body .container-wrap .wpb_row[data-column-margin="30px"]:not(.full-width-section):not(.full-width-content){margin-bottom:30px;}.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h1,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h2,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h3,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h4,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h5,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] h6,.wpb_column[data-cfc="true"] p{color:inherit}body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] > .span_12,body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] .full-page-inner > .container > .span_12,body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] .full-page-inner > .span_12{margin-left:-15px;margin-right:-15px;}body .container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] .wpb_column:not(.child_column),body .container-wrap .inner_row[data-column-margin="30px"] .child_column{padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}.container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"].full-width-content > .span_12,.container-wrap .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"].full-width-content .full-page-inner > .span_12{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;}.single-portfolio #full_width_portfolio .vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"].full-width-content > .span_12{padding-right:15px;}@media only screen and (max-width:999px) and (min-width:690px){.vc_row-fluid[data-column-margin="30px"] > .span_12 > .one-fourths:not([class*="vc_col-xs-"]),.vc_row-fluid .vc_row-fluid.inner_row[data-column-margin="30px"] > .span_12 > .one-fourths:not([class*="vc_col-xs-"]){margin-bottom:30px;}}.wpb_column.el_spacing_0px > .vc_column-inner > .wpb_wrapper > div:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;}.col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-8-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(600px * 0.08);}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-8-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.08);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-8-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.08);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.04);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1425px){.col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.08);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.04);}}.full-width-content .col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.08);}@media only screen and (max-width:999px){.full-width-content .col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.08);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.full-width-content .column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-8-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.04);}}.container-wrap .main-content .column-image-bg-wrap[data-bg-pos="center center"] .column-image-bg{background-position:center center;}.col.padding-5-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-5-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(600px * 0.06);}@media only screen and (max-width:690px){.col.padding-5-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-5-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(100vw * 0.06);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1000px){.col.padding-5-percent > .vc_column-inner,.col.padding-5-percent > .n-sticky > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.05);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-5-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc((100vw - 180px) * 0.025);}}@media only screen and (min-width:1425px){.col.padding-5-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px * 0.05);}.column_container:not(.vc_col-sm-12) .col.padding-5-percent > .vc_column-inner{padding:calc(1245px 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height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-33-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-33-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-33-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-33-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-33.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/27-Simin-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/27-Simin-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/27-Simin-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/27-Simin-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/27-Simin.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-34-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-34-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-34-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-34-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-34.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="709" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20709'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-16-1024x709.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-16-1024x709.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-16-300x208.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-16-768x532.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-16.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="670" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20670'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-18-1024x670.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-18-1024x670.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-18-300x196.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-18-768x503.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-18.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-36-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-36-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-36-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-36-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-36.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/04-2-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" 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height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-1-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-1-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-1-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-1-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-1.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Nov-42-1024x724.jpg" 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src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/شهناز-اعلامی-Page-5-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/شهناز-اعلامی-Page-5-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/شهناز-اعلامی-Page-5-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/شهناز-اعلامی-Page-5-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/شهناز-اعلامی-Page-5.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-Forough-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-Forough-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-Forough-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-Forough-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-Forough.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-Simin-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-Simin-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-Simin-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-Simin-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-Simin.jpg 1100w"></div><div class="cell" data-lazy="true"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="724" src="data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D'http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg'%20viewBox%3D'0%200%201024%20724'%2F%3E" data-nectar-img-src="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/17-Leila-1024x724.jpg" class="skip-lazy nectar-lazy attachment-large" alt="" data-nectar-img-srcset="https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/17-Leila-1024x724.jpg 1024w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/17-Leila-300x212.jpg 300w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/17-Leila-768x543.jpg 768w, https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/17-Leila.jpg 1100w"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <div id="fws_67b89e034cd12" data-column-margin="default" data-midnight="dark" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row full-width-section vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex vc_row-o-content-middle zindex-set reverse_columns_column_tablet reverse_columns_column_phone top_padding_phone_10pct bottom_padding_phone_5pct right_padding_tablet_8pct right_padding_phone_0px left_padding_tablet_8pct left_padding_phone_0px bottom_margin_phone_5pct" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; z-index: 1;"><div class="row-bg-wrap" data-bg-animation="none" data-bg-overlay="false"><div class="inner-wrap"><div class="row-bg viewport-desktop using-bg-color" style="background-color: rgba(192,201,208,0.13); "></div></div></div><div class="row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left"> <div class="vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-6 vc_col-md-6 vc_col-xs-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding no-extra-padding_tablet no-extra-padding_phone " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" > <div class="vc_column-inner" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div id="fws_67b89e034d423" data-midnight="" data-column-margin="none" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row inner_row top_padding_tablet_8pct" style="padding-top: 3%; "><div class="row-bg-wrap"> <div class="row-bg" ></div> </div><div class="row_col_wrap_12_inner col span_12 left"> <div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column has-animation no-extra-padding inherit_tablet no-extra-padding_phone " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="fade-in-from-bottom" data-delay="0" > <div class="vc_column-inner" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h5><span class="ez-toc-section" id="featured-article"></span>Featured Article<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h5> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div><div class="nectar-split-heading " data-align="default" data-m-align="inherit" data-text-effect="default" data-animation-type="line-reveal-by-space" data-animation-delay="0" data-animation-offset="" data-m-rm-animation="" data-stagger="true" data-custom-font-size="false" ><h3 style=" color: #000000;"><span class="ez-toc-section" id="furugh-farrukhzad"></span>Furūgh Farrukhzād<span class="ez-toc-section-end"></span></h3></div><div id="fws_67b89e034dda5" data-midnight="" data-column-margin="none" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row inner_row right_padding_tablet_25pct right_padding_phone_0px" style="padding-bottom: 3%; "><div class="row-bg-wrap"> <div class="row-bg" ></div> </div><div class="row_col_wrap_12_inner col span_12 left"> <div class="vc_col-sm-8 vc_col-lg-8 vc_col-md-10 vc_col-xs-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column has-animation no-extra-padding el_spacing_0px inherit_tablet no-extra-padding_phone " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="fade-in-from-bottom" data-delay="0" > <div class="vc_column-inner" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element vc_custom_1669917006733" style=" max-width: 550px; display: inline-block;"> <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <p>For many Iranians Farrukhzād was much more than a prominent modernist lyric poet. As the <em>Encyclopædia Iranica</em> entry on Farrukhzād, published in 1999, reads in part:</p> </div> </div> <a class="nectar-button medium see-through extra-color-1" style="" href="/article/furugh-farrukhzad/" data-color-override="false" data-hover-color-override="false" data-hover-text-color-override="#fff"><span>Read the article</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vc_col-sm-4 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" > <div class="vc_column-inner" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vc_col-sm-6 vc_col-lg-6 vc_col-md-6 vc_col-xs-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding el_spacing_0px no-extra-padding_tablet no-extra-padding_phone " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" > <div class="vc_column-inner" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div id="fws_67b89e034ef8b" data-midnight="" data-column-margin="default" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row inner_row" style=""><div class="row-bg-wrap"> <div class="row-bg" ></div> </div><div class="row_col_wrap_12_inner col span_12 left"> <div style="" class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column no-extra-padding inherit_tablet no-extra-padding_phone " data-using-bg="true" data-bg-cover="true" data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" > <div class="vc_column-inner" ><div class="column-image-bg-wrap column-bg-layer viewport-desktop" data-n-parallax-bg="true" data-parallax-speed="medium_fast" data-bg-pos="center center" data-bg-animation="none" data-bg-overlay="false"><div class="inner-wrap"><div class="column-image-bg parallax-layer" style=" background-image: url('https://poets.iranicaonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Forough-3.jpg'); 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