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extract</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: moringa leaf extract"> <meta name="keywords" content="moringa leaf extract"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="moringa leaf extract"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2680</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: moringa leaf extract</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2680</span> Mothwash Formulation of Moringa Leaf (Moringa Oleifera) and Its Activity as an Antibacterial for Streptococcus Mutans</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amalia%20Dwi%20Berliyanti%20Amel">Amalia Dwi Berliyanti Amel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Streptococcus mutants bacteria are bacteria that are believed to be the cause of the growth of dental plaque which can further adversely affect dental caries if left unchecked. Previous research has shown that Moringa leaf extract can slow down the growth rate of this bacterium. This study aims to make the best formulation of mouthwash with the active ingredient of Moringa leaf extract based on its antibacterial and organoleptic test results. Nine mouthwash variations were carried out with two factors and three levels, namely a comparison of the concentration of sorbitol (A) with three levels namely 15% (A1), 20% (A2), and 25% (A3), and peppermint added (B) with three levels, namely 0.2% (B1), 0.25% (B2), and 0.3% (B3). The test parameters performed as the determination of the best mouthwash are based on physicochemical properties which include pH and viscosity as well as organoleptic test results which include color, viscosity, aroma, taste, sensation in the mouth, and general appearance. The results showed that the bright zone as a test for the antibacterial activity of Streptococcus mutants began to be seen at a concentration of 5%. Moringa leaf mouthwash formulation has a pH value between 6 - 7, with a control of 6. Whereas the mucosa leaf mouthwash vascularity produced between 1.1 - 1.7 cP with a control of 1.1 cP. Moringa leaf mouthwash and control have the same total number of microbes, namely 0 colonies / mL. Based on organoleptic tests performed with 20 panelists, it was shown that the best mouthwash formulation was formulation A1B3 with sorbitol composition 15% and peppermint 0.3%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibasteria" title="antibasteria">antibasteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formula" title=" formula"> formula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa%20leaf" title=" moringa leaf"> moringa leaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mouthwash" title=" mouthwash"> mouthwash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127602/mothwash-formulation-of-moringa-leaf-moringa-oleifera-and-its-activity-as-an-antibacterial-for-streptococcus-mutans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127602.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2679</span> The Role of Moringa oleifera Extract Leaves in Inducing Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cell Line </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Yurina">V. Yurina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Sujuti"> H. Sujuti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Rahmani"> E. Rahmani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Nopitasari"> A. R. Nopitasari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Breast cancer has the highest prevalence cancer in women. Moringa leaves (M. oleifera) contain quercetin, kaempferol, and benzyl isothiocyanate which can enhance induction of apoptosis. This research aimed to study the role of the leaf extract of Moringa to increase apoptosis in breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 cells. This research used in vitro experimental, post-test only, control group design on breast cancer cells MCF-7 in vitro. Moringa leaves were extracted by maceration method with ethanol 70%. Cells were treated with drumstick leaves extract on 1100, 2200, and 4400 μg/ml for Hsp27 and caspase-9 expression (immunocytochemistry) and apoptosis (TUNEL assay) test. The results of this study found that the IC50 2200 µg/ml. Moringa leaves extract can significantly increase the expression of caspase-9 (p<0.05) and decreased Hsp 27 expression (p<0.05). Moreover it can increase apoptosis (p<0.05) significantly in MCF-7 cells. The conclusion of this study is Moringa leaves extract is able to increase the expression of caspase-9, decrease Hsp27 expression and increase apoptosis in breast cancer cell-line MCF-7. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apoptosis" title="apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20cancer" title=" breast cancer"> breast cancer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caspase-9" title=" caspase-9"> caspase-9</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsp27" title=" Hsp27"> Hsp27</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera" title=" Moringa oleifera"> Moringa oleifera</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16085/the-role-of-moringa-oleifera-extract-leaves-in-inducing-apoptosis-in-breast-cancer-cell-line" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16085.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">544</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2678</span> Safety Assessment and Prophylactic Efficacy of Moringa stenopetala Leaf Extract Through Mitigation of Oxidative Stress in BV-2 Microglial Cell</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Adeniyi%20Adefegha">Stephen Adeniyi Adefegha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vitor%20Mostardeiro"> Vitor Mostardeiro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vera%20Maria%20Morsch"> Vera Maria Morsch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ademir%20F.%20Morel"> Ademir F. Morel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivana%20Beatrice%20Manica%20Da%20Cruz"> Ivana Beatrice Manica Da Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sabrina%20Somacal%20Maria%20Rosa%20Chitolina%20Schetinger"> Sabrina Somacal Maria Rosa Chitolina Schetinger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moringa stenopetala is often consumed as food and used in folkloric medicine for the management of several diseases. Purpose: This study was set up in order to assess the effect of aqueous extract of Moringa stenopetala on cell viability and oxidative stress biomarkers in BV-2 microglial cells. Aqueous extracts of M. stenopetala were prepared, lyophilized and reconstituted in 0.5% dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). Cells were treated with M. stenopetala extracts (0.1 - 100 µg/ml) for cell viability and nitric oxide (NO) production tests. However, M. stenopetala extract (50 µg/ml) was used in the treatment of cells for the determination of protein carbonyl content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Incubation of BV-2 microglia cell with M. stenopetala extract maintained cell viability, diminished NO and ROS levels, and reduced protein carbonyl contents Chlorogenic acid, rutin, kaempferol and quercetin derivatives were the main phenolic compounds identified in M. stenopetala leaf extract. These phenolic compounds present in M. stenopetala may be responsible for the mitigation of oxidative stress in BV-2 microglial cells. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidative%20stress" title="oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BV-2%20microglial%20cell" title=" BV-2 microglial cell"> BV-2 microglial cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20stenopetala" title=" Moringa stenopetala"> Moringa stenopetala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cell%20viability" title=" cell viability"> cell viability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157189/safety-assessment-and-prophylactic-efficacy-of-moringa-stenopetala-leaf-extract-through-mitigation-of-oxidative-stress-in-bv-2-microglial-cell" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">110</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2677</span> Natural and Synthetic Antioxidant in Beef Meatball</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abul%20Hashem">Abul Hashem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different levels of Moringa oleifiera leaf extract and synthetic antioxidant (Beta Hydroxyl Anisole) on fresh and preserved beef meatballs. For this purpose, ground beef samples were divided into five treatment groups. They are treated as control, synthetic antioxidant, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% Moringa oleifera leaf extract as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Five kinds of meatballs were made and biscuit crushed and egg albumin was mixed with beef meatballs and cooking was practiced properly. Proximate analysis, sensory tests (color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, overall acceptability), cooking loss, pH value, free fatty acids (FFA), thiobarbituric acid values (TBARS), peroxide value(POV) and microbiological examination were determined in order to evaluate the effect of Moringa oleifiera leaf extract as natural antioxidant & antimicrobial activities in comparing to BHA (Beta Hydroxyl Anisole) at first day before freezing and for maintaining meatballs qualities on the shelf life of beef meat balls stored for 60 days under frozen condition. Freezing temperature was -20˚C. Days of intervals of experiment were on 0, 15th, 30th, and 60th days. Dry matter content of all the treatment groups differ significantly (p<0.05). On the contrary, DM content increased significantly (p<0.05) with the advancement of different days of intervals. CP content of all the treatments were increased significantly (p<0.05) among the different treatment groups. EE content at different treatment levels differ significantly (p<0.05). Ash content at different treatment levels was also differ significantly (p<0.05). FFA values, TBARS, POV were decreased significantly (p<0.05) at different treatment levels. Color, odor, tenderness, juiciness, overall acceptability, raw PH, cooked pH were increased at different treatment levels significantly (p<0.05). The cooking loss (%) at different treatment levels were differ significantly (p<0.05). TVC (logCFU/g), TCC (logCFU/g) and TYMC (logCFU/g) was decreased significantly (p<0.05) at different treatment levels comparison to control. Considering CP, tenderness, juiciness, overall acceptability, cooking loss, FFA, POV, TBARS and microbial parameters it can be concluded that Moringa oleifera leaf extract at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% can be used instead of 0.1% synthetic antioxidant BHA in beef meatballs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title="antioxidant">antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beef%20meatball" title=" beef meatball"> beef meatball</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BHA" title=" BHA"> BHA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa%20leaf%20extract" title=" moringa leaf extract"> moringa leaf extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31918/natural-and-synthetic-antioxidant-in-beef-meatball" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31918.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2676</span> Haematology and Reproductive Performance of Pubertal Rabbit Do Administer Crude Moringa oleifera (LAM.) Leaf Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ewuola%20E.%20O.">Ewuola E. O.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sokunbi%20O.%20A."> Sokunbi O. A.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oyedemi%20O.%20M."> Oyedemi O. M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanni%20K.%20M"> Sanni K. M</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moringa oleifera leaf has been traditionally used in the local medicine as an ingredient in some herbal formulations for blood purifier, cholesterol reducing agent, immune and reproductive enhancers. Twenty-four pubertal rabbit are divided equally into four groups were administered with varied concentrations of crude extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera gavage at doses of 2.5ml/kg body weight (BW) in every 48 hours for 63 days. These rabbits were allotted into four treatments and each treatment was replicated six times to investigate the effect of administered crude Moringa oleifera leaf extract (CMOLE) on haematology and reproductive performance of pubertal rabbit does. Four experimental treatments were used. The animals on the control (T1) were administered water only. Rabbits on treatments 2, 3, and 4 were administered 100ml CMOLE/L, 200ml CMOLE/L, and 300ml CMOLE/L, respectively. The does were placed on extract two weeks before mating, five weeks after mating and continued for another two weeks after kindling. Six proven untreated bucks were used for the mating of the twenty-four treated does and these bucks were randomly allotted to the does such that each buck mated at least one treated does in each treatment. The same management practices and experimental diets were given ad libitum to all animals. Blood was sampled from the gestating does at the third trimester for haematological analysis. The haematology results showed that treated rabbits with 100ml CMOLE/L with mean corpuscular volume value of 93.38fl significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those on the control which is water only (82.24fl) but not significantly different from T3 (200ml CMOLE/L) and T4 (300ml CMOLE/L) which had mean values of 91.69fl and 91.49fl, respectively. While the erythrocyte counts, leukocyte counts, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, lymphocyte, neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil count were not significantly different across the treatments. For platelets, treated animals on T2 (100ml CMOLE/L) had the highest numerical value of 148.80 x 109/L which was identical with those on T3 (200ml CMOLE/L) with mean value of 141.50x109/L but significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those on T4 (300ml CMOLE/L) with mean value of 135.00 x 109/L and those on the control which had the least mean value of 126.60 x 109/L. The percentage conception rate of the treated animals was higher than those in the control group. The animals administered 300ml CMOLE/L had the apparently highest litter size of 5.75, while gestation length and litter weight tended to decline with increase in CMOLE concentrations The investigation demonstrated the potential effect of crude Moringa oleifera leaf extract on pubertal rabbit does. The administration of up to 300ml crude Moringa oleifera leaf extract per liter did not adversely affect but improved the haematological response and reproductive potential in gestating rabbit does. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conception" title="conception">conception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=haematology" title=" haematology"> haematology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa%20leaf%20extract" title=" moringa leaf extract"> moringa leaf extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabbit%20does" title=" rabbit does"> rabbit does</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27730/haematology-and-reproductive-performance-of-pubertal-rabbit-do-administer-crude-moringa-oleifera-lam-leaf-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27730.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">510</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2675</span> Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenolic Content of Aqueous Acetone and Ethanol Extract of Edible Parts of Moringa oleifera and Sesbania grandiflora</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Perumal%20Siddhuraju">Perumal Siddhuraju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arumugam%20Abirami"> Arumugam Abirami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gunasekaran%20Nagarani"> Gunasekaran Nagarani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marimuthu%20Sangeethapriya"> Marimuthu Sangeethapriya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aqueous ethanol and aqueous acetone extracts of Moringa oleifera (outer pericarp of immature fruit and flower) and Sesbania grandiflora white variety (flower and leaf) were examined for radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities. Ethanol extract of S. grandiflora (flower and leaf) and acetone extract of M. oleifera (outer pericarp of immature fruit and flower) contained relatively higher levels of total dietary phenolics than the other extracts. The antioxidant potential of the extracts were assessed by employing different in vitro assays such as reducing power assay, DPPH˙, ABTS˙+ and ˙OH radical scavenging capacities, antihemolytic assay by hydrogen peroxide induced method and metal chelating ability. Though all the extracts exhibited dose dependent reducing power activity, acetone extract of all the samples were found to have more hydrogen donating ability in DPPH˙ (2.3% - 65.03%) and hydroxyl radical scavenging systems (21.6% - 77.4%) than the ethanol extracts. The potential of multiple antioxidant activity was evident as it possessed antihemolytic activity (43.2 % to 68.0 %) and metal ion chelating potency (45.16 - 104.26 mg EDTA/g sample). The result indicate that acetone extract of M. oleifera (OPIF and flower) and S. grandiflora (flower and leaf) endowed with polyphenols, could be utilized as natural antioxidants/nutraceuticals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20activity" title="antioxidant activity">antioxidant activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera" title=" Moringa oleifera"> Moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyphenolics" title=" polyphenolics"> polyphenolics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sesbania%20grandiflora" title=" Sesbania grandiflora"> Sesbania grandiflora</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underutilized%20vegetables" title=" underutilized vegetables "> underutilized vegetables </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8734/antioxidant-capacity-and-total-phenolic-content-of-aqueous-acetone-and-ethanol-extract-of-edible-parts-of-moringa-oleifera-and-sesbania-grandiflora" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2674</span> Performance, Yolk and Serum Cholesterol of Shaver-Brown Layers Fed Moringa Leaf Meal and Sun Dried Garlic Powder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anselm%20Onyimonyi">Anselm Onyimonyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Abaponitus"> A. Abaponitus </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One hundred and ninety two Shaver-Brown layers aged 40 weeks were used in a 10 weeks feeding trial to investigate the effect of supplementary moringa leaf meal and sun-dried garlic powder (MOGA) on the performance, egg yolk and serum cholesterol profiles of the birds. The birds were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial in a Completely Randomized Design with 48 birds per treatment. Each treatment had 24 replicates with 2 birds, each separately housed in a cell in a battery cage. Birds on treatment 1 received a standard layers mash (16.5% CP and 3000 kcalME/kg) without any MOGA. Treatment 2 birds received the control diet with 5 g moringa leaf meal/kg of feed, treatment 3 received the control diet with 5 g sun-dried garlic powder/kg of feed, treatment 4 had a combination of 5 g each of moringa leaf meal and sun dried garlic powder/kg of feed. Data were kept on daily egg production, egg weight and feed intake. 10 eggs were collected per treatment at the end of the study for yolk cholesterol determination. Blood samples from four birds per treatment were collected and used for the serum cholesterol and triglycerides determination. Results showed that bird on treatment 3 (5% moringa leaf meal/kg of feed) had significantly higher (P < 0.05) Hen Day Egg Production record of 83.3% as against 78.75%, 65.05% and 66.67% recorded for the control, T2 and T4 birds, respectively. Egg weight of 56.39 g recorded for the same birds on treatment 3 was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than the values of 62.61 g, 60.99 g and 59.33 g recorded for birds on T4, T1 and T2, respectively. Yolk and serum cholesterol profiles of the moringa leaf meal fed birds were significantly (P<0.05) lowered when compared to those of the other treatments. Comparatively, the birds on the MOGA diets had significantly reduced yolk and serum cholesterol than the control. It is concluded that supplementation of moringa leaf meal and sun dried garlic powder at the levels used in this study will result in the production of nutritionally healthier eggs with less yolk and serum cholesterol. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title="performance">performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cholesterol" title=" cholesterol"> cholesterol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa" title=" moringa"> moringa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=garlic" title=" garlic"> garlic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5021/performance-yolk-and-serum-cholesterol-of-shaver-brown-layers-fed-moringa-leaf-meal-and-sun-dried-garlic-powder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">520</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2673</span> Application of Moringa Oleifer Seed in Removing Colloids from Turbid Wastewater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zemmouri%20Hassiba">Zemmouri Hassiba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lounici%20Hakim"> Lounici Hakim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mameri%20Nabil"> Mameri Nabil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dried crushed seeds of Moringa oleifera contain an effective soluble protein; a natural cationic polyelectrolyte which causes coagulation. The present study aims to investigate the performance of Moringa oleifera seed extract as natural coagulant in clarification of secondary wastewater treatment highly charged in colloidal. A series of Jar tests was undertaken using raw wastewater providing from secondary decanter of Reghaia municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWWTP) located in East of Algiers, Algeria. Coagulation flocculation performance of Moringa oleifera was evaluated through supernatant residual turbidity. Various influence parameters namely Moringa oleifera dosage and pH have been considered. Tests on Reghaia wastewater, having 129 NTU of initial turbidity, showed a removal of 69.45% of residual turbidity with only 1.5 mg/l of Moringa oleifera. This sufficient removal capability encourages the use of this bioflocculant for treatment of turbid waters. Based on this result, the coagulant seed extract of Moringa oleifera is better suited to clarify municipal wastewater by removing turbidity. Indeed, Moringa oleifera which is a natural resource available locally (South of Algeria) coupled to the non-toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, may be a very interesting alternative to the conventional coagulants used so far. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coagulation%20flocculation" title="coagulation flocculation">coagulation flocculation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colloids" title=" colloids"> colloids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa%20oleifera" title=" moringa oleifera"> moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secondary%20wastewater" title=" secondary wastewater"> secondary wastewater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31792/application-of-moringa-oleifer-seed-in-removing-colloids-from-turbid-wastewater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31792.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2672</span> The Green Synthesis AgNPs from Basil Leaf Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wanida%20Wonsawat">Wanida Wonsawat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bioreduction of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from silver ions (Ag+) using water extract of Thai basil leaf was successfully carried out. The basil leaf extract provided a reducing agent and stabilizing agent for a synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles received from cut and uncut basil leaf was compared. The resulting silver nanoparticles are characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The maximum intensities of silver nanoparticle from cut and uncut basil leaf were 410 and 420, respectively. The techniques involved are simple, eco-friendly and rapid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basil%20leaves" title="basil leaves">basil leaves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20nanoparticles" title=" silver nanoparticles"> silver nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20synthesis" title=" green synthesis"> green synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20extract" title=" plant extract"> plant extract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9654/the-green-synthesis-agnps-from-basil-leaf-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9654.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">588</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2671</span> Effect of Three Drying Methods on Antioxidant Efficiency and Vitamin C Content of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenia%20Mart%C3%ADnez">Kenia Martínez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geniel%20Talavera"> Geniel Talavera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20Alonso"> Juan Alonso</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <em>Moringa oleifera</em> is a plant containing many nutrients that are mostly concentrated within the leaves. Commonly, the separation process of these nutrients involves solid-liquid extraction followed by evaporation and drying to obtain a concentrated extract, which is rich in proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, and other essential nutrients that can be used in the food industry. In this work, three drying methods were used, which involved very different temperature and pressure conditions, to evaluate the effect of each method on the vitamin C content and the antioxidant efficiency of the extracts. Solid-liquid extractions of <em>Moringa</em> leaf (LE) were carried out by employing an ethanol solution (35% v/v) at 50 °C for 2 hours. The resulting extracts were then dried <em>i</em>) in a convective oven (CO) at 100 °C and at an atmospheric pressure of 750 mbar for 8 hours, <em>ii</em>) in a vacuum evaporator (VE) at 50 °C and at 300 mbar for 2 hours, and <em>iii</em>) in a freeze-drier (FD) at -40 °C and at 0.050 mbar for 36 hours. The antioxidant capacity (EC<sub>50</sub>, mg solids/g DPPH) of the dry solids was calculated by the free radical inhibition method employing DPPH˙ at 517 nm, resulting in a value of 2902.5 ± 14.8 for LE, 3433.1 ± 85.2 for FD, 3980.1 ± 37.2 for VE, and 8123.5 ± 263.3 for CO. The calculated antioxidant efficiency (AE, g DPPH/(mg solids·min)) was 2.920 × 10<sup>-5</sup> for LE, 2.884 × 10<sup>-5</sup> for FD, 2.512 × 10<sup>-5</sup> for VE, and 1.009 × 10<sup>-5</sup> for CO. Further, the content of vitamin C (mg/L) determined by HPLC was 59.0 ± 0.3 for LE, 49.7 ± 0.6 for FD, 45.0 ± 0.4 for VE, and 23.6 ± 0.7 for CO. The results indicate that the convective drying preserves vitamin C and antioxidant efficiency to 40% and 34% of the initial value, respectively, while vacuum drying to 76% and 86%, and freeze-drying to 84% and 98%, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20efficiency" title="antioxidant efficiency">antioxidant efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convective%20drying" title=" convective drying"> convective drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeze-drying" title=" freeze-drying"> freeze-drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera" title=" Moringa oleifera"> Moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20drying" title=" vacuum drying"> vacuum drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20C%20content" title=" vitamin C content"> vitamin C content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75095/effect-of-three-drying-methods-on-antioxidant-efficiency-and-vitamin-c-content-of-moringa-oleifera-leaf-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75095.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2670</span> Effects of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder on the Feed Intake and Average Weight of Pullets </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cajethan%20U.%20Ugwuoke">Cajethan U. Ugwuoke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyginus%20O.%20Omeje"> Hyginus O. Omeje</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20C.%20Osinem"> Emmanuel C. Osinem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study was carried out to determine the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf powder additive on the feed intake and average weight of pullets. A completely Randomized Design (CRD) was adopted for the study. On the procedure of the experiment, 240 chicks were randomly selected from 252 Isa Brown day-old chicks. The chicks were equally randomly allotted to 12 pens with 20 chicks each. The pens were randomly assigned to four different treatment groups with three replicates each. T1 was fed with control feed while T2, T3, and T4 were fed with 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% Moringa oleifera leaf powder fortified feed respectively. The chicks were fed with uniform feed up to week four. From week five, experimental feeds were given to the pullet up to 20 weeks of age. The birds were placed on the same treatment conditions except different experimental feeds given to different groups. Data on the feed intake were collected daily while the average weight of the pullets was collected weekly using weighing scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean, bar charts and Analysis of Variance. The layers fed with control feed consumed the highest amount of feed in most of the weeks under study. The average weights of all the treatment groups were equal from week 1 to week 4. Little variation in average weight started in week 5 with T2 topping the groups. However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in the feed intake and average weight of layers fed with different inclusion rates of Moringa oleifera leaf powder in feeds. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=average%20weight" title="average weight">average weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feed%20intake" title=" feed intake"> feed intake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera" title=" Moringa oleifera"> Moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pullets" title=" pullets"> pullets</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79486/effects-of-moringa-oleifera-leaf-powder-on-the-feed-intake-and-average-weight-of-pullets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79486.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2669</span> Performance Evaluation of Moringa Oleifera as Coagulant for Treating Abattoir Wastewater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adesiji%20Adeolu%20Richard">Adesiji Adeolu Richard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassa%20Musa"> Hassa Musa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osita%20Evaritus%20Asogwa"> Osita Evaritus Asogwa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Oluwatobi%20Odekunle"> Mary Oluwatobi Odekunle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mangey%20Jarumi%20Akila"> Mangey Jarumi Akila</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, extract from raw Moringa Oleifera seeds for the treatment of 40 liters of abattoir wastewater was studied for a period of ten (10) weeks. A completely randomized design with loading dosages of 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20g of processed Moringa Oleifera seed was used in the treatment. A control sample (with no Moringa Oleifera treatment) was also included. The physical and chemical properties of abattoir wastewater were investigated before and after treatment. The turbidity value was reduced drastically after the treatments from 15.40 to 7.63 mg/l for 16g dosage in week 7. Total alkalinity, Total hardness, Conductivity, Calcium, and Biological Oxygen Demand were all found to be reduced in concentration within the second and fourth weeks of the experiment with 14 to 16g of Moringa Oleifera dosage. The results generally showed that 16g/500ml of Moringa Oleifera was able to treat abattoir wastewater after weeks of the experiment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20Oleifera" title="Moringa Oleifera">Moringa Oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abattoir%20wastewater" title=" abattoir wastewater"> abattoir wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbidity" title=" turbidity"> turbidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conductivity" title=" conductivity"> conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pH" title=" pH"> pH</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160820/performance-evaluation-of-moringa-oleifera-as-coagulant-for-treating-abattoir-wastewater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160820.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">120</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2668</span> Influence of Moringa Leaves Extract on the Response of Hb Molecule to Dose Rates’ Changes: II. Relaxation Time and Its Thermodynamic Driven State Functions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20M.%20M.%20Elnasharty">Mohamed M. M. Elnasharty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azhar%20M.%20Elwan"> Azhar M. Elwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Irradiation deposits energy through ionisation changing the bio-system’s net dipole, allowing the use of dielectric parameters and thermodynamic state functions related to these parameters as biophysical detectors to electrical inhomogeneity within the biosystem. This part is concerned with the effect of Moringa leaves extract, natural supplement, on the response of the biosystem to two different dose rates of irradiation. Having Hb molecule as a representative to the biosystem to be least invasive to the biosystem, dielectric measurements were used to extract the relaxation time of certain process found in the Hb spectrum within the indicated frequency window and the interrelated thermodynamic state functions were calculated from the deduced relaxation time. The results showed that relaxation time was decreased for both dose rates indicating a strong influence of Moringa on the response of biosystem and consequently Hb molecule. This influence was presented in the relaxation time and other parameters as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activation%20energy" title="activation energy">activation energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DC%20conductivity" title=" DC conductivity"> DC conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20relaxation" title=" dielectric relaxation"> dielectric relaxation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enthalpy%20change" title=" enthalpy change"> enthalpy change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20leaves%20extract" title=" Moringa leaves extract"> Moringa leaves extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relaxation%20time" title=" relaxation time"> relaxation time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105917/influence-of-moringa-leaves-extract-on-the-response-of-hb-molecule-to-dose-rates-changes-ii-relaxation-time-and-its-thermodynamic-driven-state-functions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105917.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2667</span> Effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera LAM) Leaves Extract on Physicochemical and Organoleptic Properties of Fullfat and Lowfat Yoghurt </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20F.%20Muhammad">B. F. Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20M.%20Abdulqadeer"> A. M. Abdulqadeer</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current study determined the effect of fortification using Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaves Extract (MLE) at different inclusion levels (0, 6, 8, and 10% v/v) on physicochemical and sensory properties of fullfat (FFY) and lowfat (LFY) yoghurt. The results revealed significantly higher protein (p<0.01), fat (p<0.001) and pH in FFY compared to LFY. The MLE inclusion significantly (p<0.001) increased fat contents of the yoghurt types. The pH of LFY produced with 6% MLE was significantly the lowest (p<0.001). The concentration of Mg (21.0 mg/100g), Na (63.0 mg/100g), Ca (173.0 mg/100g), P (416.7 mg/100g), Cu (0.59 mg/100g), Co (0.30 mg/100g), Fe (1.13 mg/100g), and Mn (0.059 mg/100g) were significantly (p<0.001) higher in 10% MLE inclusion level for both FFY and LFY. Also, Mg, Na, Cu and Fe showed significant (p<0.001) negative correlation in fullfat and positive in lowfat yoghurt. The sensory assessment revealed that taste, flavour, colour, texture, and overall acceptability of yoghurt produced with 6% MLE (rated as liked very much) was significantly (p<0.001) better than that produced with 8 and 10% (rated liked slightly). It was concluded that fortification of FFY and LFY with 6% MLE produced acceptable yoghurt that has high nutritional value. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa" title="moringa">moringa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fortification" title=" fortification"> fortification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yoghurt" title=" yoghurt"> yoghurt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactive%20compounds" title=" bioactive compounds"> bioactive compounds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18417/effect-of-moringa-moringa-oleifera-lam-leaves-extract-on-physicochemical-and-organoleptic-properties-of-fullfat-and-lowfat-yoghurt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2666</span> Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam Leaves and Its Ameliorative Effect on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Wistar Rat</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rotimi%20Larayetana">Rotimi Larayetana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yahaya%20Abdulrazaq"> Yahaya Abdulrazaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oladunni%20O.%20Falola"> Oladunni O. Falola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abayomi%20Ajayi"> Abayomi Ajayi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to perform green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam (M oleifera) leaves and determine its effects on benign prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats. Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) solution was reduced using the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera Lam leaves, the resultant biogenic AgNPs were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometric, SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction analysis. Animal experiments involved thirty (30) adult male Wistar rats randomly divided into five groups (A to E; n ₌ 5). Group A received only subcutaneous injection of olive oil daily while the other groups got 3 mg/kg/daily of testosterone propionate (TP) subcutaneously plus 50 mg/kg/daily of AgNPs intraperitoneally (B), 3 mg/kg/daily of TP plus 25 mg/kg/daily of AgNPs (C), 3 mg/kg/daily of TP only (D) and 25 mg/kg/daily of AgNPs only (E). The animals were sacrificed after 14 days, and the prostate gland, liver, and kidney were processed for histological analysis. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis were performed to determine the composition of the M oleifera extract used. Biogenic AgNPs with an average diameter of 23 nm were synthesized. Biogenic AgNPs ameliorated hormone-induced prostate enlargement, and the inhibition of prostatic hypertrophy could be due to the presence of a significant amount of plant fatty acids and phytosterols in the aqueous extract of M oleifera extract. However, the administration of biogenic AgNPs at higher doses impacted negatively on the cytoarchitecture of the liver. Green synthesis of AgNPs with the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera might be beneficial for the treatment of BPH. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benign%20prostatic%20hyperplasia" title="benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogenic%20synthesis" title=" biogenic synthesis"> biogenic synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera" title=" Moringa oleifera"> Moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silver%20nanoparticles" title=" silver nanoparticles"> silver nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testosterone" title=" testosterone"> testosterone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171460/green-synthesis-of-silver-nanoparticles-with-aqueous-extract-of-moringa-oleifera-lam-leaves-and-its-ameliorative-effect-on-benign-prostatic-hyperplasia-in-wistar-rat" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">95</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2665</span> 'Bemo' (Beras Moringa) as Commodity Innovation Cost of Food Ingredients: In Dealing with Afta Competition </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isma%20Alfia%20Novita">Isma Alfia Novita</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indonesia is one country with the largest agricultural producer in the world but still can not meet the needs of the national rice. In addition, Indonesia was ranked the second-largest rice importer after the Philippines. Indonesia's rice consumption reached 102 kg per capita, or almost twice the average global rice consumption is only 60 kg per capita per year. One of the government's efforts in developing national food consumption is to invite people to improve diversification and food security. This is done considering the diet of Indonesia is still high consumption of rice. Therefore, this program made innovations Rice Moringa namely imitation rice with the addition of Moringa (Moringa oleifera). Moringa is a plant that is widely grown and easily found. In addition, Moringa has many benefits because it contains vitamin A, vitamin B, vitamin C, calcium, protein, and potassium. Based on the analysis of the nutrient content, it is known that the Moringa leaves have good potential to maintain the balance of nutrients in the body <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imitation%20rice" title="imitation rice">imitation rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oliefera" title=" Moringa oliefera"> Moringa oliefera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa" title=" Moringa"> Moringa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AFTA" title=" AFTA"> AFTA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54483/bemo-beras-moringa-as-commodity-innovation-cost-of-food-ingredients-in-dealing-with-afta-competition" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54483.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2664</span> Effect of Thermal Treatment on Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, and Alpha-Amylase Inhibition Activities of Moringa stenopetala Leaves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Assefa">Daniel Assefa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Engeda%20Dessalegn"> Engeda Dessalegn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chetan%20Chauhan"> Chetan Chauhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moringa stenopetala is a socioeconomic valued tree that is widely available and cultivated in the Southern part of Ethiopia. The leaves have been traditionally used as a food source with high nutritional and medicinal values. The present work was carried out to evaluate the effect of thermal treatment on the total phenolic content, antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibition activities of aqueous leaf extracts during maceration and different decoction time interval (5, 10 and 15 min). The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-ciocalteu methods whereas antioxidant activities were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging, reducing power and ferrous ion chelating assays and alpha-amylase inhibition activity was determined using 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method. Total phenolic content ranged from 34.35 to 39.47 mgGAE/g. Decoction for 10 min extract showed ferrous ion chelating (92.52), DPPH radical scavenging (91.52%), alpha-amylase inhibition (69.06%) and ferric reducing power (0.765), respectively. DPPH, reducing power and alpha-amylase inhibition activities showed positive linear correlation (R2=0.853, R2= 0.857 and R2=0.930), respectively with total phenolic content but ferrous ion chelating activity was found to be weakly correlated (R2=0.481). Based on the present investigation, it could be concluded that major loss of total phenolic content, antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibition activities of the crude leaf extracts of Moringa stenopetala leaves were observed at decoction time for 15 min. Therefore, to maintain the total phenolic content, antioxidant, and alpha-amylase inhibition activities of leaves, cooking practice should be at the optimum decoction time (5-10 min). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alpha-amylase%20inhibition" title="alpha-amylase inhibition">alpha-amylase inhibition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20stenopetala" title=" Moringa stenopetala"> Moringa stenopetala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=total%20phenolic%20content" title=" total phenolic content"> total phenolic content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51567/effect-of-thermal-treatment-on-phenolic-content-antioxidant-and-alpha-amylase-inhibition-activities-of-moringa-stenopetala-leaves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51567.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2663</span> An Analysis of Organoleptic Qualities of a Three-Course Menu from Moringa Leaves in Mubi, Adamawa State Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rukaiya%20Suleiman%20Umar">Rukaiya Suleiman Umar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Annah%20Kwadu%20Medugu"> Annah Kwadu Medugu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <em>Moringa</em> <em>oleifera</em> is mainly used as herbal medicine in most homes in Northern Nigeria. The plant is easy to grow and thrives very well regardless the type of soil. Use of moringa leaves in food production can yield attractive varieties on menu. This paper evaluates the acceptability of dishes produced with fresh moringa leaves with a view to promoting it in popular restaurants. A three course menu consisting of cream of moringa soup as the starter, mixed meat moringa sauce with semovita as the main dish and moringa roll as sweet was produced and served to a 60-member taste panel made of three groups of 20 each. Respondents were asked to rate the organoleptic qualities of the samples on a 10-point bipolar scale ranging from 1 (Dislike extremely) – 10 (Like extremely). Data collected were treated to one sample t-test and One Way ANOVA. Results show that the panelists extremely like the moringa products. It is recommended that <em>Moringa oleifera</em> should be incorporated into meals which is more readily acceptable than medicine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera" title="Moringa oleifera">Moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20production" title=" food production"> food production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=menu%20planning" title=" menu planning"> menu planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthy%20living" title=" healthy living"> healthy living</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44073/an-analysis-of-organoleptic-qualities-of-a-three-course-menu-from-moringa-leaves-in-mubi-adamawa-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">282</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2662</span> Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc and Ferrous Nanoparticles for Their Potent Therapeutic Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukesh%20Saran">Mukesh Saran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashima%20Bagaria"> Ashima Bagaria</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Green nanotechnology is the most researched field in the current scenario. Herein we study the synthesis of Zinc and Ferrous nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Our protocol using established protocols heat treatment of plant extracts along with the solution of copper sulphate in the ratio of 1:1. The leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera were prepared in deionized water. Copper sulfate solution (1mM) was added to this, and the change in color of the solution was observed indicating the formation of Cu nanoparticles. The as biosynthesized Cu nanoparticles were characterized with the help of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It was observed that the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera can reduce copper ions into copper nanoparticles within 8 to 10 min of reaction time. The method thus can be used for rapid and eco-friendly biosynthesis of stable copper nanoparticles. Further, we checked their antimicrobial and antioxidant potential, and it was observed that maximum antioxidant activity was observed for the particles prepared using the heating method. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed in Streptomyces grisveus particles and in Triochoderma Reesei for the maximum antifungal activity. At present, we are engaged in studying the anti-inflammatory activities of these as prepared nanoparticles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20synthesis" title="green synthesis">green synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibacterial" title=" antibacterial"> antibacterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title=" antioxidant"> antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antifungal" title=" antifungal"> antifungal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-inflammatory" title=" anti-inflammatory"> anti-inflammatory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68374/green-synthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-and-ferrous-nanoparticles-for-their-potent-therapeutic-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2661</span> Antibacterial Activity of Green Synthesis Silver Nanoparticles from Moringa Oleifera</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Fadhel%20Ahmed">Ali Fadhel Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tuqa%20Abdulkareem%20Hameed"> Tuqa Abdulkareem Hameed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moringa oleifera (leaves and seeds) ethanolic and aqueous extracts were tested for antibacterial activity. The effect of plant extracts on three types of bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, was investigated. Using the agar well diffusion method, ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera demonstrated a significant antibacterial effect on the forty tested bacterial strains. Seed-induced inhibition zones (ethanolic extracts)were ranged from16 to 24 mm in diameter against S. aureus, respectively, whileE. coli and K. pneumonia had no effect. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were not affected by alcoholic and aqueous plant leaf extracts. The purpose of this present study was to look at the cytotoxic effects of M.Oleifera plant (alcoholic extracts). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa%20oleifera" title="moringa oleifera">moringa oleifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=escherichia%20coli" title=" escherichia coli"> escherichia coli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=klebsiella%20pneumoniae" title=" klebsiella pneumoniae"> klebsiella pneumoniae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=staphylococcus%20aureus" title=" staphylococcus aureus"> staphylococcus aureus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142190/antibacterial-activity-of-green-synthesis-silver-nanoparticles-from-moringa-oleifera" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142190.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2660</span> Inhibition of the Corrosion of Copper in 0.5 NaCl Solutions by Aqueous Extract and Hydrolysis Acid of Olive Leaf Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chahla%20Rahal">Chahla Rahal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Refait"> Philippe Refait</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oleuropein-rich extract from olive leaf and acid hydrolysates, rich in hydroxytyrosol and elenolic acid was prepared under different experimental conditions. These phenolic compounds may be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The inhibitive action of these extracts and its major constituents on the corrosion of copper in 0.5 M NaCl solution has been evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and weight loss measurements. The product of extraction was analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), whose analysis shows that olive leaf extract are greatly rich in phenolic compounds, mainly Oleuropeine (OLE), Hydroxytyrosol (HT) and elenolic acid (EA). After the acid hydrolysis and high temperature of extraction, an increase in hydroxytyrosol concentration was detected, coupled with relatively low oleuropeine content and high concentration of elenolic acid. The potentiodynamic measurements have shown that this extract acts as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor, and good inhibition efficiency is observed with the increase in HT and EA concentration. These results suggest that the inhibitive effect of olive leaf extract might be due to the adsorption of the various phenolic compounds onto the copper surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20leaf%20extract" title="olive leaf extract">olive leaf extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oleuropein" title=" oleuropein"> oleuropein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voltammetry" title=" voltammetry"> voltammetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corrosion" title=" corrosion"> corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPLC" title=" HPLC"> HPLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EIS" title=" EIS"> EIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61014/inhibition-of-the-corrosion-of-copper-in-05-nacl-solutions-by-aqueous-extract-and-hydrolysis-acid-of-olive-leaf-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2659</span> Olive Leaf Extract as Natural Corrosion Inhibitor for Pure Copper in 0.5 M NaCl Solution: A Study by Voltammetry around OCP </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chahla%20Rahal">Chahla Rahal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Refait"> Philippe Refait </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Oleuropein-rich extract from olive leaf and acid hydrolysates, rich in hydroxytyrosol and elenolic acid was prepared under different experimental conditions. These phenolic compounds may be used as a corrosion inhibitor. The inhibitive action of these extracts and its major constituents on the corrosion of copper in 0.5 M NaCl solution has been evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and weight loss measurements. The product of extraction was analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), whose analysis shows that olive leaf extract are greatly rich in phenolic compounds, mainly Oleuropeine (OLE), Hydroxytyrosol (HT) and elenolic acid (EA). After the acid hydrolysis and high temperature of extraction, an increase in hydroxytyrosol concentration was detected, coupled with relatively low oleuropeine content and high concentration of elenolic acid. The potentiodynamic measurements have shown that this extract acts as a mixed-type corrosion inhibitor, and good inhibition efficiency is observed with the increase in HT and EA concentration. These results suggest that the inhibitive effect of olive leaf extract might be due to the adsorption of the various phenolic compounds onto the copper surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olive%20leaf%20extract" title="Olive leaf extract">Olive leaf extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleuropein" title=" Oleuropein"> Oleuropein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroxytyrosol" title=" hydroxytyrosol"> hydroxytyrosol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elenolic%20acid" title=" elenolic acid "> elenolic acid </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Copper" title=" Copper"> Copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Corrosion" title=" Corrosion"> Corrosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPLC%2FDAD" title=" HPLC/DAD"> HPLC/DAD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Polarisation" title=" Polarisation"> Polarisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EIS" title=" EIS"> EIS</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61007/olive-leaf-extract-as-natural-corrosion-inhibitor-for-pure-copper-in-05-m-nacl-solution-a-study-by-voltammetry-around-ocp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61007.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">257</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2658</span> Evaluation of Coagulation Efficiency of Protein Extracts from Lupinus Albus L., Moringa Stenopetala Cufod., Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L. And Vicia Faba L. For Water Purification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neway%20Adele">Neway Adele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adey%20Feleke"> Adey Feleke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Access to clean drinking water is a basic human right. However, an estimated 1.2 billion people across the world consume unclean water daily. Interest has been growing in natural coagulants as the health and environmental concerns of conventional chemical coagulants are rising. Natural coagulants have the potential to serve as alternative water treatment agents. In this study, Lupinus albus, Moringa stenopetala, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Vicia faba protein extracts were evaluated as natural coagulants for water treatment. The protein extracts were purified from crude extracts using a protein purifier, and protein concentrations were determined by the spectrophotometric method. Small-volume coagulation efficiency tests were conducted on raw water taken from the Legedadi water treatment plant. These were done using a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment with settling times of 0 min (initial time), 90 min, 180 min and 270 min and protein extract doses of 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L, 15 mg/L and 20 mg/L. Raw water as negative control and polyelectrolyte as positive control were also included. The optical density (OD) values were measured for all the samples. At 270 min and 20 mg/L, the coagulation efficiency percentages for Lupinus albus, Moringa stenopetala, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Vicia faba protein extracts were 71%, 89%, 12% and 67% in the water sample collected in April 2019 respectively. Similarly, Lupinus albus, Moringa stenopetala and Vicia faba achieved 17%, 92% and 12% at 270 min settling times and 5 mg/L, 20 mg/L and 10 mg/L concentration in the water sample collected from August 2019, respectively. Negative control (raw water) and polyelectrolyte (positive control) were also 6 − 10% and 89 − 94% at 270 min settling time in April and August 2019, respectively. Among the four protein extracts, Moringa stenopetala showed the highest coagulation efficiency, similar to polyelectrolyte. This study concluded that Moringa stenopetala protein extract could be used as a natural coagulant for water purification in both sampling times. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coagulation%20efficiency" title="coagulation efficiency">coagulation efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extraction" title=" extraction"> extraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20coagulant" title=" natural coagulant"> natural coagulant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20extract" title=" protein extract"> protein extract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169808/evaluation-of-coagulation-efficiency-of-protein-extracts-from-lupinus-albus-l-moringa-stenopetala-cufod-trigonella-foenum-graecum-l-and-vicia-faba-l-for-water-purification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2657</span> Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide and Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Spinacia Oleracea Leaf Extract</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yameen%20Ahmed">Yameen Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamshid%20Hussain"> Jamshid Hussain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farman%20Ullah"> Farman Ullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sohaib%20Asif"> Sohaib Asif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The investigation aims at the synthesis of copper oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles using Spinacia oleracea leaf extract. These nanoparticles have many properties and applications. They possess antimicrobial catalytic properties and also they can be used in energy storage materials, gas sensors, etc. The Spinacia oleracea leaf extract behaves as a reducing agent in nanoparticle synthesis. The plant extract was first prepared and then treated with copper and cobalt salt solutions to get the precipitate. The salt solutions used for this purpose are copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO₄.5H₂O) and cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl₂.6H₂O). The UV-Vis, XRD, EDX, and SEM techniques are used to find the optical, structural, and morphological properties of copper oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles. The UV absorption peaks are at 326 nm and 506 nm for copper oxide and cobalt oxide nanoparticles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cobalt%20oxide" title="cobalt oxide">cobalt oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20oxide" title=" copper oxide"> copper oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20synthesis" title=" green synthesis"> green synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142865/green-synthesis-of-copper-oxide-and-cobalt-oxide-nanoparticles-using-spinacia-oleracea-leaf-extract" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142865.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2656</span> Secondary Metabolite Profiling and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extract of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richa%20Bhardwaj">Richa Bhardwaj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem is a monotypic genus belonging to family Bignoniaceae. The plant holds tremendous potential of medicinal value and has been traditionally used in various ailments like syphilis, leukoderma, blood disorders to name a few. The plant has gained prominence due to the presence of some prominent secondary metabolites. The present study focuses on the GC-MS analysis of leaf extracts of T. undulata which revealed the presence of certain bioactive compounds like stigmasterol, sitosterol, thiazoline, phytol, pthalic acid, methyl alpha ketopalmitate and so forth. A total of about 20 bioactive compounds were identified from the leaf extract spectra. Antimicrobial activity of the leaf extract was assayed against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The alkaloids from leaf extracts showed antimicrobial activity against E.coli and B.subtilis. The flavonoids from leaves showed positive activity against Penicillium species and Candida albicans. The study thus infers that the presence of bioactive components may be the principle behind the antimicrobial property of different plant parts and therefore Tecomella forms a potential plant for herbal drug formulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tecomella%20undulata" title="Tecomella undulata">Tecomella undulata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactive%20compounds" title=" bioactive compounds"> bioactive compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GC-MS" title=" GC-MS"> GC-MS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20activity" title=" antimicrobial activity"> antimicrobial activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99645/secondary-metabolite-profiling-and-antimicrobial-activity-of-leaf-extract-of-tecomella-undulata-sm-seem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99645.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2655</span> The Effect of Manggong Bamboo Leaves Extract (Gigantochloa manggong) on Rat (Rattus novergicus) Blood Profile</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sri%20Rahayu">Sri Rahayu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Supriyatin"> Supriyatin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuli%20Rahma%20Dini"> Yuli Rahma Dini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the consequences of excess physical activity is the oxidative stress which resulted in damage to blood cells. Oxidative stress condition can be reduced by an exogenous antioxidant. The natural exogenous antioxidant can be extracted from Manggong bamboo (Gigantochloa manggong). This research was aim to evaluate the effect of physical exercise and Manggong bamboo (Gigantochloa manggong) leaf extract on blood profile of rats. This research was conducted in July 2013 to May 2014 using experimental method with completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, physical exercise and Manggong bamboo leaf extract. The rats blood profile to be measured were the level of erythrocyte cells, leucocyte cells and hemoglobin. Data were analyzed with parametric statistical 2-way ANOVA test (α = 0.05). Manggong bamboo leaf extract was non toxic and contained flavonoid, triterpenoid, saponin and alkaloid. There was an effect of physical exercise and manggong bamboo leaf extract on blood profile of rats. Data obtained on physical activity, giving erythrocyte cells (2.5 million/µl) and hemoglobin (12,42g/dL) declined compared to the number of leucocyte cells increases (6,500cells/L). Extract treatment was increased the erythrocytes (5,13 million/µl) and hemoglobin level (14,72 g/dL.) while the leukocytes level were decreased (1.591,67 cells/L). The extract and physical activity treatment showed an increase in erythrocytes (2,96 million/µl) and hemoglobin (14,3 g/dL) but decrease the number of leukocytes (1.291,67 cells/L). The conclusion was that physical activity and Manggong bamboo leafs extract gaves effect on the blood profile of white rat. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant" title="antioxidant">antioxidant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20%20profile%20%20of%20%20rats" title=" blood profile of rats"> blood profile of rats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manggong%20bamboo%20leaf%20extract" title=" Manggong bamboo leaf extract"> Manggong bamboo leaf extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leukocytes" title=" leukocytes "> leukocytes </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37319/the-effect-of-manggong-bamboo-leaves-extract-gigantochloa-manggong-on-rat-rattus-novergicus-blood-profile" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37319.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2654</span> Evaluation of the Anti Ulcer Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Methanol Leaf Extract of Clerodendrum Capitatum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20N.%20Ofokansi">M. N. Ofokansi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Onyemelukwe%20Chisom"> Onyemelukwe Chisom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amauche%20Chukwuemeka"> Amauche Chukwuemeka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ezema%20Onyinye"> Ezema Onyinye</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The leaves of Clerodendrumcapitatum(Lamiaceae) is mostly used in the treatment of gastric ulcer in Nigerian folk medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of its crude methanol leaf extract and its ethyl acetate fraction in white albino rats. The effect of crude methanol leaf extract and its ethyl acetate fraction(250mg/kg, 500mg/kg) was evaluated using an absolute ethanol induced ulcer model. Crude methanol leaf extract and the ethyl acetate fraction was treated with distilled water and 6% Tween 80, respectively. crude methanol leaf extract was further investigated using a pylorus ligation induced ulcer model. Omeprazole was used as the standard treatment. Four groups of five albino rats of either sex were used. Parameters such as mean ulcer index and percentage ulcer protection were assessed in the ethanol-induced ulcer model, while the gastric volume, pH, and total acidity were assessed in the pyloric ligation induced ulcer model. Crude methanol leaf extract of Clerodendrumcapitatum(500mg/kg) showed a very highly significant reduction in mean ulcer index(p<0.001) in the absolute ethanol-induced model. ethyl acetate fraction of crude methanol leaf extract of Clerodendrumcapitatum(250mg/kg,500mg/kg) showed a very highly significant dose-dependent reduction in mean ulcer indices (p<0.001) in the absolute ethanol-induced model. The mean ulcer indices (1.6,2.2) with dose concentration (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg) of ethyl acetate fraction increased with ulcer protection (82.85%,76.42%) respectively when compared to the control group in the absolute ethanol-induced ulcer model. Crude methanol leaf extract of Clerodendrumcapitatum(250mg/kg, 500mg/kg) treated animals showed a highly significant dose-dependent reduction in mean ulcer index(p<0.01) with an increase in ulcer protection (56.77%,63.22%) respectively in pyloric ligated induced, ulcer model. Gastric parameters such as volume of gastric juice, pH, and total acidity were of no significance in the different doses of the crude methanol leaf extract when compared to the control group. The phytochemical investigation showed that the crude methanol leaf extracts Possess Saponins and Flavonoids while its ethyl acetate fraction possess only Flavonoids. The results of the study indicate that the crude methanol leaf extract and its ethyl acetate fraction is effective and has gastro protective and ulcer healing capacity. Ethyl acetate fraction is more potent than crude methanol leaf extract against ethanol-induced This result provides scientific evidence as a validation for its folkloric use in the treatment of gastric ulcer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gastroprotective" title="gastroprotective">gastroprotective</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20medicine" title=" herbal medicine"> herbal medicine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-ulcer" title=" anti-ulcer"> anti-ulcer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pharmacology" title=" pharmacology"> pharmacology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143280/evaluation-of-the-anti-ulcer-activity-of-ethyl-acetate-fraction-of-methanol-leaf-extract-of-clerodendrum-capitatum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2653</span> SFE as a Superior Technique for Extraction of Eugenol-Rich Fraction from Cinnamomum tamala Nees (Bay Leaf) - Process Analysis and Phytochemical Characterization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudip%20Ghosh">Sudip Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipanwita%20Roy"> Dipanwita Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipan%20Chatterjee"> Dipan Chatterjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paramita%20Bhattacharjee"> Paramita Bhattacharjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satadal%20Das"> Satadal Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Highest yield of eugenol-rich fractions from Cinnamomum tamala (bay leaf) leaves were obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), compared to hydro-distillation, organic solvents, liquid CO2 and subcritical CO2 extractions. Optimization of SC-CO2 extraction parameters was carried out to obtain an extract with maximum eugenol content. This was achieved using a sample size of 10 g at 55°C, 512 bar after 60 min at a flow rate of 25.0 cm3/sof gaseous CO2. This extract has the best combination of phytochemical properties such as phenolic content (1.77 mg gallic acid/g dry bay leaf), reducing power (0.80 mg BHT/g dry bay leaf), antioxidant activity (IC50 of 0.20 mg/ml) and anti-inflammatory potency (IC50 of 1.89 mg/ml). Identification of compounds in this extract was performed by GC-MS analysis and its antimicrobial potency was also evaluated. The MIC values against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were 0.5, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/ml, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial%20potency" title="antimicrobial potency">antimicrobial potency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cinnamomum%20tamala" title=" Cinnamomum tamala"> Cinnamomum tamala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eugenol" title=" eugenol"> eugenol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercritical%20carbon%20dioxide%20extraction" title=" supercritical carbon dioxide extraction"> supercritical carbon dioxide extraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4135/sfe-as-a-superior-technique-for-extraction-of-eugenol-rich-fraction-from-cinnamomum-tamala-nees-bay-leaf-process-analysis-and-phytochemical-characterization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/4135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2652</span> Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal on Blood Biochemical Changes and Lipid Profile of Vanaraja Chicken in Tropics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kaushalendra%20Kumar">Kaushalendra Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abhishek%20Kumar"> Abhishek Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandra%20Moni"> Chandra Moni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjay%20Kumar"> Sanjay Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20K.%20Singh"> P. K. Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajeet%20Kumar"> Ajeet Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Present study investigated the dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) on production efficiency, hemato-biochemical profile and economy of Vanaraja birds under tropical condition. Experiment was conducted for a period of 56 days on 300 Vanaraja birds randomly divided in to five different experimental groups including control of 60 birds each group replicated with 20 chicks in each replicate. T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 were offered with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Moringa oleifera leaf meal along with basal ration. All the standard managemental practices were followed during experimental period including vaccination schedule. Locally available Moringa oleifera leaves were harvested at mature stage and allowed to dry under shady and aerated conditions. Thereafter, dried leaves were milled to make a leaf meal and stored in the airtight nylon bags to avoid any possible contamination from foreign material and use for experiment. Production parameters were calculated based on the amount of feed consumed and weight gain every weeks. The body weight gain of T2 group was significantly (P < 0.05) higher side whereas T3 group was comparable with control. The feed conversion ratio for T2 group was found to be significantly (P < 0.05) lower than all other treatment groups, while none of the group was comparable with each other. At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected from birds for haematology study while serum biochemistry performed using spectrophotometer following statndard protocols. The haematological attributes were significantly (P > 0.05) not differed among the groups. However, serum biochemistry showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine level with higher level of MOLM diet, indicates better utilization of protein supplemented through MOLM. The total cholesterol and triglyceride level was declined significantly (P < 0.05) as compare to control group with increased level of MOLM in basal diet, decreasing trend of serum cholesterol noted. However, value of HDL for T3 group was highest and for T1 group was lowest but no significant difference (P < 0.05) found among the groups. It might be due to presence of β-sitosterol a bioactive compound present in MOLM which causes lowering of plasma concentration of LDL. During experiment total, LDL and VLDL level was found to be decreased significantly (P < 0.05) as compare to control group. It was observed that the production efficiency of birds significantly improved with 5% followed by 10% Moringa oleifera leaf meal among the treatment groups. However, the maximum profit per kg live weight was noted in 10 % level and least profit observed in 20% MOLM fed group. It was concluded that the dietary inclusion of MOLM improved overall performances without affecting metabolic status and effective in reducing cholesterol level reflects healthy chicken production for human consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hemato%20biochemistry" title="hemato biochemistry">hemato biochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moringa%20oleifera%20leaf%20meal" title=" Moringa oleifera leaf meal"> Moringa oleifera leaf meal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vanaraja%20birds" title=" Vanaraja birds"> Vanaraja birds</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95979/effect-of-dietary-inclusion-of-moringa-oleifera-leaf-meal-on-blood-biochemical-changes-and-lipid-profile-of-vanaraja-chicken-in-tropics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2651</span> Functional, Pasting and Colour Characteristics of OGI (A Fermented Maize Meal) as Affected by Stage of Moringa Seed Inclusion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olajide%20Emmanuel%20Adedeji">Olajide Emmanuel Adedeji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olufunke%20O.%20Ezekiel"> Olufunke O. Ezekiel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moringa seed (20%) was incorporated into ogi (80%) at different stages in the flow line of ogi flour. Functional, pasting and L*a*b* colour characteristics of the samples were determined using standard methods. Loose and packed bulk densities ranged from 0.32 to 0.39 g/cm3 and 0.57 to 0.70 g/cm3 respectively. 100% ogi flour had the lowest values in both parameters. Water absorption and swelling capacities of the samples ranged from 0.89 to 1.80 ml/g and from 5.81 to 6.99 respectively. Pasting viscosity ranged from 870.33 RVU to 4660.67 RVU with the sample produced through the incorporation of full fat moringa seed flour during souring stage and 100% ogi flour having the least and highest values respectively. Stage of moringa seed inclusion also had effect on the trough, breakdown and final viscosity of the samples. The range of values obtained for these pasting parameters were 599.33-2940.00 RVU, 271.00-1720.67 RVU and 840.00-5451.67 RVU respectively. There was no significant difference (p≥ 0.05) in L*(a measure of whiteness) among the co fermented, blend of ogi and full fat moringa flours, blend of ogi and defatted moringa flour and 100% ogi flour samples. Low values were recorded for these samples in a* (measure of redness), b* (measure of yellowness) and colour intensity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stage%20of%20inclusion" title="stage of inclusion">stage of inclusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20property" title=" functional property"> functional property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ogi" title=" ogi"> ogi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moringa%20seed" title=" moringa seed"> moringa seed</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26583/functional-pasting-and-colour-characteristics-of-ogi-a-fermented-maize-meal-as-affected-by-stage-of-moringa-seed-inclusion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26583.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span 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