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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept of a Malay race</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the race concept. For the distinct ethnic group in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, see <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays (ethnic group)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Physiognomy_-_or_signs_of_character,_as_manifested_through_temperament_and_external_forms,_and_especially_in_the_%22the_human_face_divine._(1889)_(14782056275).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/New_Physiognomy_-_or_signs_of_character%2C_as_manifested_through_temperament_and_external_forms%2C_and_especially_in_the_%22the_human_face_divine._%281889%29_%2814782056275%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/New_Physiognomy_-_or_signs_of_character%2C_as_manifested_through_temperament_and_external_forms%2C_and_especially_in_the_%22the_human_face_divine._%281889%29_%2814782056275%29.jpg/450px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/New_Physiognomy_-_or_signs_of_character%2C_as_manifested_through_temperament_and_external_forms%2C_and_especially_in_the_%22the_human_face_divine._%281889%29_%2814782056275%29.jpg/600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>The <i>New Physiognomy</i> map (1889) printed by the <a href="/wiki/Fowler_%26_Wells_Company" title="Fowler & Wells Company">Fowler & Wells Company</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>'s five human races. The region inhabited by the "Malay race" is shown enclosed in dotted lines and corresponds roughly to the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of a <b>Malay race</b> was originally proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> physician <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> (1752–1840), and classified as a <a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">brown race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Malay</i> is a loose term used in the late 19th century and early 20th century to describe the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Blumenbach, many anthropologists have rejected his theory of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach#Racial_anthropology" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">five races</a>, citing the enormous <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">complexity of classifying races</a>. The concept of a "Malay race" differs with that of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">ethnic Malays</a> centered on <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Malaya</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>'s islands of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></div> <p>The linguistic connections between <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> were recognized early in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">colonial era</a> by European authors, particularly the remarkable similarities between <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first formal publications on these relationships was in 1708 by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Adriaan Reland</a>, who recognized a "common language" from Madagascar to western Polynesia; although the Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> also realized the linguistic links between Madagascar and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> prior to Reland in 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-Blust2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blust2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG/220px-Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG/330px-Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG/440px-Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Skulls representing <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>'s "five races" in <i>De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa</i> (1795). The <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahitian people">Tahitian</a> skull labelled "O-taheitae" represented what he called the "Malay race"</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Philologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philologist">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Herv%C3%A1s_y_Panduro" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro">Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro</a> later devoted a large part of his <i>Idea dell' Universo</i> (1778–1787) to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> linking the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malayan Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> eastward to <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>. Multiple other authors corroborated this classification (except for the erroneous inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a>), and the language family came to be known as "Malayo-Polynesian," first coined by the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> linguist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a> in 1841 (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i>malayisch-polynesisch</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Crowley_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connections between Southeast Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> were also noted by other European explorers, including the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Marsden_(orientalist)" title="William Marsden (orientalist)">William Marsden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Johann Reinhold Forster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1775 doctoral <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> titled <i>De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa</i> (trans: <i>On the Natural Varieties of Mankind</i>), Blumenbach outlined <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> main human races by skin color, geography, and skull measurements; namely "<a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasians</a>" (white), "<a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Ethiopians</a>" (black), "<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americans</a>" (red), and the "<a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongolians</a>" (yellow). Blumenbach added <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a> as the fifth category to his <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">"varieties"</a> of humans in the second edition of <i>De Generis</i> (1781). He initially grouped them by geography and thus called Austronesians the "people from the southern world." In the third edition published in 1795, he named Austronesians the "Malay race" or the "<a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">brown race</a>," after studies done by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> who was part of the <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first voyage of James Cook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhopal_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhopal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blumenbach used the term "Malay" due to his belief that most Austronesians spoke the "Malay idiom" (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>), though he inadvertently caused the later confusion of his racial category with the <a href="/wiki/Melayu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Melayu people">Melayu people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aliran_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliran-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blumenbach's definition of the Malay race is largely identical to the modern distribution of the Austronesian peoples, including not only Islander Southeast Asians, but also the people of Madagascar and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>. Although Blumenbach's work was later used in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, Blumenbach was a <a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">monogenist</a> and did not believe the human "varieties" were inherently inferior to each other. However he believed in the "<a href="/wiki/Degeneration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration theory">degenerative hypothesis</a>", and believed that the Malay race were a transitory form between Caucasians and Ethiopians.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhopal_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhopal-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Malay variety. Tawny-coloured; hair black, soft, curly, thick and plentiful; head moderately narrowed; forehead slightly swelling; nose full, rather wide, as it were diffuse, end thick; mouth large, upper jaw somewhat prominent with parts of the face when seen in profile, sufficiently prominent and distinct from each other. This last variety includes the islanders of the Pacific Ocean, together with the inhabitants of the Mariannas, the Philippine, the Molucca and the Sunda Islands, and of the Malayan peninsula. I wish to call it the Malay, because the majority of the men of this variety, especially those who inhabit the Indian islands close to the Malacca peninsula, as well as the Sandwich, the Society, and the Friendly Islanders, and also the Malambi of Madagascar down to the inhabitants of Easter Island, use the Malay idiom.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>,<i> The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bendyshe" title="Thomas Bendyshe">Thomas Bendyshe</a>, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>By the 19th century, however, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> was favoring a classification of Austronesians as being a subset of the "Mongolian" race, as well as <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesian</a> populations of Southeast Asia and Melanesia (whom Blumenbach initially classified as a "subrace" of the "Malay" race) were also now being treated as a separate "Ethiopian" race by authors like <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun" title="Conrad Malte-Brun">Conrad Malte-Brun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julien-Joseph_Virey" title="Julien-Joseph Virey">Julien-Joseph Virey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lesson" title="René Lesson">René Lesson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British naturalist <a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a> originally followed Blumenbach by treating Papuans and <a href="/wiki/Native_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Australians">Native Australians</a> as being descendants of the same stock as Austronesians. But by his third edition of <i>Researches into the Physical History of Man</i> (1836-1847), his work had become more racialized due to the influence of polygenism. He classified the peoples of Austronesia into two groups: the "Malayo-Polynesians" (roughly equivalent to the Austronesian peoples) and the "Kelænonesians" (roughly equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Australo-Melanesians">Australo-Melanesians</a>). He further subdivided the latter into the "Alfourous" (also "Haraforas" or "Alfoërs", the <a href="/wiki/Native_Australians" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Australians">Native Australians</a>), and the "Pelagian or Oceanic Negroes" (the <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> and western Polynesians). Despite this, he acknowledges that "Malayo-Polynesians" and "Pelagian Negroes" had "remarkable characters in common", particularly in terms of language and <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crowley_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ross_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899, the Austrian linguist and ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)">Wilhelm Schmidt</a> coined the term "Austronesian" (German: <i>austronesisch</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auster" class="extiw" title="wikt:auster">auster</a></i>, "south wind"; and Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%E1%BF%86%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:νῆσος">νῆσος</a>, "island") to refer to the language family.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Austronesian", or more accurately "Austronesian-speaking peoples", came to refer the people who speak the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blench2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blench2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_influences">Colonial influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The view of Malays held by <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Raffles" title="Stamford Raffles">Stamford Raffles</a> had a significant influence on English-speakers, lasting to the present day. He is probably the most important voice who promoted the idea of a ‘Malay’ race or nation, not limited to the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay ethnic group</a>, but embracing the people of a large yet unspecified part of the South East Asian archipelago. Raffles formed a vision of Malays as a language-based 'nation', in line with the views of the English <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> movement at the time, and in 1809 sent a literary essay on the topic to the Asiatic Society. After he mounted an expedition to the former <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> seat of royalty in the <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung</a>, he declared it was ‘the source of that power, the origin of that nation, so extensively scattered over the Eastern Archipelago’.<sup id="cite_ref-Raffles1830_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raffles1830-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his later writings he moved the Malays from a nation to a race.<sup id="cite_ref-MalayIdentity2001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalayIdentity2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Brunei" title="Indigenous peoples of Brunei">Indigenous peoples of Brunei</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, "indigenous Malays" (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i lang="ms">Melayu Jati</i>) refer to people who belong to one of the seven ethnic groups: <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Malay people">Brunei Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutong_people" title="Tutong people">Tutong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belait_people" title="Belait people">Belait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/360px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/540px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg/720px-Indonesia_Ethnic_Groups_Map_English.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic Malay among other ethnic groups in Indonesia. Ethnic Malay is one of the most widely distributed ethnicities in Indonesia. The Malay realm is described in green and other related sub-ethnicities are rendered in darker or lighter green. Malay ethnic groups are depicted as inhabiting the eastern coast of Sumatra and coastal Kalimantan.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the term "Malay" (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Melayu</i>) is more associated with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malay">ethnic Malay</a> than 'Malay race'. Historically the term 'Malay race' was first coined by foreign scientists in colonial times. However during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> era, all natives were grouped under the category <i>inlanders</i> or <i>pribumi</i> to describe native Indonesians in contrast to Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo people</a> and Asian immigrants (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> origin). <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesians" title="Native Indonesians">Native Indonesian</a> were diverse and included ethnicities that have their own culture, identity, traditions and languages that are very different from coastal <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malay">Malay people</a>. Thus, making Malay just as one of myriad Indonesian ethnicities, sharing common status with <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> (including their sub-ethnic such as <a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> tribes, <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> peoples, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Torajan">Torajan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuans</a>. Hence <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_nationalism" title="Indonesian nationalism">Indonesian nationalism</a> and identity that manifested afterward was a <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> based on Malay race.<sup id="cite_ref-ic_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was expressed by <a href="/wiki/Youth_Pledge" title="Youth Pledge">Youth Pledge</a> during 2nd Youth Congress in 1928 with the proclamation of a united motherland of Indonesia, united Indonesia nation or <i>bangsa Indonesia</i> rather than ethnic identities, and advocated the use of local <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> dialect as <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>. </p><p>The concept of the Malay race as in Malaysia and to some degree, the Philippines, also influenced and might be shared by some Indonesians in the spirit of inclusivity and solidarity, commonly coined as <i>puak Melayu</i> or <i>rumpun Melayu</i>. However, the idea and the degree of 'Malayness' also varies in Indonesia, from covering the vast area of Austronesian people to confining it only within the <a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a> area where the name '<a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Malayu</a>' was first recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the common identity that binds Malay people together is their <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">language</a> (with variants of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> dialects that exist among them), their culture norms, and for some <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Melayu_Online_Theoretical_Framework_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melayu_Online_Theoretical_Framework-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malaysian Malays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Article_160_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia">Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia</a></div> <p>In Malaysia, the early colonial censuses listed separate <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a>, such as "Malays, Boyanese, Achinese, Javanese, Bugis, Manilamen (Filipino) and Siamese". The 1891 census merged these ethnic groups into the three racial categories used in modern Malaysia—Chinese, ‘Tamils and other natives of India’, and ‘Malays and other Natives of the Archipelago’. This was based upon the European view at the time that race was a biologically based scientific category. For the 1901 census, the government advised the word "race" should replace "nationality" wherever it occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-MalayIdentity2001_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalayIdentity2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aliran_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aliran-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a period of generations of being classified in these groups, individual identities formed around the concept of <i>bangsa Melayu</i> (Malay race). For younger generations of people, they saw it as providing unity and solidarity against colonial powers, and non-Malay immigrants. The Malaysian nation was later formed with the <i>bangsa Melayu</i> having the central and defining position within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-MalayIdentity2001_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalayIdentity2001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipinos</a> consider the term "Malay" to refer to the indigenous population of the country as well as the indigenous populations of neighboring Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. This misconception is due in part to American anthropologist <a href="/wiki/H._Otley_Beyer" title="H. Otley Beyer">H. Otley Beyer</a>, who had proposed that Filipinos were actually Malays who migrated north from what are now <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and Malaysia. This idea was in turn propagated by Filipino historians and is still taught in many schools. However, the prevalent consensus among contemporary anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists actually proposes the reverse; namely that ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> had originally migrated south from the Philippines during the prehistoric period <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#"Out_of_Taiwan"_model" title="Austronesian peoples">from an origin in Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray-et-al2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-et-al2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pawley2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pawley2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Beyer's theory is now completely rejected by modern anthropologists, the misconception remains and most Filipinos still conflate <a href="/wiki/Malayness" title="Malayness">Malay</a> with <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> identity, almost always equating the two. Common usage of term "Malay" does not just refer to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malay">ethnic Malays</a> of other Southeast Asian countries. The academic term "Austronesian" remains unfamiliar to most Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-Acabado_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acabado-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lasco_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lasco-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palatino_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palatino-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Curaming_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curaming-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the racial classification "Malay race" was introduced in the early twentieth century into the <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">anti-miscegenation laws</a> of a number of western US states. Anti-miscegenation laws were <a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">state laws</a> that prohibited marriage between <a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> and in some states also other non-whites. After an influx of Filipino immigrants, these existing laws were amended in a number of western states to prohibit marriage between Caucasians and Filipinos, who were designated as members of the Malay race, and a number of Southern states committed to <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> followed suit. Eventually, nine states (<a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>) explicitly prohibited marriage between Caucasians and Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, there was some confusion over whether pre-existing state laws prohibiting marriage between whites and "<a href="/wiki/Mongoloid_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongoloid race">Mongolians</a>" also prohibited marriage between whites and Filipinos. A 1933 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> case <i><a href="/wiki/Roldan_v._Los_Angeles_County" title="Roldan v. Los Angeles County">Roldan v. Los Angeles County</a></i> concluded that such marriages were legal as Filipinos were members of the "Malay race" and were not enumerated in the list of races for whom marriage with whites was illegal. The California legislature soon after amended the laws to extend the prohibition against interracial marriage to whites and Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many anti-miscegenation laws were gradually repealed after the Second World War, starting with California in 1948. In 1967, all remaining bans against interracial marriage were judged to be <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> and therefore repealed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesians" title="Native Indonesians">Native Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayness" title="Malayness">Malayness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maphilindo" title="Maphilindo">Maphilindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinodonty_and_Sundadonty" title="Sinodonty and Sundadonty">Sinodonty and Sundadonty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/People/blumen.html">University of Pennsylvania</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/People/blumen.html">"Johann Frederich Blumenbach"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johann+Frederich+Blumenbach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknarf.english.upenn.edu%2FPeople%2Fblumen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-douglas2008ch2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas2008ch2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2008" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Bronwen (2008). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Novus Orbis Australis': Oceania in the science of race, 1750-1850". In Douglas, Bronwen; Ballard, Chris (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p53561/pdf/ch028.pdf"><i>Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race 1750-1940</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ANU E Press. pp. 99–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921536-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921536-00-7"><bdi>978-1-921536-00-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Novus+Orbis+Australis%27%3A+Oceania+in+the+science+of+race%2C+1750-1850&rft.btitle=Foreign+Bodies%3A+Oceania+and+the+Science+of+Race+1750-1940&rft.pages=99-156&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-921536-00-7&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Bronwen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp53561%2Fpdf%2Fch028.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Rand McNally's World Atlas International Edition</i> Chicago:1944 Rand McNally Map: "Races of Mankind" Pages 278–279—On the map, the group called the <i>Malayan race</i> is shown as occupying an area on the map (consisting mainly of the islands of what was then called the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>, as well as the continental <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>) identical and coextensive with the extent of the land area inhabited by those people now called <a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowley_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowley_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowley_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyLynchRoss2013" class="citation book cs1">Crowley T, Lynch J, Ross M (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhOuslPWYGoC"><i>The Oceanic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74984-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74984-1"><bdi>978-1-136-74984-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726130918/https://books.google.com/books?id=FhOuslPWYGoC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oceanic+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-74984-1&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Lynch%2C+John&rft.au=Ross%2C+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhOuslPWYGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blust2013_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2013" class="citation book cs1">Blust, Robert A. (2013). <i>The Austronesian languages</i>. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F10191">1885/10191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5"><bdi>978-1-922185-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+languages&rft.series=Asia-Pacific+Linguistics&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F10191&rft.isbn=978-1-922185-07-5&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1996" class="citation journal cs1">Ross M (1996). "On the Origin of the Term 'Malayo-Polynesian'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 143–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3623036">10.2307/3623036</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623036">3623036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+the+Term+%27Malayo-Polynesian%27&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-145&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3623036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3623036%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhopal-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bhopal_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bhopal_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhopal2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bhopal, Raj (22 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151154">"The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>335</b> (7633): 1308–1309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.39413.463958.80">10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151154">2151154</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18156242">18156242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=The+beautiful+skull+and+Blumenbach%27s+errors%3A+the+birth+of+the+scientific+concept+of+race&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=7633&rft.pages=1308-1309&rft.date=2007-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2151154%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18156242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.39413.463958.80&rft.aulast=Bhopal&rft.aufirst=Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2151154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aliran-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aliran_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aliran_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aliran.com/web-specials/pseudo-theory-malay-race/">"Pseudo-theory on origins of the 'Malay race'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Aliran</i>. 19 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aliran&rft.atitle=Pseudo-theory+on+origins+of+the+%27Malay+race%27&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faliran.com%2Fweb-specials%2Fpseudo-theory-malay-race%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910170007/http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant275/reader/blumenbach.PDF">"Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, translated by Thomas Bendyshe, 1865 Five Principal Varieties of Mankind, One Species"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Archived copy). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as.ua.edu/ant/bindon/ant275/reader/blumenbach.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johann+Friedrich+Blumenbach%2C+The+anthropological+treatises+of+Johann+Friedrich+Blumenbach%2C+translated+by+Thomas+Bendyshe%2C+1865+Five+Principal+Varieties+of+Mankind%2C+One+Species&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.as.ua.edu%2Fant%2Fbindon%2Fant275%2Freader%2Fblumenbach.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson,_JohnWeiner,_Edmund1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(lexicographer)" title="John Simpson (lexicographer)">Simpson, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Weiner, Edmund</a>, eds. (1989). <i>Official Oxford English Dictionary (OED2)</i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English dictionaries">Dictionary</a>). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 22000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Oxford+English+Dictionary+%28OED2%29&rft.pages=22000&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon2006" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood P, Fox JJ, Tryon D (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians"><i>The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. Australian National University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-920942-85-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-920942-85-8"><bdi>1-920942-85-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402234524/https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-920942-85-8&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Fox%2C+James+J.&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.anu.edu.au%2Fpublications%2Fseries%2Fcomparative-austronesian-series%2Faustronesians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blench2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blench2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2012" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf">"Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin; Reinecke, Andreas; Bonatz, Dominik (eds.). <i>Crossing Borders</i>. National University of Singapore Press. pp. 128–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-642-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-642-9"><bdi>978-9971-69-642-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230083644/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Almost+Everything+You+Believed+about+the+Austronesians+Isn%27t+True&rft.btitle=Crossing+Borders&rft.pages=128-148&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-642-9&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2FSE%2520Asia%2FBerlin%25202010%2FBlench%2520Austronesians%25202012%2520offprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raffles1830-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raffles1830_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaffles1830" class="citation book cs1">Raffles, Sophia (1830). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoiroflifepubl00raff"><i>Memoir of the Life and Public Services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles</i></a>. John Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoiroflifepubl00raff/page/n395">360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+the+Life+and+Public+Services+of+Sir+Thomas+Stamford+Raffles&rft.pages=360&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1830&rft.aulast=Raffles&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoiroflifepubl00raff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MalayIdentity2001-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MalayIdentity2001_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MalayIdentity2001_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MalayIdentity2001_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2001" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, Anthony (2001). "Understanding Melayu (Malay) as a Source of Diverse Modern Identities". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of Southeast Asian Studies">Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>32</b> (3): 295–313. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463401000157">10.1017/S0022463401000157</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19192500">19192500</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38870744">38870744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Understanding+Melayu+%28Malay%29+as+a+Source+of+Diverse+Modern+Identities&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-313&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38870744%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19192500&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463401000157&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ic-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ic_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1991" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginedcommunit0000ande_f5f1"><i>Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism</i></a></span> (Revised and extended. ed.). London: Verso. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginedcommunit0000ande_f5f1/">[1]</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-546-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-546-8"><bdi>0-86091-546-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagined+communities%3A+reflections+on+the+origin+and+spread+of+nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimaginedcommunit0000ande_f5f1%2F&rft.edition=Revised+and+extended.&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-86091-546-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Benedict+R.+O%27G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimaginedcommunit0000ande_f5f1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbosch1952" class="citation journal cs1">Vandenbosch, Amry (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023866">"Nationalism and Religion in Indonesia"</a>. <i>Far Eastern Survey</i>. <b>21</b> (18): 181–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3023866">10.2307/3023866</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3023866">3023866</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Far+Eastern+Survey&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Religion+in+Indonesia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=181-185&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3023866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3023866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vandenbosch&rft.aufirst=Amry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3023866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823105206/http://melayuonline.com/ind/article/read/701">"Redefinisi Melayu: Upaya Menjembatani Perbedaan Kemelayuan Dua Bangsa Serumpun"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/article/read/701">the original</a> on 2017-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redefinisi+Melayu%3A+Upaya+Menjembatani+Perbedaan+Kemelayuan+Dua+Bangsa+Serumpun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelayuonline.com%2Find%2Farticle%2Fread%2F701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melayu_Online_Theoretical_Framework-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melayu_Online_Theoretical_Framework_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelayu_Online2010" class="citation web cs1">Melayu Online (2010-08-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021153512/http://melayuonline.com/eng/about/dig/2">"Melayu Online.com's Theoretical Framework"</a>. Melayu Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melayuonline.com/eng/about/dig/2">the original</a> on 2012-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melayu+Online.com%27s+Theoretical+Framework&rft.pub=Melayu+Online&rft.date=2010-08-07&rft.au=Melayu+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmelayuonline.com%2Feng%2Fabout%2Fdig%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray-et-al2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray-et-al2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayDrummondGreenhill2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, RD; Drummond, AJ; Greenhill, SJ (2009). "Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement". <i>Science</i>. <b>323</b> (5913): 479–483. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...323..479G">2009Sci...323..479G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1166858">10.1126/science.1166858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19164742">19164742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29838345">29838345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Language+Phylogenies+Reveal+Expansion+Pulses+and+Pauses+in+Pacific+Settlement&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5913&rft.pages=479-483&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1166858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29838345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19164742&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...323..479G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Drummond%2C+AJ&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawley2002-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pawley2002_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley2002" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, A. (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood, Peter S.; Renfrew, Colin (eds.). <i>Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis</i>. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902937-20-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-902937-20-1"><bdi>1-902937-20-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+dispersal%3A+languages%2C+technologies+and+people&rft.btitle=Examining+the+farming%2Flanguage+dispersal+hypothesis&rft.pages=251-273&rft.pub=McDonald+Institute+for+Archaeological+Research%2C+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-902937-20-1&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acabado-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Acabado_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcabadoMartinLauer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Acabado, Stephen; Martin, Marlon; Lauer, Adam J. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifugao-archaeological-project.org/uploads/6/4/4/7/6447606/rethinking_history-conserving_heritage.pdf">"Rethinking history, conserving heritage: archaeology and community engagement in Ifugao, Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The SAA Archaeological Record</i>: 13–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+SAA+Archaeological+Record&rft.atitle=Rethinking+history%2C+conserving+heritage%3A+archaeology+and+community+engagement+in+Ifugao%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=13-17&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Acabado&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Martin%2C+Marlon&rft.au=Lauer%2C+Adam+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifugao-archaeological-project.org%2Fuploads%2F6%2F4%2F4%2F7%2F6447606%2Frethinking_history-conserving_heritage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lasco-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lasco_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasco2017" class="citation news cs1">Lasco, Gideon (28 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/109810/waves-of-migration">"Waves of migration"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Waves+of+migration&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft.aulast=Lasco&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F109810%2Fwaves-of-migration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palatino-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palatino_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalatino2013" class="citation news cs1">Palatino, Mong (27 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2013/02/are-filipinos-malays/">"Are Filipinos Malays?"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Are+Filipinos+Malays%3F&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.aulast=Palatino&rft.aufirst=Mong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2013%2F02%2Fare-filipinos-malays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curaming-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curaming_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuraming2011" class="citation book cs1">Curaming, Rommel (2011). "The Filipino as Malay: historicizing an identity". In Mohamad, Maznah; Aljunied, Syed Muhamad Khairudin (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287183183"><i>Melayu: Politics, Poetics and Paradoxes of Race</i></a>. Singapore University Press. pp. 241–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-555-2"><bdi>978-9971-69-555-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Filipino+as+Malay%3A+historicizing+an+identity&rft.btitle=Melayu%3A+Politics%2C+Poetics+and+Paradoxes+of+Race&rft.pages=241-274&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-555-2&rft.aulast=Curaming&rft.aufirst=Rommel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F287183183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Pascoe" title="Peggy Pascoe">Pascoe, Peggy</a>, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of "Race" in Twentieth Century America, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a></i>, Vol. 83, June 1996, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2003" class="citation cs2">Moran, Rachel F. (2003), <i>Interracial Intimacy: The Regulation of Race and Romance</i>, University of Chicago Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFUSEAWBXlAC&pg=PA206">206</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53663-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53663-7"><bdi>978-0-226-53663-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interracial+Intimacy%3A+The+Regulation+of+Race+and+Romance&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53663-7&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Rachel+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMin2006" class="citation cs2">Min, Pyong-Gap (2006), <i>Asian Americans: contemporary trneds and issues</i>, Pine Forge Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PSYZMs8TzEC&pg=PA189">189</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0556-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0556-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-0556-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Americans%3A+contemporary+trneds+and+issues&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Pine+Forge+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0556-5&rft.aulast=Min&rft.aufirst=Pyong-Gap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malay_race&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoque2018" class="citation journal cs1">Roque, Ricardo (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/colonial-ethnological-line-timor-and-the-racial-geography-of-the-malay-archipelago/56FD57B8FFE7598B2D0236A66AD86A92">"The colonial ethnological line: Timor and the racial geography of the Malay Archipelago"</a>. <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (3): 387–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463418000322">10.1017/S0022463418000322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165228012">165228012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+colonial+ethnological+line%3A+Timor+and+the+racial+geography+of+the+Malay+Archipelago&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=387-409&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463418000322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165228012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roque&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-southeast-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fcolonial-ethnological-line-timor-and-the-racial-geography-of-the-malay-archipelago%2F56FD57B8FFE7598B2D0236A66AD86A92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalay+race" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Template talk:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_definitions_of_race" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical definitions of race"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Obsolete_definitions_of_race" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Obsolete definitions of race</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race" title="Color terminology for race">Color terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_(racial_classification)" title="Bronze (racial classification)">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_skin" title="Olive skin">Olive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoid">Capoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_race" title="Alpine race">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabid_race" title="Arabid race">Arabid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenoid_race" title="Armenoid race">Armenoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantid_race" title="Atlantid race">Atlantid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_race" title="Caspian race">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinaric_race" title="Dinaric race">Dinaric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_race" title="East Baltic race">East Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopid_race" title="Ethiopid race">Ethiopid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites">Hamites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indid_race" title="Indid race">Indid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irano-Afghan_race" title="Irano-Afghan race">Iranid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semites" class="mw-redirect" title="Semites">Semites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanid_race" title="Turanid race">Turanid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongoloid" title="Proto-Mongoloid">Proto-Mongoloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinodonty_and_Sundadonty" title="Sinodonty and Sundadonty">Sinodonty and Sundadonty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Sociological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_races_in_India" title="Historical definitions of races in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">Racial discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Racial stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorism">Colorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteness_studies" title="Whiteness studies">Whiteness studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(biologist)" title="John Baker (biologist)">John Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Baur" title="Erwin Baur">Erwin Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beddoe" title="John Beddoe">John Beddoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bennett_Bean" title="Robert Bennett Bean">Robert Bennett Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bernier" title="François Bernier">François Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Biasutti" title="Renato Biasutti">Renato Biasutti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Garrison_Brinton" title="Daniel Garrison Brinton">Daniel Garrison Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" title="Paul Broca">Paul Broca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Mossie_Brues" title="Alice Mossie Brues">Alice Mossie Brues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Bryn" title="Halfdan Bryn">Halfdan Bryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Caldwell_(physician)" title="Charles Caldwell (physician)">Charles Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Camper" title="Petrus Camper">Petrus Camper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Cartwright" title="Samuel A. Cartwright">Samuel A. Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Mary_Cole" title="Sonia Mary Cole">Sonia Mary Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_S._Coon" title="Carleton S. Coon">Carleton S. Coon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Czekanowski" title="Jan Czekanowski">Jan Czekanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deniker" title="Joseph Deniker">Joseph Deniker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Freiherr_von_Eickstedt" title="Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt">Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A9nor_Firmin" title="Anténor Firmin">Anténor Firmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Eugen Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Marion_Garn" title="Stanley Marion Garn">Stanley Marion Garn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Reginald Ruggles Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gliddon" title="George Gliddon">George Gliddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grattan_(naturalist)" title="John Grattan (naturalist)">John Grattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ludwig_Hoffman" title="Frederick Ludwig Hoffman">Frederick Ludwig Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earnest_Hooton" title="Earnest Hooton">Earnest Hooton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Ira_Kephart" title="Calvin Ira Kephart">Calvin Ira Kephart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(surgeon)" title="Robert Knox (surgeon)">Robert Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Kuttner" title="Robert E. Kuttner">Robert E. Kuttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Fritz Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Bertil Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_von_Luschan" title="Felix von Luschan">Felix von Luschan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominick_McCausland" title="Dominick McCausland">Dominick McCausland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)">John Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton" title="Samuel George Morton">Samuel George Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_C._Nott" title="Josiah C. Nott">Josiah C. Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Roger Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Peschel" title="Oscar Peschel">Oscar Peschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_La_Peyr%C3%A8re" title="Isaac La Peyrère">Isaac La Peyrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pickering_(naturalist)" title="Charles Pickering (naturalist)">Charles Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Hermann_Plate" title="Ludwig Hermann Plate">Ludwig Hermann Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Alfred Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Reche" title="Otto Reche">Otto Reche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Retzius" title="Gustaf Retzius">Gustaf Retzius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Ripley" title="William Z. Ripley">William Z. Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henric_Sanielevici" title="Henric Sanielevici">Henric Sanielevici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schmidt_(philosopher)" title="Heinrich Schmidt (philosopher)">Heinrich Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilse_Schwidetzky" title="Ilse Schwidetzky">Ilse Schwidetzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gabriel_Seligman" title="Charles Gabriel Seligman">Charles Gabriel Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Samuel Stanhope Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Steggerda" title="Morris Steggerda">Morris Steggerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Lothrop Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Griffith_Taylor" title="Thomas Griffith Taylor">Thomas Griffith Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Topinard" title="Paul Topinard">Paul Topinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Van_Evrie" title="John H. Van Evrie">John H. Van Evrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Winchell" title="Alexander Winchell">Alexander Winchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Woltmann" title="Ludwig Woltmann">Ludwig Woltmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mitchell_(geographer)" title="John Mitchell (geographer)"><i>An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People<wbr /> in Different Climates</i> (1744)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Meiners" title="Christoph Meiners"><i>The Outline of History of Mankind</i> (1785)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasional_Discourse_on_the_Negro_Question" title="Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question"><i>Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question</i> (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races" title="An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races"><i>An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races</i> (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Races_of_Europe_(Ripley_book)" title="The Races of Europe (Ripley book)"><i>The Races of Europe</i> (Ripley, 1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century"><i>The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</i> (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Life_of_the_Aryan_Peoples" title="Race Life of the Aryan Peoples"><i>Race Life of the Aryan Peoples</i> (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics"><i>Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</i> (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castes_in_India:_Their_Mechanism,_Genesis_and_Development" title="Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development"><i>Castes in India</i> (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race"><i>The Passing of the Great Race</i> (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rising_Tide_of_Color_Against_White_World-Supremacy" title="The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy"><i>The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy</i> (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century"><i>The Myth of the Twentieth Century</i> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annihilation_of_Caste" title="Annihilation of Caste"><i>Annihilation of Caste</i> (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus"><i>An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</i> (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question"><i>The Race Question</i> (1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropometry" title="History of anthropometry">History of anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">Monogenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">Polygenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Adamite" title="Pre-Adamite">Pre-Adamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_conceptions_of_whiteness" title="Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness">Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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