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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Republics of the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Republics of the Soviet Union subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_republics_(1922–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_republics_(1922–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Soviet republics (1922–1991)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_republics_(1922–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_countries_(1991–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_countries_(1991–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Independent countries (1991–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_countries_(1991–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography,_climate_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography,_climate_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography, climate and environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography,_climate_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_the_foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_the_foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Revolution and the foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_the_foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_of_the_Soviet_Republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_of_the_Soviet_Republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Unification of the Soviet Republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_of_the_Soviet_Republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalin's_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalin's_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stalin's rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalin's_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khrushchev_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khrushchev_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Khrushchev era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khrushchev_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leonid_Brezhnev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leonid_Brezhnev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Leonid Brezhnev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leonid_Brezhnev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorbachev's_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorbachev's_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Gorbachev's rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorbachev's_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soviet Union</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 217 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-217" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">217 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Республикэ Совет Социал Зэгуэтхэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Республикэ Совет Социал Зэгуэтхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sowjetunie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%95%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ሶቪዬት ሕብረት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶቪዬት ሕብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetlitto" title="Sovjetlitto – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sovjetlitto" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiet_Gesamnung" title="Sofiet Gesamnung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sofiet Gesamnung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Асоветтә Социалисттә Республикақәа Реидгыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асоветтә Социалисттә Республикақәа Реидгыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Republicas_Socialistas_Sovieticas" title="Unión de Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Unión de Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդային Միութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խորհրդային Միութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%27%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98" title="ছ'ভিয়েট সংঘ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছ'ভিয়েট সংঘ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Xunión Soviética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xunión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaty_Sovi%C3%A9tiko" title="Joaty Soviétiko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Joaty Soviétiko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Советияб Союзалъул Социялизмаялъул Республикаби – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Советияб Союзалъул Социялизмаялъул Республикаби" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSR%C4%B0" title="SSRİ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SSRİ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شوروی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوروی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CD%98-li%C3%A2n" title="So͘-liân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="So͘-liân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="सोवियत यूनियन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोवियत यूनियन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Съюз на съветските социалистически републики – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съюз на съветските социалистически републики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="སུའུ་ལེན་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སུའུ་ལེན་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaniezh_ar_Republiko%C3%B9_Sokialour_Soviedel" title="Unaniezh ar Republikoù Sokialour Soviedel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unaniezh ar Republikoù Sokialour Soviedel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Зүблэлтэ холбоото улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зүблэлтэ холбоото улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_de_Rep%C3%BAbliques_Socialistes_Sovi%C3%A8tiques" title="Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Совет Социализм Республикисен Пĕрлешĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Совет Социализм Республикисен Пĕрлешĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" title="Unyong Sobyet – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Unyong Sobyet" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%BD_svaz" title="Sovětský svaz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sovětský svaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Undeb_Sofietaidd" title="Yr Undeb Sofietaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Undeb Sofietaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="لإتحاد السوڤياتي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإتحاد السوڤياتي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetlihttu" title="Sovjetlihttu – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sovjetlihttu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AF%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A8%DE%80%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ސޯވިއެޓް އިއްތިހާދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސޯވިއެޓް އިއްތިހާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetski_zw%C4%9Bzk" title="Sowjetski zwězk – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sowjetski zwězk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5ukogude_Liit" title="Nõukogude Liit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõukogude Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetunio" title="Sovetunio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sovetunio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="اتحاد جماهیر شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحاد جماهیر شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetsamveldi%C3%B0" title="Sovjetsamveldið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sovjetsamveldið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Uny" title="Sovjet-Uny – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sovjet-Uny" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietiche" title="Union Sovietiche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Union Sovietiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAontas_S%C3%B3iv%C3%A9adach" title="An tAontas Sóivéadach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAontas Sóivéadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnaneys_ny_Pobblaghtyn_Soveidjagh_Soshiallagh" title="Unnaneys ny Pobblaghtyn Soveidjagh Soshiallagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Unnaneys ny Pobblaghtyn Soveidjagh Soshiallagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Aonadh_Sobhiatach" title="An t-Aonadh Sobhiatach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Aonadh Sobhiatach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Советий Социализма Республикай Союз – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Советий Социализма Республикай Союз" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="شؤروي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شؤروي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8" title="સોવિયેત યુનિયન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોવિયેત યુનિયન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B8" title="𐌲𐌲𐌲𐌸 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌲𐌲𐌸" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB-li%C3%A8n" title="Sû-lièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sû-lièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8" title="소련 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarayyar_Sobiyet" title="Tarayyar Sobiyet – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarayyar Sobiyet" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="सोवियत संघ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोवियत संघ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetski_zwjazk" title="Sowjetski zwjazk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sowjetski zwjazk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Uniono" title="Soviet-Uniono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Soviet-Uniono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappon_ti_Sobiet" title="Kappon ti Sobiet – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kappon ti Sobiet" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietic" title="Union Sovietic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Union Sovietic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Union" title="Soviet-Union – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Soviet-Union" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suviatam_Nunaa" title="Suviatam Nunaa – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Suviatam Nunaa" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Советон Цæдис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Советон Цæдис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoviet_Union" title="Isoviet Union – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isoviet Union" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C3%A9tr%C3%ADkin" title="Sovétríkin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sovétríkin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ברית המועצות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברית המועצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Sovy%C3%A8t" title="Uni Sovyèt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uni Sovyèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F" title="ಸೊವಿಯೆಟ್ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೊವಿಯೆಟ್ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Совет Социалист Республикаланы Бирлешиу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Совет Социалист Республикаланы Бирлешиу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%90%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%AA%D9%90%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82" title="صؤوِت اِتِفاق – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="صؤوِت اِتِفاق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/URSS" title="URSS – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="URSS" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoja_wa_Kisovyeti" title="Umoja wa Kisovyeti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umoja wa Kisovyeti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Сӧветскӧй Социалистическӧй Республикаяслӧн Союз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сӧветскӧй Социалистическӧй Республикаяслӧн Союз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSSS" title="TSSS – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="TSSS" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyon_Repiblik_Sosyalis_Sovyetik" title="Inyon Repiblik Sosyalis Sovyetik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Inyon Repiblik Sosyalis Sovyetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyon_di_s%C3%A9_r%C3%A9piblik_sosyalis_sovy%C3%A9tik" title="Inyon di sé répiblik sosyalis sovyétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Inyon di sé répiblik sosyalis sovyétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Komar%C3%AAn_Sovyet_%C3%AAn_Sosyal%C3%AEst" title="Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Кеңештер Бирлиги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кеңештер Бирлиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietica" title="Union Sovietica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Union Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovyetika" title="Union Sovyetika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Union Sovyetika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94" title="ສະຫະພາບໂຊວຽດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຫະພາບໂຊວຽດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_Rerum_Publicarum_Sovieticarum_Socialisticarum" title="Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padomju_Savien%C4%ABba" title="Padomju Savienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Padomju Savienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunioun" title="Sowjetunioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sowjetunioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%80" title="Советрин Социализмдин Республикайрин ГалкӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Советрин Социализмдин Республикайрин ГалкӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%C5%B3_S%C4%85junga" title="Sovietų Sąjunga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sovietų Sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietica" title="Union Sovietica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Union Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_de_Republicas_Sosialiste_Soviet" title="Uni de Republicas Sosialiste Soviet – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Uni de Republicas Sosialiste Soviet" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevvostoliitto" title="Nevvostoliitto – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nevvostoliitto" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sofygu%27e" title="sofygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sofygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_di_Republegh_Socialista_Sovietegh" title="Union di Republegh Socialista Sovietegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Union di Republegh Socialista Sovietegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szovjetuni%C3%B3" title="Szovjetunió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szovjetunió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98" title="सोभियत सङ्घ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सोभियत सङ्घ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Советски Сојуз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Советски Сојуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaisan%27_ny_Repoblika_S%C3%B4sialista_S%C3%B4vietika" title="Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="സോവിയറ്റ് യൂണിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോവിയറ്റ് യൂണിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjoni_Sovjetika" title="Unjoni Sovjetika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Unjoni Sovjetika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hononga_Howete" title="Hononga Howete – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hononga Howete" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="सोव्हिएत संघ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोव्हिएत संघ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3" title="სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკეფიშ რსხუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკეფიშ რსხუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="اتحاد سوڤيتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اتحاد سوڤيتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شوروی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوروی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AD-li%C3%A8ng" title="Sŭ-lièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sŭ-lièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounion_Sobi%C3%A9tica" title="Ounion Sobiética – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ounion Sobiética" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Советонь Соткс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Советонь Соткс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetuny" title="Sovjetuny – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sovjetuny" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98" title="सोभियत सङ्घ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सोभियत सङ्घ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6" title="ソビエト連邦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソビエト連邦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunione_Sovieteca" title="Aunione Sovieteca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Aunione Sovieteca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Советийн Социалистийн Республикийн Союз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Советийн Социалистийн Республикийн Союз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunioon" title="Sowjetunioon – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sowjetunioon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnion_Sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Unnion Soviétique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Unnion Soviétique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_de_las_Republicas_Socialistas_Sovieticas" title="Union de las Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Union de las Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Совет Социализм Республик-влак Ушем – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Совет Социализм Республик-влак Ушем" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_Sotsialistik_Respublikalari_Ittifoqi" title="Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੋਵੀਅਤ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਵੀਅਤ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سویت یونین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سویت یونین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietiko" title="Union Sovietiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Union Sovietiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شوروي اتحاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شوروي اتحاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoviet_Yuunian" title="Suoviet Yuunian – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suoviet Yuunian" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F" title="សហភាពសូវៀត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សហភាពសូវៀត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/URSS" title="URSS – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="URSS" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Union Soviética – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Union Soviética" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Socjalistycznych_Republik_Radzieckich" title="Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="União Soviética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Euralar_Sotsialistik_Cumhuriyetleri_Birligi" title="Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyetleri Birligi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyetleri Birligi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_Republicilor_Sovietice_Socialiste" title="Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniun_sovietica" title="Uniun sovietica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uniun sovietica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susyalista_Suwit_Ripuwlikakunap_Hu%C3%B1un" title="Susyalista Suwit Ripuwlikakunap Huñun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Susyalista Suwit Ripuwlikakunap Huñun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Союз Совітскых Соціалістічных Републик – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Союз Совітскых Соціалістічных Републик" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Союз Советских Социалистических Республик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Союз Советских Социалистических Республик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сэбиэскэй Социалистыы Республикалар Сойуустара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сэбиэскэй Социалистыы Республикалар Сойуустара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سوویت یونین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سوویت یونین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkimi_Sovjetik" title="Bashkimi Sovjetik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkimi Sovjetik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unioni_Suvi%C3%A8tica" title="Unioni Suviètica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Unioni Suviètica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="සෝවියට් සංගමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෝවියට් සංගමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سوويت يونين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سوويت يونين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietsky_zv%C3%A4z" title="Sovietsky zväz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sovietsky zväz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetska_zveza" title="Sovjetska zveza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sovjetska zveza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%A3%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%AB%EA%99%81%D1%8A" title="Съвѣтьскъ Социалистичьскъ Димократїи Съвѫꙁъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Съвѣтьскъ Социалистичьскъ Димократїи Съвѫꙁъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojusz_Socjalistycznych_Sowjeckich_Republik" title="Sojusz Socjalistycznych Sowjeckich Republik – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sojusz Socjalistycznych Sowjeckich Republik" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midowga_Sofiyet" title="Midowga Sofiyet – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Midowga Sofiyet" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Совјетски Савез – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Совјетски Савез" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Sovi%C3%A9t" title="Uni Soviét – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uni Soviét" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostoliitto" title="Neuvostoliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostoliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyong_Sobyetiko" title="Unyong Sobyetiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unyong Sobyetiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சோவியத் ஒன்றியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோவியத் ஒன்றியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadukli_n_Tegdudiwin_Tinemlayin_Tisuvyitiyin" title="Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Берлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Берлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%82%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ် သူဝ်ႇဝီႇယႅတ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းႁူမ်ႈတုမ် သူဝ်ႇဝီႇယႅတ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సోవియట్ యూనియన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సోవియట్ యూనియన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="สหภาพโซเวียต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหภาพโซเวียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Иттиҳоди Шуравӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттиҳоди Шуравӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%90%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%B0_%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏐᎡᏰ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏐᎡᏰ ᏍᎦᏚᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="Sovyetler Birliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1_Soviyet" title="Muna̱pyia̱ Soviyet – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Muna̱pyia̱ Soviyet" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%AD" title="ССРЭ – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="ССРЭ" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سوویت اتحاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوویت اتحاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89" title="سوۋېت سوتسىيالىستىك جۇمھۇرىيەتلەر ئىتتىپاقى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سوۋېت سوتسىيالىستىك جۇمھۇرىيەتلەر ئىتتىپاقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhlienz" title="Suhlienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Suhlienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovi%C3%A8tega" title="Union Soviètega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Union Soviètega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevondkundali%C5%BEiden_Socialisti%C5%BEiden_Tazovaldkundoiden_%C3%9Chti%C5%A1tuz" title="Nevondkundaližiden Socialistižiden Tazovaldkundoiden Ühtištuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nevondkundaližiden Socialistižiden Tazovaldkundoiden Ühtištuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovy%C3%A4tabalatam" title="Sovyätabalatam – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sovyätabalatam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5vvokogoliit" title="Nõvvokogoliit – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nõvvokogoliit" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.R.S.S." title="U.R.S.S. – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="U.R.S.S." data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyon_Sovyetika" title="Unyon Sovyetika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unyon Sovyetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Yi_Benno" title="Soviet Yi Benno – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Soviet Yi Benno" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏联" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סאוועטן פארבאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאוועטן פארבאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cs%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan_S%C3%B3f%C3%AC%E1%BA%B9%CC%80t%C3%AC" title="Ìsọ̀kan Sófìẹ̀tì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìsọ̀kan Sófìẹ̀tì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewiya_Sovyetan" title="Yewiya Sovyetan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yewiya Sovyetan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C4%ABbu_S%C4%81jonga" title="Tarību Sājonga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tarību Sājonga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏联" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koisaan_Soviet" title="Koisaan Soviet – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Koisaan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_Sosialist_Respublikon_Ibemon" title="Sovet Sosialist Respublikon Ibemon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sovet Sosialist Respublikon Ibemon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span class="nowrap"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Союз Советских Социалистических Республик</span></span><br /><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Soyuz Sovyetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1922–1991</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Soviet Union"><img alt="Flag of Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a><br />(1955–1991)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State Emblem (1956–1991) of Soviet Union"><img alt="State Emblem (1956–1991) of Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">State Emblem</a><br />(1956–1991)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!</span></span><br />"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Интернационал</span></span><br />"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>" (1922–1944)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="239" data-mwtitle="Internationale-ru.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Internationale-ru.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" 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class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Soviet Union during the Cold War"><img alt="The Soviet Union during the Cold War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9430902">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Soviet_Union&params=55_45_N_37_37_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°45′N</span> <span class="longitude">37°37′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.750°N 37.617°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.750; 37.617</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised regional languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122542">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldavian</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (1989)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>70% <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li><li>17% <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></li><li>13% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em"><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> (<i>de jure</i>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1924 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1924–1953 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1953–1964 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1964–1982 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1982–1984 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1984–1985 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1985–1991 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Head of State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1946 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1988–1991 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mikhail Gorbachev<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1924 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Vladimir Lenin<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em"><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Congress of Soviets</a><br />(1922–1936)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a><br />(1936–1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8662964" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em"><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Nationalities</a><br />(1936–1991)</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_of_Republics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet of Republics (not yet started)">Soviet of Republics</a><br />(1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a><br />(1936–1991)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098372" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 November 1917</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (not yet started)">Treaty of Creation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1924_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union">First constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">Second constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1936</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Westward expansion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 February 1956</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">Last constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 October 1977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parade_of_sovereignties&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parade of sovereignties (not yet started)">Parade of sovereignties</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1988–1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/August_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="August Coup">August Coup</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19–22 August 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belovezha_Accords&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belovezha Accords (not yet started)">Belovezha Accords</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1991<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Formal dissolution</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">22,402,200 km<sup>2</sup> (8,649,500 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">1st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,767,198 km<sup>2</sup> (1,068,421 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12.3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Census_(1989)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Census (1989) (not yet started)">1989</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 286,730,819<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12.7/km<sup>2</sup> (32.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6670383">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1990 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.7 trillion (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$9,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383" /><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1990 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.7 trillion<sup id="cite_ref-GDP_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$9,000 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383" /><span class="nobold">(1989)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.275<br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:forestgreen">low</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383" /><span class="nobold">(1990 formula)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.920<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet ruble">Soviet ruble</a> (Rbl) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SUR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data">(<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>+2 to +12)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data">+7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:SU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:SU (not yet started)">SU</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.su" class="mw-redirect" title=".su">.su</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><b>1922:</b><br />Russian SFSR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931929%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931929%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931929%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931929%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931929%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931929%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)"><b>1940:</b><br />Estonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281918%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><b>1990:</b><br />Lithuania</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><b>1991:</b><br />Georgia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281990%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Ukraine_%28Soviet_shades%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%28Soviet_shades%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Ukraine_%28Soviet_shades%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%28Soviet_shades%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Ukraine_%28Soviet_shades%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine_%28Soviet_shades%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/20px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%2C_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_CIS_%28UEFA_Euro_1992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_CIS_%28UEFA_Euro_1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_CIS_%28UEFA_Euro_1992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_CIS_%28UEFA_Euro_1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_CIS_%28UEFA_Euro_1992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_CIS_%28UEFA_Euro_1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn">With the exception of the CIS – an intergovernmental organization and legal successor to the Soviet Union – only states that are former Soviet republics, now members of the United Nations, are listed as successors.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</b><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>USSR</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> simply known as the <b>Soviet Union</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_former_transcontinental_countries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of former transcontinental countries (not yet started)">transcontinental country</a> that spanned much of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> from 1922 to 1991. It was the first country to declare itself <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and build towards a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> society. It was a union of 14 Soviet socialist republics and one <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (Russian SFSR). </p><p>The Soviet Union was created about five years after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. In which the Russian Empire was destroyed after years of fighting in World War I. It was announced after <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> as Russian leader. The communist government developed from an agriculture based economy to an <a href="/wiki/Industry" title="Industry">industry</a> one, and over time became a major, powerful union. The largest country in the Union was <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a> was the second, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> the third largest. The <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of the Soviet Union and RSFSR was <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The Soviet Union expanded its political control greatly after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It took over the whole of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. Those countries were not made part of the Soviet Union, but they were controlled by the Soviet Union indirectly. These countries, like <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, were called <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite states</a> which each helped the USSR during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The top-level committee which made the laws was the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>. In practice, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> was the leader and most important decision-maker in their system of government. Although the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> said the Republics could leave the Union if they wanted, it was a completely centralized government, with no <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> for the member countries. </p><p>The USSR was formed with the idea to give everyone equal social and economic equality. There was virtually no private property and everything belonged to the state including public property was an idea discussed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, and formed the ideology of socialism of 'Soviets', or workers' councils, were created by the working class to lead the socialist state democratically, but they soon lost power with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>. </p><p>The Union was successful in many fields, putting the first man, first woman, and first satellite into space, defeating <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Hitler's Nazi Germany invasion</a> and winning World War II, together with the United States and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, helping build infrastructure, as well as schools and hospitals in many third-world countries. However, its centralized government found <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> and the changes were difficult to handle. The USSR collapsed in 1991 due to the failed efforts to reform the country by its 8th Leader and the 10th president, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, leaving behind <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> in its place along with 14 other nations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays">Holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Holidays" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Holidays"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv/120px--Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="90" data-durationhint="424" data-mwtitle="Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November,_7th,_1941.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv/Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="400" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv/Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv/Parade_on_Red_Square_on_November%2C_7th%2C_1941.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Footage of the 1941 October Revolution parade (November 7, 1941)</div> </li> </ul> <table style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Date</th> <th>English name</th> <th>Local name</th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>January 1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></td> <td>Новый Год</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>March 8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></td> <td>Международный Женский День</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1-May 2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">Day of International Solidarity of Labor people</a></td> <td>Первое Мая - День Международной Солидарности Трудящихся</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day" title="Victory Day">Victory Day</a></td> <td>День Победы</td> <td>Defeat of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day" title="Constitution Day">Constitution Day</a></td> <td>День Конституции</td> <td>since 1978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 7</td> <td>Great October Socialist Revolution</td> <td>Седьмое Ноября</td> <td><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> 1917; it is currently called День Согласия и Примирения </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union">Republics of the Soviet Union</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Republics of the Soviet Union" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Republics of the Soviet Union"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics. These were either <i>Soviet Socialist Republics</i>, or <i>Soviet Socialist Federal Republics</i>. Each republic was independent and handled its own cultural affairs. Each also had the right to leave the union, which they did in 1991. </p><p>The <i>Federal Republics</i> were different in that they had more autonomy, and were made up of states themselves. These were often called <i>Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics</i>. There were a number of them. Most of them still exist; though they are now republics, within the independent state. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-disambig" title="Tatar">Tatar</a> ASSR</i> turned into the <i>Republic of <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></i>, for example (It is located around <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_republics_(1922–1991)"><span id="Soviet_republics_.281922.E2.80.931991.29"></span>Soviet republics (1922–1991)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Soviet republics (1922–1991)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Soviet republics (1922–1991)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/400px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/600px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png/800px-USSR_Republics_Numbered_Alphabetically.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet Union, before it collapsed</figcaption></figure> <p><br /><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a> (<i>Soviet Socialist Republic</i>) </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyz SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldavian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> (<i>Soviet Federal Socialist Republic</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajik SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbek SSR">Uzbek SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a> (1940-1956)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_countries_(1991–present)"><span id="Independent_countries_.281991.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Independent countries (1991–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Independent countries (1991–present)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Independent countries (1991–present)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li>N/A (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Karelia" title="Republic of Karelia">Karelia</a> is a republic of Russia)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography,_climate_and_environment"><span id="Geography.2C_climate_and_environment"></span>Geography, climate and environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Geography, climate and environment" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Geography, climate and environment"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permafrost_Regions_in_the_Soviet_Union_-_DPLA_-_584242333d15cc804d3d59af7833c422.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Permafrost_Regions_in_the_Soviet_Union_-_DPLA_-_584242333d15cc804d3d59af7833c422.jpg/220px-Permafrost_Regions_in_the_Soviet_Union_-_DPLA_-_584242333d15cc804d3d59af7833c422.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Permafrost_Regions_in_the_Soviet_Union_-_DPLA_-_584242333d15cc804d3d59af7833c422.jpg/330px-Permafrost_Regions_in_the_Soviet_Union_-_DPLA_-_584242333d15cc804d3d59af7833c422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Permafrost_Regions_in_the_Soviet_Union_-_DPLA_-_584242333d15cc804d3d59af7833c422.jpg/440px-Permafrost_Regions_in_the_Soviet_Union_-_DPLA_-_584242333d15cc804d3d59af7833c422.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3282" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption>Permafrost Regions in the Soviet Union</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soviet Union at its largest size in 1991, with 22,400,000 square kilometres (8,600,000 sq mi), was the world's biggest country. Covering a sixth of the world's land, its total size was comparable to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>'s. The western part (in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>) accounted for a quarter of the country's area, and was the country's cultural and economic center. The eastern part (in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>) extended to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/South" title="South">south</a>, and was much less lived in than the western part. It was over 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) across (11 <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>) and almost 7,200 kilometres (4,500 mi) north to south. Its five climatic (different <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>) zones were <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>, desert, and mountains. </p><p>The Soviet Union had the world's longest border, measuring over 60,000 kilometres (37,000 mi) in 1991. Two thirds of the Soviet border was coastline of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. Across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> was the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The Soviet Union bordered <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> at the end of WWII. </p><p>The Soviet Union's (and now Russia's) longest rivers are the Yenisey, Ob/<a href="/wiki/Irtysh" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh">Irtysh</a>, Amur and Lena. The Soviet Union's highest mountain was Communism Peak (today it is called the <a href="/wiki/Ismoil_Somoni_Peak" title="Ismoil Somoni Peak">Ismoil Somoni Peak</a>) in Tajikistan measured at 7,495 metres (24,590 ft). The world's largest lake, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, was mostly in the Soviet Union. as well as the world's deepest lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last Russian <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a>, ruled Russia until March 1917, when the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was taken over and a short-lived "<a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a>" replaced it, led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> and soon to be overthrown in November by <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> and started the Russian civil war. </p><p>From 1917 to 1922, the country that came before the Soviet Union was the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> (RSFSR), which was its own country, as were other Soviet republics at the time. The Soviet Union was officially created in December 1922 as the union of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevist Russia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian</a> Soviet republics ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> parties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_the_foundation">Revolution and the foundation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Revolution and the foundation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Revolution and the foundation"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extreme government-changing activity in the Russian Empire began with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decembrist_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decembrist Revolt (not yet started)">Decembrist Revolt</a> of 1825, and although <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> was removed in 1861, its removal was achieved on terms unfavorable to the peasants (poor agricultural workers) and served to encourage changers (revolutionaries). A parliament (<a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> assembly)—the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>—was created in 1906 after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>, but the Tsar suppressed people trying to move from <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute</a> to <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>. Rebellion continued and was aggravated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by failure and food shortages in popular cities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin-Trotsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lenin-Trotsky.jpg/220px-Lenin-Trotsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lenin-Trotsky.jpg/330px-Lenin-Trotsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Lenin-Trotsky.jpg/440px-Lenin-Trotsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> in counterrevolutionary propaganda</figcaption></figure> <p>A rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a>, in response to the wartime decay of Russia's economy and morale, caused the "<a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>" and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">removal of the government in March 1917</a>. The tsarist <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> was replaced by the Russian "<a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional government</a>", whose leaders intended to have elections to Russian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constituent_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constituent Assembly (not yet started)">Constituent Assembly</a> and to continue war on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> in World War I. </p><p>At the same time, workers' councils, known as <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a>, sprang up across the country. The <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, pushed for <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> revolution in the Soviets and on the streets. In November 1917, during the "<a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>", they took power from the Provisional Government. In December, the Bolsheviks signed an <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a> (peace) with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. In March, after more fighting, the Soviets quit the war for good and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>. </p><p>In the long and bloody <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the new Soviet power won. The civil war between the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Reds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="White movement">Whites</a> started in 1917 and ended in 1923. It included the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Intervention" title="Siberian Intervention">Siberian Intervention</a> and other foreign interference, the killing of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia#Final_months_and_death" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II and his family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> in 1921, which killed about 5 million. In March 1921, during <a href="/wiki/Polish-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Soviet War">a related conflict with Poland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a> was signed and split disputed territories in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> between the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and Soviet Russia. The Soviet Union had to resolve similar conflicts with the newly established Republic of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and the Republic of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, which had all escaped the empire during the civil war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unification_of_the_Soviet_Republics">Unification of the Soviet Republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Unification of the Soviet Republics" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Unification of the Soviet Republics"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 December 1922, people from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a> approved the Treaty of Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. These two documents were made true by the 1st <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets" title="Congress of Soviets">Congress of Soviets</a> of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations. </p><p>On 1 February 1924, the USSR was accepted as a country by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Also in 1924, a <a href="/wiki/1924_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 Soviet Constitution">Soviet Constitution (set of laws)</a> was approved, making true the December 1922 union of the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belarusian SSR, and the Transcaucasian SFSR to form the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" (USSR). </p><p>The big changes of the economy, industry, and politics of the country began in the early days of Soviet power in 1917. A large part of this was performed according to <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Initial_Decrees" title="Bolshevik Initial Decrees">Bolshevik Initial Decrees</a>, documents of the Soviet government, signed by Vladimir Lenin. One of the most important and notable breakthroughs was the GOELRO plan, that planned a major change of the Soviet economy based on total <a href="/wiki/Electrification" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrification">electrification</a> of the country. The Plan was developed in 1920 and covered a 10- to 15-year period. It included the making of a network of 30 regional <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>, including ten large <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> power plants, and numerous electric-powered large industrial organizations. The Plan became the prototype for subsequent <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plan_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-Year Plan (USSR)">Five-Year Plans</a> and was basically fulfilled by 1931. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalin's_rule"><span id="Stalin.27s_rule"></span>Stalin's rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Stalin's rule" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Stalin's rule"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/170px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/255px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/340px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> being demolished in 1931. Organized religion was suppressed in the Soviet Union.</figcaption></figure> <p>From its beginning years, government in the Soviet Union was ruled as a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a>. After the economic policy of <a href="/wiki/War_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="War Communism">War Communism</a> during the Civil War, the Soviet government permitted some private enterprise to coexist with nationalized industry in the 1920s and total food requisition in the countryside was replaced by a food tax (<i>see</i> <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>). </p><p>Soviet leaders argued that one-party rule was necessary because it ensured that 'capitalist exploitation' would not return to the Soviet Union and that the principles of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Centralism" title="Democratic Centralism">Democratic Centralism</a> would represent the people's will. Debate over the future of the economy provided the background for Soviet leaders to take more power in the years after Lenin's death in 1924. Initially, Lenin was to be replaced by a "<a href="/wiki/Troika" class="mw-redirect" title="Troika">troika</a>" composed of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigory_Zinoviev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigory Zinoviev (not yet started)">Grigory Zinoviev</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_people" title="Georgian people">Georgia</a>. </p><p>Stalin led the country through <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> camps greatly expanded to take a lot of prisoners. After he died, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a> briefly continued his policies. <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> reversed some of Stalin's policies,but <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> kept things as they were. </p><p>After the 1936 revised constitution, the Soviet Union stopped acting as a union of republics and more as a single super-country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khrushchev_era">Khrushchev era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Khrushchev era" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Khrushchev era"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stalin died on 5 March 1953. Nikita Khrushchev eventually won the following power struggle by the mid-1950s. In 1956, he denounced Stalin's repression and eased controls over party and society. This was known as de-Stalinization. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_empire_1960.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/220px-Soviet_empire_1960.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/330px-Soviet_empire_1960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Soviet_empire_1960.png/440px-Soviet_empire_1960.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map showing greatest territorial extent of the Soviet Union and its allies in 1960, after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 but before the official Sino-Soviet split of 1961</figcaption></figure> <p>Moscow considered Eastern Europe to be a very vital <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a> for the forward defense of its western borders. For this reason, the USSR sought to strengthen its control of the region. It did this by transforming the Eastern European countries into satellite states, dependent upon and obedient to its leadership. Soviet military force was used to suppress anti-Stalinist uprisings in Hungary and Poland in 1956. </p><p>During the Khrushchev’s power program of relocating every urban family to a separate apartment was started. There were built a lot of 5-floor buildings to live for 20 years. </p><p>After Krushchev’s visit to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">USA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a> became very popular in the USSR. </p><p>In the late 1950s, a confrontation with China regarding the USSR's policies led to the Sino–Soviet split. This resulted in a break throughout the global Marxist–Leninist movement. The governments in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, Cambodia and Somalia chose to ally with China instead of the USSR. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Gagarin_in_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin was the first human to travel into space.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this period of the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Soviet Union continued to make progress in the Space Race. It rivalled the United States. The USSR launched the first artificial satellite, <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> in 1957; a living dog named Laika in 1957; the first human being, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin" title="Yuri Gagarin">Yuri Gagarin</a> in 1961; the first woman in space, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova" title="Valentina Tereshkova">Valentina Tereshkova</a> in 1963; <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a>, the first person to walk in space in 1965; the first soft landing on the Moon by spacecraft Luna 9 in 1966; and the first Moon rovers, Lunokhod 1 and Lunokhod 2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leonid_Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Leonid Brezhnev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Leonid Brezhnev"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> led the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982. He came to power after he convinced the government to overthrow the then-leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Krushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikita Krushchev">Nikita Krushchev</a>. Brezhnev's rule is often linked with the decline in Soviet economy and starting the chain of events that would lead to the union's eventual collapse. He had many self-awarded medals. He was awarded <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a> (the highest honor) on three separate occasions. Brezhnev was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>, who died a few years later. Andropov was succeeded by the frail and aging <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>. Chernenko died a mere year after taking office. </p><p>In 1980 the Soviet Union hosted the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> with Brezhnev opening and closing the games. The games were heavily boycotted by the western nations, particularly the United States. During the closing ceremony, the flag of the City of Los Angeles was raised instead of the flag of the United States (to symbolise the next host city/nation) and the anthem of the Olympics was played instead of the anthem of the United States in response to the boycott. </p><p>Brezhnev was the second longest serving Soviet leader after Stalin. The following is a list of leaders (General Secretary of the Communist Party) in order of their tenure and length of leadership: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> 1922-1924 (2 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> 1924-1927 (3 years failed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> 1924-1953 (29 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Beria" title="Lavrenty Beria">Lavrenty Beria</a> 1953 (failed March-June 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> 1953-1956 (3 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a> 1953-1955 (1 year and a half)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> 1953-1964 (11 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> 1964-1982 (18 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> 1982-1984 (2 years)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> 1984-1985 (1 year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> 1985-1991 (6 years)</li></ul> <p>Khrushchev and Gorbachev are the only Soviet leaders to have not died whilst in office. Lenin, Stalin and Khrushchev are the only leaders who were not (de jure) head of state during their leaderships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorbachev's_rule"><span id="Gorbachev.27s_rule"></span>Gorbachev's rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Gorbachev's rule" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Gorbachev's rule"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorbachev_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Gorbachev_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption>Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> was the Soviet Union's last leader. He was the only Soviet leader to have been born after the October revolution and was thus a product of the Soviet Union having grown up in it. He and <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">US</a> president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> signed a treaty to get rid of some <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. Gorbachev started social and economic reforms named <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> that gave people <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>; which allowed them to criticize the government and its policies. The ruling communist party lost its grip on the media and the people. Newspapers began printing the many failures that the Soviet Union had covered up and denied in its past. The Soviet Union's economy was lagging and the government was spending a lot of money on competing with the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Dissolution" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Dissolution"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USSR_-_Then_and_Now.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USSR_-_Then_and_Now.png/220px-USSR_-_Then_and_Now.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USSR_-_Then_and_Now.png/330px-USSR_-_Then_and_Now.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USSR_-_Then_and_Now.png/440px-USSR_-_Then_and_Now.png 2x" data-file-width="3608" data-file-height="3904" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms and Enables of Former Soviet Republics and Current Countries</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1980s the Soviet economy was suffering but it was stable. Gorbachev's new ideas had gotten out of hand and the communist party lost control. <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> was elected (democratically) the President of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> even though Gorbachev did not want him to come into power. <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> announced its independence from the Union and the Soviet government demanded it surrender its independence or it would send the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> to keep order. Gorbachev invented the idea of keeping the Soviet Union together with each republic being more independent but under the same leader. He wanted to call it the 'Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics' to keep the Russian initials as CCCP (USSR in English). </p><p>A group of communist leaders, unhappy with Gorbachev's idea, tried to take over <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and stop the Soviet Union from collapsing. It only made people want independence more. Although he survived the attempted takeover, he lost all of his power outside of Moscow. <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> declared independence in December 1991. Later in the month, leaders of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Byelorussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> signed a treaty called the Belavezha Agreement to dissolve the USSR, extremely angering Gorbachev. He had no choice but to accept the treaty and resigned on Christmas Day 1991. The Soviet Union's parliament (Supreme Soviet) made the Belavezha Agreement law, marking formally the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The next day, the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time. </p><p>Since 2013, the document that confirmed the dissolution of the Soviet Union has been missing.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Sports" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Sports"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_stamp_2000_%E2%84%96_572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Russia_stamp_2000_%E2%84%96_572.jpg/220px-Russia_stamp_2000_%E2%84%96_572.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Russia_stamp_2000_%E2%84%96_572.jpg/330px-Russia_stamp_2000_%E2%84%96_572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Russia_stamp_2000_%E2%84%96_572.jpg/440px-Russia_stamp_2000_%E2%84%96_572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>2000 Postage Stamp on the 20th anniversary of the 1980 summer Olympics held in Moscow</figcaption></figure> <p>Made on July 20th, 1924, in Moscow, <i><a href="/wiki/Sovetsky_Sport" title="Sovetsky Sport">Sovetsky Sport</a></i> was the first sports newspaper of the Soviet Union. Sports in the Soviet Union were highly prioritized and tightly controlled. The government invested heavily in athletic programs to showcase Soviet superiority. Success in sports was seen as a reflection of the political system's strength. The emphasis on Olympic success led to the development of talented athletes in various disciplines. However, it also involved state-sponsored doping programs, which became a controversial legacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Culture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Culture"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3975_stamp_(Palace_of_Culture_Ukraine_(Yevhenia_Marychenko_et_alii),_Kiev).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3975_stamp_%28Palace_of_Culture_Ukraine_%28Yevhenia_Marychenko_et_alii%29%2C_Kiev%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3975_stamp_%28Palace_of_Culture_Ukraine_%28Yevhenia_Marychenko_et_alii%29%2C_Kiev%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3975_stamp_%28Palace_of_Culture_Ukraine_%28Yevhenia_Marychenko_et_alii%29%2C_Kiev%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3975_stamp_%28Palace_of_Culture_Ukraine_%28Yevhenia_Marychenko_et_alii%29%2C_Kiev%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3975_stamp_%28Palace_of_Culture_Ukraine_%28Yevhenia_Marychenko_et_alii%29%2C_Kiev%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1971_CPA_3975_stamp_%28Palace_of_Culture_Ukraine_%28Yevhenia_Marychenko_et_alii%29%2C_Kiev%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>USSR stampː Palace of Culture Ukraine (Yevhenia Marychenko et alii), <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of the Soviet Union went through several stages during the USSR's existence. During the first 10 years following the revolution, there was freedom and artists tested several different styles to find a <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/simple:distinctive" class="extiw" title="wikt:simple:distinctive">distinctive</a> Soviet style of art. Lenin wanted art to be available to the Russian people. On the other hand, hundreds of smart people, writers, and artists were killed, and their work not being available to anyone, such as <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Gumilyov" title="Nikolay Gumilyov">Nikolay Gumilyov</a> who was shot, for conspiring against the Bolshevik regime, without proof.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Stalin's rule, the Soviet culture was described by the rise of the government-forced style of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>, with all other trends being severely <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/simple:repressed" class="extiw" title="wikt:simple:repressed">repressed</a>, with rare exceptions, such as <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a>'s works. Many writers were put in prison and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a>, censorship was removed. During this time, a different period of Soviet culture developed, described by public life and an intense focus on personal life. Bigger testing in art forms was again allowed, resulting in the creation of better, important work. Underground dissident literature, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samizdat</a></i>, was made during this late period. In architecture, the art or practice of designing and constructing buildings, the Khrushchev era mostly focused on functional design as opposed to the highly decorated style of Stalin's epoch. In music, in response to the increasing popularity of forms of popular music like jazz in the West, many jazz orchestras were permitted throughout the USSR, notably the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melodiya_Ensemble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melodiya Ensemble (not yet started)">Melodiya Ensemble</a>, named after the principle record label in the USSR. </p><p>In the second half of the 1980s, Gorbachev's policies of <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> significantly grew <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> in the country in the media and the press.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_wars">List of wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: List of wars" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: List of wars"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_2.jpg/220px-Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_2.jpg/330px-Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_2.jpg/440px-Raising_a_flag_over_the_Reichstag_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Raising a flag over the Reichstag</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War (1918-1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War (1918-1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Soviet-Japanese Border Conflicts (1932-1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter (Soviet-Finnish) War (1939-1940)</a></li> <li>Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union (the part of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a> (1941-1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet-Japanese_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet-Japanese War (not yet started)">Soviet-Japanese War</a> (1945)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War (1950-1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985-1991)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)">History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union-related_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Soviet Union-related topics">List of Soviet Union-related topics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">For names of the Soviet Union in other official languages, see <a href="/wiki/Official_names_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Official names of the Soviet Union">Official names of the Soviet Union</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De facto</i>, legally since 1990. <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Constituent republics</a> had the right to declare their own regional languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_People%27s_Commissars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of People's Commissars (not yet started)">Council of People's Commissars</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> and chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (then the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union">Council of Ministers</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As chairman of the Council of Ministers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">March–September.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As First Secretary of the Communist Party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As General Secretary of the Communist Party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As General Secretary of the Communist Party and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President of the Soviet Union</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chairman_of_the_Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (not yet started)">Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and Russian SFSR.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As Chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet Economy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Unicameral.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma-Ata_Protocol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alma-Ata Protocol (not yet started)">Alma-Ata Protocol</a> was signed by the remaining 11 of 12 republics on 21 December 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://simple.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_26_December_1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Декларация Совета Республик ВС СССР от 26 December 1991 № 142-Н">Declaration No. 142-Н</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Assigned on 19 September 1990, existing onwards.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Союз Советских Социалистических Республик</span></span>, <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanization of Russian (not yet started)">tr.</a></small> <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik</i></span>, <small>IPA: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_3.oga" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/20px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_3.oga" class="internal" title="Ru-Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 3.oga">listen</a></span></span>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">СССР</span></span>, <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanization of Russian (not yet started)">tr.</a></small> <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">SSSR</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Советский Союз</span></span>, <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Russian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanization of Russian (not yet started)">tr.</a></small> <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sovetskiy Soyuz</i></span>, <small>IPA: </small><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[sɐˈvʲetskʲɪj sɐˈjus]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:.25em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="audio speaker icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/20px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7.ogg" class="internal" title="Ru-Советский Союз.ogg">listen</a></span></span>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small mw-collapsible" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><div style="clear:both;">Find more about<br /><b>Soviet Union</b><br />at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Sister projects">sister projects</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="wikt:Soviet Union">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Soviet Union">Media</a> from Commons </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="Search Wikinews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Soviet Union">News stories</a> from Wikinews </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Soviet Union">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="wikisource:National Anthem of the Soviet Union">Source texts</a> from Wikisource </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Search Wikivoyage"><img alt="Search Wikivoyage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/25px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/50px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Soviet Union">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/y" title="Search Wikidata"><img alt="Search Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/25px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/38px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/y" class="extiw" title="d:y">Data</a> from Wikidata </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of the Soviet Union">Wikimedia Atlas of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ariwatch.com/VS/JD/ImpressionsOfSovietRussia.htm">Impressions of Soviet Russia</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/97007563/">A Country Study: Soviet Union</a> (PDF)</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman2002" class="citation web cs1">Schiffman, H. (19 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221051317/https://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/ussr/soviet2.html">"Language Policy in the former Soviet Union"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/ussr/soviet2.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+in+the+former+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2002-11-19&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2F~haroldfs%2F540%2Fhandouts%2Fussr%2Fsoviet2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Almanaque Mundial 1996</i>, Editorial América/Televisa, Mexico, 1995, pp. 548–552 (<i>Demografía/Biometría</i> table).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDP-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GDP_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_million_1.html">"GDP – Million – Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163518/https://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_million_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP+%E2%80%93+Million+%E2%80%93+Flags%2C+Maps%2C+Economy%2C+Geography%2C+Climate%2C+Natural+Resources%2C+Current+Issues%2C+International+Agreements%2C+Population%2C+Social+Statistics%2C+Political+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodora.com%2Fwfb%2F1990%2Frankings%2Fgdp_million_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf">"Human Development Report 1990"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Development_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Development Report (not yet started)">HDRO (Human Development Report Office)</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. January 1990. p. 111. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207194131/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/219/hdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+1990&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=HDRO+%28Human+Development+Report+Office%29+United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=1990-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F219%2Fhdr_1990_en_complete_nostats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/9854619/Document-proclaiming-death-of-Soviet-Union-missing.html">"Document proclaiming death of Soviet Union missing"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 2013-02-07. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016180627/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/9854619/Document-proclaiming-death-of-Soviet-Union-missing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Document+proclaiming+death+of+Soviet+Union+missing&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Frussia%2F9854619%2FDocument-proclaiming-death-of-Soviet-Union-missing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">'On the other hand<span class="nowrap"> </span>...' See the index of <i>Stalin and His Hangmen</i> by Donald Rayfield, 2004, Random House</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2005">Rayfield 2005</a>, pp. 317–320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220144006/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mikhail-Gorbachev">"Gorbachev, Mikhail"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 13 February 2024. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405&gt">the original</a> on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>Under his new policy of glasnost ("openness"), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candor in their reportage and criticism; and the country's legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely repudiated by the government.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gorbachev%2C+Mikhail&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9037405%26gt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Further reading" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Further reading"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2005" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2005). <i>Stalin and His Hangmen: An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him</i>. <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75771-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75771-6"><bdi>978-0-375-75771-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+His+Hangmen%3A+An+Authoritative+Portrait+of+a+Tyrant+and+Those+Who+Served+Him&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-375-75771-6&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Union" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098651">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_of_Soviet_Union-related_articles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index of Soviet Union-related articles (not yet started)">Index of Soviet Union-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Union in World War II (not yet started)">Great Patriotic War</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_space_program&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet space program (not yet started)">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_Soviet_economic_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 Soviet economic reform (not yet started)">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Era_of_Stagnation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Era of Stagnation (not yet started)">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geography of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics (not yet started)">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closed_city&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Closed city (not yet started)">Closed cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_closed_cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of closed cities (not yet started)">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Siberian_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Siberian Plain (not yet started)">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elections in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGBT_rights_in_the_Post-Soviet_states&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGBT rights in the Post-Soviet states (not yet started)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Law_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Law of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_security_services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet security services (not yet started)">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Political_Directorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Political Directorate (not yet started)">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Militsiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Militsiya (not yet started)">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union) (not yet started)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Terror&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Terror (not yet started)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gulag_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Gulag camps (not yet started)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economy of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gosbank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gosbank (not yet started)">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet-type_economic_planning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet-type economic planning (not yet started)">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" class="mw-redirect" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_Russian_innovation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of Russian innovation (not yet started)">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Net_material_product&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Net material product (not yet started)">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet ruble">Soviet ruble</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transport in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Academy (not yet started)">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (not yet started)">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VASKhNIL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VASKhNIL (not yet started)">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharashka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharashka (not yet started)">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naukograd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naukograd (not yet started)">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Naukograds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Naukograds (not yet started)">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Soviet_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Soviet society (not yet started)">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crime in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_working_class&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet working class (not yet started)">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Census_(1989)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet Census (1989) (not yet started)">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Languages of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Linguistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_ballet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian ballet (not yet started)">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_opera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian opera (not yet started)">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport in Russia (not yet started)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Sovietism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Sovietism (not yet started)">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Soviet_opposition_groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups (not yet started)">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union (not yet started)">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics (not yet started)">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics (not yet started)">Republics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3340" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15180#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3340" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15180#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210281/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123751518">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134262032">VIAF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865668d">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865668d">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511964106706">Catalonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4077548-3">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559777305171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80126312">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq466dbb4qsk383">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00743732">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span title="Sovětský svaz" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128583&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36332432">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record103944">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810581124605606">Poland</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/32f90933-b4b4-3248-b98c-e573d5329f57">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1247506">Trove</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1130030">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Z0wwDIiw">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046553">NARA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026402629">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sovyetler-birligi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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