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Harmonie préétablie — Wikipédia

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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Harmonie préétablie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 14 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4stabilierte_Harmonie" title="Prästabilierte Harmonie – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prästabilierte Harmonie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-established_harmony" title="Pre-established harmony – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pre-established harmony" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armon%C3%ADa_preestablecida" title="Armonía preestablecida – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Armonía preestablecida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettem%C3%A4%C3%A4ratud_harmoonia" title="Ettemääratud harmoonia – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ettemääratud harmoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennalta-asetettu_harmonia" title="Ennalta-asetettu harmonia – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ennalta-asetettu harmonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9" title="הרמוניה קבועה מראש – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרמוניה קבועה מראש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նախասահմանված ներդաշնակություն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նախասահմանված ներդաշնակություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie" title="Harmonie préétablie – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harmonie préétablie" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armonia_prestabilita" title="Armonia prestabilita – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Armonia prestabilita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%88%E5%AE%9A%E8%AA%BF%E5%92%8C%E8%AA%AC" title="予定調和説 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="予定調和説" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia_praestabilita" title="Harmonia praestabilita – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harmonia praestabilita" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia_preestabelecida" title="Harmonia preestabelecida – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harmonia preestabelecida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Предустановленная гармония – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предустановленная гармония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%90" title="前定和谐 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="前定和谐" 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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p>L&#39;<b>harmonie préétablie</b> est une théorie philosophique de <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> relative à la <a href="/wiki/Causalit%C3%A9" title="Causalité">causalité</a> en vertu de laquelle chaque «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Substance#Sens_philosophique" class="mw-disambig" title="Substance">substance</a>&#160;» dont est fait le monde (tant les corps que les esprits) n'affecte qu'elle-même, bien que toutes semblent interagir entre elles causalement. La raison de cette causalité apparente entre les substances est qu'elles ont été programmées par <a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">Dieu</a> pour s'«&#160;harmoniser&#160;» les unes avec les autres. </p><p>La première occurrence du terme se trouve dans un texte rédigé par Leibniz en français, l'Éclaircissement du nouveau système de la communication des substances, pour servir de réponse à ce qui en est dit dans le Journal du 12 septembre 1695<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il y est affirmé que les rapports causaux ne dépendent pas de relations extrinsèques entre les choses mais sont contenus dans les choses elles-mêmes, déterminées une fois pour toutes par Dieu, de sorte que les "efforts ne sont proprement que dans la substance même". </p><p>Le terme qu'emploie Leibniz pour désigner ces substances est «&#160;<a href="/wiki/Monade_(philosophie)" title="Monade (philosophie)">monade</a>&#160;», qu'il décrit dans son ouvrage <i><a href="/wiki/Monadologie" title="Monadologie">Monadologie</a></i> (§ 7) comme étant «&#160;sans fenêtre&#160;». </p><p>La théorie de l'harmonie préétablie s'oppose à l'<a href="/wiki/Occasionnalisme" title="Occasionnalisme">occasionnalisme</a> de <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a> et se distingue du <a href="/wiki/Parall%C3%A9lisme_(philosophie)" title="Parallélisme (philosophie)">parallélisme</a> hérité de la philosophie de <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, avec lequel elle est parfois confondue. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thèses"><span id="Th.C3.A8ses"></span>Thèses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Thèses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Thèses"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La théorie de l'harmonie préétablie trouve son expression la plus ramassée dans un bref ouvrage de Leibniz intitulé <i>Monadologie</i> (1714)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Comme <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a>, Leibniz pose que c'est en réalité Dieu qui règle tout ce qui survient et qu'il n'existe donc nulle causalité directe d'une substance sur l'autre. Il n'existe par conséquent aucune causalité de l'esprit sur la matière. </p><p>Ce réglage divin ne sera toutefois pas conçu par lui selon le modèle de l'<a href="/wiki/Occasionnalisme" title="Occasionnalisme">occasionnalisme</a> proposé par Malebranche, mais d'après celui, plus économique, d'une harmonie entre réalités matérielles et réalités spirituelles. Cette harmonie aurait été «&#160;préétablie&#160;» par Dieu lors de la Création du monde. Selon Leibniz, Dieu règle tout — comme pour les tenants de l'occasionnalisme — mais sur le mode d'un préréglage qui fait qu'à la série des événements de l'esprit correspond la série des événements du corps, ou plutôt de ce que nous appelons «&#160;corps&#160;». En effet, d'après Leibniz, ce qui est désigné comme un corps n'est en fait qu'un degré inférieur de la même réalité à laquelle appartient l'esprit<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La théorie de l'harmonie préétablie ne consiste donc pas réellement en une forme de <a href="/wiki/Parall%C3%A9lisme_(philosophie)" title="Parallélisme (philosophie)">parallélisme</a> entre le corps et l'esprit, bien qu'elle puisse être interprétée ainsi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parall%C3%A9lisme_(philosophie)" title="Parallélisme (philosophie)">Parallélisme (philosophie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasionalisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Occasionalisme">Occasionalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surd%C3%A9termination" title="Surdétermination">Surdétermination</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">«&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/%C3%89claircissement_du_nouveau_syst%C3%A8me_de_la_communication_des_substances"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Éclaircissement du nouveau système de la communication des substances - Wikisource</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">fr.wikisource.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-30" data-sort-value="2022-11-30">30 novembre 2022</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">A. Renaut, <i>Découvrir la philosophie</i>, t. 3&#160;: <i>La Raison et le réel</i>, Odile Jacob, 2010, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Renaut 2010, p. 191.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harmonie_pr%C3%A9%C3%A9tablie&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-mind/">Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind</a> sur la <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> sur le site de l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Stanford" title="Université Stanford">université Stanford</a>.</li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Philosophie" title="Portail de la philosophie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png/17px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png/26px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png/34px-Auguste_Rodin_-_Penseur_50px.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Philosophie" title="Portail:Philosophie">Portail de la philosophie</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Th%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail de la théologie"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/God_In_Religions_1.png/21px-God_In_Religions_1.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/God_In_Religions_1.png/31px-God_In_Religions_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/God_In_Religions_1.png/41px-God_In_Religions_1.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Th%C3%A9ologie" title="Portail:Théologie">Portail de la théologie</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐lwkv4 Cached time: 20241124232317 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.099 seconds Real time usage: 0.149 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 411/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 5986/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 395/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 1758/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.053/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 2997075/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 131.720 1 -total 52.88% 69.648 1 Modèle:Références 47.36% 62.380 1 Modèle:Lien_web 40.37% 53.179 1 Modèle:Portail 16.23% 21.378 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges 14.36% 18.910 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies 4.67% 6.155 1 Modèle:Portail_philosophie 4.32% 5.694 2 Modèle:Méta_lien_vers_portail 2.94% 3.878 1 Modèle:Portail_théologie 2.61% 3.438 1 Modèle:En --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:9636271-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124232317 and revision id 201205956. 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