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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Copule dans les langues romanes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 1 langue." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 langue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_copula" title="Romance copula – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Romance copula" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" 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href="/wiki/Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&oldid=203685686" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&id=203685686&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCopule_dans_les_langues_romanes"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCopule_dans_les_langues_romanes"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Copule+dans+les+langues+romanes"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37544" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estar&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Estar">Estar</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phonetik.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/45px-Phonetik.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/68px-Phonetik.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/90px-Phonetik.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>Alors que plusieurs langues romanes ne disposent que d'un seul verbe <i><a href="/wiki/Copule_(linguistique)" title="Copule (linguistique)">être</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, l'<a href="/wiki/Italien" title="Italien">italien</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Espagnol" title="Espagnol">espagnol</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Portugais" title="Portugais">portugais</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan">catalan</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Galicien" title="Galicien">galicien</a> en possèdent deux, l'une provenant du <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>esse</i> (<span class="citation">« être »</span>), pour désigner un état durable, et l'autre du latin <i>stare</i> (<span class="citation">« être debout »</span>) pour un état momentané. </p><p>Cette nuance a permis l'apparition d'adjectifs n'ayant pas le même sens selon la particule avec laquelle ils sont employés<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ser">Ser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Ser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Ser"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On utilise <span class="citation">« ser »</span> pour une description physique, un trait de personnalité, une profession, une nationalité, etc. On l'utilise aussi pour la date, les jours, le temps, pour exprimer la matière ou pour exprimer une possession. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estar">Estar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Estar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Estar"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On l'utilise pour un état passager comme une humeur ou un trait de caractère, mais aussi un sentiment et une condition physique, pour la localisation d'une personne ou d'une chose ainsi que pour la construction de <a href="/wiki/Aspect_progressif" title="Aspect progressif">verbes progressifs</a> en espagnol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conjugaison">Conjugaison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Conjugaison" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Conjugaison"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Espagnol" title="Espagnol">Espagnol</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portugais" title="Portugais">Portugais</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Catalan" title="Catalan">Catalan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Infinitif </td> <td>ser </td> <td>estar </td> <td>essere </td> <td>stare </td> <td>ser </td> <td>estar </td> <td>ser, ésser </td> <td>estar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indicatif présent </td> <td>soy <p>eres es somos sois son </p> </td> <td>estoy <p>estás está estamos estáis están </p> </td> <td>sono <p>sei è siamo siete sono </p> </td> <td>sto <p>stai sta stiamo state stanno </p> </td> <td>sou <p>és é somos sois são </p> </td> <td>estou <p>estás está estamos estais estão </p> </td> <td>sóc <p>ets és som sou són </p> </td> <td>estic <p>estàs està estem esteu estan </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subjonctif présent </td> <td>sea </td> <td>esté </td> <td>sia </td> <td>stia </td> <td>seja </td> <td>esteja </td> <td>sigui </td> <td>estigui </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prétérit </td> <td>fui </td> <td>estuve </td> <td>fui </td> <td>stetti </td> <td>fui </td> <td>estive </td> <td>fui <p><small>(inusité)</small> </p> </td> <td>estiguí <p><small>(inusité)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imparfait </td> <td>era </td> <td>estaba </td> <td>ero </td> <td>stavo </td> <td>era </td> <td>estava </td> <td>era </td> <td>estava </td></tr> <tr> <td>Futur </td> <td>seré </td> <td>estaré </td> <td>sarò </td> <td>starò </td> <td>serei </td> <td>estarei </td> <td>seré </td> <td>estaré </td></tr> <tr> <td>Participe passé <p>/ Supin </p> </td> <td>sido </td> <td>estado </td> <td>stato <p><small>(emprunt)</small> </p> </td> <td>stato </td> <td>sido </td> <td>estado </td> <td>sigut <p><small>(dialectal)</small> </p> </td> <td>estat </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copule_indo-europ%C3%A9enne" title="Copule indo-européenne">Copule indo-européenne</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/estar" class="extiw" title="wikt:estar">estar</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r194021218"><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/ser" class="extiw" title="wikt:ser">ser</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r194021218"><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wikiversity"><a href="https://fr.wikiversity.org/wiki/Espagnol/Grammaire/Conjugaison/%C3%8Atre" class="extiw" title="v:Espagnol/Grammaire/Conjugaison/Être">Copule dans les langues romanes</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikiversity</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Par ailleurs controversé. Voir l'article <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9mantique_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Sémantique générale">Sémantique générale</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espagnolfacile.com/exercices/exercice-espagnol-2/exercice-espagnol-5640.php">Adjectifs changeant de sens selon le type de verbe être avec lequel ils sont employés</a></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail de la linguistique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/24px-Logo_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/36px-Logo_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/48px-Logo_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail:Linguistique">Portail de la linguistique</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&oldid=203685686">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copule_dans_les_langues_romanes&oldid=203685686</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_espagnole" title="Catégorie:Langue espagnole">Langue espagnole</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_portugaise" title="Catégorie:Langue portugaise">Langue portugaise</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%A9bauche_linguistique" title="Catégorie:Wikipédia:ébauche linguistique">Wikipédia:ébauche linguistique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Linguistique/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Linguistique/Articles liés">Portail:Linguistique/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Langues/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Langues/Articles liés">Portail:Langues/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Sciences_humaines_et_sociales/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés">Portail:Sciences humaines et sociales/Articles liés</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 26 avril 2023 à 02:31.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. 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