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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vector group</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_de_conexi%C3%B3n" title="Grupo de conexión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo de conexión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گروه برداری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه برداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couplage_de_transformateurs_triphas%C3%A9s" title="Couplage de transformateurs triphasés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couplage de transformateurs triphasés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Designation of electrical transformer configuration</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the company, see <a href="/wiki/Vector_Group" title="Vector Group">Vector Group</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vector_group" title="Special:EditPage/Vector group">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vector+group%22">"Vector group"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vector+group%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vector+group%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vector+group%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vector+group%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vector+group%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>, a <b>vector group</b>, officially called a <b>connection symbol</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International Electrotechnical Commission</a> (IEC) method of categorizing the high voltage (HV) windings and low voltage (LV) winding configurations of <a href="/wiki/Three-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-phase">three-phase</a> <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a>. The vector group designation indicates the windings configurations and the difference in <a href="/wiki/Phase_(waves)" title="Phase (waves)">phase angle</a> between them. For example, a star HV winding and delta LV winding with a 30-degree lead is denoted as Yd11. </p><p>The phase windings of a polyphase transformer can be connected internally in different configurations, depending on what characteristics are needed from the transformer. In a three-phase power system, it may be necessary to connect a three-wire system to a four-wire system, or vice versa. Because of this, transformers are manufactured with a variety of winding configurations to meet these requirements. </p><p>Different combinations of winding connections will result in different phase angles between the voltages on the windings. Transformers connected in parallel must have the same vector group; mismatching phase angles will result in circulating current and other system disturbances. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbol_designation">Symbol designation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vector_group&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Symbol designation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vector group provides a simple way of indicating how the connections of a transformer are arranged. In the system adopted by the IEC, the vector group is indicated by a code consisting of two or three letters, followed by one or two numeric digits. The letters indicate the winding configuration as follows: </p> <ul><li>D or d: <a href="/wiki/Delta_connection_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta connection (electricity)">Delta winding</a>, also called a mesh winding. Each phase terminal connects to two windings, so the windings form a triangular configuration with the terminals on the points of the triangle.</li> <li>Y or y: <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power#Wye_(or,_star;_Y)" title="Three-phase electric power">Wye winding</a>, (also called a star). Each phase terminal connects to one end of a winding, and the other end of each winding connects to a common central point, so that the configuration resembles the letter <i>Y</i>. The central point may be connected outside of the transformer to a system neutral.</li> <li>Z or z: <a href="/wiki/Zigzag_transformer" title="Zigzag transformer">Zigzag winding</a>, or interconnected star winding. Similar to a wye winding, but two windings from each phase are arranged so that the three legs are "bent" when the phase diagram is drawn. Zigzag-wound transformers have special characteristics and are not commonly used where these characteristics are not needed.</li> <li>N (uppercase): indicates that a system neutral is connected to the high-voltage side.</li> <li>n (lowercase): indicates that a system neutral is connected to the low-voltage side.</li></ul> <p>In the IEC vector group code, each letter stands for one set of windings. The high-voltage (HV) winding is designated with an uppercase letter, followed by medium- or low-voltage (LV) windings designated with a lowercase letter. The digits following the letter codes indicate the difference in phase angle between the windings, with HV winding is taken as a reference. The number is in units of 30 degrees. For example, a transformer with a vector group of Dy1 has a delta-connected HV winding and a wye-connected LV winding. The phase angle of the LV winding lags the HV by 30 degrees. </p><p>Note that the high-voltage (HV) side always comes before the low-voltage (LV) side, regardless of which is the primary winding. This means that the vector group symbol will always start with a capital letter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phase_displacement">Phase displacement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vector_group&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phase displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phase rotation is always counterclockwise (internationally adopted convention) and indicates multiples of 30 degree lag for low voltage winding using of the high voltage winding as the reference. </p> <dl><dd>Thus 1 = 30°, 2 = 60°, 3 = 90°, 6 = 180° and 12 = 0° or 360°.</dd></dl> <p>According to the IEC60076-1 standard, the notation is HV-LV in sequence. For example, a step-up transformer with a delta-connected primary and a wye-connected secondary is still labeled as 'Yd1'. The 1 indicates the LV winding lags the HV by 30 degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transformers built to <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a> standards usually do not have the vector group shown on their nameplate and instead a vector diagram is given to show the relationship between the primary and other windings. </p> <ul><li>Removing <a href="/wiki/Harmonics_(electrical_power)" title="Harmonics (electrical power)">harmonics</a>: Dy connection – D winding nullifies 3rd harmonics, preventing it to be reflected on Wye side.</li></ul> <ul><li>Parallel operations: All the transformers should have same phase rotation, vector group, tap setting & polarity of the winding.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ground fault Relay: A Dd transformer does not have neutral. To restrict the ground faults in such systems, we may use a zigzag wound transformer to create a neutral along with the ground fault relay.</li></ul> <p>There is no technical difference between one vector group (i.e. Yd1) or another vector group with same interconnection for the windings (i.e. Yd11) in terms of performance. The only factor affecting the choice between one or the other is system phasing, i.e. whether parts of the network fed from the transformer need to operate in parallel with another source. It also matters if you have an auxiliary transformer connected to generator terminals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vector_group&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-phase_electric_power" title="Single-phase electric power">Single-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vector_group&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEC 60076-1 ed3.0</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/understanding-vector-group-transformer-1">http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/understanding-vector-group-transformer-1</a></li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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monitoring of transformers">Condition monitoring of transformers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(electrical_device)" title="Growler (electrical device)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-leg_delta" title="High-leg delta">High-leg delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_regulator" title="Induction regulator">Induction regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakage_inductance" title="Leakage inductance">Leakage inductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_wire" title="Magnet wire">Magnet wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadyne" title="Metadyne">Metadyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_test" title="Open-circuit test">Open-circuit test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(mutual_inductance)" title="Polarity (mutual inductance)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_relief_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure relief valve">Pressure relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_booster" title="Quadrature booster">Quadrature booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolver_(electrical)" title="Resolver (electrical)">Resolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonant_inductive_coupling" title="Resonant inductive coupling">Resonant inductive coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severity_factor" title="Severity factor">Severity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-circuit_test" title="Short-circuit test">Short-circuit test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacking_factor" title="Stacking factor">Stacking factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchro" title="Synchro">Synchro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_changer" title="Tap changer">Tap changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_inductors_and_transformers" title="Toroidal inductors and transformers">Toroidal inductors and transformers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_oil" title="Transformer oil">Transformer oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_gas_analysis" title="Dissolved gas analysis">Dissolved gas analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_oil_testing" title="Transformer oil testing">Transformer oil testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_utilization_factor" title="Transformer utilization factor">Transformer utilization factor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vector group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transformer_Step-up_Iron_Core.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Transformers"><img alt="Transformers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Transformer_Step-up_Iron_Core.svg/80px-Transformer_Step-up_Iron_Core.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Transformer_Step-up_Iron_Core.svg/120px-Transformer_Step-up_Iron_Core.svg.png 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transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficient_transformer" title="Energy efficient transformer">Energy efficient transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_metal_transformer" title="Amorphous metal transformer">Amorphous metal transformer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyback_transformer" title="Flyback transformer">Flyback transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_transformer" title="Grounding transformer">Grounding transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_transformer" title="Instrument transformer">Instrument transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_transformer" title="Current transformer">Current transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_transformer" title="Voltage transformer">Voltage transformer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_transformer" title="Isolation transformer">Isolation transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin_transformer" title="Austin transformer">Austin transformer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_variable_differential_transformer" title="Linear variable differential transformer">Linear variable differential transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametric_transformer" title="Parametric transformer">Parametric transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planar_transformer" title="Planar transformer">Planar transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_transformer" title="Rotary transformer">Rotary transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_variable_differential_transformer" title="Rotary variable differential transformer">Rotary variable differential transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott-T_transformer" title="Scott-T transformer">Scott-T transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_transformer" title="Solid-state transformer">Solid-state transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_transformer" title="Trigger transformer">Trigger transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-frequency_transformer" title="Variable-frequency transformer">Variable-frequency transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigzag_transformer" title="Zigzag transformer">Zigzag transformer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_coil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid coil">Hybrid coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_coil" title="Induction coil">Induction coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudin_coil" title="Oudin coil">Oudin coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphase_coil" title="Polyphase coil">Polyphase coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_coil" title="Repeating coil">Repeating coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_coil" title="Tesla coil">Tesla coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trembler_coil" title="Trembler coil">Trembler coil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProlecGE" title="ProlecGE">ProlecGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schneider_Electric" title="Schneider Electric">Schneider Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBEA" title="TBEA">TBEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WEG_Industries" title="WEG Industries">WEG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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