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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Searches for Morrell's land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Searches_for_Morrell's_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinions_and_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinions_and_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opinions and theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinions_and_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afterwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afterwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Afterwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afterwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New South Greenland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Новая Паўднёвая Грэнландыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Новая Паўднёвая Грэнландыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Новая Паўднёвая Грэнляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Новая Паўднёвая Грэнляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Greenland" title="New South Greenland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="New South Greenland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Groenlandia_del_Sur" title="Nueva Groenlandia del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nueva Groenlandia del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Suda_Gronlando" title="Nova Suda Gronlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nova Suda Gronlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau-Groenland_m%C3%A9ridional" title="Nouveau-Groenland méridional – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouveau-Groenland méridional" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Greenland" title="New South Greenland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="New South Greenland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuova_Groenlandia_del_Sud" title="Nuova Groenlandia del Sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuova Groenlandia del Sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ニューサウスグリーンランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューサウスグリーンランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Gronel%C3%A2ndia_do_Sul" title="Nova Gronelândia do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nova Gronelândia do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Новая Южная Гренландия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новая Южная Гренландия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Greenland" title="New South Greenland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New South Greenland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antarctic island previously believed to exist</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_South_Greenland_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chart shows the positions of the supposed New South Greenland coast, and Ross's Appearance, in relation to the Antarctic peninsula, the South American mainland, the South Sandwich Islands and South Georgia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/New_South_Greenland_Map.png/300px-New_South_Greenland_Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/New_South_Greenland_Map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Morrell's reported location of the "New South Greenland" coast (1823, red line), and "Ross's Appearance" as reported by Sir James Clark Ross in 1841. The dotted line indicates the area of Captain Johnson's 1821 voyage.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>New South Greenland</b>, sometimes known as <b>Morrell's Land</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">appearance of land</a> recorded by the American captain <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Benjamin Morrell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> <i>Wasp</i> in <span class="nowrap">March 1823</span>, during a <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> and exploration voyage in the <a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a> area of Antarctica. Morrell provided precise coordinates and a description of a coastline which he claimed to have sailed along for more than 300 miles (500 km). Because the Weddell Sea area was so little visited and hard to navigate due to ice conditions, the alleged land was never properly investigated before its existence was emphatically disproven during Antarctic expeditions in the early 20th century. </p><p>At the time of Morrell's voyage, the geography of the then-unnamed Weddell Sea and its surrounding coasts was almost entirely unknown, making the claimed sighting initially plausible. However, obvious errors in Morrell's voyage account and his general reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fabulist</a> created scepticism about the existence of this new land. In <span class="nowrap">June 1912</span>, the German explorer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Filchner" title="Wilhelm Filchner">Wilhelm Filchner</a> searched for but found no traces of land after his ship <i>Deutschland</i> became icebound in the Weddell Sea and drifted into the locality of Morrell's observation. A <a href="/wiki/Sounding_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Sounding line">line sounding</a> of the sea bottom revealed more than 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of water, indicating no land in near proximity. Three years later, trapped in the same waters with his ship <a href="/wiki/Endurance_(1912_ship)" title="Endurance (1912 ship)"><i>Endurance</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a> was able by similar means to confirm the land's implausibility. </p><p>Various explanations for Morrell's error have been suggested, including intentional deception. However, Morrell describes his find briefly and prosaically, evidently seeking no personal credit or glory from the discovery. In his narrative, he assigns the honour to his fellow sealing captain, Robert Johnson, for finding and naming the land two years earlier. Morrell may have been honestly mistaken, through miscalculation of his ship's position (the reported coastline does roughly match the shape of the nearest real one, but offset by a large distance) or by misremembering detail when writing the account after nine years. Alternatively, he may have made the common error of confusing distant icebergs with land, or been misled by the distorting effects of <a href="/wiki/Fata_Morgana_(mirage)" title="Fata Morgana (mirage)">Antarctic mirage</a>. In 1843, British naval explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_Ross" title="James Clark Ross">James Clark Ross</a> reported possible land in a position close to Morrell's; this land, too, would eventually be proven not to exist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voyage_of_the_Wasp,_1822–23"><span id="Voyage_of_the_Wasp.2C_1822.E2.80.9323"></span>Voyage of the <i>Wasp</i>, 1822–23</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Voyage of the Wasp, 1822–23"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="June_1822_to_March_1823">June 1822 to March 1823</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: June 1822 to March 1823"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 19th century, the geography of Antarctica was almost completely unknown, though occasional sightings of land had been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1822, Benjamin Morrell, who had sailed to the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> the previous year,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was appointed commander of the schooner <i>Wasp</i> for a two-year voyage of sealing, trading and exploration in the Antarctic seas and the southern Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-preface_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preface-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to his sealing duties, Morrell had, as he put it, "discretionary powers to prosecute new discoveries."<sup id="cite_ref-preface_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preface-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed to use this discretion to investigate the Antarctic seas "and to ascertain the practicality ... of penetrating to the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-preface_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preface-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be the first of four extended voyages that would keep Morrell at sea for most of the following eight years, although he would not revisit the Antarctic after the initial voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Wasp</i> sailed south from New York on <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 1822. She reached the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> late in October, after which Morrell spent 16 days in fruitless searches for the nonexistent <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Islands" title="Aurora Islands">Aurora Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WJM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before heading for <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a>, where the ship anchored on <span class="nowrap">20 November</span>. In his account, Morrell wrongly records the position of this anchorage, giving a location in open sea about 60 miles (100 km) south-west of the island's coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-WJM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Morrell's account, <i>Wasp</i> then headed eastwards to hunt for seals, and reached the remote <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> on <span class="nowrap">6 December</span>. The polar historian <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Robert_Mill" title="Hugh Robert Mill">Hugh Robert Mill</a> notes that Morrell's description of this island's physical features fails to mention its most singular characteristic—the permanent ice sheet that covers its surface.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morrell58_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell58-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morrell then attempted to take the ship southwards but, reaching thick ice at around 60°S, turned northeast towards the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> where he anchored on <span class="nowrap">31 December</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-WJM_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morrell58_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell58-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_island_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A low ice-covered island in blue choppy water, under a heavily clouded sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/220px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/330px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/440px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>, which Morrell claimed to have reached on 6 December 1822</figcaption></figure> <p>After several days of exploration (and, evidently, profitable sealing), <i>Wasp</i> left the Kerguelens on <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 1823, sailing south and east to record her furthest eastern position at 64°52'S, 118°27'E on <span class="nowrap">1 February</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell62_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell62-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRM107_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRM107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point, according to his own account, Morrell decided to take advantage of strong easterly winds, and made passage westward back to the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_meridian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich meridian">Greenwich meridian</a>, 0°. His subsequent account of this voyage has been disputed, particularly his assertion that a distance of more than 3,500 miles (5,600 km) was covered in 23 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell62_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell62-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Rupert Gould</a> points out that, according to Morrell's record, this journey included a stretch of 900 miles (1,400 km) in four days, a rate of progress that even Gould, generally sympathetic to Morrell, is inclined to doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morrell quotes various positions during the voyage at southerly latitudes which later proved to be at least 100 miles inside the then undiscovered Antarctic continental mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-WJM_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HRM107_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRM107-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One possible explanation for this discrepancy, offered by the writer W.J. Mills, is that since Morrell's account was written nine years after the voyage he may not have had access to the ship's log, and hence "felt constrained to invent details that appeared plausible", in order to sustain his narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-WJM_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <span class="nowrap">28 February</span><i>, Wasp</i> reached <a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Island" title="Candlemas Island">Candlemas Island</a> in the South Sandwich Islands. After a few days spent in a search for fuel to feed the ship's stoves, Morrell sailed southwards on <span class="nowrap">6 March</span>, into the area later known as the Weddell Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-WJM_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finding the sea remarkably free of ice, Morrell advanced to 70°14'S before turning north-westward on <span class="nowrap">14 March</span>. This retreat, Morrell says, was due to the ship's lack of fuel; otherwise, he claims, in these open waters he could have taken the ship to 85°, or perhaps to the Pole itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell66_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell66-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These words are very similar to those used by the British explorer <a href="/wiki/James_Weddell" title="James Weddell">James Weddell</a> to describe his own experiences in the same area, a month earlier, which has led historians to suspect that Morrell may have plagiarised Weddell's experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sighting_of_land">Sighting of land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sighting of land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morrell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morrell.jpg/170px-Morrell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morrell.jpg/255px-Morrell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Morrell.jpg/340px-Morrell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Benjamin Morrell from 1832</figcaption></figure> <p>From the earliest navigations of the Southern Ocean in the 16th century, lands which subsequently proved to be nonexistent had from time to time been reported.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Headland of the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Polar_Research_Institute" title="Scott Polar Research Institute">Scott Polar Research Institute</a> has suggested various reasons for these false sightings, ranging from "too much <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>" to deliberate hoaxes designed to lure rival ships away from good sealing grounds. Some sightings may have been of large ice masses that were carrying rocks and other <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">glacial debris</a>—dirty ice can appear convincingly similar to land. It is also possible that some of these lands existed, but later became submerged after volcanic eruptions. Other sightings may have been of actual land, the position of which was wrongly fixed through observational errors arising from chronometer failure, adverse weather or simple incompetence.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 2 pm on 15 March, as <i>Wasp</i> cruised north-eastwards, Morrell records: "Land was seen from the masthead, bearing west, distance 3 leagues" (about nine miles, 14 km).<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell69_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell69-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not at the time consider that he had made a new discovery; he seems to have assumed that he was seeing the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>, the western coast of which had been explored and given the name <i>New South Greenland</i> in 1821, by Robert Johnson, a former captain of the <i>Wasp</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WJM_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WJM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson's name for this land was never adopted; in 1831 it was named <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of Morrell's voyage, the geographical character and dimensions of the peninsula were unknown; Morrell's recorded position was in fact far to the east of the peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morrell's account reads: "At half past <span class="nowrap">4 pm</span> we were close on with the body of land to which Captain Johnson had given the name of New South Greenland".<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell69_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell69-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next few days were spent exploring this supposed coast, which was apparently rich in seal. Some 75 miles (120 km) further south, Morrell thought he could see snow-covered mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell69_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell69-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After three days, Morrell called a halt "because of shortage of water and season far advanced".<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell69_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell69-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wasp</i> turned north, from a position Morrell calculated as 67°52'S, 48°11'W, and on <span class="nowrap">19 March</span>, the ship passed what he assumed was the northern cape of the land, at 62°41'S, 47°21'W. "This land abounds with oceanic birds of every description", wrote Morrell.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell69_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell69-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also records seeing 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Elephant_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant seals">sea elephants</a>. At 10 o'clock <i>Wasp</i> "bade farewell to the cheerless shores of New South Greenland",<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell69_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell69-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sailed for <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, then through the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan Strait">Magellan Strait</a> into the Pacific Ocean, reaching <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, on <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrell69_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrell69-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Searches_for_Morrell's_land"><span id="Searches_for_Morrell.27s_land"></span>Searches for Morrell's land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Searches for Morrell's land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1894_map_of_Antactica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The upper of the two maps gives a projected outline of the then largely undiscovered coast of continental Antarctica, and shows its relations to the landmasses of South America, Africa and Australia. The lower map is an approximate representation of the Antarctic peninsula as envisaged in the late 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1894_map_of_Antactica.jpg/220px-1894_map_of_Antactica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1894_map_of_Antactica.jpg/330px-1894_map_of_Antactica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/1894_map_of_Antactica.jpg/440px-1894_map_of_Antactica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="1358" /></a><figcaption>1894 maps of Antarctic regions showing the limited knowledge of Antarctic geography 70 years after Morrell. The lower map marks Ross's Appearance, but not New South Greenland</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1838, the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Jules Dumont d'Urville</a> sailed over the position of Morrell's "north cape", but saw no indication of land.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould266_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould266-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, together with the obvious errors in Morrell's voyage account, and his general reputation as a braggart, led most later geographers to doubt his story.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scepticism remained even after Sir James Clark Ross reported an appearance of land in 1843, not far from Morrell's alleged observation; Ross's sighting was occasionally proffered as support for Morrell's claim.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould266_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould266-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Ross there was no further exploration of the Weddell Sea until 1903, when <a href="/wiki/William_Speirs_Bruce" title="William Speirs Bruce">William Speirs Bruce</a> took <i>Scotia</i> to 74°1'S, but in a sector of the sea which did not bring him close to Morrell's or Ross's supposed sightings.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruce, however, did not dismiss Morrell's claims, writing that they should not be rejected until absolutely disproved.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first determined search for New South Greenland came during the <a href="/wiki/Second_German_Antarctic_Expedition" title="Second German Antarctic Expedition">Second German Antarctic Expedition</a>, 1911–13, under Wilhelm Filchner. The expedition's ship, <i>Deutschland</i>, became trapped in heavy sea ice while attempting to establish a shore base at <a href="/wiki/Vahsel_Bay" title="Vahsel Bay">Vahsel Bay</a>. Her subsequent north-westerly drift had, by mid-<span class="nowrap">June 1912</span>, brought her to a position just 37 miles (60 km) east of Morrell's recorded sighting.<sup id="cite_ref-Filch_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filchner left the ship on <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> and, with two companions and sufficient provisions for three weeks, sledged westward across the sea ice in search of Morrell's land. Daylight was limited to two or three hours a day, and temperatures fell to −35 °C (−31 °F), making travel difficult. They found no signs of land; a lead weight dropped through the ice reached a depth of 5,248 feet (1,600 m) before the line snapped. The depth confirmed that there was no land in the vicinity, and Filchner concluded that Morrell had probably seen a mirage.<sup id="cite_ref-Filch_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Filch-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 August 1915 Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship <i>Endurance</i>, trapped in the ice like <i>Deutschland</i> three years earlier, drifted to a point 10 miles west of Morrell's sighting. Here, a depth sounding recorded 1,676 fathoms (10,060 feet, 3,065 m), leading Shackleton to write: "I decided that Morrell Land must be added to the long list of Antarctic islands and continental coasts that have resolved themselves into icebergs".<sup id="cite_ref-Shack_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shack-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> a further sounding of 1,900 fathoms (11,400 feet, 3,500 m) gave Shackleton additional evidence of the non-existence of New South Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-Shack_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shack-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Filchner's and Shackleton's investigations and observations were accepted as conclusive proof that New South Greenland was a myth,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there remained the question of Sir James Ross's reported appearance of land in a position around 65°S, 47°W.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ross's reputation was sufficient for this possibility to be taken seriously, and for his alleged sighting to be recorded on maps and Admiralty charts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wild" title="Frank Wild">Frank Wild</a>, leading the <a href="/wiki/Shackleton%E2%80%93Rowett_Expedition" title="Shackleton–Rowett Expedition">Shackleton–Rowett Expedition</a> aboard <i>Quest</i> after Shackleton's death early in the expedition, investigated the location of Ross's sighting. Nothing was seen; prevented by ice conditions from reaching the exact spot, Wild took a sounding at 64°11'S, 46°4'W, which revealed 2,331 fathoms (13,986 ft; 4,263 m) of water. This showed that no land was near.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinions_and_theories">Opinions and theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opinions and theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weddell_Sea_Iceberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="High cliffs of an iceberg set in broken pack ice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Weddell_Sea_Iceberg.jpg/220px-Weddell_Sea_Iceberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Weddell_Sea_Iceberg.jpg/330px-Weddell_Sea_Iceberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Weddell_Sea_Iceberg.jpg/440px-Weddell_Sea_Iceberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Weddell Sea iceberg in the region of "New South Greenland", <i>Endurance</i> expedition August 1915. Shackleton observed how land appearances frequently resolved into icebergs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hugh Robert Mill, writing in 1905 before the non-existence of New South Greenland had been finally established, concluded that because of Morrell's blunders, and his habit of incorporating the experiences of others into his story, all his claims should be treated as unproven.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he conceded that "a man may be ignorant, boastful and obscure, and yet have done a solid piece of work".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian geographer Paul Simpson-Housley, although sceptical about much of Morrell's account, suggests that the speeds claimed for the derided western journey, though fast, were not impossible,<sup id="cite_ref-Housley57_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housley57-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Morrell's farthest south in the Weddell Sea, queried by Mill,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is entirely plausible, given that James Weddell had sailed four degrees further south just a month earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-Housley57_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housley57-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writer <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Rupert Gould</a>, in a lengthy essay on New South Greenland published in 1929, queries the assumption that the sighting was simply invented by Morrell, partly on the grounds that very little weight is given to the discovery in Morrell's 500-page account. Gould writes: "If Morrell wished to gain an undeserved reputation as an Antarctic explorer, one would think he could have gone a better way about it than to bury his <i>pièces justificatives</i>, after he had forged them, in an undistinguished corner of so bulky a book."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor would he have credited it to Captain Johnson two years earlier, rather than to himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Housley57_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housley57-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Approaching_the_Larsen_Ice_Shelf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of a range of icy mountains with a coastline visible in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Approaching_the_Larsen_Ice_Shelf.jpg/220px-Approaching_the_Larsen_Ice_Shelf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Approaching_the_Larsen_Ice_Shelf.jpg/330px-Approaching_the_Larsen_Ice_Shelf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Approaching_the_Larsen_Ice_Shelf.jpg/440px-Approaching_the_Larsen_Ice_Shelf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Larsen_Ice_Shelf" title="Larsen Ice Shelf">Larsen Ice Shelf</a>, on the eastern coast of the Antarctic peninsula</figcaption></figure> <p>Gould also discusses the possibility that what Morrell sighted was the eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Graham_Land" title="Graham Land">Graham Land</a>, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Foyn_Coast" title="Foyn Coast">Foyn Coast</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite its being 14° further west from the position of the New South Greenland sighting. Gould asserts that the features of the peninsula's eastern coast correspond closely with Morrell's description of New South Greenland.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory supposes that Morrell miscalculated the ship's position, perhaps because he lacked the chronometer necessary for proper navigational observation. In his account, Morrell writes that he was "destitute of the various nautical and mathematical instruments",<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other parts of his narrative seem to indicate that the occasional <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a> calculation was the exception to the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A longitudinal error of 14° is very large, and the additional distance of about 350 miles (560 km) to the Foyn coast seems too great to have been covered within the ten-day voyage from the South Sandwich Islands, where the ship's position is recorded accurately.<sup id="cite_ref-Housley57_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housley57-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, Gould suggests that a "balance of evidence" shows that what Morrell saw was the Foyn coast.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005-08-22_fata_morgana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Distant shadowy appearances of land, seen across a wide expanse of sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2005-08-22_fata_morgana.jpg/270px-2005-08-22_fata_morgana.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2005-08-22_fata_morgana.jpg/405px-2005-08-22_fata_morgana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/2005-08-22_fata_morgana.jpg/540px-2005-08-22_fata_morgana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Fata_Morgana_(mirage)" title="Fata Morgana (mirage)">Fata Morgana</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Superior_mirage" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior mirage">superior mirage</a>, which distorts ice or distant coastlines so they might appear as islands with tall cliffs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Filchner's view that the supposed sighting of New South Greenland could be explained by a mirage is echoed by Simpson-Housley. He suggests that Morrell and his crew saw a <a href="/wiki/Mirage#Superior_mirage" title="Mirage">superior mirage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Housley57_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Housley57-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One form of superior mirage, sometimes described as a <a href="/wiki/Fata_Morgana_(mirage)" title="Fata Morgana (mirage)">Fata Morgana</a>, distorts distant flat coastlines or ice edges both vertically and horizontally, so they can appear to have tall cliffs and other features such as high mountain peaks and valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his expedition account <i>South</i>, Shackleton gives a description of a Fata Morgana observed on <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 1915, coincidentally as his ship <i>Endurance</i> drifted close to the recorded position of New South Greenland: "The distant pack is thrown up into towering barrier-like cliffs, which are reflected in blue lakes and lanes of water at their base. Great white and golden cities of Oriental appearance at close intervals along these cliff-tops indicate distant bergs ... The lines rise and fall, tremble, dissipate, and reappear in an endless transformation scene".<sup id="cite_ref-Shack_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shack-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afterwards">Afterwards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Afterwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morrell's four voyages finally ended on <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 1831, with his return to New York.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then wrote his <i>Narrative of Four Voyages</i>, which was published the following year. He attempted to resume his seafaring career, seeking employment with the London-based shipping firm of Enderby Brothers, but his reputation had preceded him and he was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-HRM_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Enderby stated publicly that "he had heard so much of him that he did not think fit to enter into any engagement with him."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morrell also sought to join <a href="/wiki/Dumont_D%27Urville" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumont D'Urville">Dumont D'Urville</a>'s expedition to the Weddell Sea in 1837, but his services were again declined.<sup id="cite_ref-HRM_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reportedly died in 1839,<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is commemorated by <a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Morrell Island</a>, 59°27'S, 27°19'W, an alternative name for Thule Island in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a> sub-group of the South Sandwich Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Johnson, who coined the name New South Greenland, disappeared with his ship in 1826, while investigating the Antarctic waters in the vicinity of what would later be known as the <a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HRM_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details of early Antarctic land sightings, including <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Bellingshausen</a>'s first sighting of the Antarctic mainland, see Headland, pp. 108–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, pp. xx to xxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-preface-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-preface_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preface_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-preface_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, p. xxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The subsequent voyages, in successive ships, would take Morrell to the Pacific Ocean, the south and west coasts of Africa, and the Indian Ocean. See Morrell, Contents pages i to vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Aurora Islands were one of numerous <a href="/wiki/Phantom_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Phantom islands">phantom islands</a> reported in sub-Antarctic waters, eventually proved to be nonexistent. See list of phantom sightings in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/19.html">"Non-existent islands (in Summary of Peri-Antarctic Islands)"</a>. Scott Polar Research Institute. 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-existent+islands+%28in+Summary+of+Peri-Antarctic+Islands%29&rft.pub=Scott+Polar+Research+Institute&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spri.cam.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Finfosheets%2F19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WJM-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WJM_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJM_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJM_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJM_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJM_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJM_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WJM_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">W.J Mills, pp. 434–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.R. Mill, pp. 106–07</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrell58-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell58_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell58_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, pp. 58–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrell62-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell62_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell62_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, pp. 62–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRM107-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRM107_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM107_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H R Mill, pp. 107–08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, p. 261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Weddell, who first explored the area a month before Morrell, named the sea "King George IV's Sea". This name was not generally adopted; in 1900 the sea was formally named the Weddell Sea. Everett-Heath p. 409 (Weddell Sea entry)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrell66-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morrell66_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, pp. 66–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson-Housley, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See list of reported lands and islands in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/19.html">"Non-existent islands (in Summary of Peri-Antarctic Islands)"</a>. Scott Polar Research Institute. 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-existent+islands+%28in+Summary+of+Peri-Antarctic+Islands%29&rft.pub=Scott+Polar+Research+Institute&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spri.cam.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Finfosheets%2F19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin, p. 152 (insert by Robert Headland: "Non-existent Antarctic Islands")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrell69-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell69_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell69_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell69_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell69_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell69_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell69_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrell69_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, pp. 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H R Mill, pp. 161–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H R Mill, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson-Housley, map, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gould266-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gould266_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gould266_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, pp. 266–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. R. Mill, pp. 104–05</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512122933/http://www.sanap.org.za/history.html">"History of SANAE: chronological exploration"</a>. South African National Antarctic Programme. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanap.org.za/history.html">the original</a> on May 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+SANAE%3A+chronological+exploration&rft.pub=South+African+National+Antarctic+Programme&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanap.org.za%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Speak, p. 92. Bruce reached his Farthest South at longitude 22°W.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Filch-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Filch_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Filch_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000103.htm">"Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957"</a>. South-pole.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Filchner+1877%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=South-pole.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.south-pole.com%2Fp0000103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shack-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shack_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shack_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shack_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shackleton, pp. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/06/02/100208096.pdf">"New Land Found by Shackleton...New South Greenland a Myth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i>. 2 June 1916<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Land+Found+by+Shackleton...New+South+Greenland+a+Myth&rft.date=1916-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1916%2F06%2F02%2F100208096.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wild, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wild, p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H R Mill, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. R. Mill, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Housley57-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Housley57_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Housley57_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Housley57_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Housley57_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Housley57_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson-Housley, pp. 57–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H R Mill, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould uses the term "Foyn Coast" to describe the whole east coast of Graham Land. The Foyn Coast is actually only a short stretch of this coast, approximately 40 miles (64 km) long, separated from the Weddell Sea by the <a href="/wiki/Larsen_Ice_Shelf" title="Larsen Ice Shelf">Larsen Ice Shelf</a>. See Stonehouse, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, pp. 277–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, pp. 280–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805213027/http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/basics/phenomena/superior_mirage.html">"Arctic Climatology and Meteorology – Superior Mirage"</a>. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/basics/phenomena/superior_mirage.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Climatology+and+Meteorology+%E2%80%93+Superior+Mirage&rft.pub=National+Snow+and+Ice+Data+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2Farcticmet%2Fbasics%2Fphenomena%2Fsuperior_mirage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, p. 492</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRM-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRM_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRM_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H R Mill, pp. 110–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gould, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANB-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ANB_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American National Biography (Vol. 15), p. 879</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/search.html?country=GS&q=">"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"</a>. Geonames. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands&rft.pub=Geonames&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2Fsearch.html%3Fcountry%3DGS%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-McNMuri-t1-body-d1-d18.html#name-402465-mention">"History of the South Island of New Zealand (and adjacent islands) 1642–1835"</a>. Victoria University of Wellington. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+South+Island+of+New+Zealand+%28and+adjacent+islands%29+1642%E2%80%931835&rft.pub=Victoria+University+of+Wellington&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzetc.org%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-McNMuri-t1-body-d1-d18.html%23name-402465-mention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2005" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (2005). <i>Concise Dictionary of World Place Names</i>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860537-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860537-4"><bdi>0-19-860537-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place+Names&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-860537-4&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGould1929" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Rupert T. (1929). <i>Enigmas</i>. London: Philip Allan & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-31081-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-31081-3"><bdi>0-517-31081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enigmas&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Philip+Allan+%26+Co&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=0-517-31081-3&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Rupert+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeadland1989" class="citation book cs1">Headland, Robert K. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sg49AAAAIAAJ&q=list+antarctic+expeditions"><i>Studies in Polar Research: Chronological List of Antarctic Explorations and Related Historical Events</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30903-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30903-4"><bdi>0-521-30903-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Polar+Research%3A+Chronological+List+of+Antarctic+Explorations+and+Related+Historical+Events&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-30903-4&rft.aulast=Headland&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSg49AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dlist%2Bantarctic%2Bexpeditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMill1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Robert_Mill" title="Hugh Robert Mill">Mill, Hugh Robert</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siegeSouthpoles00Mill"><i>The Siege of the South Pole</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Alston_Rivers" title="Alston Rivers">Alston Rivers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+the+South+Pole&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Alston+Rivers&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FsiegeSouthpoles00Mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, William James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&q=Morrell+Land&pg=PA435"><i>Exploring Polar Frontiers</i></a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-422-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-422-6"><bdi>1-57607-422-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Polar+Frontiers&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57607-422-6&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYdBH4dOOM4C%26q%3DMorrell%2BLand%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorrell1832" class="citation book cs1">Morrell, Benjamin (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0AGAAAAMAAJ&q=Benjamin+Morrell"><i>A Narrative of Four Voyages...etc</i></a>. New York: J & J Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781927279137" title="Special:BookSources/9781927279137"><bdi>9781927279137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Narrative+of+Four+Voyages...etc&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=J+%26+J+Harper&rft.date=1832&rft.isbn=9781927279137&rft.aulast=Morrell&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0AGAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBenjamin%2BMorrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin1996" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Jeff (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A7Y5vXE9grIC&q=New+South+Greenland+Antarctica&pg=PA156"><i>Antarctica</i></a>. London: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86442-415-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86442-415-9"><bdi>0-86442-415-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-86442-415-9&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA7Y5vXE9grIC%26q%3DNew%2BSouth%2BGreenland%2BAntarctica%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson-Housley1992" class="citation book cs1">Simpson-Housley, Paul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1ql3mx8xYgC&q=New+South+Greenland+Antarctic&pg=PA51"><i>Antarctica:Exploration, Perception and Metaphor</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08225-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08225-0"><bdi>0-415-08225-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3AExploration%2C+Perception+and+Metaphor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-415-08225-0&rft.aulast=Simpson-Housley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1ql3mx8xYgC%26q%3DNew%2BSouth%2BGreenland%2BAntarctic%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShackleton1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Shackleton, Ernest</a> (1983). <i>South</i>. London: Century Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-0111-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-0111-2"><bdi>0-7126-0111-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Century+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7126-0111-2&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpeak2003" class="citation book cs1">Speak, Peter (2003). <i>William Speirs Bruce</i>. Edinburgh: National Museums of Scotland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901663-71-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-901663-71-X"><bdi>1-901663-71-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Speirs+Bruce&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=National+Museums+of+Scotland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-901663-71-X&rft.aulast=Speak&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStonehouse2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stonehouse" title="Bernard Stonehouse">Stonehouse, Bernard</a>, ed. (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of Antarctic and the Southern Ocean</i>. Chichester: John Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-98665-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-98665-8"><bdi>0-471-98665-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Antarctic+and+the+Southern+Ocean&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-471-98665-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWild,_Frank1923" class="citation book cs1">Wild, Frank (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/shackletonslastv00wilduoft/shackletonslastv00wilduoft_djvu.txt"><i>Shackleton's last voyage: The Story of the </i>Quest<i><span></span></i></a>. Cassell & Co, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shackleton%27s+last+voyage%3A+The+Story+of+the+Quest&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co%2C+London&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Wild%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fshackletonslastv00wilduoft%2Fshackletonslastv00wilduoft_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805213027/http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/basics/phenomena/superior_mirage.html">"Arctic Climatology and Meteorology – Superior Mirage"</a>. National Snow and Ice Data Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/basics/phenomena/superior_mirage.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Climatology+and+Meteorology+%E2%80%93+Superior+Mirage&rft.pub=National+Snow+and+Ice+Data+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2Farcticmet%2Fbasics%2Fphenomena%2Fsuperior_mirage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-McNMuri-t1-body-d1-d18.html#name-402465-mention">"History of the South Island of New Zealand (and adjacent islands) 1642–1835"</a>. Victoria University of Wellington. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+South+Island+of+New+Zealand+%28and+adjacent+islands%29+1642%E2%80%931835&rft.pub=Victoria+University+of+Wellington&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzetc.org%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-McNMuri-t1-body-d1-d18.html%23name-402465-mention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512122933/http://www.sanap.org.za/history.html">"History of SANAE: chronological exploration"</a>. South African National Antarctic Programme. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanap.org.za/history.html">the original</a> on May 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+SANAE%3A+chronological+exploration&rft.pub=South+African+National+Antarctic+Programme&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanap.org.za%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/06/02/100208096.pdf">"New Land Found by Shackleton...New South Greenland a Myth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i>. 2 June 1916<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Land+Found+by+Shackleton...New+South+Greenland+a+Myth&rft.date=1916-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1916%2F06%2F02%2F100208096.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/resources/infosheets/19.html">"Non-existent islands (in Summary of Peri-Antarctic Islands)"</a>. Scott Polar Research Institute. 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non-existent+islands+%28in+Summary+of+Peri-Antarctic+Islands%29&rft.pub=Scott+Polar+Research+Institute&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spri.cam.ac.uk%2Fresources%2Finfosheets%2F19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geonames.org/search.html?country=GS&q=">"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"</a>. Geonames. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Georgia+and+the+South+Sandwich+Islands&rft.pub=Geonames&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geonames.org%2Fsearch.html%3Fcountry%3DGS%26q%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.south-pole.com/p0000103.htm">"Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957"</a>. South-pole.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Filchner+1877%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=South-pole.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.south-pole.com%2Fp0000103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiffenburgh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Beau_Riffenburgh" title="Beau Riffenburgh">Riffenburgh, Beau</a> (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of the Antarctic</i>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97024-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-97024-5"><bdi>0-415-97024-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Antarctic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-97024-5&rft.aulast=Riffenburgh&rft.aufirst=Beau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+South+Greenland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/19px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/29px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/38px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&oldid=1240157924">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_South_Greenland&oldid=1240157924</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Exploration_of_Antarctica" title="Category:Exploration of Antarctica">Exploration of Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Antarctica" title="Category:History of Antarctica">History of Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phantom_subantarctic_islands" title="Category:Phantom subantarctic islands">Phantom subantarctic islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1823_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1823 in Antarctica">1823 in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Antarctica" title="Category:Islands of Antarctica">Islands of Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1823_in_science" title="Category:1823 in science">1823 in science</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 August 2024, at 21:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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