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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Liktoren</b> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latein">lateinisch</a> <i>lictores</i> zu <i>ligare</i> ‚binden‘) waren ursprünglich im <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6misches_Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römisches Reich">Römischen Reich</a> jene Diener, die den <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_K%C3%B6nigszeit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römische Königszeit">König</a> als Leibwache schützen sollten, später Amtsdiener, die den höheren Staatsbeamten mit <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperium_(Rom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperium (Rom)">Imperium</a></i> (<a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konsulat_(R%C3%B6misches_Reich)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konsulat (Römisches Reich)">Konsuln</a>, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praetur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praetur">Prätoren</a>, kaiserliche <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legatus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legatus">Legaten</a> und <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6mischer_Diktator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römischer Diktator">Diktatoren</a>) bei öffentlichen Auftritten voranschritten oder sie auch – vergleichbar den heutigen Leibwächtern – umringten.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Datei:Relief_of_a_lictor_-_Garden_of_Museo_archeologico_a_Verona_-_Verona_2016.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Relief_of_a_lictor_-_Garden_of_Museo_archeologico_a_Verona_-_Verona_2016.jpg/220px-Relief_of_a_lictor_-_Garden_of_Museo_archeologico_a_Verona_-_Verona_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Relief_of_a_lictor_-_Garden_of_Museo_archeologico_a_Verona_-_Verona_2016.jpg/330px-Relief_of_a_lictor_-_Garden_of_Museo_archeologico_a_Verona_-_Verona_2016.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Relief_of_a_lictor_-_Garden_of_Museo_archeologico_a_Verona_-_Verona_2016.jpg/440px-Relief_of_a_lictor_-_Garden_of_Museo_archeologico_a_Verona_-_Verona_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="3448"></a> <figcaption> Liktor mit <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasces">Fasces</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Der erste unter den jeweiligen Liktoren hatte den Befehl, den Amtsträger unter keinen Umständen aus den Augen zu lassen. Dies blieb auch so, als die eigentliche Schutzfunktion auf die Prätorianer übergegangen war und die Liktoren verstärkt zeremonielle Bedeutung hatten. Diese Schutzfunktion stellte sich bald, vor allem bei Feldzügen, als zu schwach heraus, weshalb die <i>extraordinarii</i> mit dem Schutz beauftragt wurden. Aus der Verschmelzung der beiden Truppen entstanden schließlich die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A4torianer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prätorianer">Prätorianer</a>.</p> <p>Als Zeichen der Macht des von ihnen begleiteten Amtsträgers und des Römischen Reichs insgesamt trugen sie über der linken Schulter ein Rutenbündel, die <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasces">fasces</a></i>. Außerhalb der Stadt <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rom">Rom</a> wurde in dem Rutenbündel halb verborgen, aber erkennbar ein Beil mitgeführt. Den Brauch, staatliche Macht auf diese Weise öffentlich zu demonstrieren, übernahmen die Römer wahrscheinlich von den <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etrusker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etrusker">Etruskern</a>. Zumindest gibt es bereits in etruskischen Gräbern entsprechende Darstellungen. Der Auftritt römischer Machthaber in Begleitung von Beil und Rutenbündel tragenden Liktoren wurde besonders in eroberten Gebieten gepflegt, um durch das Vorzeigen dieser allseits bekannten Machtsymbole <i>(insignia imperii)</i> Eindruck zu machen. Die Zahl der einem Würdenträger vorausgehenden Liktoren signalisierte seinen Rang: Konsuln beispielsweise wurden von zwölf, Prätoren von sechs (innerhalb Roms von zwei) Liktoren begleitet. Einem Diktator standen 24 Liktoren zu. Da auch die <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Kaiserzeit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römische Kaiserzeit">römischen Kaiser</a> <i>Imperium</i> innehatten, standen ihnen, wie den frühen Königen aus der Königszeit und den Konsuln aus der Zeit der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Republik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Römische Republik">römischen Republik</a>, zwölf Liktoren zu. Kaiser <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domitian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> erhöhte ihre Zahl auf vierundzwanzig. Magistrate der <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plebejer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plebejer">Plebejer</a> hatten keinen derartigen Anspruch, jedoch gingen dem <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flamen_(Religion)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flamen (Religion)">Flamen Dialis</a> (Priester des Iuppiter maximus) und den <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vestalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vestalin">Vestalinnen</a> jeweils ein Liktor voraus.</p> <p>Für das Liktorenamt wurden meist Freie oder <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freigelassener?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freigelassener">Freigelassene</a> eingesetzt, jedoch keine <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sklaverei_im_R%C3%B6mischen_Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sklaverei im Römischen Reich">Sklaven</a>.</p> <p>Im 20. Jahrhundert wurde das <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasces?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasces">Rutenbündel mit Beil</a> unter anderem zum Symbol des italienischen <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faschismus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Faschismus">Faschismus</a>, taucht aber auch im <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wappen_Frankreichs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wappen Frankreichs">französischen Hoheitszeichen</a>, im Wappen des Schweizer <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanton_St._Gallen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanton St. Gallen">Kantons St. Gallen</a> und im Siegel des <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senat_der_Vereinigten_Staaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senat der Vereinigten Staaten">Senats der Vereinigten Staaten</a> auf.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liktor&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Siehe auch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weibel_(Amtsdiener)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weibel (Amtsdiener)">Weibel</a>, ein vergleichbarer zeremonieller Amtsdiener für Würdenträger in der heutigen Schweiz</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liktor&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Literatur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Gizewski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Gizewski">Christian Gizewski</a>: <i>Lictor.</i> In: <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Der_Neue_Pauly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Der Neue Pauly">Der Neue Pauly</a></i> (DNP). Band 7, Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, <a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spezial:ISBN-Suche/3476014770?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-476-01477-0</a>, Sp. 180–181.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liktor&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bearbeiten</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"> <span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/16px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/16px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/24px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wiktfavicon_en.svg/32px-Wiktfavicon_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Liktor" class="extiw" title="wikt:Liktor">Wiktionary: Liktor</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen </div> <ul> <li>Jona Lendering: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/lictor/"><i>Lictor.</i></a> In: <i><a href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livius.org?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livius.org">Livius.org</a></i> (englisch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/2784/pdf/soz_pol.pdf">Liktoren: Polizei im Alten Rom? (Tanja Zischke)</a> (PDF-Datei; 893 kB)</li> </ul> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Abgerufen von „<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DLiktor%26oldid%3D247469940">https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liktor&oldid=247469940</a>“ </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://de-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liktor&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Tusculum" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1723020296"> <span>Zuletzt bearbeitet am 7. August 2024 um 09:44</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Sprachen</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1" title="ليكتور – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليكتور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Aserbaidschanisch" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Ліктар – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліктар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Ликтор – Bulgarisch" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ликтор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Katalanisch" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Tschechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tschechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Dänisch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Englisch" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktoro" title="Liktoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liktoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Spanisch" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Estnisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1" title="تبردار – Persisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبردار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktori" title="Liktori – Finnisch" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liktori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licteur" title="Licteur – Französisch" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Licteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Französisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25A7%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8" title="ליקטור – Hebräisch" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליקטור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebräisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Ungarisch" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktoro" title="Liktoro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Liktoro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandsveinn" title="Vandsveinn – Isländisch" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vandsveinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Isländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littore" title="Littore – Italienisch" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Littore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italienisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25AF%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%25AB" title="リクトル – Japanisch" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リクトル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598" title="ლიქტორი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიქტორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Latein" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latein" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Niederländisch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Niederländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Norwegisch (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegisch (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Polnisch" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Portugiesisch" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Rumänisch" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Ликтор – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ликтор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Slowakisch" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Slowenisch" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slowenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Ликтор – Serbisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ликтор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Schwedisch" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Schwedisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor – Türkisch" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lictor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Türkisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktor" title="Liktor – Tatarisch" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Liktor" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Ліктор – Ukrainisch" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліктор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2588%2580%25E6%2596%25A7%25E6%2589%258B" title="刀斧手 – Chinesisch" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="刀斧手" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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