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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jinan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Jinan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jinan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qingdao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qingdao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Qingdao </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qingdao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shanghai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanghai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Shanghai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early political activities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early political activities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yan'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yan'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Yan'an </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yan'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drama_teacher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama_teacher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Drama teacher </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama_teacher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secret_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Secret marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beijing_and_Moscow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beijing_and_Moscow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Beijing and Moscow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beijing_and_Moscow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Lady" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Lady"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 First Lady </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Lady-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_bureaucracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_bureaucracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Film bureaucracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_bureaucracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Medical treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cover-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cover-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Cover-up </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cover-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural Revolution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural Revolution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Prelude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cultural reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_operas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_operas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Revolutionary operas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_operas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Fashion designs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Political activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1966–1969" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1966–1969"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 1966–1969 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1966–1969-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1969–1971" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1969–1971"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 1969–1971 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1969–1971-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971–1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971–1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 1971–1973 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971–1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1973–1976" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1973–1976"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 1973–1976 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1973–1976-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Downfall </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Downfall subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Coup d'état </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Televised_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Televised_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Televised trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Televised_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Death and burial </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death and burial subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internment_and_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internment_and_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Internment and illness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internment_and_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Suicide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Public image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Official historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.2 Alternative views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.3 Comparisons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peking_Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peking_Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Peking Opera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peking_Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hobbies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hobbies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Hobbies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hobbies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translation_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translation_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Translation notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translation_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jiang Qing</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA" title="جيانغ كينغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيانغ كينغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="চিয়াং চিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিয়াং চিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Chheng" title="Kang Chheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang Chheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Цзян Цын – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цзян Цын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дзян Цин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дзян Цин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4iang_%C4%8Cching" title="Ťiang Čching – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ťiang Čching" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Τζιανγκ Τσινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζιανγκ Τσινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جیانگ چینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیانگ چینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%B9%AD" title="장칭 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장칭" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="जांग चिंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जांग चिंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ג'יאנג צ'ינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יאנג צ'ינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ജിയാങ് ക്വിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിയാങ് ക്വിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="جيانج كينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيانج كينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92" title="江青 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="江青" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Цзян Цин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цзян Цин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEang_%C4%8Cing" title="Džang Čing – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džang Čing" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جیانگ چینگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیانگ چینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%8B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ђанг Ћинг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ђанг Ћинг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="เจียง ชิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจียง ชิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jiang Qing" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Цзян Цін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цзян Цін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jiang Qing (disambiguation)">Jiang Qing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ji%C4%81ng_(surname_%E6%B1%9F)" title="Jiāng (surname 江)">Jiang</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jiang Qing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>江青</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg/250px-Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg/330px-Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg/500px-Jiang_Qing_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1912" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Jiang in 1976</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Spouse of the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 October 1949 – 9 September 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">party chairman</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_Zhijun" title="Han Zhijun">Han Zhijun</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the President of the People's Republic of China">Spouse of the President of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 27 September 1954 – 27 April 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Li Shumeng or Li Jinhai</div> March 1914 (1914-03) <a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 1991(1991-05-14) (aged 77) <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_hanging" title="Suicide by hanging">Suicide by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Beijing Futian Cemetery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Pei Minglun</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931⁠–⁠1931)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tang_Na" title="Tang Na">Tang Na</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1936⁠–⁠1937)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1938; <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">died</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />1976)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">Death sentence with reprieve</a>, later commuted to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Jiang_Qing,_October_10,_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jiang Qing's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Signature_of_Jiang_Qing%2C_October_10%2C_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="66" data-file-height="62" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Jiang Qing</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">江青</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jiāng Qīng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chiang1 Ch'ing1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕjáŋ tɕʰíŋ]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Jiang Qing<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a> (March 1914 – 14 May 1991), also known as Madame Mao, was a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>, actress, and political figure. She was the fourth wife of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Jiang was best known for playing a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> as the leader of the radical <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>. Born into a declining family with an <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">abusive</a> father and a mother who worked as a <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic servant</a> and sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitute</a>, Jiang Qing became a renowned <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, and later the wife of Mao Zedong in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, in the 1930s. In the 1940s, she worked as Mao Zedong's <a href="/wiki/Personal_assistant" title="Personal assistant">personal secretary</a>, and during the 1950s, she headed the Film Section of the <a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP). Appointed deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Cultural_Revolution_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Cultural Revolution Group">Central Cultural Revolution Group</a> in 1966, Jiang played a pivotal role as Mao’s emissary during the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. Collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, she advanced Mao’s ideology and promoted <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">his cult of personality</a>. Jiang wielded considerable influence over state affairs, particularly in culture and the arts. Propaganda posters <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolised</a> her as the "Great Flagbearer of the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian Revolution</a>." In 1969, she secured a seat on the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>, cementing her power. Following Mao's death, she was soon arrested by <a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> and his allies in 1976. <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a> portrayed her as the "<a href="/wiki/Baigujing" title="Baigujing">White-Boned Demon</a>," and she was widely blamed for instigating the Cultural Revolution, a period of upheaval that caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Chinese people. Initially sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">death with a two year reprieve</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Televised_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Televised trial">televised trial</a>, Jiang's sentence was <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">commuted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> in 1983. <a href="/wiki/Medical_parole" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical parole">Released for medical treatment</a> in the early 1990s, she committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> in May 1991. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_names">Chinese names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chinese names">edit</a>]</div> Jiang Qing was known by various names throughout her life. Before her birth, her father named the baby Li Jinnan,<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> where Jinnan means the "coming boy." When she was born, her father changed the name to Li Jinhai,<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a> meaning the "coming child."<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[1]</a> Therefore, Jiang Qing also called herself Li Jin.<a href="#cite_note-6">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[2]</a> Several other sources indicate her birth name Li Shumeng,<a href="#cite_note-8">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[4]</a> which means "pure and simple."<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199915-11">[5]</a> She adopted the name Li Yunhe<a href="#cite_note-12">[f]</a> during primary school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a33-13">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[1]</a> She told her <a href="/wiki/Biographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biographer">biographer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roxane_Witke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roxane Witke (page does not exist)">Roxane Witke</a> that she liked the name because "Yunhe," meaning "<a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a> in the cloud," sounded beautiful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a33-13">[6]</a> In July 1933, during her first visit to Shanghai, she assumed the name Li He<a href="#cite_note-14">[g]</a> and worked as a teacher for local workers. On her second visit to Shanghai in June 1934, she used the alias Zhang Shuzhen.<a href="#cite_note-15">[h]</a> Later, when detained by the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> in October 1934, she identified herself as Li Yungu.<a href="#cite_note-16">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[1]</a> In 1935, when she entered the entertainment industry, she took on the <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage name</a> Lan Ping,<a href="#cite_note-17">[j]</a> which means "blue apple".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199952-18">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[8]</a> Although the name had no particular meaning, its bluntness made it unique. However, Jiang Qing did not favour this name due to its association with her scandals in Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a48-20">[9]</a> She became known as Jiang Qing upon arriving in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet" title="Yan'an Soviet">Yan'an</a>, where "Jiang" means "river" and "Qing" means "<a href="/wiki/Azure_(color)" title="Azure (color)">azure</a>" or "better than blue".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a56-21">[10]</a> In 1991, when she was hospitalised in Beijing, she used the name Li Runqing.<a href="#cite_note-22">[k]</a> When she died in Beijing, her body was labelled with the <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> Li Zi.<a href="#cite_note-23">[l]</a> In March 2002, she was buried in Beijing by her <a href="/wiki/School_name" class="mw-redirect" title="School name">school name</a> Li Yunhe.<a href="#cite_note-24">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duowei:_Jiang_Qing's_gravesite-25">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_names">English names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: English names">edit</a>]</div> In English, many contemporary articles used the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a> romanisation system to spell Chinese names. For this reason, some sources – especially older ones – spell her name "Chiang Ch'ing", while newer sources use <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> and spell her name "Jiang Qing".<a href="#cite_note-26">[13]</a> She was also known as Madame Mao, as the wife and widow of Mao Zedong.<a href="#cite_note-27">[14]</a> Yet, the Chinese usually keep their <a href="/wiki/Maiden_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiden name">maiden name</a> after getting married, so her surname remains unchanged in Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Jiang Qing was born in <a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, in March 1914. She deliberately kept her exact birth date private to avoid receiving any gifts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a56-21">[10]</a> Her father was Li Dewen<a href="#cite_note-29">[m]</a>, a carpenter, and her mother, whose name is unknown,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199916-30">[16]</a> was Li's subsidiary wife, or <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199916-30">[16]</a> Her father had his own carpentry and cabinet making workshop.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[18]</a> Her parents were married after her father initially found his first wife unable to <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">conceive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a31-33">[19]</a> As a child, Jiang was deeply traumatised by the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> inflicted by her father, who verbally and physically abused her mother almost every day. One <a href="/wiki/Lantern_Festival" title="Lantern Festival">Lantern Festival</a>, after her father broke her mother’s finger during an attack, her mother fled with Jiang under the cover of darkness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a31-33">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199917-34">[20]</a> Her mother found work as a domestic servant that often blurred the lines with prostitution, and her husband separated from her.<a href="#cite_note-Fox1-35">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199919-36">[22]</a> Jiang eventually moved with her mother to her grandparents' home in Jinan. However, they soon returned to Zhucheng, as her mother continued to seek <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance rights</a>, or financial support, from her husband’s family, which proved extremely difficult. During this period, Jiang attended two primary schools with disruptions, where she was often mocked for wearing outdated, boyish clothing from her brothers. She became silent and not easy to open up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199918-37">[23]</a> Her mother, having fallen ill, eventually abandoned hope of obtaining further financial support from her husband. After selling some of her belongings, she purchased a train ticket, and together with Jiang, boarded a train from <a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_City" title="Jiaozhou City">Jiaoxian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>. There, Jiang was welcomed by her grandparents and resumed her primary education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199920–21-38">[24]</a> In 1926–1927, her mother took her further north to Tianjin to stay with her half-sister. During this time, Jiang worked as a housekeeper in the household. She proposed taking a job rolling cigarettes, but the family disapproved. Later they returned to Jinan, where her mother passed away in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199922-39">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entertainment_career">Entertainment career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Entertainment career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jinan">Jinan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jinan">edit</a>]</div> At 14, Jiang, now an orphan, joined a local underground theatre troupe, seeking independence. Her striking looks drew attention, but she remained sensitive about her poor upbringing. Alarmed by her undisclosed departure, her grandparents paid the troupe's boss to bring her back. She enrolled in the Experimental Arts Academy, which became less picky about the social class of new entrants due to the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a>. Despite her strong Shandong accent initially hindering her performances, she excelled during her year of training, in some traditional opera roles. When the academy closed in 1930, Jiang, though only half-trained, was chosen to join theatrical companies in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199923-29-40">[26]</a> She returned to Jinan in May 1931 and married Pei Minglun,<a href="#cite_note-43">[n]</a> the wealthy son of a businessman, and soon divorced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199923-29-40">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199930–31-44">[29]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Younggirljiangqing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Younggirljiangqing.jpg/220px-Younggirljiangqing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Younggirljiangqing.jpg/330px-Younggirljiangqing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Younggirljiangqing.jpg/440px-Younggirljiangqing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Jiang Qing in Qingdao in 1931</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qingdao">Qingdao</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Qingdao">edit</a>]</div> Following her divorce, Jiang reached out to <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Taimou" title="Zhao Taimou">Zhao Taimou</a>, the former director of the Arts Academy and dean of <a href="/wiki/Shandong_University" title="Shandong University">Qingdao University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[note 2]</a> With the assistance of Zhao's wife, <a href="/wiki/Yu_Shan_(actress)" title="Yu Shan (actress)">Yu Shan</a>, Jiang secured a position as a clerk in the university library.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199932-47">[31]</a> Yu Shan later introduced Jiang to her brother, <a href="/wiki/Yu_Qiwei" class="mw-redirect" title="Yu Qiwei">Yu Qiwei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199933-48">[32]</a> an upper-class youth who had embraced the Communist cause and was connected to underground Communist organisations as well as literary and performing arts circles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199934-49">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mukden_incident" title="Mukden incident">Mukden Incident</a> in September ignited her <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, leading her to develop a dislike for the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> and its supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a41-50">[34]</a> By the end of 1932, Jiang and Yu Qiwei fell in love and began living together, enabling Jiang to gain entry into the Communist Cultural Front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199934-49">[33]</a> She became a member of the Seaside Drama Society, performing in plays such as <a href="/wiki/Lay_Down_Your_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay Down Your Whip">Lay Down Your Whip</a>, harnessing the influence of theatre to resist Japanese aggression. In February 1933, she officially joined the CCP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199935-51">[35]</a> The Communist activities at Qingdao University attracted significant attention from the Kuomintang's secret police, who arrested Yu Qiwei in July, forcing Jiang to leave Qingdao.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a42-52">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shanghai">Shanghai</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shanghai">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1934_Jiang_Qing_movie_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1934_Jiang_Qing_movie_shot.jpg/250px-1934_Jiang_Qing_movie_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1934_Jiang_Qing_movie_shot.jpg/330px-1934_Jiang_Qing_movie_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/1934_Jiang_Qing_movie_shot.jpg/440px-1934_Jiang_Qing_movie_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Jiang in a 1935 <a href="/wiki/Film_poster" title="Film poster">film poster</a></figcaption></figure>After the arrest of Yu Qiwei, Yu Shan arranged for Jiang to move to Shanghai. With a recommendation from <a href="/wiki/Tian_Han" title="Tian Han">Tian Han</a>'s younger brother, Tian Luan, she enrolled as a visiting student at the <a href="/wiki/Great_China_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Great China University">Great China University</a> in Shanghai. In July, with endorsements from Tian Han and his associates, Jiang became a teacher at the Chengeng Workers' School, an institution organised by <a href="/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao Xingzhi</a>. During this time, Yu Qiwei was released and visited her in Shanghai. In October, Jiang re-joined the Chinese Communist Youth League, became a member of the League of Left-Wing Educators, and resumed her career as a drama actress.<a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[37]</a> She performed in the Shanghai Work Study Troupe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977Chronology-54">[38]</a> Jiang was among the cast of a production of <a href="/wiki/Roar,_China!" title="Roar, China!">Roar, China!</a> which British authorities banned from being performed in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai's International Settlement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao2-55">[39]</a> In September 1934, Jiang was arrested and jailed for her political activities in Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[37]</a> During her arrest in Shanghai, Jiang Qing was interrogated by a <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">Zhongtong</a> agent, Zhao Yaoshan. Jiang had once revealed to Zhao that Tan Xiaoqing was a CCP member, leading to Tan’s arrest.<a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[40]</a> She was released three months later, in December.<a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[37]</a> She then traveled to Beijing where she reunited with Yu Qiwei who had just been released following his prison sentence, and the two began living together again.<a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Pairs_at_the_foot_of_Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/3_Pairs_at_the_foot_of_Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg/220px-3_Pairs_at_the_foot_of_Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/3_Pairs_at_the_foot_of_Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg/330px-3_Pairs_at_the_foot_of_Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/3_Pairs_at_the_foot_of_Liuhe_Pagoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Collective wedding in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> (Jiang is the third female from the left)</figcaption></figure> She returned to Shanghai in March 1935, and entered <a href="/wiki/Diantong" title="Diantong">Diantong Film Company</a>. She became famous when featuring in <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a>'s play <a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a> as Nora.<a href="#cite_note-57">[41]</a> She later became an actress in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goddess_of_Freedom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goddess of Freedom (page does not exist)">Goddess of Freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scenes_of_City_Life" title="Scenes of City Life">Scenes of City Life</a>, during which she fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Tang_Na" title="Tang Na">Tang Na</a>, her colleague at Diantong. The two began living together in September 1935. However, Jiang lied to Tang, claiming her mother was ill, and returned to Tianjin to see Yu Qiwei. When Tang discovered the truth, he attempted suicide in Jinan but later reconciled with Jiang and returned with her to Shanghai in July 1935. Later they were married in a collective wedding ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Liuhe_Pagoda" title="Liuhe Pagoda">Liuhe Pagoda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> in April 1936.<a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[37]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Qing_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jiang_Qing_6.jpg/220px-Jiang_Qing_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jiang_Qing_6.jpg/330px-Jiang_Qing_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jiang_Qing_6.jpg/440px-Jiang_Qing_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1039" /></a><figcaption>Jiang Qing on the cover of a film magazine</figcaption></figure>In Shanghai, Jiang joined <a href="/wiki/Lianhua_Film_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Lianhua Film Company">Lianhua Film Company</a>, where she acted in <a href="/wiki/Blood_on_Wolf_Mountain" title="Blood on Wolf Mountain">Blood on Wolf Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lianhua_Symphony" title="Lianhua Symphony">Lianhua Symphony</a>. During this period, she began an affair with film director Zhang Min, appeared in his production The Storm. She also became an actress in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Laowu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Laowu (page does not exist)">Wang Laowu</a>. However, during the second performance of <a href="/wiki/The_Storm_(Ostrovsky)" title="The Storm (Ostrovsky)">The Storm</a> in May 1937, Tang attempted suicide again. Following this incident, Jiang divorced Tang and started living with Zhang Min, but the relationship cost her career as she was dismissed by Lianhua Film Company.<a href="#cite_note-:11-53">[37]</a> Jiang's widely publicised affair with Tang Na tarnished her reputation, making it difficult for her to continue her acting career in Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> Like many youths of her time, she was drawn to the <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive ideals</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet" title="Yan'an Soviet">Yan'an</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_incident" title="Marco Polo Bridge incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> in July 1937, which marked the start of Japan's full-scale invasion of China, further galvanised young activists to advocate for a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a>. Yan'an, promoted through <a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a>, emerged as a symbol of democracy, freedom, and hope.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> She left Shanghai in July, after which the Japanese invasion in Shanghai started on 13 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977Chronology-54">[38]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Selected films featuring Jiang Qing in the 1930s </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>English title </th> <th>Original title </th> <th>Role </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1935 </td> <td>Goddess of Freedom </td> <td>自由神 </td> <td>Yu Yueying </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scenes_of_City_Life" title="Scenes of City Life">Scenes of City Life</a> </td> <td>都市风光 </td> <td>Wang Junsheng's girlfriend </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_Wolf_Mountain" title="Blood on Wolf Mountain">Blood on Wolf Mountain</a> </td> <td>狼山喋血记 </td> <td>Liu Sansao </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lianhua_Symphony" title="Lianhua Symphony">Lianhua Symphony</a> </td> <td>联华交响曲 </td> <td>Rickshaw puller's wife </td> <td>Segment 1: "Twenty Cents" </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td>Wang Laowu </td> <td>王老五 </td> <td>Young Girl Li </td> <td>Filmed in 1937. Leading actress </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_activities">Early political activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early political activities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao6.jpg/220px-Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao6.jpg/330px-Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> and Jiang writing together in <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yan'an">Yan'an</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yan'an">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drama_teacher">Drama teacher</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drama teacher">edit</a>]</div> She went first to <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>. In November, she enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Japanese_Military_and_Political_University" title="Counter-Japanese Military and Political University">Counter-Japanese Military and Political University</a> for study. The <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Lu Xun Academy of Fine Arts">Lu Xun Academy of Arts</a> was newly founded in Yan'an on 10 April 1938, and Jiang became a drama department instructor, teaching and performing in college plays and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">operas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:10-59">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> The conditions in Yan'an were harsh, but Jiang was able to make it there and persist. Jiang was striking in appearance and had several talents; she could sing opera, write well, and her calligraphy was particularly impressive, especially in <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a>. On one hand, she was relatively quiet and reserved—she didn't enjoy shooting, but liked playing poker, knitting, and was skilled at creating various patterns. She was also adept at tailoring and made her own clothes beautifully. On the other hand, she had a lively and bold side—Jiang enjoyed horseback riding, especially taming wild horses; the more ferocious the horse, the more she liked to ride it. This combination of traits allowed her to excel as both a homemaker and adapt to the tough, military lifestyle, earning the admiration of revolutionary leaders.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secret_marriage">Secret marriage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secret marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg/250px-Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg/330px-Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg/500px-Mao_and_Jiang_Qing_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Mao and Jiang in 1946</figcaption></figure>In the autumn of 1937, <a href="/wiki/He_Zizhen" title="He Zizhen">He Zizhen</a>, the wife of Mao Zedong, left Yan'an. When news of Jiang Qing's romance with Mao Zedong broke, it sparked significant opposition. The most vocal critic was <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a>, who believed that He, as an outstanding CCP member, having endured the <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a> and sustained multiple injuries, deserved respect. However, some felt that Mao Zedong's personal matters, including his choice of a wife, were his own business, and others should not interfere. Among those who supported Mao, the most vocal was <a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao4.jpg/220px-Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao4.jpg/330px-Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao4.jpg/440px-Young_Jiang_Qing_and_Mao4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a>, Jiang and Mao in Yan'an in 1943</figcaption></figure>Figures like <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, however, were more cautious in their support of Jiang Qing. They sent telegrams to the Communist leadership in Shanghai, requesting them to clarify Jiang's conduct in Shanghai, where she was suspected of being a "secret agent" of the Kuomintang.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Fan_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Fan (politician) (page does not exist)">Yang Fan</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E5%B8%86_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9)" class="extiw" title="zh:揚帆 (政治人物)">zh</a>], a party leader in Shanghai, secretly written to Yan'an arguing that Jiang was unsuitable for marriage to Mao.<a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[40]</a> Nevertheless, on 28 November 1938, Jiang Qing married Mao Zedong with the eventual approval of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>, but with three restrictions as follows:<a href="#cite_note-60">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> <ol><li>Since Mao and He Zizhen had not formally <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">dissolved their marriage</a>, Jiang Qing was prohibited from publicly assuming the title of Mao Zedong's wife.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a></li> <li>Jiang Qing was tasked solely with caring for Mao Zedong's daily life and health, and no one else could make similar requests to the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Party Central Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a></li> <li>Jiang Qing was restricted to managing Mao's private affairs. She was barred from holding any Party positions for 20 years and was prohibited from interfering in Party personnel matters or participating in political activities.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg/250px-Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg/330px-Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg/500px-Mao_Jiang_Qing_and_daughter_Li_Na.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong and their daughter Li Na</figcaption></figure> In the early years of their marriage, Mao Zedong and Jiang Qing shared a harmonious life. Jiang primarily took on the role of a homemaker, attending to Mao's daily needs. In 1940, she gave birth to their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a>. After Li Na’s birth, Jiang Qing largely withdrew from the public eye.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beijing_and_Moscow">Beijing and Moscow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Beijing and Moscow">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Sex is engaging in the first rounds; what sustains interest in the long run is power.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jiang Qing<a href="#cite_note-time_quote-61">[44]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Lady">First Lady</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First Lady">edit</a>]</div> After the founding of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, Jiang Qing became the nation's first lady.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023226-62">[45]</a> However, her role was concealed from the general public in China or beyond throughout the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977235-63">[46]</a> During the 1950s, Jiang Qing left a generally favourable impression on those who interacted with her.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> In 1949, after <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Ching-ling</a> attended the founding ceremony in Beijing and returned to Shanghai, Mao Zedong sent Jiang Qing to see her off at the train station. It is said that Soong later remarked that Jiang was "polite and likeable." In 1956, Soong hosted <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> at a banquet in Shanghai, where Jiang and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>’s wife, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a>, were also present. Soong reportedly praised Jiang for her refined manners and tasteful attire. During their conversation, Jiang even asked Soong to encourage Mao to wear a <a href="/wiki/Suit_and_tie" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit and tie">tie and suits</a>, noting that <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> often did so and suggesting that foreigners found the simplicity of Chinese officials' clothing too monotonous.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_bureaucracy">Film bureaucracy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film bureaucracy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-11_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8D%88%E9%97%A8%E5%89%8D%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84_%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AB%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1967-11_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8D%88%E9%97%A8%E5%89%8D%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84_%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AB%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2.jpg/220px-1967-11_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8D%88%E9%97%A8%E5%89%8D%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84_%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AB%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1967-11_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8D%88%E9%97%A8%E5%89%8D%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84_%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AB%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2.jpg/330px-1967-11_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8D%88%E9%97%A8%E5%89%8D%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84_%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AB%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1967-11_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8D%88%E9%97%A8%E5%89%8D%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84_%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AB%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2.jpg/440px-1967-11_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8D%88%E9%97%A8%E5%89%8D%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84_%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AB%E7%A7%98%E5%8F%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration against <a href="/wiki/Sorrows_of_the_Forbidden_City" title="Sorrows of the Forbidden City">Sorrows of the Forbidden City</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Gate" title="Meridian Gate">Meridian Gate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> She served as the deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_China" title="Film censorship in China">Film Guidance Committee</a>, overseeing the evaluation of film projects from 1949 to 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023226-62">[45]</a> In 1951, Jiang Qing was given a minor position of Film Bureau Chief. After her appointment, Jiang engaged in three attempts in establishing the standard for socialist art. Jiang's first attempt was her advice to ban the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong movie">Hong Kong movie</a> <a href="/wiki/Sorrows_of_the_Forbidden_City" title="Sorrows of the Forbidden City">Sorrows of the Forbidden City</a>, of which Jiang believed to be unpatriotic. Her opinion was not taken seriously by the communist leadership due to the minor political influence of her office and the movie was distributed in major cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Mao intervened to support her.<a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[47]</a> Later that year, Jiang critiqued and objected to the distribution of the movie <a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Wu_Xun" title="The Life of Wu Xun">The Life of Wu Xun</a> for glorifying the wealthy landed class while dismissing the peasantry. Again, Jiang's opinion was dismissed. Mao had to intervene to support her again.<a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[47]</a> Jiang's third attempt involved the role of literary criticism in the development of socialist art. She asked the editor of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a> to republish the new literary interpretation of the classic novel <a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber" title="Dream of the Red Chamber">Dream of Red Mansions</a> by two young scholars at Shandong University. The editor refused Jiang's request on the grounds that the party newspaper was not a forum for free debate. Again, Mao spoke up on Jiang's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[47]</a> Jiang was a member of the Ministry of Culture's steering committee for film production.<a href="#cite_note-:022-65">[48]</a>: 155  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_treatment">Medical treatment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medical treatment">edit</a>]</div> Jiang was in poor health for much of the 1950s, leading her to step back from her official duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023227-66">[49]</a> As a result, she had to move back and forth between Beijing and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977235-63">[46]</a> In 1949, she was diagnosed with cervical cancer and underwent four rounds of treatment in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> In March 1949, she travelled to Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, returning in the autumn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977Chronology-54">[38]</a> She visited Moscow again in 1952, staying until the autumn of 1953.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977Chronology-54">[38]</a> Due to severe pain in her liver, while the Chinese doctors were unable to fulfil their duties due to the <a href="/wiki/Three-anti_and_Five-anti_Campaigns" title="Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns">Three-Antis Movement</a>, the Soviet doctors explored her liver through surgery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977256-67">[50]</a> Her life in the Soviet Union was rather reclusive, with only Russian doctors, nurses, bodyguards, and all reading materials only from the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Chinese diplomatic mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977258-68">[51]</a> In 1956, she made another trip to the Soviet Union for treatment and returned in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitke1977Chronology-54">[38]</a> During this period, as a foreign dignitary, she gained access to a wide range of films banned in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, including many <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood movie">Hollywood productions</a>. This exposure allowed her to stay informed about Western art trends, which later influenced her transformation of the <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[52]</a> In 1957, Jiang recovered from cervical cancer, though she believed she was still unwell, contrary to her doctors’ assessment of her good health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023227-66">[49]</a> Therefore, they recommended that she engage in therapeutic activities such as watching films, listening to music, and attending theatre and concerts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023227-66">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cover-up">Cover-up</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cover-up">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a>, Zhao Yaoshan, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation_and_Statistics" title="Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistics">Zhongtong</a> agent who interrogated Jiang during her arrest in the 1930s, was executed.<a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[40]</a> In January 1953, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Fan_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Fan (politician) (page does not exist)">Yang Fan</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E5%B8%86_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9)" class="extiw" title="zh:揚帆 (政治人物)">zh</a>], who had secretly written to Yan'an about Jiang's experiences in Shanghai, was imprisoned. <a href="/wiki/Pan_Hannian" title="Pan Hannian">Pan Hannian</a>, the Communist intelligence chief who defended Yang, was also jailed.<a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[40]</a> In December, Mao Zedong travelled to <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> with Jiang Qing. After his departure on 14 March, Jiang received an anonymous letter from Shanghai later that month. Initially disturbed and then angered, she sought out Zhejiang party chief <a href="/wiki/Tan_Qilong" title="Tan Qilong">Tan Qilong</a>, asserting her revolutionary commitment and requesting an investigation. Despite extensive police efforts, the sender's identity remained unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[40]</a> In 1958, while Mao attended a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a>, he met <a href="/wiki/Huang_Jing" title="Huang Jing">Yu Qiwei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[note 4]</a> who had a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic relationship">romantic relationship</a> with Jiang. After being criticised by Mao, Yu suffered severe mental and physical distress. Upon arriving at <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Baiyun_International_Airport_(former)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former)">Guangzhou Airport</a>, he <a href="/wiki/Kowtow" title="Kowtow">kowtowed</a> before <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a>, pleading to be "spared." Li then escorted him to a military hospital. There, Yu attempted suicide by jumping out of a window, resulting in a broken leg. Yu passed away a few months later, and Mao sent a <a href="/wiki/Wreath" title="Wreath">wreath</a> in his name alone as a gesture of condolence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999208-70">[53]</a> In 1961, Zhu Ming, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Lin_Boqu" title="Lin Boqu">Lin Boqu</a>, wrote to the Party Central Committee regarding her late husband. Her handwriting matched that of the anonymous letter. When confronted, Zhu admitted to writing the letter and subsequently committed suicide.<a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_Revolution">Cultural Revolution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultural Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelude">Prelude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prelude">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maoism" title="Category:Maoism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maoflag1.svg/100px-Maoflag1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maoflag1.svg/150px-Maoflag1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maoflag1.svg/200px-Maoflag1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="401" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antagonistic_contradiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Antagonistic contradiction">Antagonistic contradiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprador" title="Comprador">Comprador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_revolution_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous revolution theory">Continuous revolution theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_line" title="Mass line">Mass line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy" title="New Democracy">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probable_defeat" title="Probable defeat">Probable defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation#Use_in_Maoism" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_base_area" title="Revolutionary base area">Revolutionary base area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seek_truth_from_facts" title="Seek truth from facts">Seek truth from facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" title="Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Maoism–Third Worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao-spontex" title="Mao-spontex">Mao-spontex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism%E2%80%93Prachanda_Path" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiz_Ahmad" title="Faiz Ahmad">Faiz Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Avakian" title="Bob Avakian">Bob Avakian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Baidya" title="Mohan Baidya">Mohan Baidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afzal_Bangash" title="Afzal Bangash">Afzal Bangash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Charles Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biplav" title="Biplav">Biplav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Xilai" title="Bo Xilai">Bo Xilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saroj_Dutta" title="Saroj Dutta">Saroj Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Gallagher" title="Norm Gallagher">Norm Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Abimael Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Hill_(Australian_communist)" title="Ted Hill (Australian communist)">Ted Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">George Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Kaypakkaya" title="İbrahim Kaypakkaya">İbrahim Kaypakkaya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li Minqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Majumdar" title="Charu Majumdar">Charu Majumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nie_Yuanzi" title="Nie Yuanzi">Nie Yuanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Benyu" title="Qi Benyu">Qi Benyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathy_(Maoist)" title="Ganapathy (Maoist)">Muppala Lakshmana Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Sanyal_(politician)" title="Narayan Sanyal (politician)">Narayan Sanyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_Sikder" title="Siraj Sikder">Siraj Sikder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Jose Maria Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akram_Yari" title="Akram Yari">Akram Yari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_an_Investigation_of_the_Peasant_Movement_in_Hunan" title="Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan">Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Contradiction" title="On Contradiction">On Contradiction</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Guerrilla_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="On Guerrilla Warfare">On Guerrilla Warfare</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Protracted_War" title="On Protracted War">On Protracted War</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Major_Relationships" title="Ten Major Relationships">On the Ten Major Relationships</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Correct_Handling_of_Contradictions_Among_the_People" title="On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People">On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Eight_Documents" title="Historic Eight Documents">Historic Eight Documents</a> (1965—1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a> (1983)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi_Soviet" title="Jiangxi Soviet">Jiangxi Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_to_Suppress_Counterrevolutionaries" title="Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries">Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Black Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16_May_Notification" title="16 May Notification">16 May Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Communist_movement" title="New Communist movement">New Communist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_uprising" title="Naxalbari uprising">Naxalbari uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mao_Zedong" title="Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong">Death and funeral of Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_model" title="Chongqing model">Chongqing model</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Front_of_the_Philippines" title="National Democratic Front of the Philippines">National Democratic Front of the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines" title="Communist Party of the Philippines">Communist Party of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army" title="New People's Army">New People's Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" title="Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist">Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">Communist Party of India (Maoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Banglar_Sarbahara_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party">Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Burma" title="Communist Party of Burma">Communist Party of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ecuador_%E2%80%93_Red_Sun" title="Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun">Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_the_People_(Norway)" title="Serve the People (Norway)">Serve the People – Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Internationalist_Movement" title="Revolutionary Internationalist Movement">Revolutionary Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_(Maoist)_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan">Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Parties_and_Organizations_(International_Newsletter)" title="International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter)">International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Communist_League_(Maoist)" title="International Communist League (Maoist)">International Communist League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">Anarchism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">Big-character poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Left communism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">Mao's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjie" title="Nanjie">Nanjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Philippines)" title="National Democracy (Philippines)">National Democracy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese New Left">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Over_China" title="Red Star Over China">Red Star Over China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_reform_in_China" title="Thought reform in China">Thought reform in China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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<li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Maoism_sidebar" title="Template:Maoism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maoism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Maoism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maoism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maoism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Before 1962, the Chinese media never mentioned who Mao Zedong's wife was in its international propaganda. People close to Mao Zedong claimed that after the 1950s, Jiang Qing was rarely seen by his side, and their emotional relationship had essentially ended, leaving her feeling frustrated for a time. However, as the 1960s progressed, Mao became increasingly distrustful of the surrounding leaders and his judgment of the domestic political situation grew more severe. Jiang Qing capitalised on this shift, becoming more outspoken, which led Mao to view her as "politically sensitive" and start to trust her. As a result, her power grew steadily.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> After Jiang's return to China in 1962, she frequently attended local opera performances.<a href="#cite_note-:2-73">[55]</a> In 1963, Jiang Qing enlisted A Jia to help modernise Beijing Opera with revolutionary socialist themes. She later instructed the <a href="/wiki/Jingju_Theater_Company_of_Beijing" title="Jingju Theater Company of Beijing">Beijing Municipal Opera Company</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Shajiabang_(opera)" title="Shajiabang (opera)">Shajiabang</a>, depicting the struggle between the Kuomintang and Communists during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and tasked the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jingju_Theatre_Company" title="Shanghai Jingju Theatre Company">Shanghai Beijing Opera Company</a> with producing <a href="/wiki/Taking_Tiger_Mountain_by_Strategy" title="Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy">Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-73">[55]</a> In her first public speech in June 1964 at a <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking Opera</a> convention, Jiang criticised regional opera troupes for glorifying emperors, generals, scholars, and other <a href="/wiki/Cow_demons_and_snake_spirits" title="Cow demons and snake spirits">ox-demons and snake-spirits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023229-74">[56]</a> Jiang's efforts to reform <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking Opera</a> gained approval from the Communist leadership, especially during the 1964 Modern Beijing Opera Trial Performance Convention. She also formed a productive collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Yu_Huiyong" title="Yu Huiyong">Yu Huiyong</a>, to push the <a href="/wiki/Yangbanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangbanxi">yangbanxi</a> (model drama) projects. Their shared vision focused on creating operas that reflected modern Chinese society and the lives of the working class, starting with <a href="/wiki/On_the_Docks" title="On the Docks">On the Docks</a>, which portrayed Communist-ruled Shanghai. Jiang’s political influence helped ensure the success of these projects, which aimed to create revolutionary art that represented the reality of contemporary life.<a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_reforms">Cultural reforms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cultural reforms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Qing_arts_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Jiang_Qing_arts_poster.jpg/220px-Jiang_Qing_arts_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/59/Jiang_Qing_arts_poster.jpg/330px-Jiang_Qing_arts_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/59/Jiang_Qing_arts_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Poster showing Jiang promoting the fine arts during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> while holding Mao's <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Red_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="The Little Red Book">Little Red Book</a>. The slogan reads: "The invincible thoughts of Mao Zedong illuminate the stages of revolutionary art!"</figcaption></figure> From 1962 onwards, Jiang Qing began appearing publicly as Mao's wife and later gave frequent speeches in the cultural and propaganda sectors, criticizing and condemning various figures.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> By late 1965, as Jiang Qing’s influence grew, she rallied close allies such as <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> She organised a campaign to criticise the play <a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui Dismissed from Office</a>, which marked the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> In February 1966, Jiang hosted a forum with <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">PLA</a> officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023230-75">[57]</a> The group studied writings by Mao, watched films and plays, and met with the cast and crew of an in-progress film production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023230-75">[57]</a> The forum concluded that a "black line" of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> thought dominated the arts since the PRC's founding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023230–231-76">[58]</a> A summary of Jiang's analysis at the forum was later distributed widely during the Cultural Revolution and became a significant document.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023231-77">[59]</a> Over April through June 1966, Jiang presided over the All-Army Artistic Creation Conference in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023231-77">[59]</a> Conference attendees evaluated a total of 80 domestic and foreign films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023231-77">[59]</a> Jiang approved of 7 as consistent with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a> and criticised the other films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023231-77">[59]</a> Backed by her husband, she was appointed deputy director of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Cultural_Revolution_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Cultural Revolution Group">Central Cultural Revolution Group</a> (CCRG) in 1966 and emerged as a serious political figure in the summer of that year.<a href="#cite_note-78">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolutionary_operas">Revolutionary operas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Revolutionary operas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Revolutionary opera</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_Nixon,_Pat_Nixon,_Chou_En-Lai,_Jiang_Qing_(Madame_Mao),_William_Rogers,_Henry_Kissinger,_and_Others_Attend_the_Revolutionary_Opera_Performance_of_The_Red_Detachment_of_Women.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Richard_Nixon%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Chou_En-Lai%2C_Jiang_Qing_%28Madame_Mao%29%2C_William_Rogers%2C_Henry_Kissinger%2C_and_Others_Attend_the_Revolutionary_Opera_Performance_of_The_Red_Detachment_of_Women.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Richard_Nixon%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Chou_En-Lai%2C_Jiang_Qing_%28Madame_Mao%29%2C_William_Rogers%2C_Henry_Kissinger%2C_and_Others_Attend_the_Revolutionary_Opera_Performance_of_The_Red_Detachment_of_Women.tif/lossy-page1-330px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/President_Richard_Nixon%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Chou_En-Lai%2C_Jiang_Qing_%28Madame_Mao%29%2C_William_Rogers%2C_Henry_Kissinger%2C_and_Others_Attend_the_Revolutionary_Opera_Performance_of_The_Red_Detachment_of_Women.tif/lossy-page1-440px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Jiang Qing (in the centre) watching <a href="/wiki/Red_Detachment_of_Women_(ballet)" title="Red Detachment of Women (ballet)">The Red Detachment of Women</a> with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Mrs Nixon</a> and others</figcaption></figure> In 1967, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, Jiang declared eight works of performance art to be the new models for proletarian literature and art.<a href="#cite_note-79">[61]</a> These "model operas", or "<a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">revolutionary operas</a>", were designed to glorify Mao Zedong, The People's Liberation Army, and the revolutionary struggles. The ballets <a href="/wiki/The_White_Haired_Girl" class="mw-redirect" title="The White Haired Girl">White-Haired Girl</a>,<a href="#cite_note-80">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Detachment_of_Women_(ballet)" title="Red Detachment of Women (ballet)">Red Detachment of Women</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shajiabang_(opera)" title="Shajiabang (opera)">Shajiabang</a> ("Revolutionary Symphonic Music") were included in the list of eight, and were closely associated with Jiang, because of their inclusion of elements from Chinese and Western opera, dance, and music.<a href="#cite_note-81">[63]</a> The Red Guards condemned <a href="/wiki/Yu_Huiyong" title="Yu Huiyong">Yu Huiyong</a> to be a "bad element" for propagating feudalism through his utilisation of traditional Chinese music in operas. Yu was also tagged as "a democrat hiding under the banner of the Communist Party" due to his frequent absences in party meetings. In 1966, Yu was subsequently sent to a Cow Shed, a small room where the "bad elements" were confined. In October 1966, Yu was released after Jiang requested a meeting with Yu to stage the production of two operas in Beijing. Jiang seated Yu next to her, as a display of Yu's importance in the making of yangbanxi, during the showing of Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy.<a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[47]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s famous <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_1972_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China">visit to China</a> in February 1972, he watched Red Detachment of Women, and was impressed by the opera. He famously asked Jiang who the writer, director, and composer were, to which she replied it was "created by the masses."<a href="#cite_note-82">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fashion_designs">Fashion designs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fashion designs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: 220px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408083905/http://img.qdaily.com/uploads/20160909220543XmKsJC2USE7yaoA4.jpg-WebpWebW640">Jiang Qing's Robe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1974, Jiang Qing directed the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(China)" title="Ministry of Culture (China)">Ministry of Culture</a> to design a new dress for Chinese women, inspired by elements of women's clothing from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. The dress was called the Jiang Qing Dress.<a href="#cite_note-83">[65]</a> The dress featured a symmetrical V-neckline, differing slightly from the traditional Y-shaped neckline of <a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a>. Mockingly dubbed the "Nun's Robe," Jiang intended for female cadres to lead the way in wearing it, with the eventual goal of making it a nationwide standard.<a href="#cite_note-84">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political activism">edit</a>]</div> During this period, Mao galvanised students and young workers as his paramilitary organisation the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> to attack what he termed as <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionists</a> in the party. Mao told them the revolution was in danger and that they must do all they could to stop the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privileged</a> class in China. He argued this is what had happened in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-85">[67]</a> With time, Jiang began playing an increasingly active political role in the movement. She took part in most important Party and government activities.<a href="#cite_note-Landsberger-86">[68]</a> Jiang took advantage of the Cultural Revolution to wreak vengeance on her personal enemies, including people who had slighted her during her acting career in the 1930s. She was supported by a radical coterie, dubbed, by Mao himself, the Gang of Four. She became a prominent member of the Central Cultural Revolution Group and a major player in Chinese politics from 1966 to 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Landsberger-86">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1966–1969">1966–1969</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1966–1969">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></div> From 1962, Chairman <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a> frequently appeared at diplomatic events, earning Wang the title of "First Lady," which reportedly made Jiang Qing jealous. Before Wang's overseas trips, Jiang advised her not to wear jewellery, claiming it looked better. However, upon seeing Wang on television wearing a necklace, Jiang criticised her for displaying "bourgeois style" in a talk with <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-87">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg/250px-%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg/330px-%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg/500px-%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%89%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%97%E5%BD%AA%E4%B8%8E%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> with Jiang Qing in Tiananmen in 1966</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg/220px-1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg/330px-1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg/440px-1967-07_1967%E5%B9%B44%E6%9C%8820%E6%97%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Jiang during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></figcaption></figure>On 13 December 1966, Liu Shaoqi voluntarily offered to resign from his positions as <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a>. He proposed moving with his wife and children to Yan’an or his hometown in Hunan to take up farming, hoping to bring the Cultural Revolution to an early conclusion and minimise the damage to the country. On 18 December, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a>, deputy head of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, summoned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuai_Dafu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuai Dafu (page does not exist)">Kuai Dafu</a>, a leader of the Red Guards at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, and instructed him to launch a campaign to overthrow Liu Shaoqi. On 25 December, Kuai Dafu led thousands of demonstrators in Tiananmen Square, where they publicly chanted the slogan “Down with Liu Shaoqi.”<a href="#cite_note-:14-88">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Cultural_Revolution_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Cultural Revolution Group">Central Cultural Revolution Group</a> was initially a small body under the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee of the Politburo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> With the backing of Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan initiated a coup in Shanghai in January 1967, consolidating power and gaining support from revolutionary factions like Wang Hongwen.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> On 6 January 1967, Red Guards at Tsinghua University, with Jiang Qing's backing, lured Wang to the campus under the pretext of her daughter being in a car accident. Once there, Wang was detained and prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-:22-87">[69]</a> Following the Red Guards' disruption of party structures in January 1967, this group replaced the Secretariat and became the central command for the party. Jiang Qing's role as the "First Deputy Head" of the group grew significantly, elevating her political power. <a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a>, the nominal leader of the group, was repeatedly humiliated by Jiang Qing during this period. Fearing her power, he endured her mistreatment in silence. In one notable incident, after a middle school student scaled his wall, Chen’s wife reported the event, sparking a "footprint incident" that enraged Jiang Qing. She demanded Chen move out of Zhongnanhai, and this further strained his relationship with her. Seizing the opportunity, Lin Biao and his wife, Ye Qun, aligned with Chen, who quietly defected to their faction.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/220px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/330px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg/440px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%AB%E5%85%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Jiang Qing met <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> On 18 July 1967, a public <a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">struggle session</a> against Liu Shaoqi was held in Zhongnanhai. On 5 August, the Central Cultural Revolution Group approved three separate struggle sessions targeting Liu Shaoqi and his wife, Deng Xiaoping and his wife, and Tao Zhu and his wife. From that point, Liu Shaoqi was completely stripped of his personal freedom. On 16 September 1968, under Jiang Qing’s leadership, a special investigation team compiled three volumes of so-called evidence against Liu, largely extracted through torture and coercion. After being imprisoned in Zhongnanhai for over two years, Liu Shaoqi was transferred to Kaifeng, Henan Province, on 17 October 1969, where he subsequently passed away.<a href="#cite_note-:14-88">[70]</a> Meanwhile, Jiang’s stature continued to rise, though she was still not a member of the Central Committee during the 11th Plenary Session of the 8th Central Committee. At the 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in April 1969, Jiang was admitted to the Politburo after Mao Zedong shifted his stance, likely to balance the power of the Lin Biao faction. Mao also approved the entry of Lin Biao's wife, Ye Qun, into the Politburo, further consolidating their influence.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1969–1971">1969–1971</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1969–1971">edit</a>]</div> Jiang's rivalry with, and personal dislike of, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> led Jiang to hurt Zhou where he was most vulnerable. In 1968, Jiang had Zhou's adopted son (Sun Yang) and daughter (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Weishi" title="Sun Weishi">Sun Weishi</a>) tortured and murdered by Red Guards. Sun Yang was murdered in the basement of <a href="/wiki/Renmin_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Renmin University">Renmin University</a>. After Sun Weishi died following seven months of torture in a <a href="/wiki/Secret_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret prison">secret prison</a> (at Jiang's direction), Jiang made sure that Sun's body was cremated and disposed of so that no autopsy could be performed and Sun's family could not have her ashes. In 1968, Jiang forced Zhou to sign an arrest warrant for his own brother. In 1973 and 1974, Jiang directed the "Criticise Lin, Criticise Confucius" campaign against premier Zhou because Zhou was viewed as one of Jiang's primary political opponents. In 1975, Jiang initiated a campaign named "Criticizing Song Jiang, Evaluating the Water Margin", which encouraged the use of Zhou as an example of a political loser. After Zhou Enlai died in 1976, Jiang initiated the "Five Nos" campaign in order to discourage and prohibit any public mourning for Zhou.<a href="#cite_note-89">[71]</a> When traditional landscape and bird-and-flower paintings re-emerged in the early 1970s, Jiang criticised these traditional forms as "<a href="/wiki/Black_Painting_incident" title="Black Painting incident">black paintings</a>",<a href="#cite_note-:Minami-90">[72]</a> which in fact targeted Zhou Enlai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999290-91">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1971–1973">1971–1973</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1971–1973">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao incident</a>; <a href="/wiki/Criticize_Lin,_Criticize_Confucius" title="Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius">Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Snail_Incident" title="Snail Incident">Snail Incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauen_Banda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lauen_Banda.jpg/220px-Lauen_Banda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lauen_Banda.jpg/330px-Lauen_Banda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lauen_Banda.jpg/440px-Lauen_Banda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></figcaption></figure> Jiang first collaborated with then second-in-charge Lin Biao, but after Lin Biao's death in 1971, she turned against him publicly in the <a href="/wiki/Criticize_Lin,_Criticize_Confucius" title="Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius">Criticise Lin, Criticise Confucius</a> Campaign.<a href="#cite_note-the-92">[74]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">September 13 Incident</a> in 1971, Jiang Qing saw the collapse of the Lin Biao faction and, with Mao Zedong's declining health, she became eager to seize the highest power in the country. In 1972, Jiang Qing enlisted American journalist Roxane Witke to write her autobiography. After 1972, Mao's health deteriorated. Though Mao was largely cut off from the outside world due to his illness, Zhu De sent Mao a letter informing him about Jiang Qing’s biography. This revelation deeply angered Mao, who, in a fit of rage, even expressed his desire to expel Jiang Qing from the Politburo and sever their political ties.<a href="#cite_note-:13-72">[54]</a> By 1973, although unreported due to it being a personal matter, Mao and his wife Jiang had separated.<a href="#cite_note-the-92">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1973–1976">1973–1976</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1973–1976">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></div> On 10 March 1973, Deng Xiaoping was reinstated as Vice Premier, serving as Zhou Enlai's deputy. During the 10th National Congress of the CCP, Deng remained a member of the Central Committee but he did not gain a seat on the Politburo. On 10 April 1974, Deng led the Chinese delegation to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. Although Jiang Qing strongly opposed Deng's appointment, Mao Zedong cautioned her in a letter to cease opposing his decision.<a href="#cite_note-:17-93">[75]</a> After Zhou Enlai was hospitalised, Wang Hongwen managed the Politburo, Deng Xiaoping oversaw the State Council, and Ye Jianying led the Central Military Commission.<a href="#cite_note-:17-93">[75]</a> On 4 October 1974, Mao Zedong proposed appointing Deng as First Vice Premier. Sensing that Deng might replace Zhou Enlai at the upcoming Fourth National People's Congress, Jiang Qing attempted to block Deng from taking charge of the State Council and the Party’s central operations.<a href="#cite_note-:18-94">[76]</a> On 12 December, Mao reaffirmed his support for Deng by proposing his appointment as a member of both the Military Commission and the Politburo—a suggestion that gained majority approval from Politburo members.<a href="#cite_note-:17-93">[75]</a> On 23 December, despite his ill health, Zhou Enlai flew to Changsha to meet Mao and seek his endorsement of Deng Xiaoping, with Wang Hongwen also in attendance. Mao agreed and, while pointing at Wang, remarked that Deng's "politics is better than his." Mao spoke English for the word "politics." Wang was embarrassed as he did not understand.<a href="#cite_note-:18-94">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall">Downfall</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Downfall">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Protests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_incident" title="1976 Tiananmen incident">1976 Tiananmen incident</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_incident_(1976)" title="Nanjing incident (1976)">Nanjing incident (1976)</a></div> By the mid-1970s, Jiang spearheaded the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:19-95">[77]</a> Yet, the Chinese public became intensely discontented at politics and chose to blame Jiang, a more accessible and easier target than Mao.<a href="#cite_note-:19-95">[77]</a> In January 1976, official news announced the death of Zhou Enlai. Zhou was highly respected in Chinese society, second only to Mao Zedong in influence. However, no official commemorative activities were organised following his death. On 5 March and 25 March, <a href="/wiki/Wenhui_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenhui Daily">Wenhui Daily</a> published two reports criticising <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, indirectly accusing Zhou Enlai of being the "biggest capitalist roader" who had supported and protected Deng. Starting on 21 March, students at <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a> began questioning and condemning Wenhui Daily and the criticisms of Zhou in Shanghai. On 29 March, the students escalated their protests by writing large slogans on trains departing from Nanjing, spreading their message nationwide. On 30 March, members of the <a href="/wiki/All-China_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="All-China Federation of Trade Unions">All-China Federation of Trade Unions</a>, including Cao Zhijie, posted signed wall posters in Beijing. These posters transformed the veiled political dissent into open protest, marking the beginning of the Tiananmen protests in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-96">[78]</a> Many Chinese instinctively believe that it was Jiang Qing who ordered the removal of the wreaths dedicated to Zhou Enlai from Tiananmen Square. In response, slogans appeared, such as "Down with the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager</a>, down with <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>." Another individual placed a wreath in honour of Mao's revered second wife, <a href="/wiki/Yang_Kaihui" title="Yang Kaihui">Yang Kaihui</a>, who had been executed by Chiang Kai-shek in 1930. Jiang Qing was often referred to obliquely as "that woman" or "three drops of water," a reference to part of the Chinese character for her name.<a href="#cite_note-:21-97">[79]</a> The protests eventually evolved into a riot, with cars ignited by angry protesters and militia intervention.<a href="#cite_note-:1-28">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_d'état">Coup d'état</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Coup d'état">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four#Downfall" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four § Downfall</a></div> On 5 September 1976, Jiang Qing was informed of the critical illness of Mao Zedong and soon returned to Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999323-98">[80]</a> On the evening of 8 September, she drove to <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> trying to find supporters, and returned to Zhongnanhai late in night, where high-rank Chinese officials and Mao's family members were present. Jiang could not fall asleep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999324-99">[81]</a> She needed to confront two other factions within the party, Hua Guofeng who had received a note from Mao saying, "<a href="/wiki/With_you_in_charge,_I%27m_at_ease" title="With you in charge, I'm at ease">With you in charge, I am at ease</a>," and Deng Xiaoping who was being attacked by Jiang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999323-98">[80]</a> She approached Hua secretly, proposing to expel Deng in the Politburo meeting before Mao's death, but she did not succeed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999326-100">[82]</a> Mao died on 9 September. The funeral services were hosted by Wang Hongwen, with a million people assembled at Tiananmen Square to mourned his death. Jiang sent a large wreath of chrysanthemums and greenery, as his student and comrade, rather than his widow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999325-101">[83]</a> Hua was the designated successor of Mao and soon became the party chief and became embroiled in a power struggle with the Gang of Four.<a href="#cite_note-zheng_2010-102">[84]</a> Jiang went to Baoding to rally the <a href="/wiki/38th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Army (People's Republic of China)">38th Army</a>, preparing to replace Hua as a party chief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999326-100">[82]</a> In response, both Ye Jianying, one of Deng's allies, and Hua mobilised their military forces in Beijing and Guangzhou. <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a> warned a north expedition from Guangzhou, if Jiang had not been arrested in Beijing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999327-103">[85]</a> In 4–5 October, Hua continued to negotiate with Jiang's allies on the personnel arrangement and agreed to continue the talk the following day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999327-103">[85]</a> On 6 October, Zhang Chunqiao and Wang Hongwen were arrested when they arrived at Zhongnanhai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999327-103">[85]</a> Jiang Qing and Yao Wenyuan were arrested at their homes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999328-104">[86]</a> Hua – supported by the military and state security – had Jiang and the rest of the Gang arrested and removed from their party positions. According to Zhang Yaoci, who carried out the arrest, Jiang did not say much when she was arrested. It was reported that one of her servants spat at her as she was being taken away under a flurry of blows by onlookers and police.<a href="#cite_note-:15-105">[87]</a> In May 1975, Mao Zedong once criticised the Gang of Four for leaning too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a>. However, he downplayed the severity of their issue, stating that it was not a significant problem but needed to be addressed. Mao remarked,<a href="#cite_note-:16-106">[88]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">If it cannot be resolved in the first half of the year, then address it in the second half; if it cannot be resolved this year, then next year; and if not next year, then the year after.<a href="#cite_note-107">[o]</a></blockquote> The remark served as a justification for Hua Guofeng to arrest the Gang of Four.<a href="#cite_note-:16-106">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Televised_trial">Televised trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Televised trial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Qing_at_trial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Jiang_Qing_at_trial.jpg/220px-Jiang_Qing_at_trial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Jiang_Qing_at_trial.jpg/330px-Jiang_Qing_at_trial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/83/Jiang_Qing_at_trial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Jiang at her trial in 1980</figcaption></figure> Hua was later replaced by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, who proceeded with prosecuting Jiang.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> At the time of her arrest, the country lacked the proper institutions for a legal trial.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> As a result she and the other members of the Gang of Four were held in a state of limbo for the first six months of their capture.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> Following prompt legal modernisation, an indictment was brought forward, formally titled "Indictment of the Special Procuratorate under the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Procuratorate" title="Supreme People's Procuratorate">Supreme People's Procuratorate</a> of the People’s Republic of China." The indictment contained 48 separate counts.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> In November 1980, the government announced that Jiang and nine others would stand trial.<a href="#cite_note-:24-109">[90]</a> She was tried with the other three members of the Gang of Four and six associates.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> She was accused of persecuting artists during the Cultural Revolution, and authorising the <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burgling</a> of the homes of writers and performers in Shanghai to destroy material related to Jiang's early career that could <a href="/wiki/Kompromat" title="Kompromat">harm her reputation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> Xinhua News Agency reported that Jiang initially sought to recruit her own lawyers but rejected those recommended by the special team after interviews. Meanwhile, five of the ten defendants agreed to be represented by government-appointed lawyers who would act as their defence counsel.<a href="#cite_note-:24-109">[90]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="width: 220px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czl-MrXe6QM&t">Trial of Jiang Qing I</a> (footage edited by <a href="/wiki/TVB" title="TVB">TVB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and Mandarin)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAOr8eLvB0Q">Trial of Jiang Qing II</a> (footage edited by TVB, Cantonese and Mandarin)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNFVTiYgdo8&pp=ygUUIOaxn-mdkiDoj6_oppbmlrDogZ4%3D">Jiang Qing sentenced to death</a> (footage edited by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Television_System" title="Chinese Television System">CTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> Jiang was defiant in the court.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> She argued to the special prosecution teams that Mao should also be held accountable for her actions.<a href="#cite_note-:24-109">[90]</a> Whenever a witness took the stand, there was a chance the court proceedings would devolve into a shouting match.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> She did not deny the accusations,<a href="#cite_note-zheng_2010-102">[84]</a> and insisted that she had been protecting Mao and following his instructions. Jiang remarked:<a href="#cite_note-modern-110">[91]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">I was Chairman Mao's dog. I bit whomever he asked me to bite.<a href="#cite_note-111">[p]</a></blockquote> Her defence strategy was marked by attempts to transcend the court room and appeal to history and the logic of revolution.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> Jiang sought to challenge Hua Guofeng's authority within the Party, with an appalling yet unverifiable claim,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999343-112">[92]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">[A]bout that night Mao Zedong wrote the words, "With you in charge, I'm at ease" for Hua Guofeng. [...] That was not all Chairman Mao wrote to Hua. He wrote six more characters: "If you have questions, ask Jiang Qing."<a href="#cite_note-113">[q]</a></blockquote> The court announced its verdict after six weeks of testimony and debate and four weeks of deliberations. In early 1981, she was convicted and <a href="/wiki/Death_sentence_with_reprieve" title="Death sentence with reprieve">sentenced to death with a two year reprieve</a>. She was assigned the highest level of criminal liability among the defendants as a "ringleader" of a <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counterrevolutionary</a> group. <a href="/wiki/Wu_Xiuquan" title="Wu Xiuquan">Wu Xiuquan</a> recounted in his memoir that the court room erupted into applause as the verdict was read and Jiang Qing was dragged out of the court room by two female guards while shouting revolutionary slogans.<a href="#cite_note-:8-108">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Death and burial">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internment_and_illness">Internment and illness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Internment and illness">edit</a>]</div> Following her arrest, Jiang Qing was held at <a href="/wiki/Qincheng_Prison" title="Qincheng Prison">Qincheng Prison</a>, where she occupied herself with activities such as reading newspapers, listening to radio broadcasts, watching television, knitting, studying books, and writing. Her daughter, Li Na, visited her <a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">fortnightly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:20-114">[93]</a> She was treated well, unlike how she treated her enemies during the Cultural Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999348-115">[94]</a> The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-zheng_2010-102">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Court" title="Supreme People's Court">Supreme People's Court</a> determined that both Jiang and her chief associate, Zhang, had demonstrated "sufficient repentance" during their two-year <a href="/wiki/Reprieve_(death_sentence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reprieve (death sentence)">reprieve</a>, leading to their death sentences being commuted. However, senior Chinese officials stated that Jiang has not shown genuine remorse and remains as defiant as the day she was removed from a crowded courtroom, shouting, "Long Live the Revolution."<a href="#cite_note-116">[95]</a> In 1984, Jiang was granted medical parole and relocated to a discreet residence arranged by the authorities. In December 1988, on the occasion of Mao Zedong's 95th birth anniversary, Jiang requested approval to hold a family gathering, but her petition was denied. Distressed, she attempted suicide by ingesting 50 <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_pills" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping pills">sleeping pills</a> she had secretly saved. The attempt failed. She was later sent back to Qincheng Prison in 1989 when her <a href="/wiki/Medical_parole" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical parole">medical parole</a> concluded.<a href="#cite_note-:20-114">[93]</a> Jiang Qing believed that <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> should be held responsible for the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">student movement</a> (better known as the Tiananmen Square protests), as he tolerated Western ideologies. She also condemned the subsequent massacre that followed the protests, emphasising that Mao Zedong had never ordered the army to massacre crowds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999351-117">[96]</a> While in custody, Jiang was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Throat_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Throat cancer">throat cancer</a>, and doctors advised surgery. She refused, asserting that losing her voice was unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-:20-114">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide">Suicide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Suicide">edit</a>]</div> On 15 March 1991, Jiang Qing was transferred to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijing_Police_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijing Police Hospital (page does not exist)">Beijing Police Hospital</a> from her residence at Jiuxianqiao due to a high fever. By 18 March, her fever had subsided. She was then moved to a ward within the hospital compound, which included a bedroom, bathroom, and living room.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999352-118">[97]</a> On 10 May 1991, she tore apart her memoir manuscript in front of others and expressed a wish to return to her home. Two days later, on 12 May, her daughter and son-in-law came to visit her in the hospital after learning about her condition, but Jiang declined to meet them. On 14 May 1991, Jiang Qing committed suicide. At 3:30 a.m., a nurse entered her room and found her hanging above the bathtub, having passed away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999353-119">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">suicide note</a> read,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999353-119">[98]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Today the revolution has been stolen by the revisionist clique of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping"> Deng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a>. Chairman Mao exterminated <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a>, but not Deng, and the result of this omission is that unending evils have been unleashed on the Chinese people and nation. Chairman, your student and fighter is coming to see you!<a href="#cite_note-120">[r]</a></blockquote> That afternoon, Li Na, went to the hospital to sign the death certificate and agreed that no funeral or memorial service would be held. On 18 May, Jiang Qing's remains were cremated. Neither Li Na nor any of Jiang Qing's other relatives attended the cremation. Jiang Qing's ashes were entrusted to Li Na, who kept them at her home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999354-121">[99]</a> The Chinese government confirmed that she had hanged herself on 4 June, withholding the announcement for two weeks to avoid its impact before the second anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[101]</a> However, He Diankui, a former staff of Qincheng Prison, later claimed that "Jiang Qing never left Qincheng Prison until her death." He suggested that she died in the prison from taking sleeping pills, which refuted the official report regarding her death.<a href="#cite_note-124">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burial">Burial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Burial">edit</a>]</div> While imprisoned, Jiang Qing expressed in her will a desire to be buried in her hometown of <a href="/wiki/Zhucheng" title="Zhucheng">Zhucheng</a>, Shandong. In 1996, Yan Changgui, Jiang Qing's former secretary, visited Zhucheng, where the city’s Party Secretary asked him to convey to Li Na that Jiang Qing could be buried there, pending her consent. However, after the <a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th National Congress of the CCP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> suggested to Li Na that Zhucheng might not be a secure burial site. Instead, Li Na inquired about the possibility of burial in Beijing, which Jiang Zemin approved. Li Na arranged the burial at her own expense. In March 2002, Jiang Qing’s ashes were interred at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijing_Futian_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijing Futian Cemetery (page does not exist)">Futian Cemetery</a> in Beijing's <a href="/wiki/Western_Hills" title="Western Hills">Western Hills</a> scenic area. The tombstone reads: "The Grave of Mother Li Yunhe, 1914–1991, respectfully erected by <a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">her daughter</a>, son-in-law, and grandson."<a href="#cite_note-duowei-125">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_image">Public image</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Public image">edit</a>]</div> Jiang Qing was never a widely admired figure throughout her life. Her marriage to Mao in the 1930s scandalised many of the more puritanical comrades in Yan'an. During the Cultural Revolution, she did little to win the favour of other Chinese leaders.<a href="#cite_note-:21-97">[79]</a> Jiang Qing is often viewed as a figure of naked ambition, with many perceiving her as a typical power-hungry wife of an emperor, seeking to secure power for herself through questionable means. Her public image is largely shaped by her self-serving narrative, which portrays her as a central figure in the turbulent and cutthroat environment of Chinese leadership. She is seen as embodying the ruthless, unpredictable, and dangerous nature of life at the top. Her long-standing vendetta against former cultural-political rivals from her acting days in Shanghai has fueled her reputation for vindictiveness. Though she framed her conflicts with these men as ideological battles, it is widely believed that personal grudges and animosities were the true driving forces behind her actions.<a href="#cite_note-time_quote-61">[44]</a> According to Roxane Witke, Jiang's early life was marked by poverty, hunger, and violence, and later, as a woman in a male-dominated world, she faced numerous challenges. These experiences shaped her defensive and aggressive personality, fostering an opportunism that persisted even when she no longer needed to assert herself.<a href="#cite_note-:21-97">[79]</a> Jiang's televised trials and her defiance in court have softened hatred towards her among the younger generations, who became sceptical of China's Communist system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999345-126">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_historiography">Official historiography</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Official historiography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="zh" class="poem"> 还有精生白骨，自比则天武后，铁帚扫而光。 </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> And the <a href="/wiki/White-Boned_Demon" class="mw-redirect" title="White-Boned Demon">White-Boned Demon</a>, self-styled as <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a>, swept away by <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">the iron broom</a>. </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—郭沫若《<a href="/wiki/Shuidiao_Getou" title="Shuidiao Getou">水调歌头</a>·粉碎四人帮》(1976) </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Crackdown on the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a> (1976) </td></tr></tbody></table> After Jiang Qing’s arrest in 1976, the Chinese government launched a massive propaganda campaign to vilify her and the other members of the so-called Gang of Four. Orchestrated under the authoritarian political culture of Mao’s successor Hua Guofeng, this campaign aimed to discredit Jiang and her associates entirely. In the years leading to her trial in 1980, millions of posters and cartoons depicted the Gang of Four as class enemies and spies. Jiang herself became the primary target of ridicule, portrayed as an empress scheming to succeed Mao and as a prostitute, with references to her past as a Shanghai actress used to question her moral integrity. The propaganda also criticised her interest in Western pastimes, such as photography and poker, portraying them as evidence of her lack of communist values. Ultimately, she was branded the "white-boned demon," a gendered caricature symbolising destruction and chaos.<a href="#cite_note-:9-127">[105]</a> The 1980 Gang of Four trial solidified Jiang’s image as a manipulative and villainous figure. The indictment held the Gang responsible for the violence of the Cultural Revolution, accusing Jiang of using political purges for personal vendettas and fostering large-scale chaos. Widely broadcast both within and outside China, the trial reinforced a clear dichotomy: Jiang as a symbol of the past’s chaos, and Deng Xiaoping’s administration as the harbinger of order and progress. This narrative was consistent with the CCP’s <a href="/wiki/Resolution_on_Certain_Questions_in_the_History_of_Our_Party_since_the_Founding_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People's Republic of China">Resolution on History</a>, which sought to redefine Mao Zedong’s legacy. While Mao was criticised for "errors," he was not held directly accountable for the excesses of the Cultural Revolution. Instead, full blame was shifted to Jiang and the Gang of Four, allowing Mao Zedong Thought to remain ideologically valid under Deng’s reforms.<a href="#cite_note-:9-127">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_views">Alternative views</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Alternative views">edit</a>]</div> Biographical literature on Jiang Qing has emerged as a tool to critique and reinterpret official Chinese historiography. These works challenge the one-dimensional vilification of Jiang, contributing to broader historical debates about the Cultural Revolution and its impact on shaping modern China. While factual biographies aim to deliver an accurate portrayal of their subject, fictional works take creative liberties, reimagining the life of a historical figure without strict adherence to facts. By rejecting the traditional authoritative biographical model—which presents a subject’s life as a coherent narrative—works such as Jiang Qing and Her Husbands and Becoming Madame Mao instead question the validity of totalising narratives about Jiang. Ultimately, the private sphere in these narratives is used not to provide more intimate insights into the subject but as a means to deconstruct and challenge official Chinese historiography.<a href="#cite_note-:9-127">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparisons">Comparisons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Comparisons">edit</a>]</div> The 2013 trial of <a href="/wiki/Bo_Xilai" title="Bo Xilai">Bo Xilai</a> was regarded as the most dramatic courtroom event in China since Jiang Qing's trial in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-128">[106]</a> Bo's wife, <a href="/wiki/Gu_Kailai" title="Gu Kailai">Gu Kailai</a>, was frequently likened to Jiang Qing due to the nature of her crimes.<a href="#cite_note-129">[107]</a> In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun" title="Yomiuri Shimbun">Yomiuri Shimbun</a> reported on <a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a>'s influence over key personnel decisions within the CCP. The report highlighted her backing of <a href="/wiki/Dong_Jun" title="Dong Jun">Dong Jun</a>'s appointment as Minister of Defence and <a href="/wiki/Li_Ganjie" title="Li Ganjie">Li Ganjie</a>'s selection as head of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Organisation Department</a>. Dong and Li were both from Shandong, where Peng was born. The report drew parallels between Xi Jinping's leadership in his later years and Mao Zedong's, likening Peng to Jiang Qing.<a href="#cite_note-130">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> Jiang Qing’s grave remained undisclosed to the public until early 2009.<a href="#cite_note-:23-131">[109]</a> Each year during the <a href="/wiki/Tomb-Sweeping_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb-Sweeping Festival">Tomb-Sweeping Festival</a>, flower baskets are placed at Jiang's tomb. In 2015, leftist activists attempting to pay their respects faced resistance from dozens of security guards, with several taken to <a href="/wiki/Pingguoyuan_Subdistrict,_Beijing" title="Pingguoyuan Subdistrict, Beijing">Pingguoyuan</a> Police Station for questioning. Frustrated <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> supporters questioned why publicly honouring <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> was permitted while commemorating Jiang Qing was not, rhetorically asking if the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> had somehow <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">reclaimed the mainland</a>. Since 2018, such commemorations have proceeded without police interference.<a href="#cite_note-132">[110]</a> On 14 May 2021, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftist</a> activists held a panel discussion on "the Role of <a href="#Names">Li Jin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="History of the Chinese Communist Party">History of the Party</a>", which Li Na reportedly attended.<a href="#cite_note-133">[111]</a> Since 2021, as large numbers of visitors continued to honour Jiang Qing, international media noted that authorities allowed leftist groups to commemorate her while prohibiting public mourning for <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>. Following this, the authorities banned public mourning for her at her gravesite, with <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">surveillance cameras</a> and security guards constantly monitoring the situation.<a href="#cite_note-:23-131">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peking_Opera">Peking Opera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Peking Opera">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B2%99%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%9C%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E4%B9%903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B2%99%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%9C%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E4%B9%903.jpg/250px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B2%99%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%9C%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E4%B9%903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B2%99%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%9C%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E4%B9%903.jpg/330px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B2%99%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%9C%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E4%B9%903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B2%99%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%9C%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E4%B9%903.jpg/500px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B2%99%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%9C%E4%BA%A4%E5%93%8D%E4%B9%903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a> in the Peking Opera <a href="/wiki/Shajiabang_(opera)" title="Shajiabang (opera)">Shajiabang</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> During the production of <a href="/wiki/Yangbanxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangbanxi">yangbanxi</a>, Jiang had shown keen intuition, due to her experience as an actress, in showing the shape yangbanxi should take. However, Jiang's directions on opera reforms were often vague. Yu, acting as the pawn of Jiang, was able to manifest Jiang's orders into technical details that can be followed by the performers. Despite Yu's growing influence, he was never able to defy Jiang's orders, as he could only influence her thinking.<a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[52]</a> Jiang identified the weakness of Beijing opera as the lack of well organised music, which according to Jiang, "builds the image of the characters." This conception was influenced by Yu's writing on the functional conception of music. Yu focused on reforming the language of music. This was due to Yu's belief that for yangbanxi to become successful in educating the masses on the structure and benefits of the new socialist state, the language of the music must be understandable to the common person. He first recommended that the lyrics be written in Mandarin, which was in line with the Chinese government policy that mandated the use of Mandarin as the language of instruction in schools nationwide. Yu also advocated that "the melody should be composed in such a way that it also shadowed the syllabic tonal patterns", which "should sound natural to the ear as well as being easily understandable to the listener."<a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF3.jpg/220px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF3.jpg/330px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF3.jpg/440px-1967-08_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E6%B5%B7%E6%B8%AF3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/On_the_Docks" title="On the Docks">On the Docks</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> According to Jiang's theory of the "three prominences," the model revolutionary works were to foreground the principal hero over other heroic characters and positive characters over other characters. Jiang criticised spy thrillers (which were known as counterespionage films) for making the antagonists seem too intriguing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023180–181-134">[112]</a> Jiang was known to be blunt in directing the yangbanxi, but Yu was able to serve as the mediator between Jiang and the performers. Since Jiang could not communicate her vision clearly, performers often take her criticisms as personal insults. Du Mingxin, one of Jiang's composers, recalled Jiang dismissed his music in the ballet The Red Detachment of Women (Hong Se Niang Zi Jun) as "erotic ballad that used to be performed in the 1930s Shanghai nightclubs". Du was then criticised for trying to destroy the yangbanxi project by hiding bourgeois music in a revolutionary ballet. Du felt humiliated by this remark. It was until Yu asked the group to submit another composition that Du regained his motivation and composed the now famous Wanquan Heshui (On Wanquan River). According to Du, this incident revealed Yu's artistic integrity, personal courage, and the ability to gain Jiang's acknowledgement on his decisions.<a href="#cite_note-:12-64">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E8%88%87%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%B2%B8%E8%8B%B1%E3%80%81%E5%8A%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%9E%97%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E8%88%87%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%B2%B8%E8%8B%B1%E3%80%81%E5%8A%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%9E%97%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5.png/220px-%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E8%88%87%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%B2%B8%E8%8B%B1%E3%80%81%E5%8A%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%9E%97%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E8%88%87%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%B2%B8%E8%8B%B1%E3%80%81%E5%8A%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%9E%97%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5.png/330px-%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E8%88%87%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%B2%B8%E8%8B%B1%E3%80%81%E5%8A%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%9E%97%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E8%88%87%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%B2%B8%E8%8B%B1%E3%80%81%E5%8A%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%9E%97%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5.png/440px-%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E8%88%87%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E3%80%81%E6%AF%9B%E5%B2%B8%E8%8B%B1%E3%80%81%E5%8A%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%9E%97%E3%80%81%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption>Mao Zedong, Jiang Qing, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Anying" title="Mao Anying">Mao Anying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Siqi" title="Liu Siqi">Liu Siqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Na_(daughter_of_Mao_Zedong)" title="Li Na (daughter of Mao Zedong)">Li Na</a> in 1949</figcaption></figure> In Mao Zedong’s later years, he frequently refused to meet Jiang Qing. The two lived apart—Mao resided in <a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a>, while Jiang stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Diaoyutai_State_Guesthouse" title="Diaoyutai State Guesthouse">Diaoyutai State Guesthouse</a>—and rarely saw each other. Mao often criticised Jiang Qing and noted in his written comments that "Jiang Qing does not represent me; she represents herself." He once confided to <a href="/wiki/Wang_Hairong" title="Wang Hairong">Wang Hairong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tang_Wensheng" title="Tang Wensheng">Tang Wensheng</a> that Jiang aspired to become the Party Chair. During his interactions with Jiang Qing, Mao advised her to improve her relationships with colleagues who held differing opinions, rather than her small group. He also expressed frustration that she did not study the works of Marx, Lenin, or his own writings. Mao voiced concerns about Jiang Qing’s future after his death, fearing that she might face troubles.<a href="#cite_note-:16-106">[88]</a> She had a daughter with Mao Zedong, which was Li Na. Li Na visited her frequently at Qincheng Prison, but they often quarrelled with each other for the husband of Li Na, Wang Jingqing, who once served the Central Security Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999348–349-135">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hobbies">Hobbies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Hobbies">edit</a>]</div> Jiang's hobbies included photography, playing cards, and holding screenings of classic Hollywood films, especially those featuring <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a>, one of her favorite actresses, even as they were banned for the average Chinese citizen as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> decadence.<a href="#cite_note-chang-136">[114]</a> Jiang Qing was able to imitate Mao Zedong's handwriting. Her calligraphy was so similar to Mao's that some of her works were even displayed as Mao Zedong's manuscripts<a href="#cite_note-137">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-叶永烈1993-138">[116]</a> Since 1961, Jiang Qing, under the pen names Li Yunhe and Li Jin, had multiple landscape photographs selected for four consecutive National Photography Exhibitions. She became one of the photographers with the most works featured in each exhibition. In terms of lighting techniques, Jiang favoured backlighting and side-backlighting. Her visual style, which emphasised grandeur and completeness, had a significant influence on the photography community in mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-139">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_and_Her_Husbands" title="Jiang Qing and Her Husbands">Jiang Qing and Her Husbands</a>, a 1990 Chinese historical play written by <a href="/wiki/Sha_Yexin" title="Sha Yexin">Sha Yexin</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-127">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becoming_Madame_Mao" title="Becoming Madame Mao">Becoming Madame Mao</a>, a 2000 <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anchee_Min" title="Anchee Min">Anchee Min</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-127">[105]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Actress </th></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>Taiwan </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fragrant_Flower_Versus_Noxious_Grass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fragrant Flower Versus Noxious Grass (page does not exist)">Fragrant Flower Versus Noxious Grass</a> </td> <td>Yao Hsiao-Chang </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_has_a_Mao_Zedong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China has a Mao Zedong (page does not exist)">China has a Mao Zedong</a> </td> <td>Zhang An'an </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2009 </td> <td rowspan="2">China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_a_Republic" title="The Founding of a Republic">The Founding of a Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[119]</a> </td> <td>Zhang Erdan </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Liberation </td> <td>Yan Xuejing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao%27s_Last_Dancer_(film)" title="Mao's Last Dancer (film)">Mao's Last Dance</a> </td> <td>Yue Xiuqing </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_(TV_series)" title="Mao Zedong (TV series)">Mao Zedong</a> </td> <td>Sun Jia </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Jiang Qing is a common name of this topic, but she had various names in her life. Please read <a href="#Names">Names</a> section for details. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Some sources claim that Jiang Qing went to <a href="/wiki/Shandong_University" title="Shandong University">Shandong University</a> while Zhao Taimou was its president, but this is not entirely true. Jiang Qing arrived at the Qingdao University in 1931, when Yang Zhensheng was the president. In early 1932, Yang resigned. The university was renamed Shandong University and Zhao was appointed president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a38–39-45">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Various accounts suggest that her role came with certain restrictions, although the specifics varied across sources. When the Kuomintang forces captured Yan'an, they reportedly seized a diary belonging to <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruofei" title="Wang Ruofei">Wang Ruofei</a>, which detailed the so-called "Three Conditions" imposed on Jiang. Although the original manuscript has not been publicly verified, the version released in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> is considered among the most credible,<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> and used in this article. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> He was known as <a href="/wiki/Huang_Jing" title="Huang Jing">Huang Jing</a> at the time and had married the journalist Fan Jin in Yan'an.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999208-70">[53]</a> Yu Qiwei and Jiang Qing had lived together but they did not have any <a href="/wiki/Marriage_certificate" title="Marriage certificate">certificate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wedding_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding ceremony">wedding ceremony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199934-49">[33]</a> Their relationship could be deemed as a "modern marriage",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill199934-49">[33]</a> or a form of <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> as per Chinese-language literature.<a href="#cite_note-:6-58">[42]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translation_notes">Translation notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Translation notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 江青; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Jiāng Qīng; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: chiang ch'ing </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 李进男; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 李進男; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Jìnnán; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 chin4 nan2 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 李进孩; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 李進孩; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Jìnhái; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 chin4 hai2 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 李进; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 李進; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Jìn; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 chin4 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 李淑蒙; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Shúméng; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 shu2 mêng2 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 李云鹤; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 李雲鶴; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Yúnhè; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 yün2 hê4 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 李鹤; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 李鶴; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Hè; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 hê4 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 张淑贞; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 張淑貞; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Zhāng Shúzhēn; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: chang shu2 chên </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 李云古; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 李雲古; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Yúngǔ; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 yün2 ku3 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 蓝苹; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 藍蘋; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lán Píng; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: lan2 ping2 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 李润青; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 李潤青; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Rùnqīng; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 jun4 ch'ing </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 李梓; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Zǐ; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 tzu3 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 李德文; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Lǐ Déwén; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: li3 tê2 wên2 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 裴明伦; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 裴明倫; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Péi Mínglún; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: p'ei2 ming2 lun2; According to the Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary by the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Ministry of Education</a>, the surname is pronounced Péi.<a href="#cite_note-41">[27]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s Multi-function Chinese Character Database notes an additional pronunciation as Féi.<a href="#cite_note-42">[28]</a> <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1999">Terrill 1999</a> (pp. 29–31) adopts the translation Fei. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 我看问题不大，不要小题大作，但有问题要讲明白，上半年解决不了，下半年解决；今年解决不了，明年解决；明年解决不了，后年解决。 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 我是毛主席的一条狗，毛主席叫我咬谁我就咬谁。 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 那天晚上毛主席给华国锋写“你办事，我放心”的话，这不是毛主席给华国锋写的全部内容，至少还写了六个字：“有问题，找江青”。 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 现在被邓小平、彭真、杨尚昆一伙反革命修正主义吞并了领导权。主席除刘未除邓，后患无穷，国祸民殃。主席，你的学生和战友来见你了！ </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYe2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ye, Yonglie (14 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfdaily.com/wx/detail.do?id=1966">"The rise and fall of the gang of four"</a>. 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Communist Affairs. 5 (3): 19–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0588-8174%2867%2990051-4">10.1016/0588-8174(67)90051-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0588-8174">0588-8174</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45368207">45368207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+Affairs&rft.atitle=Chiang+Ching%3A+Mao%27s+Wife+and+Deputy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1967&rft.issn=0588-8174&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45368207%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0588-8174%2867%2990051-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Mong-Ping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45368207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a48-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a48_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSisyphus2015a">Sisyphus 2015a</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a56-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a56_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESisyphus2015a56_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSisyphus2015a">Sisyphus 2015a</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShu2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shu, Yun (16 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waou.com.mo/2020/05/16/%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E9%AA%A8%E7%81%B011%E5%B9%B4%E5%BE%8C%E6%96%B9%E6%89%8D%E5%85%A5%E5%9C%9F%20%E6%AD%BB%E5%BE%8C%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E8%91%AC%E6%96%BC%E4%BD%95%E8%99%95%EF%BC%9F/">"江青骨灰11年後方才入土死後究竟葬於何處？"</a>. 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Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Pronouncing+Romanized+Chinese+%28Wade-Giles+and+Pinyin%29&rft.aulast=Keyser&rft.aufirst=Catherine+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fspecial%2Fchina_1000bce_language.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarter2021" class="citation web cs1">Carter, James (19 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechinaproject.com/2021/05/19/the-death-of-jiang-qing-a-k-a-madame-mao/">"The death of Jiang Qing, a.k.a., Madame Mao"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+China+Project&rft.atitle=The+death+of+Jiang+Qing%2C+a.k.a.%2C+Madame+Mao&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthechinaproject.com%2F2021%2F05%2F19%2Fthe-death-of-jiang-qing-a-k-a-madame-mao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160522/c22beijingriots-1976/zh-hant/">"Militia Steps in at End of a Day of Demonstrations in Peking"</a>. The New York Times (in Chinese). Reuters. 22 May 2016 [1976-04-06]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029024241/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20160522/c22beijingriots-1976/zh-hant/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020. 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Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765607980" title="Special:BookSources/9780765607980"><bdi>9780765607980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E5%82%B3%E8%A8%98%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8%3A+The+Twentieth+Century%2C+1912%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780765607980&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Lily+Xiao+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOGdnCPJSOMC%26q%3Djiang%2Bqing%2Bmother%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerrill2014" class="citation book cs1">Terrill, Ross (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LyE7BAAAQBAJ&q=madame+mao+mother's+name+unknown&pg=PT15">The Life of Madame Mao</a>. 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Retrieved 29 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%AA%AD%E5%A3%B2%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&rft.atitle=%E7%BF%92%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E3%83%BB%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E3%81%AE%E5%A6%BB%E3%80%81%E5%B9%B9%E9%83%A8%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%8B%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E4%B8%8E%E3%81%A7%E3%80%8C%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E7%BF%92%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AB%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E5%8A%9B%E3%81%8B%E2%80%A6%E5%B0%82%E9%96%80%E5%AE%B6%E3%80%8C%E6%AF%9B%E6%B2%A2%E6%9D%B1%E3%81%AE%E6%99%A9%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%A8%E4%BC%BC%E3%82%8B%E3%80%8D&rft.date=2024-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fworld%2F20240617-OYT1T50004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mingpaocanada.com/tor/htm/News/20240316/tcba1_r.htm">"江青墓被禁祭掃參觀保安：不要自找麻煩婿王景清同葬福田公墓刻妻李訥"</a>. Ming Pao (Canada) (in Chinese). 16 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316121258/http://www.mingpaocanada.com/Tor/htm/News/20240316/tcba1_r.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ming+Pao+%28Canada%29&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%A2%93%E8%A2%AB%E7%A6%81%E7%A5%AD%E6%8E%83%E5%8F%83%E8%A7%80+%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%EF%BC%9A%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E8%87%AA%E6%89%BE%E9%BA%BB%E7%85%A9+%E5%A9%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%99%AF%E6%B8%85%E5%90%8C%E8%91%AC%E7%A6%8F%E7%94%B0%E5%85%AC%E5%A2%93+%E5%88%BB%E5%A6%BB%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5&rft.date=2024-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mingpaocanada.com%2Ftor%2Fhtm%2FNews%2F20240316%2Ftcba1_r.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF乔龙2018" class="citation news cs1">乔龙 (5 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618054815/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/zhengzhi/ql1-04052018111752.html">"江青墓前毛粉献花北京祭奠江青不再被阻止"</a>. RFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/zhengzhi/ql1-04052018111752.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RFA&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%A2%93%E5%89%8D%E6%AF%9B%E7%B2%89%E7%8C%AE%E8%8A%B1+%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%A5%AD%E5%A5%A0%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%B8%8D%E5%86%8D%E8%A2%AB%E9%98%BB%E6%AD%A2&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft.au=%E4%B9%94%E9%BE%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fmandarin%2Fyataibaodao%2Fzhengzhi%2Fql1-04052018111752.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220620020827/https://www.singtao.ca/4944839/2021-05-16/news-%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E7%A7%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%9A%E6%9C%83%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4+%E5%82%B3%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E6%9D%8E%E7%B4%8D%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0/?variant=zh-hk">"左派私人聚會紀念江青自殺三十周年傳江青女兒李訥參加"</a>. Sing Tao Daily. 16 May 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singtao.ca/4944839/2021-05-16/news-%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E7%A7%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%9A%E6%9C%83%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4+%E5%82%B3%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E6%9D%8E%E7%B4%8D%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0/?variant=zh-hk">the original</a> on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 1 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sing+Tao+Daily&rft.atitle=%E5%B7%A6%E6%B4%BE%E7%A7%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%9A%E6%9C%83%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%91%A8%E5%B9%B4+%E5%82%B3%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E5%A5%B3%E5%85%92%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%A5%E5%8F%83%E5%8A%A0&rft.date=2021-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singtao.ca%2F4944839%2F2021-05-16%2Fnews-%25E5%25B7%25A6%25E6%25B4%25BE%25E7%25A7%2581%25E4%25BA%25BA%25E8%2581%259A%25E6%259C%2583%25E7%25B4%2580%25E5%25BF%25B5%25E6%25B1%259F%25E9%259D%2592%25E8%2587%25AA%25E6%25AE%25BA%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%2591%25A8%25E5%25B9%25B4%2B%25E5%2582%25B3%25E6%25B1%259F%25E9%259D%2592%25E5%25A5%25B3%25E5%2585%2592%25E6%259D%258E%25E7%25B4%258D%25E5%258F%2583%25E5%258A%25A0%2F%3Fvariant%3Dzh-hk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2023180–181-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2023180–181_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLi2023">Li 2023</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETerrill1999348–349-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETerrill1999348–349_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTerrill1999">Terrill 1999</a>, pp. 348–349. </li> <li id="cite_note-chang-136"><a href="#cite_ref-chang_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChang,_JungHalliday,_Jon2006" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Jung; Halliday, Jon (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maounknownstory00jung/page/864">Mao: The Unknown Story</a>. Anchor. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maounknownstory00jung/page/864">864</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-74632-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-74632-3"><bdi>0-679-74632-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Unknown+Story&rft.pages=864&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-679-74632-3&rft.au=Chang%2C+Jung&rft.au=Halliday%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaounknownstory00jung%2Fpage%2F864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413073241/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/wenhua/1088/2800498.html">"江青的影展与毛泽东的批评"</a>. People's Daily Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com.cn/GB/wenhua/1088/2800498.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%8E%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com.cn%2FGB%2Fwenhua%2F1088%2F2800498.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-叶永烈1993-138"><a href="#cite_ref-叶永烈1993_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYe1993" class="citation book cs1">Ye, Yonglie (1993). 江青传. Beijing: <a href="/wiki/Writers_Publishing_House" title="Writers Publishing House">Writers Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7506307294" title="Special:BookSources/7506307294"><bdi>7506307294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E4%BC%A0&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Writers+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=7506307294&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Yonglie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShangguan2013" class="citation news cs1">Shangguan, Yun (13 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220917100216/https://culture.ifeng.com/collection/detail_2013_11/13/31203677_0.shtml">"多张红色经典照片将拍卖包含江青《庐山仙人洞》"</a>. China News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.ifeng.com/collection/detail_2013_11/13/31203677_0.shtml">the original</a> on 17 September 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+News+Service&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%9A%E5%BC%A0%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%85%A7%E7%89%87%E5%B0%86%E6%8B%8D%E5%8D%96+%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E6%B1%9F%E9%9D%92%E3%80%8A%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%B4%9E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Shangguan&rft.aufirst=Yun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.ifeng.com%2Fcollection%2Fdetail_2013_11%2F13%2F31203677_0.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWuDunn2000" class="citation web cs1">WuDunn, Sheryl (9 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/09/reviews/000709.09wudunnt.html?bk0707">"Sympathy for the Demon"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240207221730/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/00/07/09/reviews/000709.09wudunnt.html?bk0707">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 27 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sympathy+for+the+Demon&rft.date=2000-07-09&rft.aulast=WuDunn&rft.aufirst=Sheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F00%2F07%2F09%2Freviews%2F000709.09wudunnt.html%3Fbk0707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbr.co.nz/dvd-review-epic-chinese-film-of-the-revolution-combines-propaganda-and-history/">"DVD Review: Epic Chinese film of the Revolution combines propaganda and history"</a>. NBR | The Authority since 1970. 25 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240527073958/https://www.nbr.co.nz/dvd-review-epic-chinese-film-of-the-revolution-combines-propaganda-and-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBR+%7C+The+Authority+since+1970&rft.atitle=DVD+Review%3A+Epic+Chinese+film+of+the+Revolution+combines+propaganda+and+history&rft.date=2022-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbr.co.nz%2Fdvd-review-epic-chinese-film-of-the-revolution-combines-propaganda-and-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi2023" class="citation book cs1">Li, Jie (2023). Cinematic Guerillas: Propaganda, Projectionists, and Audiences in Socialist China. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231206273" title="Special:BookSources/9780231206273"><bdi>9780231206273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinematic+Guerillas%3A+Propaganda%2C+Projectionists%2C+and+Audiences+in+Socialist+China&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780231206273&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Jie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSisyphus2015a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sisyphus, John, ed. (2015a). When Chiang Ching was in Shanghai: Actress Lan Ping (in Traditional Chinese). New Taipei, Taiwan: Sisyphus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-91545-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-91545-0-5"><bdi>978-986-91545-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Chiang+Ching+was+in+Shanghai%3A+Actress+Lan+Ping&rft.place=New+Taipei%2C+Taiwan&rft.pub=Sisyphus+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-986-91545-0-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerrill1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ross_Terrill" title="Ross Terrill">Terrill, Ross</a> (1999). Madame Mao: the white boned demon (Revised ed.). Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2922-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2922-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-2922-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Mao%3A+the+white+boned+demon&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2922-2&rft.aulast=Terrill&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitke1977" class="citation book cs1">Witke, Roxane (1977). Comrade Chiang Ch'ing. Boston, MA: Little-Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-94900-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-94900-2"><bdi>978-0-316-94900-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrade+Chiang+Ch%27ing&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Little-Brown&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-316-94900-2&rft.aulast=Witke&rft.aufirst=Roxane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhang1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang">Zhang, Rong</a> (1991). Wild swans: three daughters of China. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-68546-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-68546-1"><bdi>978-0-671-68546-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+swans%3A+three+daughters+of+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-671-68546-1&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Rong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLi1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhisui" title="Li Zhisui">Li, Zhisui</a> (1996) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privatelifeofcha0000lizh/page/n5/mode/2up">The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician</a>. Translated by Tai Hung-Chao. London: Arrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-964881-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-964881-9"><bdi>978-0-09-964881-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Private+Life+of+Chairman+Mao%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Mao%27s+Personal+Physician&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-09-964881-9&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zhisui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprivatelifeofcha0000lizh%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006" class="citation book cs1">MacFarquhar, Roderick; Schoenhals, Michael (2006). Mao's Last Revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02748-0"><bdi>978-0-674-02748-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+Last+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02748-0&rft.aulast=MacFarquhar&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft.au=Schoenhals%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">A Great Trial in Chinese History: The Trial of the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing Counter-Revolutionary Cliques, Nov. 1980–Jan. 1981 (1st ed.). Beijing: New World Press. 1981. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-027919-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-027919-0"><bdi>978-0-08-027919-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7616202">7616202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Great+Trial+in+Chinese+History%3A+The+Trial+of+the+Lin+Biao+and+Jiang+Qing+Counter-Revolutionary+Cliques%2C+Nov.+1980%E2%80%93Jan.+1981&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=New+World+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7616202&rft.isbn=978-0-08-027919-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSisyphus2015b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sisyphus, John, ed. (2015b). Mao Zedong's Standard Bearer: Chiang Ching and the Cultural Revolution (in Traditional Chinese). Vol. I. New Taipei, Taiwan: Sisyphus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-91545-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-91545-1-2"><bdi>978-986-91545-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong%27s+Standard+Bearer%3A+Chiang+Ching+and+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=New+Taipei%2C+Taiwan&rft.pub=Sisyphus+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-986-91545-1-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSisyphus2015c" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sisyphus, John, ed. (2015c). Mao Zedong's Standard Bearer: Chiang Ching and the Cultural Revolution (in Traditional Chinese). Vol. II. New Taipei, Taiwan: Sisyphus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-986-91545-2-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-986-91545-2-9"><bdi>978-986-91545-2-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+Zedong%27s+Standard+Bearer%3A+Chiang+Ching+and+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.place=New+Taipei%2C+Taiwan&rft.pub=Sisyphus+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-986-91545-2-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Qing" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jiang_Qing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jiang_Qing" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209081628/http://www.imow.org/wpp/stories/viewStory?storyId=934">Feature on Madame Mao</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Museum_of_Women" title="International Museum of Women">International Museum of Women</a> (archived 9 December 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831152742/http://www.dwnews.com/gb/MainNews/Forums/BackStage/2009_1_12_9_10_47_557.html">Jiang Qing's tomb</a> (archived 31 August 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v.hudong.com/view/youku_XMTM4NzcwOTY=.shtml?prd=zhengwenye_sucai_shipin">Hudong.com, Jian Qing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406224257/http://v.hudong.com/view/youku_XMTM4NzcwOTY=.shtml?prd=zhengwenye_sucai_shipin">Archived</a> 6 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 84-minute documentary film (on-line, in Chinese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/people/jiang-qing">Jiang, Qing 1914- 1991</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson Center">Wilson Center</a> Digital Archive</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Spouse of the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of the People's Republic of China 1949–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_Zhijun" title="Han Zhijun">Han Zhijun</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New title <div style="font-size:90%">also see <a href="/wiki/List_of_spouses_of_the_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of spouses of the presidents of the Republic of China">Spouses of the Presidents of the Republic of China</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the President of the People's Republic of China">Spouse of the President of the People's Republic of China</a> 1954–1959 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spouse_of_the_paramount_leader_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China209" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spouse_of_paramount_leader" title="Template:Spouse of paramount leader"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spouse_of_paramount_leader" title="Template talk:Spouse of paramount leader"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spouse_of_paramount_leader" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spouse of paramount leader"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spouse_of_the_paramount_leader_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China209" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lady of China">Spouse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Zhijun" title="Han Zhijun">Han Zhijun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuo_Lin" title="Zhuo Lin">Zhuo Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongqing" title="Liu Yongqing">Liu Yongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For the spouses of <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">Chinese presidents</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the president of China">Spouse of the president of China</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Spouse_of_the_president_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spouse_of_Chinese_president" title="Template:Spouse of Chinese president"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spouse_of_Chinese_president" title="Template talk:Spouse of Chinese president"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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<a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Spouse of the president of the People's Republic of China">Spouse of the president of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Guangmei" title="Wang Guangmei">Wang Guangmei</a></li> <li>He Lianying</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Jiamei" title="Lin Jiamei">Lin Jiamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yongqing" title="Liu Yongqing">Liu Yongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Liyuan" title="Peng Liyuan">Peng Liyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Keqing" title="Kang Keqing">Kang Keqing</a>1</li> <li>Li Gang2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 wife of <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> / 2 wife of <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a>. Both were <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a>, making their wives spouse of the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> head of state under the <a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a> & <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a> Constitutions</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)1158" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1973–1977)1158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1973–1977)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a> (PSC)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">before Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>, died Sep 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Jan 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a> (Vice-Chairman, arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, died Dec 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (Vice-Chairman, resigned Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (died Jul 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (died Apr 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Jan 1975, Vice-Chairman; dismissed Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (added Apr 1976, Vice-Chairman)</li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">after Oct 1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a> (Vice-Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (Vice-Chairman, reinstated Jul 1977)</li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Qing</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (to PSC Apr 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_De" title="Wu De">Wu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonggui" title="Chen Yonggui">Chen Yonggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a> (arrested Oct 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (added Dec 1973, to PSC Jan 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a> (from PSC Jan 1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guixian" title="Wu Guixian">Wu Guixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni_Zhifu" title="Ni Zhifu">Ni Zhifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1969–1973)1145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1969–1973)1145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1969–1973)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Vice-Chairman</a>, died Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a> (dismissed Aug 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Qun" title="Ye Qun">Ye Qun</a> (died Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bocheng" title="Liu Bocheng">Liu Bocheng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shiyou" title="Xu Shiyou">Xu Shiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xilian" title="Chen Xilian">Chen Xilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zuopeng" title="Li Zuopeng">Li Zuopeng</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yongsheng" title="Huang Yongsheng">Huang Yongsheng</a> (arrested Sep 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a> (died Mar 1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xuefeng" title="Li Xuefeng">Li Xuefeng</a> (dismissed Aug 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Desheng" title="Li Desheng">Li Desheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_Revolution220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Revolution" title="Template talk:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_Revolution220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rightist_Campaign" title="Anti-Rightist Campaign">Anti-Rightist Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Education_Movement" title="Socialist Education Movement">Socialist Education Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fengqiao_experience" title="Fengqiao experience">Fengqiao experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_Experience" title="Taoyuan Experience">Taoyuan Experience</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleansing_the_Class_Ranks" title="Cleansing the Class Ranks">Cleansing the Class Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Storm" title="January Storm">January Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Countercurrent" title="February Countercurrent">February Countercurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Exchange_of_Revolutionary_Experience" title="Great Exchange of Revolutionary Experience">Great Exchange of Revolutionary Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_incident" title="Wuhan incident">Wuhan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashing_gong-jian-fa" title="Smashing gong-jian-fa">Smashing gong-jian-fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Strike-Three_Anti_Campaign" title="One Strike-Three Anti Campaign">One Strike-Three Anti Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_571" title="Project 571">Project 571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao_incident" title="Lin Biao incident">Lin Biao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th Party Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Painting_incident" title="Black Painting incident">Black Painting incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticize_Lin,_Criticize_Confucius" title="Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius">Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snail_Incident" title="Snail Incident">Snail Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_incident" title="Hangzhou incident">Hangzhou incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Banqiao_Dam_failure" title="1975 Banqiao Dam failure">1975 Banqiao Dam failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterattack_the_Right-Deviationist_Reversal-of-Verdicts_Trend" title="Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend">Counterattack the Right-Deviationist Reversal-of-Verdicts Trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Incident_(1976)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Incident (1976)">1976 Nanjing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tiananmen_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Tiananmen Incident">1976 Tiananmen Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_August" title="Red August">Red August</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daxing_Massacre" title="Daxing Massacre">Daxing Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi_Massacre" title="Guangxi Massacre">Guangxi Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia_incident" title="Inner Mongolia incident">Inner Mongolia incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Cultural_Revolution_Massacre" title="Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre">Guangdong Massacre</a></li> <li>Hunan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daoxian_massacre" title="Daoxian massacre">Daoxian massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoyang_County_Massacre" title="Shaoyang County Massacre">Shaoyang County Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yunnan Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Jianmin_spy_case" title="Zhao Jianmin spy case">Zhao Jianmin spy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadian_incident" title="Shadian incident">Shadian incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruijin_Massacre" title="Ruijin Massacre">Ruijin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai_223_Incident" title="Qinghai 223 Incident">Qinghai 223 Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Wenyuan" title="Yao Wenyuan">Yao Wenyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hongwen" title="Wang Hongwen">Wang Hongwen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Han_(historian)" title="Wu Han (historian)">Wu Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Zhen" title="Peng Zhen">Peng Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Boda" title="Chen Boda">Chen Boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dongxing" title="Wang Dongxing">Wang Dongxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji_Dengkui" title="Ji Dengkui">Ji Dengkui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Li_(politician)" title="Wang Li (politician)">Wang Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Benyu" title="Qi Benyu">Qi Benyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Faxian" title="Wu Faxian">Wu Faxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Huizuo" title="Qiu Huizuo">Qiu Huizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chengwu" title="Yang Chengwu">Yang Chengwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Zaidao" title="Chen Zaidao">Chen Zaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Sheng" title="Kang Sheng">Kang Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Yuanxin" title="Mao Yuanxin">Mao Yuanxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_List_of_Cadres_to_Be_Protected" title="A List of Cadres to Be Protected">A List of Cadres to Be Protected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_the_Headquarters" title="Bombard the Headquarters">Bombard the Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hai_Rui_Dismissed_from_Office" title="Hai Rui Dismissed from Office">Hai Rui Dismissed from Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="May 16 Notification">May 16 Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Articles_of_Public_Security" title="Six Articles of Public Security">Six Articles of Public Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_Away_All_Cow_Demons_and_Snake_Spirits" title="Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits">Sweep Away All Cow Demons and Snake Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Class_Origins" title="On Class Origins">On Class Origins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/With_you_in_charge,_I%27m_at_ease" title="With you in charge, I'm at ease">With you in charge, I'm at ease</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newborn_socialist_things" title="Newborn socialist things">Newborn socialist things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_session" title="Struggle session">Struggle session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-character_poster" title="Big-character poster">Big-character poster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cow_demons_and_snake_spirits" title="Cow demons and snake spirits">Cow demons and snake spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodline_theory" title="Bloodline theory">Bloodline theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Revolution_Theory" title="Continuous Revolution Theory">Continuous Revolution Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_power_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Seizure of power (Cultural Revolution)">Seizure of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent struggle">Violent Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Divides_into_Two" title="One Divides into Two">One Divides into Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Wall" title="Democracy Wall">Democracy Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Eight model plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_dance" title="Loyalty dance">Loyalty dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_roader" title="Capitalist roader">Capitalist roader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiku_sitian" title="Yiku sitian">Yiku sitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Daqing_in_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Learn from Daqing in industry">Learn from Daqing in industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learn_from_Dazhai_in_agriculture" title="Learn from Dazhai in agriculture">Learn from Dazhai in agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stinking_Old_Ninth" title="Stinking Old Ninth">Stinking Old Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Black_Categories" title="Five Black Categories">Five Black Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Red_Categories" title="Five Red Categories">Five Red Categories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards" title="Red Guards">Red Guards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Conservative Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Conservative Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Guards" title="Little Red Guards">Little Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebel_Faction_(Cultural_Revolution)" title="Rebel Faction (Cultural Revolution)">Rebel Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Guards" title="Scarlet Guards">Scarlet Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Ultra-Left Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaoyao_Faction" title="Xiaoyao Faction">Xiaoyao Faction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Sixteenth_elements" title="May Sixteenth elements">May Sixteenth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Man_Group" title="Five Man Group">Five Man Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_Group" title="Cultural Revolution Group">Cultural Revolution Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Case_Examination_Group" title="Central Case Examination Group">Central Case Examination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Organization_and_Propaganda_Leading_Group" title="Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group">Central Organization and Propaganda Leading Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_committee_(China)" title="Revolutionary committee (China)">Revolutionary committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Heilongjiang Revolutionary Committee">in Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Shanghai Revolutionary Committee">in Shanghai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61889_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="61889 Regiment">8341 Special Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sent-down_youth" title="Sent-down youth">Sent-down youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61_Renegades" title="61 Renegades">61 Renegades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_doctor" title="Barefoot doctor">Barefoot doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant-Soldier_student" title="Worker-Peasant-Soldier student">Worker-Peasant-Soldier student</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Seventh_Cadre_School" title="May Seventh Cadre School">May Seventh Cadre School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_River_Storm_and_Thunder" title="Xiang River Storm and Thunder">Xiang River Storm and Thunder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Mao Zedong's cult of personality">Mao Zedong's cult of personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mango_cult" title="Mango cult">Mango cult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Whatevers" title="Two Whatevers">Two Whatevers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_Sun_(film)" title="Morning Sun (film)">Morning Sun (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenum of the 11th Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Enlightenment_(China)" title="New Enlightenment (China)">New Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scar_literature" title="Scar literature">Scar literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_Revolution" title="Category:Cultural Revolution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236017#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2391" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236017#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2391" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q236017#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img 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class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1427656/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqQyP3vthTDdHQGtGTT73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119367351">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81120140">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945489k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945489k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00623001">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263573805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07010294?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1261778">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119367351.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02740594X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vr1w9b">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&oldid=1278656036">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Qing&oldid=1278656036</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d78b94fdf-gdchm","wgBackendResponseTime":300,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.100","walltime":"2.502","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25639,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":362822,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34339,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":425246,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2070.033 1 -total"," 25.04% 518.386 3 Template:Reflist"," 21.24% 439.722 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 13.01% 269.231 40 Template:Cite_web"," 10.07% 208.467 74 Template:Sfn"," 7.41% 153.464 1 Template:Unbulleted_list"," 6.91% 143.082 3 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[\"CITEREFLee1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacFarquharSchoenhals2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinami2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Education,_R.O.C.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalino2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShangguan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSisyphus2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSisyphus2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSisyphus2015c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeiwes,_Frederick_C.Sun,_Warren2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrill1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrebach1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinzenburg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitke1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuDunn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYe1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYe2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZheng2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF乔龙2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\"] = 1,\n [\"9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth-date\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 40,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cultural Revolution\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Jiang, Qing\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 18,\n [\"External media\"] = 2,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Maoism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 3,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Notetag\"] = 4,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 2,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 74,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Spouse of Chinese President\"] = 1,\n [\"Spouse of Paramount leader\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 18,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","20.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","14.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","7.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.0"],["type","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.5"],["mw.executeModule \u003Cmw.lua:467\u003E","60","4.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.0"],["[others]","300","22.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d78b94fdf-r6xtb","timestamp":"20250320215613","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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