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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Scientific research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971_war_and_atomic_bomb_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971_war_and_atomic_bomb_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1971 war and atomic bomb project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971_war_and_atomic_bomb_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy,_awards_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy,_awards_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy, awards and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy,_awards_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutes_named_after_Riazuddin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutes_named_after_Riazuddin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Institutes named after Riazuddin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutes_named_after_Riazuddin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications_and_scientific_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications_and_scientific_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications and scientific articles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications_and_scientific_articles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications and scientific articles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications_and_scientific_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Scientific articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Riazuddin (physicist)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C)" title="ریاض الدین (فیزیک‌چی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریاض الدین (فیزیک‌چی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="ریاض‌الدین (فیزیکدان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریاض‌الدین (فیزیکدان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riazuddin" title="Riazuddin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Riazuddin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riazuddin" title="Riazuddin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riazuddin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Риазуддин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Риазуддин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رياض الدين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رياض الدين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riazuddin" title="Riazuddin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Riazuddin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ریاض الدین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاض الدین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> Pakistani theoretical physicist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Riazuddin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Riazuddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Riazuddin.jpg/220px-Riazuddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Riazuddin.jpg/330px-Riazuddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Riazuddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="406" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Riazuddin (1930–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1930-11-10</span>)</span>10 November 1930<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 2013<span style="display:none">(2013-09-09)</span> (aged 82)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamabad_Capital_Territory" title="Islamabad Capital Territory">Islamabad Capital Territory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/People_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Pakistan">Pakistani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">Punjab University</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Kawarabayashi-Suzuki-Riazuddin-Fayyazuddin (KSRF) relation<br />Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">nuclear weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear deterrence</a> programmes<br />Work on <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino Physics</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical Physics">Theoretical Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a> (PAEC) <br /><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Theoretical_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="International Center for Theoretical Physics">International Center for Theoretical Physics</a> (ICTP) <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a> (CERN) <br /><a href="/wiki/Daresbury_Laboratory" title="Daresbury Laboratory">Daresbury Laboratory</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam University">Quaid-e-Azam University</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">Punjab University</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals" title="King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals">King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute_and_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">National University of Sciences and Technology</a> (NUST)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Institute_of_Engineering_%26_Applied_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences">Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences</a> (PIEAS)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Masud_Ahmad" title="Masud Ahmad">Masud Ahmad</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;">Brother of the <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fayyazuddin" title="Fayyazuddin">Fayyazuddin</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Riazuddin</b>, also spelled as <b>Riaz-Ud-Din</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: رياض الدين;‎ 10 November 1930 – 9 September 2013),<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qadir2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qadir2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani">Pakistani</a> <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a>, specialising in <a href="/wiki/High-energy_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High-energy physics">high-energy physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>. Starting his scientific research in physics in 1958, Riazuddin was considered one of the early pioneers of Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Project-706" title="Project-706">nuclear weapons development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">atomic deterrence development</a>. He was the director of the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a> (PAEC) from 1974 until 1984. Riazuddin was a pupil of the winner of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riazuddin carried out his research at the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="International Centre for Theoretical Physics">International Centre for Theoretical Physics</a> (ICTP), PAEC, the <a href="/wiki/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a> (CERN) and <a href="/wiki/Daresbury_Laboratory" title="Daresbury Laboratory">Daresbury Laboratory</a> where he published papers in mathematics and physics. Riazuddin also played an important role in education in Pakistan, contributing to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Science_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in Pakistan">science in Pakistan</a>. Riazuddin authored several scientific books on <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. Later in his life, he joined the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">National University of Sciences and Technology</a> (NUST) as a visiting professor of theoretical physics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riazuddin was born in a native Punjabi family in <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Punjab">British Punjab</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a> in 1930. After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, his family migrated to Pakistan in 1947 and settled in Lahore, <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West-Pakistan</a>. He is the twin brother of physicist <a href="/wiki/Fayyazuddin" title="Fayyazuddin">Fayyazuddin</a>. At age 17, Riazuddin attended <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">Punjab University</a>, and took his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc(Hons)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riazuddin also studied under the supervision of Abdus Salam at the <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a> level at Cambridge University.<sup id="cite_ref-King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a student of mathematics, he learned the advanced course on <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> under Abdus Salam, as he had made the course of quantum mechanics outside the regular curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-NCP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, Salam funded his scholarship, and helped him gain admission to the graduate school of Punjab University. In 1953, Salam supervised his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MSc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Applied_mathematics" title="Applied mathematics">applied mathematics</a> where his master's dissertation dealt with fundamental concepts of mathematical physics.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time he published his thesis in 1953, he received a <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">Gold medal</a> from the Punjab University for post-graduate contributions to physics and mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the help of Salam, Riazuddin went to the United Kingdom on a scholarship and attended <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. At Cambridge, he was awarded his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical physics</a> in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riazuddin's <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a> was written on "<i>Charge Radius of Pion</i>" which also covered many issues relevant to the field of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riazuddin returned to Pakistan where he joined Punjab University as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_professor" title="Associate professor">Associate professor</a>. In 1968, Riazuddin was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Medal">Gold Medal in Physical Sciences</a> for scientists under 40 years of age by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pakistan Academy of Sciences">Pakistan Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riazuddin had joined Punjab University in 1959 as an associate professor of mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, he travelled to the United States for a fellowship awarded by Norman March and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Duff_(physicist)" title="Michael Duff (physicist)">Michael Duff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a <a href="/wiki/Research_associate" title="Research associate">research associate</a> professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> where he stayed until 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he joined the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> where he taught physics until 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, he went to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois where he joined his brother <a href="/wiki/Fayyazuddin" title="Fayyazuddin">Fayyazuddin</a>, and theoretical physicists Faheem Hussain and Peter Rottoli. Riazuddin joined <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Institute" title="Enrico Fermi Institute">Enrico Fermi Institute</a> where they created the "Relativity Group".<sup id="cite_ref-Riazuddin_As_I_know_him_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riazuddin_As_I_know_him-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Riazuddin returned to Pakistan on the request of Salam, and joined <a href="/wiki/Quaid-i-Azam_University" title="Quaid-i-Azam University">Quaid-i-Azam University</a>'s Institute of Physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Theoretical_Physics_Group_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theoretical_Physics_Group-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the founding director of the Institute of Physics (IP) where he engaged in research on string theory, the theory of relativity, particle physics and nuclear physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Riazuddin_As_I_know_him_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riazuddin_As_I_know_him-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theoretical_Physics_Group_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theoretical_Physics_Group-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the scientists of the Relativity Group at the Enrico Fermi Institute returned to Pakistan on the request of Salam.<sup id="cite_ref-Theoretical_Physics_Group_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theoretical_Physics_Group-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, he returned to the United States where he became Professor of Mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riazuddin left the United States for Italy as he was asked by Salam to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="International Centre for Theoretical Physics">International Centre for Theoretical Physics</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was joined by other students of Salam where they created a Theoretical Physics Group at the ICTP. In 1971, Riazuddin traveled to the United Kingdom to join the <a href="/wiki/Daresbury_Nuclear_Physics_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory">Daresbury Nuclear Physics Laboratory</a> where he was joined by Michael Duff.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Daresbury, he became senior research associate.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Riazuddin gained expertise and specialised in nuclear physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Daresbury, he trained British scientists in the field of nuclear physics.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, he became visiting professor of physics and mathematics at the University of Iowa and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, now <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Riazuddin came back to Pakistan where he joined <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam University">Quaid-e-Azam University</a> as a professor of theoretical physics.<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, Riazuddin also went to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> where he joined <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals" title="King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals">King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals</a> and became Chairman of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics and also taught physics at the Department of Physics. In 1983, Riazuddin, along with Asghar Qadir, went to <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, Italy, to join the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="International Centre for Theoretical Physics">International Centre for Theoretical Physics</a>. Both scientists joined Salam where they continued research in their fields. In 1998, Riazuddin left <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals" title="King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals">King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals</a> and returned to Pakistan to rejoin PAEC.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his post-graduate research, Riazuddin made contributions to mathematical physics, as he was highly interested in complex <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical series">mathematical series</a>, and its relation to <a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">modern physics</a>. In 1959, Riazuddin was the first physicist to use the <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_relation" title="Dispersion relation">dispersion relation</a> for <a href="/wiki/Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton scattering</a> of virtual photons on pions to analyse their charge radius.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this contribution, he was awarded the doctorate in physics (theoretical) by Cambridge University. He seldom published papers, preferring long correspondences with his brother Fayyazuddin, mentor Abdus Salam, and colleagues including <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" title="Asghar Qadir">Asghar Qadir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Duff_(physicist)" title="Michael Duff (physicist)">Michael Duff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masud_Ahmad" title="Masud Ahmad">Masud Ahmad</a>. During the 1960s, he associated himself with complex mathematical applications of nuclear physics. In 1960, Riazuddin used Nucleon-nucleon dispersion relation to discriminate proton-proton scattering in <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscalar_meson" title="Pseudoscalar meson">pseudoscalar mesons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, Riazuddin carried out the pioneering work on <a href="/wiki/Four-current" title="Four-current">vector currents</a>, in which he showed the discrepancy between <a href="/wiki/Muon_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Muon decay">μ-decay</a> and the constant gravity, and the strong interaction renormalisation of the <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">Beta (β)-decay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same year, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Atomic_Energy_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Atomic Energy Commission">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a>, partnering with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a>, sponsored Riazuddin to undertake further research. Along with Munir Ahmad Rashid and Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin realised that the physical baryons are considered broken in <a href="/wiki/Special_unitary_group" title="Special unitary group">special unitary groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_group" title="Symmetric group">symmetric groups</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tensor_product" title="Tensor product">tensor product</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant papers were submitted at the United States Atomic Energy Commission. In 1967, at the Fermi Institute, Riazuddin, with his brother Fayyazuddin, carried out research in the field of <a href="/wiki/Current_algebra" title="Current algebra">current algebra</a>, where they applied the mathematical framework of current algebra in the applications of <a href="/wiki/Radiative_recombination" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiative recombination">radiative decays</a> of mesons.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin published a pioneering work on K mesons. Riazuddin postulated that radioactive decay in K mesons have almost vanished when <a href="/wiki/Chiral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiral symmetry">chiral symmetry</a> is introduced. After the introduction, the symmetries break the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of particle physics, even when the contribution from <a href="/wiki/Penguin_diagrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin diagrams">penguin diagrams</a> is included.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1972, Riazuddin made pioneering research on <a href="/wiki/Neutrinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrinos">neutrinos</a>— an elusive particle postulated by <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> in 1930. In 1972, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin were the first to post mathematical frameworks of Current-algebra in neutrino scattering to determine the <a href="/wiki/Scale_invariance" title="Scale invariance">Scale invariance</a> of Chiral symmetry breaking the <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_(quantum_mechanics)" title="Hamiltonian (quantum mechanics)">Hamiltonian Quantum Mechanics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin theorised that it is possible get light-neutrino masses in the range of a few electron volts by equalising the masses of superheavy neutrinos in <a href="/wiki/Background_independence" title="Background independence">background independence</a> (universality).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Riazuddin began his research in the series <a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics" title="List of unsolved problems in physics">unsolved problems in physics</a>. In 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Physics">National Center for Physics</a> (NCP), Riazuddin presented his papers on neutrinos where he provided the mathematical framework of the neutrinos. Neutrinos have heavier masses but the <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrino oscillations">neutrino oscillations</a> do not completely identify the overall scale of their exact masses because they are exceedingly tiny. To determine the exact masses, Riazuddin introduced the laws of limits, as he realised there was a limit, to the electron energy <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">spectra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">β-decay</a>. In 2007, Riazuddin introduced SU(3) symmetry in the theory of <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a>. He postulated the light neutrinos formed a <a href="/wiki/Triplet_state" title="Triplet state">triplet state</a> in a SU(3) symmetry during the process. In 2008, Riazuddin pointed out that the neutrino mass has μ and τ symmetry and the <a href="/wiki/Lepton_number" title="Lepton number">Lepton number</a> remains constant, a new type of <a href="/wiki/Seesaw_mechanism" title="Seesaw mechanism">Seesaw mechanism</a> is formed, the so-called Riazuddin's Seesaw Model, the <a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac mass</a> <a href="/wiki/Dirac_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirac matrix">matrix</a> provided the <a href="/wiki/Yukawa_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukawa coupling">Yukawa coupling</a> to follow the <a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a> to satisfy the <a href="/wiki/Leptogenesis_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptogenesis (physics)">Leptogenesis</a> asymmetry. Riazuddin proposed that this interaction can be avoided when two of the heavy right-hand neutrinos are (nearly) degenerate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2009, Riazuddin published a mathematical theory of the <a href="/wiki/Non-standard_model" title="Non-standard model">non-standard model</a>, and its brief extensions to <a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">τ</a> (tau) particles – particles that are similar to electrons with negative electric charge.<sup id="cite_ref-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an experiment performed at the Synchrotron light source installed at the <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam_Centre_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdus Salam Centre for Physics">National Center for Physics (NCP)</a>, now the Abdus Salam Centre for Physics, Riazuddin observed the decay of the Tau particle, in which he theorised that hadronisation <a href="/wiki/Vector_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector current">vector currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axial_vector" class="mw-redirect" title="Axial vector">axial vectors</a> can be used to study the implicit properties and functions of hadronic resonances, together with Chiral symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These natural elements can be assigned to the parts' <a href="/wiki/Weak_neutral_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak neutral current">weak current</a> that the strong nuclear interaction conserves.<sup id="cite_ref-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the introduction of such elementary particles, it became critical to study the particle elements that hold the weak interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1971_war_and_atomic_bomb_project">1971 war and atomic bomb project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1971 war and atomic bomb project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his stay at <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">PAEC</a>, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin were central figures of Pakistan's atomic program during the early and critical years. In December 1972, Riazuddin returned to Pakistan on the request of Salam.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salam asked Riazuddin to report to <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad Khan</a> – chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At PAEC, Salam assigned Riazuddin to his Theoretical Physics Group (TPG).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Theoretical Physics Group took research in <a href="/wiki/Fast_neutron_calculations" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast neutron calculations">fast neutron calculations</a> – how neutrons moved in a nuclear chain reaction – the theory <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">simultaneity</a> — how would fission weapon would detonated from several points at the same point during the detonation process – and hydrodynamics – how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave – and what kind of and how much fissile material and reflectors would be used.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salam had attracted theoretical physicists who worked under Riazuddin despite his younger age. Riazuddin was among the scientists who attended the Multan meeting that was managed by Salam and convened by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Pakistan President</a> <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>. After the meeting, Salam took Riazuddin, with Munir Ahmad Khan, to Bhutto's residence in Islamabad where the scientists briefed Bhutto about the development of the nuclear weapons programme.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Salam had traveled to the United States to evade the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a>, he returned to Pakistan with stacks of historical books on the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> in December 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1973, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> offered him a fellowship, and on the advice of Salam, Riazuddin went to United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he became a senior <a href="/wiki/Research_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Research scientist">research scientist</a> at the University of Maryland, and obtained the open-source information on the "<a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_1998_39–40_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman_1998_39–40-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riazuddin carefully studied American <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>'s approach to develop the first implosion device, and made further advances on <a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_limit" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Phillips_process" title="Oppenheimer–Phillips process">Oppenheimer–Phillips process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_approximation" title="Born–Oppenheimer approximation">Born–Oppenheimer approximation</a>. </p><p>After his return from the United States, Riazuddin was inducted into the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) as <a href="/wiki/Chief_technical_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief technical officer">member (technical)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, he began to take research with the TPG, and began one of the pioneering member of the TPG.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Raziuddin_Siddiqui" title="Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui">Raziddin Siddiqui</a> formed the Mathematical Physics Group (MPG) which closely collaborated with Theoretical Physics Group.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riazuddin called his mathematician friend <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" title="Asghar Qadir">Asghar Qadir</a>, who specialised in <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> under Riazuddin and Salam, to join the Mathematical Physics Group. Later in his career, Qadir published a college text book on theory of special relativity. Shortly after the India surprise <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear test</a> — <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokhran-I">Pokhran-I</a>, Munir Ahmad Khan called for a meeting to initiate the work on atomic bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riazuddin and Salam represented the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG), and it was decided to develop the <a href="/wiki/Implosion-type_nuclear_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Implosion-type nuclear weapon">implosion method</a> for the first device.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the meeting, the word "<a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">bomb</a>" was never used; instead academic scientists preferred to use the scientific research rationale.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Theoretical Physics Group began its research and directly reported to Abdus Salam.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, both MPG and TPG scientists completed the design and calculation of an atomic bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Qadir, Riazuddin continued to develop the theoretical designs of the atomic weapon during 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982 the PAEC finally developed the device under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PAEC carried out the first cold-test of the TPG's theoretical design by May 1983 at <a href="/wiki/Kirana_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana Hills">Kirana Hills</a>. The test teams were headed by <a href="/wiki/Ishfaq_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishfaq Ahmad">Ishfaq Ahmad</a>, a nuclear physicist, and Munir Ahmad Khan supervised the testings.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riazuddin later disclosed that he worked as part of the team, under Abdus Salam, that worked on designs for Pakistan's nuclear explosive device. As he explained: </p> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We were the designers of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">bomb</a>, like the tailor who tells you how much of the material is required to stitch a suit. We had to identify the <a href="/wiki/Fissile_material" title="Fissile material">fissile material</a>, whether to use <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> or...<a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a>, which method of detonation, which explosive, which type of tampers and lenses to use, how material will be compressed, how shock waves will be created, what would be the yield." Riazuddin also disclosed that since <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> found it difficult to manufacture <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> reflectors, the first nuclear explosive device designed by the "Theoretical Physics Group" used <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">Uranium-238</a> as a reflector.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rahman_1998_39–40_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rahman_1998_39–40-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></dd></dl> <p>Riazuddin also worked in a <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> at PAEC. In 2000, Riazuddin retired from PAEC as a <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">chief scientist</a>. In the same year, he was elected as Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World Academy of Sciences">Third World Academy of Sciences</a> and Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_World_Academy_of_Sciences_(IAS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic World Academy of Sciences (IAS)">Islamic World Academy of Sciences (IAS)</a>. Riazuddin was also a visiting scientist at <a href="/wiki/European_Organization_for_Nuclear_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organization for Nuclear Research">CERN</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy,_awards_and_recognition"><span id="Legacy.2C_awards_and_recognition"></span>Legacy, awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy, awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riazuddin was an internationally known theoretical physicist. He had made contributions with <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider (LHC)</a>. At CERN, he was a widely respected <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">theoretician</a>. </p><p>Riazuddin is the recipient of <a href="/wiki/Civil_decorations_of_Pakistan" title="Civil decorations of Pakistan">Pakistan's highest civil awards</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamgha-i-Imtiaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamgha-i-Imtiaz">Tamgha-i-Imtiaz</a> (Medal of Excellence) in 1980<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz" title="Sitara-i-Imtiaz">Sitara-i-Imtiaz</a> (Star of Excellence) in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">Hilal-i-Imtiaz</a> (Crescent of Excellence) in 1999<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> Gold Medal for Fundamental Science in 2000<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the Islamic Academy of Sciences in November 2000<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gold Medal for outstanding research work in Physical Sciences by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pakistan Academy of Sciences">Pakistan Academy of Sciences</a> in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>He is one of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_scientists" title="Category:Pakistani scientists">Pakistani scientists</a> who were very close to <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Pakistani Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a>. At PAEC, Riazuddin had closely worked with another noted Pakistani <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Masud_Ahmad" title="Masud Ahmad">Masud Ahmad</a> (late). Later in life, he worked as a professor of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">National University of Sciences and Technology</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>. </p><p>He had also been the director of the <a href="/wiki/Riazuddin_National_Center_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Riazuddin National Center for Physics">Riazuddin National Center for Physics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also at Quaid-e-Azam University. He was most famous for his TPG Group work Riazuddin and his team of theoretical physicists are widely credited to have developed and designed Pakistan's nuclear weapon devices. </p><p>On 26 April 2009, a day-long conference was held in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> to pay tribute to an eminent <a href="/wiki/Research_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Research scientist">research scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a>, Riazuddin. The conference was organised by <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">National University of Sciences and Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">NUST</a>) and Riazuddin National Centre for Physics (RNCP). In the conference, <a href="/wiki/Masud_Ahmad" title="Masud Ahmad">Masud Ahmad</a>, who is also the student of his, said: </p><p>"<i>Prof. Riaz always put in his best efforts to obtain original results while working on various issues related to science and technology</i>". </p><p><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan">NUST</a> Rector, Engr. Muhammad Asghar also paid tributes to him and said: </p><p>"<i>Prof. Riazuddin has a very strong and professional background in the field of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>. He achieved many distinctions and awards from national as well as international institutes, which includes <a href="/wiki/Tamgha-e-Imtiaz" title="Tamgha-e-Imtiaz">Tamgha-e-Imtiaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz" title="Sitara-i-Imtiaz">Sitara-i-Imtiaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilal-e-Imtiaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilal-e-Imtiaz">Hilal-e-Imtiaz</a> and awards from <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/COMSTECH" title="COMSTECH">COMSTECH</a> Prize in Physics</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutes_named_after_Riazuddin">Institutes named after Riazuddin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Institutes named after Riazuddin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riazuddin_National_Center_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Riazuddin National Center for Physics">Riazuddin National Center for Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam University">Quaid-e-Azam University</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications_and_scientific_articles">Publications and scientific articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications and scientific articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Theory of Weak Interaction in Particle Physics, John Wiley, New York, 1969. (Written jointly with R. E. Marshak and C. P. Ryan).</li> <li>Quantum Mechanics, World Scientific, Singapore, 1990. (Written jointly with Fayyazuddin).</li> <li>A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics, World Scientific, Singapore, 1994. (Written jointly with Fayyazuddin).</li> <li>Contemporary Physics: Proceedings of the International Symposium (written jointly with <a href="/wiki/Faheem_Hussain" title="Faheem Hussain">Faheem Hussain</a>, Jamil Aslam, Riazuddin</li> <li>Physics and contemporary needs. Vol.5 by Riazuddin, Asghar Qadir</li> <li>Physics and Contemporary Needs. Written and edited by Riazuddin</li> <li>Selected Papers of Abdus Salam, with Commentary by A. Ali, Abdus Salam, Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5rqDFg8MQ4C&q=fayyazuddin+physics">Modern Introduction to Particle Physics (vol. 2)</a>, by Fayyazuddin and Riazuddin</li> <li>Radiative D* decay using vector meson dominance by Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin</li> <li>On the gluon dipole penguin contribution to nonleptonic hyperon decays. By Riazuddin and N. Paver</li> <li>* <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yijlmJ7kaKEC&dq=dr.+faheem+hussain+NCP&pg=PP6">Mathematical Physics</a>, jointly written with <a href="/wiki/Faheem_Hussain" title="Faheem Hussain">Faheem Hussain</a>, Riazuddin, <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" title="Asghar Qadir">Asghar Qadir</a>, Mohammad Jamil Aslam, Hamid Saleem.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_articles">Scientific articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scientific articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Role of Great Equations in Life by Riazuddin, Riazuddin National Center of Physics.</li> <li>Tribimaximal mixing and leptogenesis in a seesaw model, Riazuddin, Islamabad.</li> <li>Dirac equation in (1+2) dimensions for quasi-particles in graphene and quantum field theory of their Coulomb interaction. Riazuddin, Riazuddin National Center for Physics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_unitary_group" title="Special unitary group">(SU)</a> × <a href="/wiki/Special_unitary_group" title="Special unitary group">U(1)</a> model for electroweak unification and sterile neutrinos. Jointly written with Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Special_unitary_group" title="Special unitary group">SU(3)</a> symmetry for light neutrinos, Riazuddin</li> <li>Branching Ratio and <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP-asymmetry</a> for B→ gamma decays, jointly written with M. Jamil Aslam and Riazuddin</li> <li>Neutrino flavour mixing in an SU(3) symmetry for light neutrinos. Published by Riazuddin</li> <li>Neutrinos: recent developments and origin of neutrino mass matrix, Riazuddin (May 2004)</li> <li>Role of Mathematics in Physical Sciences, Riazuddin (February 2004)</li> <li>Some comments on narrow resonances. By Fayyazuddin and Riazuddin (September 2003)</li> <li>Neutrino Mass Matrix with Approximate Flavor Symmetry, Riazuddin (July 2003)</li> <li>Particle Aspects of Cosmology and Baryogenesis, Riazuddin (February 2003)</li> <li>Role of lepton flavor violating (LFV) muon decay in Seesaw model and LSND by M. Jamil Aslam and Riazuddin(September 2002)</li> <li>Role of gauge invariance in B→v gamma radiative weak decays, Riazuddin (October 2001)</li> <li>The Σ and τ in D and B decays, jointly written, N. Paver and Riazuddin (July 2001)</li> <li>Potential Models for Radiative Rare B Decays, Saeed Ahmad and Riazuddin (January 2001)</li> <li>Off-diagonal structure of neutrino mass matrix in see-saw mechanism and electron-muon-tau lepton universality, Riazuddin (July 2000)</li> <li>Two body non-leptonic $Lambda_b$ decays in quark model with factorization ansatz, published, Fayyazuddin and Riazuddin (February 1998)</li> <li>Double Counting Ambiguities in the Linear Sigma Model by A. Bramon, Riazuddin and M. D. Scadron (September 1997)</li> <li>Vector Meson Exchanges and CP Asymmetry in, Riazuddin, N. Paver and F. Simeoni</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafazzul_Husain_Kashmiri" title="Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri">Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Hoodbhoy" title="Pervez Hoodbhoy">Pervez Hoodbhoy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Riazuddin November 10, 1930 — September 09, 2013". AIP Scitation. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2Fpt.5.6019">10.1063/pt.5.6019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Riazuddin+November+10%2C+1930+%E2%80%94+September+09%2C+2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2Fpt.5.6019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tribune-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tribune_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/602599/obituary-noted-physicist-dies">Obituary: Noted physicist dies (Riazuddin)</a> The Express Tribune (newspaper), Published 10 September 2013, retrieved 7 August 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qadir2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qadir2014_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQadir2014" class="citation journal cs1">Qadir, Asghar (2014). "Riazuddin: In Memoriam". <i>Physica Scripta</i>. <b>89</b> (8): 080401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhyS...89h0401Q">2014PhyS...89h0401Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F89%2F8%2F080401">10.1088/0031-8949/89/8/080401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8949">0031-8949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121181424">121181424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Scripta&rft.atitle=Riazuddin%3A+In+Memoriam&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=080401&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F89%2F8%2F080401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121181424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-8949&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PhyS...89h0401Q&rft.aulast=Qadir&rft.aufirst=Asghar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAS_Fellows-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAS_Fellows_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamic_Academy_of_Sciences2000" class="citation web cs1">Islamic Academy of Sciences, IAS (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130214010730/http://www.ias-worldwide.org/profiles/prof89.htm">"Professor Riazuddin"</a>. <i>IAS Fellows</i>. Islamic Academy of Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias-worldwide.org/profiles/prof89.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IAS+Fellows&rft.atitle=Professor+Riazuddin&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Islamic+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.aufirst=IAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias-worldwide.org%2Fprofiles%2Fprof89.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728064231/http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/PHYS/khodja/Riazuddin.htm">"Prof. Riazuddin"</a>. <i>King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals</i>. <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_and_Minerals" title="King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals">King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals</a>. 1996. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King+Fahd+University+of+Petroleum+and+Minerals&rft.atitle=Prof.+Riazuddin&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.kfupm.edu.sa%2FPHYS%2Fkhodja%2FRiazuddin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCP_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCP_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayyazuddin" class="citation web cs1">Fayyazuddin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173216/http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/5PPW/Abdus%20Salam/5PPW-Salam%20Lecture-Fayyazuddin.pdf">"Prof. Abdus Salam, As I know him"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NCP</i>. National Center for Physics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/5PPW/Abdus%20Salam/5PPW-Salam%20Lecture-Fayyazuddin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCP&rft.atitle=Prof.+Abdus+Salam%2C+As+I+know+him&rft.au=Fayyazuddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncp.edu.pk%2Fdocs%2F5PPW%2FAbdus%2520Salam%2F5PPW-Salam%2520Lecture-Fayyazuddin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(PAS)1959" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pakistan Academy of Sciences">(PAS), Pakistan Academy of Sciences</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110930045314/http://www.paspk.org/fellow8.htm">"Profile of Riazuddin"</a>. <i>Pakistan Academy of Sciences</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paspk.org/fellow8.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Profile+of+Riazuddin&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=%28PAS%29&rft.aufirst=Pakistan+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paspk.org%2Ffellow8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=78650">Riazuddin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riazuddin_As_I_know_him-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riazuddin_As_I_know_him_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riazuddin_As_I_know_him_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Riazuddin, As I know him, Masud Ahmad, tribute papers presented at Center for Advanced Mathematics and Physics of National University of Science and Technology (NUST).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theoretical_Physics_Group-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theoretical_Physics_Group_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theoretical_Physics_Group_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theoretical_Physics_Group_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain" class="citation web cs1">Hussain, Faheem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_zxVBIoycQMJ:sse.lums.edu.pk/documents/opednewsletter2005Jun.pdf+raziuddin+siddiqui+mathematician&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgYbTyvht0QyOGWZ2kdbXbd7vre1P_AjT-VB-1dI_2DpMNOVc-kYrGsCsSaD3Cf__VlHte_0QHWtEbio7zUpY3fLOtNloozbVlqBwjWcq0aNpa0w8_1WTodTwdlgkMe32ddbCUX&sig=AHIEtbRikFdqTrDjlTU14excgkyvm4K4mg">"The Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) at Quaid-i-Azam University"</a>. <i>Theoretical Physics Group</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Physics">National Center for Physics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Physics+Group&rft.atitle=The+Theoretical+Physics+Group+%28TPG%29+at+Quaid-i-Azam+University&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Faheem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3A_zxVBIoycQMJ%3Asse.lums.edu.pk%2Fdocuments%2Fopednewsletter2005Jun.pdf%2Braziuddin%2Bsiddiqui%2Bmathematician%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESgYbTyvht0QyOGWZ2kdbXbd7vre1P_AjT-VB-1dI_2DpMNOVc-kYrGsCsSaD3Cf__VlHte_0QHWtEbio7zUpY3fLOtNloozbVlqBwjWcq0aNpa0w8_1WTodTwdlgkMe32ddbCUX%26sig%3DAHIEtbRikFdqTrDjlTU14excgkyvm4K4mg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddin1959" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin (1959). "Charge Radius of Pion". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>114</b> (4): 1184–1186. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959PhRv..114.1184R">1959PhRv..114.1184R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.114.1184">10.1103/PhysRev.114.1184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Charge+Radius+of+Pion&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1184-1186&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.114.1184&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959PhRv..114.1184R&rft.au=Riazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddin1964" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin (1964). "Electromagnetic Violation of Conservation of Vector Current". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>134</b> (1B): 235–239. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964PhRv..134..235R">1964PhRv..134..235R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.134.B235">10.1103/PhysRev.134.B235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Electromagnetic+Violation+of+Conservation+of+Vector+Current&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=1B&rft.pages=235-239&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.134.B235&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964PhRv..134..235R&rft.au=Riazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddin1961" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin (1961). "Low-Energy p-p Scattering Phase Shifts and Dispersion Relations". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>121</b> (5): 1509–1512. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961PhRv..121.1509R">1961PhRv..121.1509R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.121.1509">10.1103/PhysRev.121.1509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Low-Energy+p-p+Scattering+Phase+Shifts+and+Dispersion+Relations&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1509-1512&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.121.1509&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961PhRv..121.1509R&rft.au=Riazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddinFayyazuddinRashid1961" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin; Fayyazuddin; Rashid, M. (1961). "Two Types of Baryons in Broken (SU3)L⊗(SU3)R Symmetry". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>1140</b> (6B): 1653–1654. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1965PhRv..140.1653R">1965PhRv..140.1653R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.140.B1653">10.1103/PhysRev.140.B1653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Two+Types+of+Baryons+in+Broken+%28SU3%29L%E2%8A%97%28SU3%29R+Symmetry&rft.volume=1140&rft.issue=6B&rft.pages=1653-1654&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.140.B1653&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1965PhRv..140.1653R&rft.au=Riazuddin&rft.au=Fayyazuddin&rft.au=Rashid%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddinFayyazuddin1967" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin & Fayyazuddin (1967). "Current Algebra and Radiative Decays of Mesons". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>18</b> (17): 715–719. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967PhRvL..18..715F">1967PhRvL..18..715F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.18.715">10.1103/PhysRevLett.18.715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Current+Algebra+and+Radiative+Decays+of+Mesons&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=715-719&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.18.715&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967PhRvL..18..715F&rft.au=Riazuddin&rft.au=Fayyazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddinFayyazuddin1985" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin & Fayyazuddin (1985). "K2π decays". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>32</b> (7): 1720–1724. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PhRvD..32.1720R">1985PhRvD..32.1720R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.32.1720">10.1103/PhysRevD.32.1720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9956336">9956336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=K2%CF%80+decays&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1720-1724&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9956336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.32.1720&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985PhRvD..32.1720R&rft.au=Riazuddin&rft.au=Fayyazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddinFayyazuddin1985" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin & Fayyazuddin (1985). "K2π decays". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>5</b> (10): 2641–2649. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972PhRvD...5.2641F">1972PhRvD...5.2641F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.5.2641">10.1103/PhysRevD.5.2641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=K2%CF%80+decays&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2641-2649&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.5.2641&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972PhRvD...5.2641F&rft.au=Riazuddin&rft.au=Fayyazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddinFayyazuddin1987" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin & Fayyazuddin (1987). "Neutrino masses and electron–muon–τ-lepton universality". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>35</b> (7): 2201–2205. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PhRvD..35.2201F">1987PhRvD..35.2201F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.35.2201">10.1103/PhysRevD.35.2201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9957909">9957909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Neutrino+masses+and+electron%E2%80%93muon%E2%80%93%CF%84-lepton+universality&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2201-2205&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9957909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevD.35.2201&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987PhRvD..35.2201F&rft.au=Riazuddin&rft.au=Fayyazuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCP_5th_Particle_Physics_Sypnoisis_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Riazuddin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233425/http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/snwm/Riazuddin_Non_Standartd_Interaction.pdf">"Non-standard interactions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NCP 5th Particle Physics Sypnoisis</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Islamabad: Riazuddin, Head of High-Energy Theory Group at National Center for Physics: 1–25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/snwm/Riazuddin_Non_Standartd_Interaction.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NCP+5th+Particle+Physics+Sypnoisis&rft.atitle=Non-standard+interactions&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Riazuddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncp.edu.pk%2Fdocs%2Fsnwm%2FRiazuddin_Non_Standartd_Interaction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 55–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 38–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 39–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahman_1998_39–40-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_1998_39–40_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahman_1998_39–40_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 51–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 55–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 50–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 70–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 65–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 69–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRahman1998">Rahman 1998</a>, pp. 80–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahid-Ur-Nuclear_Threat_Initiative_(NTI)1999" class="citation conference cs1">Shahid-Ur-, Rehman; <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative <i>(NTI)</i></a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918040826/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html">"A Tale of Two Scientists"</a>. <i>Long Road To Chagai</i>. <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>: Print Wise Publication. pp. 39–40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Nuclear/chronology_1974.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Scientists&rft.btitle=Long+Road+To+Chagai&rft.place=Islamabad%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Print+Wise+Publication&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Shahid-Ur-&rft.aufirst=Rehman&rft.au=Nuclear+Threat+Initiative+%27%27%28NTI%29%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Fe_research%2Fprofiles%2FPakistan%2FNuclear%2Fchronology_1974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703144057/https://www.ictp.it/about-ictp/media-centre/news/news-archive/2005/7/ictp-director-in-pakistan.aspx">"ICTP Director in Pakistan"</a>. <i>www.ictp.it</i>. ICTP. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ictp.it&rft.atitle=ICTP+Director+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ictp.it%2Fabout-ictp%2Fmedia-centre%2Fnews%2Fnews-archive%2F2005%2F7%2Fictp-director-in-pakistan.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography_2">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1998" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Shahid (1998). "§Development of Weapons". In Rahman, Shahid (ed.). <i>Long Road to Chagai</i>. Islamabad, Pakistan: Printwise publication. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8500-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/969-8500-00-6"><bdi>969-8500-00-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7Development+of+Weapons&rft.btitle=Long+Road+to+Chagai&rft.place=Islamabad%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Printwise+publication&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=969-8500-00-6&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Shahid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiazuddin+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728064231/http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/PHYS/khodja/Riazuddin.htm">Riazuddin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130214010730/http://www.ias-worldwide.org/profiles/prof89.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20130214010730/http://www.ias-worldwide.org/profiles/prof89.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914101215/http://www.chowk.com/articles/4104">https://web.archive.org/web/20070914101215/http://www.chowk.com/articles/4104</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210103648/http://www.ncp.edu.pk/newsletters/Vol1-1/ncpvol1-1_details.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20081210103648/http://www.ncp.edu.pk/newsletters/Vol1-1/ncpvol1-1_details.htm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/iscp/ISCP%20Summary.pdf">http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/iscp/ISCP%20Summary.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007002741/http://www.ncp.edu.pk/docs/iscp/ISCP%20Summary.pdf">Archived</a> 7 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722035346/http://libraryold.ictp.it/FP-DB/detail.php?ID=449">ICTP Page on Riazuddin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324165802/http://consult.cern.ch/xwho/people/426090">CERN Page on Riazuddin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/27950">CERN-Courier Page on Riazuddin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ot7jq4dTjBEC&q=fayyazuddin">Quantum Mechanics, World Scientific, by Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Koh_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras Koh Hills">Ras Koh Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagai_District" title="Chagai District">Chagai District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Chitta_Range" title="Kala Chitta Range">Kala Chitta Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirana_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana Hills">Kirana Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharan_Desert" title="Kharan Desert">Kharan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahuta" title="Kahuta">Kahuta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research<br />institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Institute_of_Nuclear_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology">Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Research_Laboratories" title="Khan Research Laboratories">Khan Research Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Science and Technology Organization">Defence Science and Technology Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Physics,_Quaid-e-Azam_University" title="Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University">Department of Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Institute_of_Physics" title="Pakistan Institute of Physics">Pakistan Institute of Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Physics" title="National Centre for Physics">National Centre for Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Zahid Ali Akbar Khan">Zahid Ali Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimuddin_Khan" title="Rahimuddin Khan">Rahimuddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubashir_Hassan" title="Mubashir Hassan">Mubashir Hassan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Riazuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishfaq_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishfaq Ahmad">Ishfaq Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Raziuddin_Siddiqui" title="Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui">Muhammad Raziuddin Siddiqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samar_Mubarakmand" title="Samar Mubarakmand">Samar Mubarakmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Iqbal Hussain Qureshi">Iqbal Hussain Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muneer_Ahmad_Rashid" title="Muneer Ahmad Rashid">Muneer Ahmad Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masud_Ahmad" title="Masud Ahmad">Masud Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" title="Asghar Qadir">Asghar Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Muhammad_Butt" title="Noor Muhammad Butt">Noor Muhammad Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Hafeez_Qureshi" title="Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi">Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Turowicz" title="Władysław Turowicz">Władysław Turowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Dastagir_Alam" title="Ghulam Dastagir Alam">Ghulam Dastagir Alam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear power in Pakistan</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#95;_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/20px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/30px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg/40px-Armed_Forces_of_Pakistan_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Pakistan" title="Military history of Pakistan">Military history of Pakistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commander-in-Chief <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chief Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister of Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan" title="Parliament of Pakistan">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Senate Committee on Defence</a></li> <li>National Assembly Committee on Defence</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_National_Security_(Pakistan)" title="Cabinet Committee on National Security (Pakistan)">Cabinet Committee on National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Pakistan)" title="National Security Council (Pakistan)"> National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Minister of Defence (Pakistan)">Defence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Defence Secretary (Pakistan)">Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_Production_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence Production (Pakistan)">Defence Production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chairman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval Staff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy" title="Pakistan Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inter-Services" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Public_Relations" title="Inter-Services Public Relations">Public Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter_Services_Selection_Board_(Pakistan)" title="Inter Services Selection Board (Pakistan)">Selection Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Command_Authority_(Pakistan)" title="National Command Authority (Pakistan)">National Command Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Nursing_Service" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Nursing Service">Nursing Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces_Band" title="Pakistan Armed Forces Band">Armed Forces Band</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Paramilitary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Armed_Forces" title="Civil Armed Forces">Civil Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Pakistan)" title="National Guard (Pakistan)">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Plans_Division_Force" title="Strategic Plans Division Force">Strategic Plans Division Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Women in the Pakistan Armed Forces">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ranks_and_insignia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranks and insignia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Army ranks and insignia">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Navy_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Navy ranks and insignia">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Marines#Commissioned_officers_and_Enlisted_rank" title="Pakistan Marines">Marines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia" title="Pakistan Air Force ranks and insignia">Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Business interests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Pakistani Defence Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Housing_Authority" title="Defence Housing Authority">Defence Housing Authority</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Foundations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauji_Foundation" title="Fauji Foundation">Fauji (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Welfare_Trust" title="Army Welfare Trust">Askari (Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahria_Foundation" title="Bahria Foundation">Bahria (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_Foundation" title="Shaheen Foundation">Shaheen (Air Force)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Criticism of the Pakistan Armed Forces">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment_(Pakistan)" title="The Establishment (Pakistan)">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Pakistan)" title="Gang of Four (Pakistan)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Military of Pakistan">Categories</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Army" title="Category:Pakistan Army">Army</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Category:Pakistan Air Force">Air Force</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Navy" title="Category:Pakistan Navy">Navy</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322195#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322195#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108669815">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7460542">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1041898711">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90608429">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123272834">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123272834">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p079482031">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007426353905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14043934">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=78650">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:riazuddin.mohammad">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Riazuddin (1930-2013)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032194994">IdRef</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&oldid=1252434208">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riazuddin_(physicist)&oldid=1252434208</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1930_births" title="Category:1930 births">1930 births</a></li><li><a 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