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id="toc-Generalized_anxiety_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generalized_anxiety_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Generalized anxiety disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generalized_anxiety_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_phobias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_phobias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Specific phobias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_phobias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Panic disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agoraphobia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agoraphobia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Agoraphobia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agoraphobia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_anxiety_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_anxiety_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Social anxiety disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_anxiety_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Post-traumatic stress disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_anxiety_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_anxiety_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Separation anxiety disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_anxiety_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obsessive–compulsive_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsessive–compulsive_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Obsessive–compulsive disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsessive–compulsive_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_mutism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_mutism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Selective mutism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_mutism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Differential diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception_and_discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_and_discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Perception and discrimination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perception_and_discrimination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perception and discrimination subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perception_and_discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stigma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stigma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stigma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stigma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychological_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Psychological techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lifestyle and diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannabis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannabis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cannabis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannabis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatments_for_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatments_for_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Treatments for children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatments_for_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anxiety disorder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angssteuring" title="Angssteuring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Angssteuring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82" title="اضطراب القلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضطراب القلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="উদ্বেগজনক বিকাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদ্বেগজনক বিকাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="উদ্বেগমূলক ব্যাধি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্বেগমূলক ব্যাধি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiozni_poreme%C4%87aj" title="Anksiozni poremećaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anksiozni poremećaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorn_d%27ansietat" title="Trastorn d'ansietat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Trastorn d'ansietat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Azkostn%C3%A1_porucha" title="Úzkostná porucha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úzkostná porucha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Anxiety disorder" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhwylder_gorbryder" title="Anhwylder gorbryder – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anhwylder gorbryder" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstst%C3%B6rung" title="Angststörung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Angststörung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84revush%C3%A4ire" title="Ärevushäire – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ärevushäire" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Αγχώδης διαταραχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγχώδης διαταραχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_de_ansiedad" title="Trastorno de ansiedad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Trastorno de ansiedad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antsietate-nahasmendu" title="Antsietate-nahasmendu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antsietate-nahasmendu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اختلال اضطرابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اختلال اضطرابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_anxieux" title="Trouble anxieux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trouble anxieux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_de_ansiedade" title="Trastorno de ansiedade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Trastorno de ansiedade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EC%95%88%EC%9E%A5%EC%95%A0" title="불안장애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불안장애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsalar_damuwa" title="Matsalar damuwa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Matsalar damuwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Տագնապային խանգարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տագնապային խանգարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="दुश्चिंता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुश्चिंता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Anxiety disorder" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangguan_kecemasan" title="Gangguan kecemasan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gangguan kecemasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%AD%C3%B0araskanir" title="Kvíðaraskanir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvíðaraskanir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbo_d%27ansia" title="Disturbo d'ansia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disturbo d'ansia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94" title="הפרעת חרדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרעת חרדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಆತಂಕ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆತಂಕ ಕಾಯಿಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="შფოთვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შფოთვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_Disorder" title="Anxiety Disorder – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anxiety Disorder" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauksmes_trauc%C4%93jumi" title="Trauksmes traucējumi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trauksmes traucējumi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerimo_sutrikimai" title="Nerimo sutrikimai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nerimo sutrikimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szorong%C3%A1sos_zavarok" title="Szorongásos zavarok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szorongásos zavarok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Тревожно растројство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тревожно растројство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഉത്കണ്ഠ വൈകല്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്കണ്ഠ വൈകല്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0)" title="चिंतातुरता (मानसिक आजार) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिंतातुरता (मानसिक आजार)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecelaruan_keresahan" title="Kecelaruan keresahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kecelaruan keresahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angststoornis" title="Angststoornis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Angststoornis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%89%E9%9A%9C%E5%AE%B3" title="不安障害 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="不安障害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angstlidelse" title="Angstlidelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Angstlidelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%97_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE" title="ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗ ଅବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗ ଅବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trastorno_di_ansiedad" title="Trastorno di ansiedad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Trastorno di ansiedad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaburzenia_l%C4%99kowe" title="Zaburzenia lękowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zaburzenia lękowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtorno_de_ansiedade" title="Transtorno de ansiedade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Transtorno de ansiedade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulburare_de_anxietate" title="Tulburare de anxietate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tulburare de anxietate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Тревожное расстройство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тревожное расстройство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="කාංසා අක්‍රමතාවය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාංසා අක්‍රමතාවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anxiety disorder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DA%B5%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8E" title="پەشێویی دڵەڕاوکێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەشێویی دڵەڕاوکێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Анксиозни поремећаји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Анксиозни поремећаји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiozni_poreme%C4%87aj" title="Anksiozni poremećaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anksiozni poremećaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdistuneisuush%C3%A4iri%C3%B6" title="Ahdistuneisuushäiriö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahdistuneisuushäiriö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngestst%C3%B6rningar" title="Ångeststörningar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ångeststörningar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diperensiya_ng_pagkabalisa" title="Diperensiya ng pagkabalisa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diperensiya ng pagkabalisa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="பதகளிப்புக் கோளாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதகளிப்புக் கோளாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5" title="โรควิตกกังวล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรควิตกกังวล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8C%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%89%80%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%B8%E1%8C%88%E1%88%9D" title="ናይ ጭንቀት ጸገም – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ናይ ጭንቀት ጸገም" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiyete_bozuklu%C4%9Fu" title="Anksiyete bozukluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anksiyete bozukluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Тривожний невроз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тривожний невроз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%81" title="اضطراب کا عارضہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اضطراب کا عارضہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%91i_lo%E1%BA%A1n_lo_%C3%A2u" title="Rối loạn lo âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rối loạn lo âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87" title="焦虑症 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="焦虑症" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE%E7%97%87" title="焦慮症 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="焦慮症" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87" title="焦虑症 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="焦虑症" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q544006#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Anxiety disorder</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Scream.jpg/220px-The_Scream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Scream.jpg/330px-The_Scream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Scream.jpg/440px-The_Scream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3822" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scream" title="The Scream">The Scream</a></i> (Norwegian: <i>Skrik</i>) a <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian people">Norwegian</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Worrying, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">fast heart rate</a>, shakiness<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">trouble sleeping</a>, poor quality of life, substance use disorder, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcohol use disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">15–35 years old<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Over 6 months<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">Genetic</a>, environmental, and psychological factors<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a>, family history, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Psychological assessment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">Hyperthyroidism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> use; withdrawal from certain drugs<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Test2013partIII_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test2013partIII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Lifestyle changes, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">counselling</a>, medications<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SSRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRI">SSRIs</a> and <a href="/wiki/SNRI" class="mw-redirect" title="SNRI">SNRIs</a> are first line,<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other options include: <a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricyclic antidepressants">tricyclic antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta blockers">beta blockers</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2016_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">12% per year<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kess2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kess2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anxiety disorders</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> characterized by significant and uncontrollable feelings of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> such that a person's social, occupational, and personal functions are significantly impaired.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anxiety may cause physical and cognitive symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, easy fatigue, difficulty concentrating, increased heart rate, chest pain, abdominal pain, and a variety of other symptoms that may vary based on the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In casual discourse, the words <i>anxiety</i> and <i>fear</i> are often used interchangeably. In clinical usage, they have distinct meanings; anxiety is clinically defined as an unpleasant emotional state for which the cause is either not readily identified or perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable, whereas fear is clinically defined as an emotional and physiological response to a recognized external threat.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The umbrella term 'anxiety disorder' refers to a number of specific disorders that include fears (phobias) and/or anxiety symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several types of anxiety disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">hypochondriasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">specific phobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">separation anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">selective mutism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual disorders can be diagnosed using the specific and unique symptoms, triggering events, and timing.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A medical professional must evaluate a person before diagnosing them with an anxiety disorder to ensure that their anxiety cannot be attributed to another medical illness or mental disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible for an individual to have more than one anxiety disorder during their life or to have more than one anxiety disorder at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comorbid mental disorders or substance use disorders are common in those with anxiety. Comorbid depression (lifetime prevalence) is seen in 20-70% of those with social anxiety disorder, 50% of those with panic disorder and 43% of those with general anxiety disorder. The 12 month prevalence of alcohol or substance use disorders in those with anxiety disorders is 16.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Worldwide, anxiety disorders are the second most common type of mental disorders after depressive disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Vos_2017_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vos_2017-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anxiety disorders affect nearly 30% of adults at some point in their lives, with an estimated 4% of the global population currently experiencing an anxiety disorder. However, anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people are able to lead normal, productive lives with some form of treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalized_anxiety_disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Generalized anxiety disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></div> <p>Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation. Those with generalized anxiety disorder experience non-specific persistent fear and worry and become overly concerned with everyday matters. Generalized anxiety disorder is "characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder to affect older adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Calleo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calleo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anxiety can be a symptom of a medical or <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a> problem, and medical professionals must be aware of this. A diagnosis of GAD is made when a person has been excessively worried about an everyday problem for six months or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2003_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stresses can include family life, work, social life, or their own health. A person may find that they have problems making daily decisions and remembering commitments as a result of a lack of concentration and/or preoccupation with worry.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A symptom can be a strained appearance, with increased sweating from the hands, feet, and axillae,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with tearfulness, which can suggest depression.<sup id="cite_ref-Gelder2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelder2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before a diagnosis of anxiety disorder is made, physicians must rule out drug-induced anxiety and other medical causes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In children, GAD may be associated with headaches, restlessness, abdominal pain, and heart palpitations.<sup id="cite_ref-PedGAD2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PedGAD2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, it begins around eight to nine years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-PedGAD2009_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PedGAD2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_phobias">Specific phobias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specific phobias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Specific_phobias" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific phobias">Specific phobias</a></div> <p>The largest category of anxiety disorders is that of specific phobias, which includes all cases in which fear and anxiety are triggered by a specific stimulus or situation. Between 5% and 12% of the population worldwide has specific phobias.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2003_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the National Institute of Mental Health, a phobia is an intense fear of or aversion to specific objects or situations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with a phobia typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear, which can be anything from an animal to a location to a bodily fluid to a particular situation. Common <a href="/wiki/List_of_phobias" title="List of phobias">phobias</a> are flying, blood, water, highway driving, and tunnels. When people are exposed to their phobia, they may experience trembling, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with specific phobias often go to extreme lengths to avoid encountering their phobia. People with specific phobias understand that their fear is not proportional to the actual potential danger, but they can still become overwhelmed by it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_disorder">Panic disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Panic disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></div> <p>With panic disorder, a person has brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension, often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, or difficulty breathing. These <a href="/wiki/Panic_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic attacks">panic attacks</a> are defined by the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">APA</a> as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes but can last for several hours.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attacks can be triggered by stress, irrational thoughts, general fear, fear of the unknown, or even when engaging in exercise. However, sometimes the trigger is unclear, and attacks can arise without warning. To help prevent an attack, one can avoid the trigger. This can mean avoiding places, people, types of behaviors, or certain situations that have been known to cause a panic attack. This being said, not all attacks can be prevented. </p><p>In addition to recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic consequences: either worry over the attacks' potential implications, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant changes in behavior related to the attacks. As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside of specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat are noticed, leading them to think something is wrong with their heart or they are about to have another panic attack. In some cases, a heightened awareness (<a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>) of body functioning occurs during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life-threatening illness (i.e., extreme <a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">hypochondriasis</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Agoraphobia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></div> <p>Agoraphobia is a specific anxiety disorder wherein an individual is afraid of being in a place or situation where escape is difficult or embarrassing or where help may be unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agoraphobia is strongly linked with <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> and is often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack. A common manifestation involves needing to be in constant view of a door or other escape route. In addition to the fears themselves, the term <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a> is often used to refer to avoidance behaviors that individuals often develop.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, following a panic attack while driving, someone with agoraphobia may develop anxiety over driving and will therefore avoid driving. These avoidance behaviors can have serious consequences and often reinforce the fear they are caused by. In a severe case of agoraphobia, the person may never leave their home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_anxiety_disorder">Social anxiety disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social anxiety disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a> (SAD), also known as social phobia, describes an intense fear and avoidance of negative public scrutiny, public embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. This <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> can be specific to particular social situations (such as public speaking) or it can be experienced in most or all social situations. Roughly 7% of American adults have social anxiety disorder, and more than 75% of people experience their first symptoms in their childhood or early teenage years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a> often manifests specific physical symptoms, including blushing, sweating, rapid heart rate, and difficulty speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all phobic disorders, those with social anxiety often attempt to avoid the source of their anxiety; in the case of social anxiety, this is particularly problematic, and in severe cases, it can lead to complete social isolation. </p><p>Children are also affected by social anxiety disorder, although their associated symptoms are different from those of teenagers and adults. They may experience difficulty processing or retrieving information, sleep deprivation, disruptive behaviors in class, and irregular class participation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social physique anxiety (SPA) is a sub-type of social anxiety involving concern over the evaluation of one's body by others.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SPA is common among adolescents, especially females. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a></div> <p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was once an anxiety disorder (now moved to <i>trauma- and stressor-related disorders</i> in the DSM-V) that results from a traumatic experience. PTSD affects approximately 3.5% of U.S. adults every year, and an estimated one in eleven people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-traumatic stress can result from an extreme situation, such as combat, natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child abuse, bullying, or even a serious accident. It can also result from long-term (chronic) exposure to a severe stressor—<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, soldiers who endure individual battles but cannot <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">cope</a> with continuous combat. Common symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(psychological_phenomenon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flashback (psychological phenomenon)">flashbacks</a>, avoidant behaviors, anxiety, anger, and depression.<sup id="cite_ref-psycho-prat_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psycho-prat-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, individuals may experience sleep disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who have PTSD often try to detach themselves from their friends and family and have difficulty maintaining these close relationships. There are a number of treatments that form the basis of the care plan for those with PTSD; such treatments include <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT), prolonged exposure therapy, stress inoculation therapy, medication, psychotherapy, and support from family and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Barker2003_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barker2003-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</a> research began with US military veterans of the Vietnam War, as well as natural and non-natural disaster victims. Studies have found the degree of exposure to a disaster to be the best predictor of PTSD.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_anxiety_disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Separation anxiety disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></div> <p>Separation anxiety disorder (SepAD) is the feeling of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety over being separated from a person or place. Separation anxiety is a normal part of development in babies or children, and it is only when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate that it can be considered a disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Separation anxiety disorder affects roughly 7% of adults and 4% of children, but childhood cases tend to be more severe; in some instances, even a brief separation can produce panic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treating a child earlier may prevent problems. This may include training the parents and family on how to deal with it. Often, the parents will reinforce the anxiety because they do not know how to properly work through it with the child. In addition to parent training and family therapy, medication, such as SSRIs, can be used to treat separation anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-Moh2014_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moh2014-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsessive–compulsive_disorder"><span id="Obsessive.E2.80.93compulsive_disorder"></span>Obsessive–compulsive disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Obsessive–compulsive disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></div> <p>Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is not an anxiety disorder in the <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a> or the <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marras_et_al._(2016)_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marras_et_al._(2016)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was classified as such in older versions of the DSM-IV and <a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">ICD-10</a>. OCD manifests in the form of <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(psychology)" title="Fixation (psychology)">obsessions</a> (distressing, persistent, and intrusive thoughts or images) and <a href="/wiki/Compulsive_behavior" title="Compulsive behavior">compulsions</a> (urges to repeatedly perform specific acts or rituals) that are not caused by drugs or physical disorders and which cause anxiety or distress plus (more or less important) functional disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE-2006_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE-2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soomro-2012_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soomro-2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marras_et_al._(2016)_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marras_et_al._(2016)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OCD affects roughly 1–2% of adults (somewhat more women than men) and under 3% of children and adolescents.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE-2006_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE-2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soomro-2012_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soomro-2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person with OCD knows that the symptoms are unreasonable and struggles against both the thoughts and the behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-NICE-2006_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE-2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IQWiG-2014_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQWiG-2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their symptoms could be related to external events they fear, such as their home burning down because they forgot to turn off the stove, or they could worry that they will behave inappropriately.<sup id="cite_ref-IQWiG-2014_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IQWiG-2014-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compulsive rituals are personal rules they follow to relieve discomfort, such as needing to verify that the stove is turned off a specific number of times before leaving the house.<sup id="cite_ref-Soomro-2012_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soomro-2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not certain why some people have OCD, but behavioral, cognitive, genetic, and neurobiological factors may be involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Soomro-2012_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soomro-2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include family history, being single, being of a higher socioeconomic class, or not being in paid employment.<sup id="cite_ref-Soomro-2012_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soomro-2012-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those with OCD, about 20% of people will overcome it, and symptoms will at least reduce over time for most people (a further 50%).<sup id="cite_ref-NICE-2006_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NICE-2006-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_mutism">Selective mutism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selective mutism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></div> <p>Selective mutism (SM) is a disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with <a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">shyness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People with selective mutism stay silent even when the consequences of their silence include shame, social ostracism, or even punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selective mutism affects about 0.8% of people at some point in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testing for selective mutism is important because doctors must determine if it is an issue associated with the child's hearing or movements associated with the jaw or tongue and if the child can understand when others are speaking to them.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT) is the recommended approach for treating selective mutism, but prospective long-term outcome studies are lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diagnosis of anxiety disorders is made by symptoms, triggers, and a person's personal and family histories. There are no objective <a href="/wiki/Biomarker_(medicine)" title="Biomarker (medicine)">biomarkers</a> or laboratory tests that can diagnose anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-RoseDevine2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important for a medical professional to evaluate a person for other medical and mental causes of prolonged anxiety because treatments will vary considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous questionnaires have been developed for clinical use and can be used for an objective scoring system. Symptoms may vary between each sub-type of generalized anxiety disorder. Generally, symptoms must be present for at least six months, occur more days than not, and significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life. Symptoms may include: feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge; worrying excessively; difficulty concentrating; restlessness; and irritability.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Questionnaires developed for clinical use include the <a href="/wiki/State-Trait_Anxiety_Inventory" title="State-Trait Anxiety Inventory">State-Trait Anxiety Inventory</a> (STAI), the <a href="/wiki/Generalized_Anxiety_Disorder_7" title="Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7">Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7</a> (GAD-7), the <a href="/wiki/Beck_Anxiety_Inventory" title="Beck Anxiety Inventory">Beck Anxiety Inventory</a> (BAI), the <a href="/wiki/Zung_Self-Rating_Anxiety_Scale" title="Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale">Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Manifest_Anxiety_Scale" title="Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale">Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RoseDevine2014_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other questionnaires combine anxiety and depression measurements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Anxiety_Rating_Scale" title="Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale">Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Anxiety_and_Depression_Scale" title="Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale">Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale</a> (HADS), the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Health_Questionnaire" title="Patient Health Questionnaire">Patient Health Questionnaire</a> (PHQ), and the <a href="/wiki/Patient-Reported_Outcomes_Measurement_Information_System" title="Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System">Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System</a> (PROMIS).<sup id="cite_ref-RoseDevine2014_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of specific anxiety questionnaires include the <a href="/wiki/Liebowitz_Social_Anxiety_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale">Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale</a> (LSAS), the <a href="/wiki/Social_Interaction_Anxiety_Scale" title="Social Interaction Anxiety Scale">Social Interaction Anxiety Scale</a> (SIAS), the <a href="/wiki/Social_Phobia_Inventory" title="Social Phobia Inventory">Social Phobia Inventory</a> (SPIN), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS), and the Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ-A30).<sup id="cite_ref-RoseDevine2014_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoseDevine2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The GAD-7 has a sensitivity of 57-94% and a specificity of 82-88% in the diagnosis of general anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All screening questionnaires, if positive, should be followed by clinical interview including assessment of impairment and distress, avoidance behaviors, symptom history and persistence to definitively diagnose an anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organizations support routinely screening all adults for anxiety disorders, with the US Preventative Services Task Force recommending screening for all adults younger than 65.<sup id="cite_ref-USPSTF_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPSTF-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anxiety disorders differ from developmentally normal <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> by being excessive or persisting beyond developmentally appropriate periods. They differ from transient fear or anxiety, often stress-induced, by being persistent (e.g., typically lasting 6 months or more), although the criterion for duration is intended as a general guide with allowance for some degree of flexibility and is sometimes of shorter duration in children.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diagnosis of an anxiety disorder requires first ruling out an underlying medical cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Test2013partIII_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test2013partIII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diseases that may present similar to an anxiety disorder include certain endocrine diseases (<a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperprolactinemia">hyperprolactinemia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Test2013partIII_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test2013partIII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samuels2008_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuels2008-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metabolic disorders (<a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Test2013partIII_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test2013partIII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrigsbyAnderson2002_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrigsbyAnderson2002-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> deficiency states (low levels of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">B2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">B12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Test2013partIII_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test2013partIII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gastrointestinal diseases (<a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ZingoneSwift2015_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZingoneSwift2015-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015SystematicReview_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015SystematicReview-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NeuendorfHarding2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NeuendorfHarding2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> heart diseases,<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Test2013partIII_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test2013partIII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blood diseases (<a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Test2013partIII_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test2013partIII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and brain degenerative diseases (<a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Test2013partIII_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Test2013partIII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZhaoTan2016_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZhaoTan2016-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WenChan2016_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WenChan2016-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarrieReingold2015_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarrieReingold2015-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several drugs can also cause or worsen anxiety, whether through intoxication, withdrawal, or chronic use. These include <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, tobacco, cannabis, <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> (including prescription benzodiazepines), <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> (including prescription painkillers and illicit drugs like heroin), <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a> (such as caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines), <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inhalants" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalants">inhalants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2016_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DSM5_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Focus is increasing on the prevention of anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Bien2007_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bien2007-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is tentative evidence to support the use of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bien2007_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bien2007-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">mindfulness</a> therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Khoury_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khoury-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharma_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharma-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 review found no effective measures to prevent GAD in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 review found that psychological and educational interventions had a small benefit for the prevention of anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates that predictors of the emergence of anxiety disorders partly differ from the factors that predict their persistence.<sup id="cite_ref-Lancet2021_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2021-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception_and_discrimination">Perception and discrimination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Perception and discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stigma">Stigma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stigma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People with an anxiety disorder may be challenged by prejudices and stereotypes held by other people, most likely as a result of misconceptions around anxiety and anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Corrigan_67–73_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corrigan_67–73-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Misconceptions found in a data analysis from the National Survey of Mental Health Literacy and Stigma include: (1) many people believe anxiety is not a real medical illness; and (2) many people believe that people with anxiety could turn it off if they wanted to.<sup id="cite_ref-beyondblue_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyondblue-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For people experiencing the physical and mental symptoms of an anxiety disorder, stigma and negative social perception can make an individual less likely to seek treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-beyondblue_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beyondblue-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prejudice that some people with mental illness turn against themselves is called self-stigma.<sup id="cite_ref-Corrigan_67–73_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corrigan_67–73-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no explicit evidence for the exact cause of stigma towards anxiety. Stigma can be divided by social scale, into the macro, intermediate, and micro levels. The macro-level marks society as a whole with the influence of mass media. The intermediate level includes healthcare professionals and their perspectives. The micro-level details the individual's contributions to the process through self-stigmatization.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossler_2016_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossler_2016-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stigma can be described in three conceptual ways: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral. This allows for differentiation between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossler_2016_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossler_2016-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment options include <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">psychotherapy</a>, medications and lifestyle changes. There is no clear evidence as to whether psychotherapy or medication is more effective; the specific medication decision can be made by a doctor and patient with consideration for the patient's specific circumstances and symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM20152_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM20152-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If, while on treatment with a chosen medication, the person's anxiety does not improve, another medication may be offered.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM20152_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM20152-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific treatments will vary by sub-type of anxiety disorder, a person's other medical conditions, and medications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_techniques">Psychological techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Psychological techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first-line treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM20152_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM20152-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ol2016_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ol2016-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (September 2021)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> CBT is the most widely studied and preferred form of psychotherapy for anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet compared to sessions completed face-to-face.<sup id="cite_ref-Ol2016_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ol2016-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are specific CBT cirriculums or strategies for the specific type of anxiety disorder. CBT has similar effectiveness to pharmacotherapy and in a meta analysis, CBT was associated with medium to large benefit effect sizes for GAD, panic disorder and social anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBT has low dropout rates and its positive effects have been shown to be maintained at least for 12 months. CBT is sometimes given as once weekly sessions for 8–20 weeks, but regimens vary widely. Booster sessions may need to be restarted for patients who have a relapse of symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy#Exposure_and_response_prevention_(ERP)" title="Exposure therapy"> Exposure and response prevention (ERP)</a> has been found effective for treating PTSD, phobias, OCD and GAD.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a>-based programs also appear to be effective for managing anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Roemer_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roemer-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lang_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lang-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear if meditation has an effect on anxiety, and <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendental meditation">transcendental meditation</a> appears to be no different from other types of meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane review">Cochrane review</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morita_therapy" title="Morita therapy">Morita therapy</a> for anxiety disorder in adults found not enough evidence to draw a conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Medications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First-line choices for medications include <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRIs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">SNRIs</a> to treat generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder or panic disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NEJM20152_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM20152-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bald2005_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bald2005-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For adults, there is no good evidence supporting which specific medication in the SSRI or SNRI class is best for treating anxiety, so cost often drives drug choice.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM20152_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM20152-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bald20052_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bald20052-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fluvoxamine" title="Fluvoxamine">Fluvoxamine</a> is effective in treating a range of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. <sup id="cite_ref-Kwint2022_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwint2022-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boaden_2020_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boaden_2020-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Correll_2021_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll_2021-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">sertraline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a> can also help with some forms of anxiety in children and adolescents.<sup id="cite_ref-Kwint2022_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kwint2022-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boaden_2020_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boaden_2020-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Correll_2021_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll_2021-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the chosen medicine is effective, it is recommended that it be continued for at least a year to potentiate the risk of a relapse.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Batelaan_Bosman_Muntingh_et_al_2017_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batelaan_Bosman_Muntingh_et_al_2017-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benzodiazepines are a second line option for the pharmacologic treatment of anxiety. Benzodiazepines are associated with moderate to high effect sizes with regard to symptom relief and they have an onset usually within 1 week.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clonazepam has a longer half life and may possibly be used as once per day dosing.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benzodiazepines may also be used with SNRIs or SSRIs to initially reduce anxiety symptoms, and they may potentially be continued long term. Benzodiazepines are not a first line pharmacologic treatment of anxiety disorders and they carry risks of <a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">physical dependence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">psychological dependence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">overdose death</a> (especially when combined with opioids), misuse, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_impairment" title="Cognitive impairment">cognitive impairment</a>, falls and motor vehicle crashes.<sup id="cite_ref-Szuhany_2022_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szuhany_2022-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1998_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_1998-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a> are second-line treatments for people who do not respond to SSRIs or SNRIs. Pregabalin and <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a> are effective in treating some anxiety disorders, but there is concern regarding their off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for their efficacy in multiple conditions and their proven side effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medications need to be used with care among older adults, who are more likely to have side effects because of coexisting physical disorders. Adherence problems are more likely among older people, who may have difficulty understanding, seeing, or remembering instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-Calleo_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calleo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, medications are not seen as helpful for <a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">specific phobias</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a> are sometimes used to help resolve acute episodes. In 2007, data were sparse for the efficacy of any drug.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle_and_diet">Lifestyle and diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lifestyle and diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lifestyle changes include exercise, for which there is moderate evidence for some improvement, regularizing sleep patterns, reducing caffeine intake, and stopping smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM20152_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM20152-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stopping smoking has benefits for anxiety as great as or greater than those of medications.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A meta-analysis found 2000 mg/day or more of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as fish oil, tended to reduce anxiety in placebo-controlled and uncontrolled studies, particularly in people with more significant symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-SuTseng2018_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SuTseng2018-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannabis">Cannabis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cannabis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is little evidence for the use of <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> in treating anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatments_for_children">Treatments for children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Treatments for children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both therapy and a number of medications have been found to be useful for treating childhood anxiety disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2017_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2017-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therapy is generally preferred to medication.<sup id="cite_ref-Higa-McMillan_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT) is a good first-line therapy approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Higa-McMillan_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have gathered substantial evidence for treatments that are not CBT-based as effective forms of treatment, expanding treatment options for those who do not respond to CBT.<sup id="cite_ref-Higa-McMillan_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higa-McMillan-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, evidence that it is more effective than <a href="/wiki/Standard_treatment" title="Standard treatment">treatment as usual</a>, medication, or <a href="/wiki/Wait_list_control_group" title="Wait list control group">wait list controls</a> is inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like adults, children may undergo psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, or counseling. <a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a> is a form of treatment in which the child meets with a therapist together with the primary guardians and siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-CRD2017_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRD2017-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each family member may attend individual therapy, but family therapy is typically a form of group therapy. Art and <a href="/wiki/Play_therapy" title="Play therapy">play therapy</a> are also used. <a href="/wiki/Art_therapy" title="Art therapy">Art therapy</a> is most commonly used when the child will not or cannot verbally communicate due to trauma or a disability in which they are nonverbal. Participating in art activities allows the child to express what they otherwise may not be able to communicate to others.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In play therapy, the child is allowed to play however they please as a therapist observes them. The therapist may intercede from time to time with a question, comment, or suggestion. This is often most effective when the family of the child plays a role in the treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-CRD2017_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRD2017-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Globally, as of 2010, approximately 273 million (4.5% of the population) had an anxiety disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-LancetEpi2012_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is more common in females (5.2%) than males (2.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-LancetEpi2012_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, Africa, and Asia, lifetime rates of anxiety disorders are between 9 and 16%, and yearly rates are between 4 and 7%.<sup id="cite_ref-Helen2010_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helen2010-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between 11 and 18% of adults have the condition in a given year.<sup id="cite_ref-Helen2010_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helen2010-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This difference is affected by the range of ways in which different cultures interpret anxiety symptoms and what they consider to be normative behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann2010_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann2010-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric condition in the United States, outside of <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">substance use disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nejm_2014_on_generalized_anxiety_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm_2014_on_generalized_anxiety-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like adults, children can experience anxiety disorders; between 10 and 20 percent of all children will develop a full-fledged anxiety disorder prior to the age of 18,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making anxiety the most common mental health issue in young people. Anxiety disorders in children are often more challenging to identify than their adult counterparts, owing to the difficulty many parents face in discerning them from normal childhood fears. Likewise, anxiety in children is sometimes misdiagnosed as <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a>, or, due to the tendency of children to interpret their emotions physically (as stomachaches, headaches, etc.), anxiety disorders may initially be confused with physical ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anxiety in children has a variety of causes; sometimes anxiety is rooted in biology and may be a product of another existing condition, such as <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gifted children are also often more prone to excessive anxiety than non-gifted children.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cases of anxiety arise from the child having experienced a traumatic event of some kind, and in some cases, the cause of the child's anxiety cannot be pinpointed.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anxiety in children tends to manifest along age-appropriate themes, such as fear of going to school (not related to bullying) or not performing well enough at school, fear of social rejection, fear of something happening to loved ones, etc. What separates disordered anxiety from normal childhood anxiety is the duration and intensity of the fears involved.<sup id="cite_ref-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAD_Children_Anxiety_Canada-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 2011 study, people who high in hypercompetitive traits are at increased risk of both anxiety and depression.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">Exposure therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_an_anxiety_disorder" title="List of people with an anxiety disorder">List of people with an anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_anxiety%E2%80%93depressive_disorder" title="Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder">Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symptoms_of_victimization" title="Symptoms of victimization">Symptoms of victimization</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety_disorder&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAspden2012" class="citation news cs1">Aspden P (20 April 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/42414792-8968-11e1-85af-00144feab49a">"So, what does 'The Scream' mean?"</a></span>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" 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(July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vos_2017-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vos_2017_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVosAbajobirAbate2017" class="citation journal cs1">Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509">"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>390</b> (10100): 1211–1259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2932154-2">10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605509">5605509</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28919117">28919117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+incidence%2C+prevalence%2C+and+years+lived+with+disability+for+328+diseases+and+injuries+for+195+countries%2C+1990-2016%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2016&rft.volume=390&rft.issue=10100&rft.pages=1211-1259&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5605509%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28919117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2817%2932154-2&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=Theo&rft.au=Abajobir%2C+Amanuel+Alemu&rft.au=Abate%2C+Kalkidan+Hassen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5605509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders#:~:text=Anyone%20can%20have%20an%20anxiety,and%20affected%20by%20physical%20health.">"Anxiety disorders"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Anxiety+disorders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fanxiety-disorders%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAnyone%2520can%2520have%2520an%2520anxiety%2Cand%2520affected%2520by%2520physical%2520health.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/anxiety-disorders/what-are-anxiety-disorders">"What are Anxiety Disorders?"</a>. <i>American Psychiatric Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.atitle=What+are+Anxiety+Disorders%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatry.org%2Fpatients-families%2Fanxiety-disorders%2Fwhat-are-anxiety-disorders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacterGilbertWegner2011" class="citation book cs1">Schacter DL, Gilbert DT, Wegner DM (2011). <i>Psychology</i>. 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(July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calleo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calleo_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calleo_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalleoStanley2008" class="citation journal cs1">Calleo J, Stanley M (1 July 2008). 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(July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasserBremnerSmithHolt2009" class="citation book cs1">Passer MW, Bremner A, Smith RE, Holt N, Vliek M, Sutherland E (2009). <i>Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+Health+%26+Human+Services&rft.atitle=Phobias&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentalhealth.gov%2Fwhat-to-look-for%2Fanxiety-disorders%2Fphobias%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremnerHoltPasserSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Bremner A, Holt N, Passer M, Smith R, Sutherland E, Vliek M (2009). <i>Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour</i>. Berkshire UK: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-711836-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-711836-5"><bdi>978-0-07-711836-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%3A+The+Science+of+Mind+and+Behaviour.&rft.place=Berkshire+UK&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-711836-5&rft.aulast=Bremner&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Holt%2C+N&rft.au=Passer%2C+M&rft.au=Smith%2C+R&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+E&rft.au=Vliek%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/panic_symptoms.html">"Panic Disorder"</a>. <i>Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety, University of Pennsylvania</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527074826/http://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/panic_symptoms.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+the+Treatment+and+Study+of+Anxiety%2C+University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Panic+Disorder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.upenn.edu%2Fctsa%2Fpanic_symptoms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraske2003" class="citation book cs1">Craske MG (2003). <i>Origins of Phobias and Anxiety Disorders</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-044032-3.X5000-X">10.1016/B978-0-08-044032-3.X5000-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044032-3"><bdi>978-0-08-044032-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Phobias+and+Anxiety+Disorders&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-044032-3.X5000-X&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044032-3&rft.aulast=Craske&rft.aufirst=MG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazlett-Stevens2006" class="citation book cs1">Hazlett-Stevens H (2006). "Agoraphobia". In Fisher JE, O'Donohue WT (eds.). <i>Practitioner's Guide to Evidence-Based Psychotherapy</i>. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 24–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-28370-8_2">10.1007/978-0-387-28370-8_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-28369-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-28369-2"><bdi>978-0-387-28369-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agoraphobia&rft.btitle=Practitioner%27s+Guide+to+Evidence-Based+Psychotherapy&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=24-34&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-28370-8_2&rft.isbn=978-0-387-28369-2&rft.aulast=Hazlett-Stevens&rft.aufirst=H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhanational.org/conditions/social-anxiety-disorder">"Social Anxiety Disorder"</a>. <i>Mental Health America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Mental+Health+%28NIMH%29&rft.atitle=NIMH+%C2%BB+Social+Anxiety+Disorder%3A+More+Than+Just+Shyness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nimh.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fpublications%2Fsocial-anxiety-disorder-more-than-just-shyness%2Findex.shtml%23pub3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mhanational.org/blog/managing-anxiety-classroom">"Managing Anxiety in the Classroom"</a>. <i>Mental Health America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 55–75 (56). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993074-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993074-6"><bdi>978-0-19-993074-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Body+image+and+exercise&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Exercise+Psychology&rft.pages=55-75+%2856%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993074-6&rft.aulast=Ginis&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Bassett-Gunter%2C+RL&rft.au=Conlin%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVR1pAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd">"What Is PTSD?"</a>. <i>psychiatry.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Veterans Affairs Canada. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-662-42627-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-662-42627-1"><bdi>978-0-662-42627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-traumatic+Stress+Disorder+%28PTSD%29+and+the+Family%3A+For+Parents+with+Young+Children&rft.pub=Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-662-42627-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Fpublic%2Fpages%2Fpublications%2Fsystem-pdfs%2Fpstd_families_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psycho-prat-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psycho-prat_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204123458/http://www.psycho-prat.fr/index.php?module=webuploads&func=download&fileId=2963_0">"Psychological Disorders"</a>. <i>Psychologie Anglophone, Cours de Madame Lacroix</i>. 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(July 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalevLiberzonMarmar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Shalev A, Liberzon I, Marmar C (June 2017). "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder". <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>376</b> (25): 2459–2469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra1612499">10.1056/NEJMra1612499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28636846">28636846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Post-Traumatic+Stress+Disorder&rft.volume=376&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=2459-2469&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra1612499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28636846&rft.aulast=Shalev&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Liberzon%2C+I&rft.au=Marmar%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerton1997" class="citation book cs1">Fullerton C (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/posttraumaticstr0000full"><i>Posttraumatic Stress Disorder</i></a></span>. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/posttraumaticstr0000full/page/8">8</a>–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88048-751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88048-751-1"><bdi>978-0-88048-751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Posttraumatic+Stress+Disorder&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-88048-751-1&rft.aulast=Fullerton&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fposttraumaticstr0000full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety+disorder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegler2006" class="citation book cs1">Siegler RS (2006). <i>How Children Develop, Exploring Child Develop</i>. 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(July 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArehart-Treichel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Arehart-Treichel J (7 July 2006). 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544006" class="extiw" title="d:Q544006">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F40">F40</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F42">F42</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=300">300</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001008">D001008</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb787.htm">787</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/152-overview">med/152</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/anxiety-disorders">WHO fact sheet on anxiety disorders</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_disorders" title="Template talk:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_disorders_(Classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">Mental disorders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_mental_disorders" title="Classification of mental disorders">Classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adult_personality_and_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adult personality and behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_sexual_orientation" title="Ego-dystonic sexual orientation">Ego-dystonic sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anhedonia" title="Sexual anhedonia">Sexual anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_anorexia" title="Sexual anorexia">Sexual anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturation_disorder" title="Sexual maturation disorder">Sexual maturation disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship_disorder" title="Sexual relationship disorder">Sexual relationship disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder" title="Factitious disorder">Factitious disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Factitious_disorder_imposed_on_self" title="Factitious disorder imposed on self">Munchausen syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_intimacy" title="Fear of intimacy">Fear of intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excoriation_disorder" title="Excoriation disorder">Dermatillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptomania" title="Kleptomania">Kleptomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromania" title="Pyromania">Pyromania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichotillomania" title="Trichotillomania">Trichotillomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Childhood_and_learning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_diagnosed_in_childhood" title="Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood">Childhood and learning</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conduct_disorder" title="Conduct disorder">Conduct disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_defiant_disorder" title="Oppositional defiant disorder">ODD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_and_behavioral_disorders" title="Emotional and behavioral disorders">Emotional and behavioral disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">Separation anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement disorders">Movement disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypic_movement_disorder" title="Stereotypic movement disorder">Stereotypic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Social functioning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinhibited_attachment_disorder" title="Disinhibited attachment disorder">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_attachment_disorder" title="Reactive attachment disorder">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">Selective mutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluttering" title="Cluttering">Cluttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic_disorder" title="Tic disorder">Tic disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourette_syndrome" title="Tourette syndrome">Tourette syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">Intellectual disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-linked_intellectual_disability" title="X-linked intellectual disability">X-linked intellectual disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lujan%E2%80%93Fryns_syndrome" title="Lujan–Fryns syndrome">Lujan–Fryns syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological development<br />(<a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">developmental disabilities</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">Pervasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">Specific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mood_(affective)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood</a> (affective)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurological_and_symptomatic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neurological and symptomatic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">Autism spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-functioning_autism" title="High-functioning autism">High-functioning autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">PDD-NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savant_syndrome" title="Savant syndrome">Savant syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">AIDS dementia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creutzfeldt%E2%80%93Jakob_disease" title="Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease">Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" title="Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild_cognitive_impairment" title="Mild cognitive impairment">Mild cognitive impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick's disease">Pick's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundowning" title="Sundowning">Sundowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_dementia" title="Vascular dementia">Vascular dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_(dementia)" title="Wandering (dementia)">Wandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">Delirium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_brain_syndrome" title="Organic brain syndrome">Organic brain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-concussion_syndrome" title="Post-concussion syndrome">Post-concussion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Neurotic,_stress-related_and_somatoform" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">Neurotic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">somatoform</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_disorder" title="Adjustment disorder">Adjustment disorder</a> with depressed mood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxiety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">Phobia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">Agoraphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_phobia" title="Childhood phobia">Childhood phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropophobia">Anthropophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_social_phobia" title="Specific social phobia">Specific social phobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">Specific phobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">Claustrophobia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">OCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">Panic attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Acute stress reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissociative disorder">Dissociative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depersonalization-derealization_disorder" title="Depersonalization-derealization disorder">Depersonalization-derealization disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_identity_disorder" title="Dissociative identity disorder">Dissociative identity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative_fugue" title="Dissociative fugue">Dissociative fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_amnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic amnesia">Psychogenic amnesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Somatic symptom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_dysmorphic_disorder" title="Body dysmorphic disorder">Body dysmorphic disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_disorder" title="Conversion disorder">Conversion disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganser_syndrome" title="Ganser syndrome">Ganser syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_pharyngis" title="Globus pharyngis">Globus pharyngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_non-epileptic_seizure" title="Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure">Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">False pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochondriasis" title="Hypochondriasis">Hypochondriasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosophobia" title="Nosophobia">Nosophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_pain" title="Psychogenic pain">Psychogenic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatization_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatization disorder">Somatization disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Physiological_and_physical_behavior" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Physiological and physical behavior</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumination_syndrome" title="Rumination syndrome">Rumination syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_specified_feeding_or_eating_disorder" title="Other specified feeding or eating disorder">Other specified feeding or eating disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonorganic <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">Nightmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorders_of_childbirth" title="Psychiatric disorders of childbirth">Postnatal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">Postpartum depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_psychosis" title="Postpartum psychosis">Postpartum psychosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction#Sexual_desire_disorders" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual desire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Psychoactive_substances,_substance_abuse_and_substance-related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">Psychoactive</a> substances, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance abuse</a> and substance-related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Drug overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_intoxication" title="Substance intoxication">Intoxication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebound_effect" title="Rebound effect">Rebound effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant_psychosis" title="Stimulant psychosis">Stimulant psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Substance dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_withdrawal" title="Drug withdrawal">Withdrawal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Schizophrenia,_schizotypal_and_delusional" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schizotypal_personality_disorder" title="Schizotypal personality disorder">schizotypal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusional</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delusional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">Delusional disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a> and<br />schizophrenia-like</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brief_reactive_psychosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief reactive psychosis">Brief reactive psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophreniform_disorder" title="Schizophreniform disorder">Schizophreniform disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schizophrenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_schizophrenia" title="Childhood schizophrenia">Childhood schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disorganized_schizophrenia" title="Disorganized schizophrenia">Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoneurotic_schizophrenia" title="Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia">Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple-type_schizophrenia" title="Simple-type schizophrenia">Simple-type schizophrenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catatonia" title="Catatonia">Catatonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Symptoms_and_uncategorized" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Symptoms and uncategorized</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%BCver%E2%80%93Bucy_syndrome" title="Klüver–Bucy syndrome">Klüver–Bucy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy" title="Stereotypy">Stereotypy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Template talk:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digital media use and mental health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed or recognised<br />diagnostic categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction_disorder" title="Internet addiction disorder">Internet addiction disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" title="Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online problem gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_smartphone_use" title="Problematic smartphone use">Problematic smartphone use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nomophobia" title="Nomophobia">Nomophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_addiction" title="Television addiction">Television addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines involved</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sociology">Digital sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpsychology" title="Cyberpsychology">Cyberpsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Evolutionary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated<br />psychiatric conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxiety disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">Generalized anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">Social anxiety disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">Anorexia nervosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image_disturbance" title="Body image disturbance">Body image disturbance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_personality_disorder" title="Narcissistic personality disorder">Narcissistic personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" title="Behavioral addiction">Behavioral addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_image" title="Body image">Body image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpathology" title="Cyberpathology">Cyberpathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_detox" title="Digital detox">Digital detox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Evolution of cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Evolutionary mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_missing_out" title="Fear of missing out">Fear of missing out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_anorexia" class="mw-redirect" title="Promotion of anorexia">Promotion of anorexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_restrictions_on_children_in_Australia" title="Social media restrictions on children in Australia">Social media restrictions on children in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q544006#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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