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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship to language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_African_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_African_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influences on African music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_African_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_North_American_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_North_American_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence on North American music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_North_American_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afropop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afropop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Afropop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afropop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Music industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Africa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى إفريقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى إفريقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%83%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A7%D5%AB_%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ափրիկէի Երաժշտութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ափրիկէի Երաժշտութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_africana" title="Música africana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música africana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_musiqisi" title="Afrika musiqisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Afrika musiqisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_africana" title="Música africana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música africana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africk%C3%A1_hudba" title="Africká hudba – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Africká hudba" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_Affrica" title="Cerddoriaeth Affrica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth Affrica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_africana" title="Música africana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música africana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_muziko" title="Afrika muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Afrika muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_africaine" title="Musique africaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique africaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_africana" title="Música africana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música africana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%85" title="아프리카의 음악 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아프리카의 음악" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidan_Afirka" title="Kidan Afirka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kidan Afirka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_Afrika" title="Musik Afrika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik Afrika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_africana" title="Musica africana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musica africana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה אפריקאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה אפריקאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_zen%C3%A9je" title="Afrika zenéje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Afrika zenéje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanse_muziek" title="Afrikaanse muziek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afrikaanse muziek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="アフリカの音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフリカの音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikansk_musikk" title="Afrikansk musikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Afrikansk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_da_%C3%81frica" title="Música da África – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música da África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Музыка Африки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Африки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa" title="Music of Africa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Music of Africa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Афричка музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Афричка музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikansk_musik" title="Afrikansk musik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Afrikansk musik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orin_ti_%C3%81fr%C3%ADk%C3%A0" title="Orin ti Áfríkà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orin ti Áfríkà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"African Music" redirects here. For the music journal, see <a href="/wiki/African_Music_(journal)" title="African Music (journal)">African Music (journal)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Music_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Music of Africa">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>Given the vastness of the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> continent, its music is diverse, with <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Africa">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African countries">nations</a> having many distinct <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> traditions. African music includes the genres makwaya, <a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">highlife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">mbube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Township_music" title="Township music">township music</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">jùjú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">fuji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaiva" title="Jaiva">jaiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">afrobeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro_fusion" title="Afro fusion">afrofusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">mbalax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ndombolo" title="Ndombolo">ndombolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">makossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">kizomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taarab" title="Taarab">taarab</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African music also uses a large variety of instruments from all across the continent. The music and dance of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>, formed to varying degrees on African musical traditions, include <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American music</a> like <a href="/wiki/Dixieland_jazz" title="Dixieland jazz">Dixieland jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean music">Caribbean</a> genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">kaiso</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American music">Latin American music</a> genres such as <a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">cumbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_cubano" title="Son cubano">son cubano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_rumba" title="Cuban rumba">rumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conga_(music)" title="Conga (music)">conga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Bomba (Puerto Rico)">bomba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zouk_(musical_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouk (musical movement)">zouk</a> were founded on the music of <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Atlantic slave trade">enslaved Africans</a>, and have in turn influenced <a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_University_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_University-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the music of Asia, India and the Middle East, it is a highly rhythmic music. The complex rhythmic patterns often involves one rhythm played against another to create a <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythm</a>. The most common polyrhythm plays three beats on top of two, like a triplet played against straight notes. <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">Sub-Saharan African music traditions</a> frequently rely on <a href="/wiki/Percussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion">percussion instruments</a> of many varieties, including <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">djembes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Drums">drums</a>, and tone-producing instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira</a> or "thumb piano."<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_University_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_University-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another distinguishing form of African music is its <a href="/wiki/Call-and-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-and-response">call-and-response</a> style: one voice or instrument plays a short melodic phrase, and that phrase is echoed by another voice or instrument. The call-and-response nature extends to the rhythm, where one drum will play a rhythmic pattern, echoed by another drum playing the same pattern. African music is also highly improvised. A core rhythmic pattern is typically played, with drummers then improvising new patterns over the static original patterns. </p><p>Traditional music in most of the continent is passed down through <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>. There are subtle differences in pitch and intonation that do not easily translate to Western notation. African music most closely adheres to Western <a href="/wiki/Tetratonic_scale" title="Tetratonic scale">tetratonic</a> (four-note), <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic</a> (five-note), <a href="/wiki/Hexatonic_scale" title="Hexatonic scale">hexatonic</a> (six-note), and <a href="/wiki/Heptatonic_scale" title="Heptatonic scale">heptatonic</a> (seven-note) scales. Harmonization of the melody is accomplished by singing in parallel thirds, fourths, or fifths (see <a href="/wiki/Traditional_sub-Saharan_African_harmony" title="Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony">Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony</a>). </p><p>Music is important to religion in Africa, where rituals and religious ceremonies use music to pass down stories from generation to generation as well as to sing and dance to.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, music is important to the culture as a whole, not only as a form of religious and self-expression, but also as a form of media to communicate about important demographic issues, politics, and morals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Music in Africa is embedded into every aspect of life and at every social transitions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other cultures have studied African music though time, hence the mass influence that it has had on others. For instance, in December 2002, the Swiss Society for <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a> held multiple conferences in an attempt to study the music of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>. The ethnomusicologists taking part in the study looked to learn aspects of history through music, along with its traditions. Additionally, some ethnomusicologists, such as John Collins, looked to study more specific aspects of music from Ghana, such as the presence of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African Music has a deep relationship with the community. African music is made for both public enjoyment and public participation; which makes African music fall under the category of Community Music, where active community and public participation in music making is encouraged. It is this importance of community that establishes Christopher Small's idea of Social Happiness and musicking,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is wildly important in this culture.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_by_regions">Music by regions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Music by regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa_and_the_Horn_of_Africa">North Africa and the Horn of Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: North Africa and the Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_music_traditions" title="Middle Eastern and North African music traditions">Middle Eastern and North African music traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umm_Kulthum_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Umm_Kulthum_1969.jpg/220px-Umm_Kulthum_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Umm_Kulthum_1969.jpg/330px-Umm_Kulthum_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Umm_Kulthum_1969.jpg/440px-Umm_Kulthum_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> is the seat of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, civilizations with strong ties to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> and which influenced the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman cultures</a>. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> fell under <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persian_Egypt" title="History of Persian Egypt">Persian rule</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman rule</a>, while Carthage was later ruled by <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Romans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandals</a>. North Africa was <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">later conquered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">the Arabs</a>, who established the region as the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ar Africa (page does not exist)">Ar Africa</a> <i>(sky-blue and dark green region on map)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mdacacos_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mdacacos-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its music has close ties with <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Middle Eastern music</a> and utilizes similar melodic <a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">modes</a> (<i>maqamat</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hoppenstand_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoppenstand-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North African music has a considerable range, from the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">music of ancient Egypt</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_music" title="Berber music">Berber</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuareg music">Tuareg music</a> of the desert nomads. The region's art music has for centuries followed the outline of <a href="/wiki/Arab_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab classical music">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a>: its popular contemporary genres include the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aar_maanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aar_maanta.jpg/220px-Aar_maanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aar_maanta.jpg/330px-Aar_maanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Aar_maanta.jpg/440px-Aar_maanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Aar Maanta performing with his band at Pier Scheveningen Strandweg in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With these may be grouped the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">music of Sudan</a> and of the Horn of Africa, including the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">music of Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a>. Somali music is typically <a href="/wiki/Pentatonic_scale" title="Pentatonic scale">pentatonic</a>, using five <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> per <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> in contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Heptatonic_scale" title="Heptatonic scale">heptatonic</a> (seven note) scale such as the <a href="/wiki/Major_scale" title="Major scale">major scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mdacacos_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mdacacos-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music of the Ethiopian highlands uses a fundamental modal system called <i><a href="/wiki/Qenet" title="Qenet">qenet</a></i>, of which there are four main modes: <i>tezeta</i>, <i>bati</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ambassel_scale" title="Ambassel scale">ambassel</a></i>, and <i>anchihoy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove356_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove356-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three additional modes are variations on the above: tezeta minor, bati major, and bati minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Barihun_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barihun-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some songs take the name of their qenet, such as <a href="/wiki/Tizita" title="Tizita">tizita</a>, a song of reminiscence.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove356_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove356-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West,_Central,_Southeast_and_South_Africa"><span id="West.2C_Central.2C_Southeast_and_South_Africa"></span>West, Central, Southeast and South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: West, Central, Southeast and South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnomusicological">ethnomusicological</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Morris_Jones" title="Arthur Morris Jones">Arthur Morris Jones</a> (1889–1980) observed that the shared rhythmic principles of Bantu African music traditions constitute <i>one main system</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, master drummer and scholar C. K. Ladzekpo affirms the "profound homogeneity" of Bantu African rhythmic principles.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a> is frequently functional in nature. Performances may be long and often involve the participation of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Study,_Coordination_Group_Publications_2006,_page_36_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Study,_Coordination_Group_Publications_2006,_page_36-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, for example, specialized <a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">work songs</a>, songs accompanying <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and political activities, music to ward off evil spirits and to pay respects to good spirits, the dead and the ancestors. None of this is performed outside its intended social context and much of it is associated with a particular dance. Some of it, performed by professional musicians, is <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">sacral music</a> or ceremonial and courtly music performed at royal courts. </p><p>Musicologically, Sub-Saharan Africa may be divided into four regions:<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b>eastern</b> region <i>(light green regions on map)</i> includes the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">music of Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> as well as the islands of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Seychelles">the Seychelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music of Somalia</a> (which can also be considered to be in East Africa) and <a href="/wiki/Comorian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Comorian music">Comor</a>. Many of these have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Arabic music</a> and also by the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">music of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, though the region's indigenous musical traditions are primarily in the mainstream of the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo language">Niger–Congo-speaking peoples</a>.</li> <li>The <b>southern</b> region <i>(brown region on map)</i> includes the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">music of South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Swaziland">Swaziland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a>.</li> <li>The <b>central</b> region <i>(dark blue region on map)</i> includes the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">music of Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">the Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_music" title="Pygmy music">Pygmy music</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_music" class="mw-redirect" title="West African music">West African music</a> <i>(yellow region on map)</i> includes the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">music of Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of The Gambia">the Gambia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a>, of the inland plains of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, the coastal nations of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cote_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Cote d'Ivoire">Cote d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">the Republic of the Congo</a> as well as islands such as <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sao_Tome_and_Principe" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sao Tome and Principe">Sao Tome and Principe</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> are similarly in the broad Sub-Saharan musical tradition. They also have several ancillary influences, from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Muslim regions</a> of Africa, and in modern times, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="172" data-mwtitle="PDP-CH_-_Dominique_Manzadi_-_Muatubaba_Kungbekinga_-_African_music_in_Azande_language_-_Ngoma-1493-j2990.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PDP-CH_-_Dominique_Manzadi_-_Muatubaba_Kungbekinga_-_African_music_in_Azande_language_-_Ngoma-1493-j2990.flac"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/PDP-CH_-_Dominique_Manzadi_-_Muatubaba_Kungbekinga_-_African_music_in_Azande_language_-_Ngoma-1493-j2990.flac/PDP-CH_-_Dominique_Manzadi_-_Muatubaba_Kungbekinga_-_African_music_in_Azande_language_-_Ngoma-1493-j2990.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/dd/PDP-CH_-_Dominique_Manzadi_-_Muatubaba_Kungbekinga_-_African_music_in_Azande_language_-_Ngoma-1493-j2990.flac/PDP-CH_-_Dominique_Manzadi_-_Muatubaba_Kungbekinga_-_African_music_in_Azande_language_-_Ngoma-1493-j2990.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/PDP-CH_-_Dominique_Manzadi_-_Muatubaba_Kungbekinga_-_African_music_in_Azande_language_-_Ngoma-1493-j2990.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Azande song from the Congo performed with xylophone.</figcaption></figure> <p>Afrobeat, juju, fuji, highlife, makossa, and kizomba are performed in West Africa. <a href="/wiki/West_African_music" class="mw-redirect" title="West African music">West African music</a> has regional variations, with <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> regions incorporating elements of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Islamic music</a> and non-Muslim regions more influenced by indigenous traditions, according to the historian <a href="/wiki/Sylviane_Diouf" title="Sylviane Diouf">Sylviane Diouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnomusicologist">ethnomusicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Kubik" title="Gerhard Kubik">Gerhard Kubik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curiel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Diouf, traditional Muslim West African Music incorporates elements of the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">Islamic call to prayer</a> (originating from <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah" title="Bilal ibn Rabah">Bilal ibn Rabah</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssinian people">Abyssinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">African Muslim</a> in the early 7th century), including lyrics praising God, melody, note changes, "words that seem to quiver and shake" in the vocal chords, dramatic changes in <a href="/wiki/Musical_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical scale">musical scales</a>, and nasal <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(music)" title="Intonation (music)">intonation</a>. According to Kubik, the vocal style of Muslim West African singers "using <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melisma</a>, wavy intonation, and so forth is a heritage of that large region of West Africa that had been in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic world">Arabic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> since the seventh and eighth centuries." In terms of instrumentation, Kubik notes that stringed instruments (including ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>) were traditionally favored by Muslim West Africans, while drumming was traditionally favored by non-Muslim West Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-Curiel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abderrahmane_Abdelli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abderrahmane_Abdelli.jpg/220px-Abderrahmane_Abdelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abderrahmane_Abdelli.jpg/330px-Abderrahmane_Abdelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abderrahmane_Abdelli.jpg/440px-Abderrahmane_Abdelli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Abdelli" title="Abderrahmane Abdelli">Abderrahmane Abdelli</a> playing the <a href="/wiki/Mandole" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandole">mandole</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Besides vocalisation, which uses various techniques such as complex hard <a href="/wiki/Melisma" title="Melisma">melisma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yodel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodel">yodel</a>, a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> are also used. African musical instruments include a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Drum_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (musical instrument)">drums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slit_gong" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit gong">slit gongs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Double bell">double bells</a>, different types of <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harps</a>, and harp-like instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">kora</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)" title="Ngoni (instrument)">ngoni</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddles</a>, many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">lamellophone</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira</a>, and different types of <a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">wind instrument</a> like <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> are also used, with the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)" title="Ngoni (instrument)">Ngoni</a> serving as musical accompaniment in some areas. </p><p>There are five groups of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan African</a> musical instruments: membranophones, chordophones, aerophones, idiophones, and percussion. Membranophones are the drums, including kettles, clay pots, and barrels. Chordophones are stringed instruments like harps and fiddles. Aerophones are another name for wind instruments. These can include flutes and trumpets, similar to the instruments one hears in American music. In Northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> Republic and Northern <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algaita" title="Algaita">Algaita</a>-a double reed instrument is very common for festive events and seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Traditional_African_Musical_Instruments_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Traditional_African_Musical_Instruments-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Idiophones are rattles and shakers, while percussion can be sounds like foot-stomping and hand-clapping.<sup id="cite_ref-contemporary-african-art.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contemporary-african-art.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the wooden instruments have shapes or pictures carved out into them to represent ancestry. Some are decorated with feathers or beads.<sup id="cite_ref-contemporary-african-art.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contemporary-african-art.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Drums used in African traditional music include <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougarabou" title="Bougarabou">bougarabou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djembe" title="Djembe">djembe</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_drum" title="Water drum">water drums</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and West Africa, and the different types of <a href="/wiki/Ngoma_drums" title="Ngoma drums">ngoma drums</a> (or engoma) in Central and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. Other percussion instruments include many <a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaker_(musical_instrument)" title="Shaker (musical instrument)">shakers</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kashaka" title="Kashaka">kosika</a> (kashaka), <a href="/wiki/Rain_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain stick">rain stick</a>, bells and wood sticks. Also, Africa has many other types of drums, and many flutes and stringed and wind instruments. </p><p>The playing of <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythms</a> is one of the most universal characteristics of Sub-Saharan music, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a> in Western music. Several uniquely designed instruments have evolved there over time to facilitate the playing of simultaneous contrasting rhythms. The <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimba">kalimba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kora_(instrument)" title="Kora (instrument)">Kora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_(instrument)" title="Ngoni (instrument)">ngoni</a> and dousn'gouni are examples of these instruments which organize notes not in the usual single linear order from bass to treble, but in two separated rank arrays which allows additional ease in playing <a href="/wiki/Cross_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross rhythm">cross rhythms</a>. The continuing influence of this principle can be seen in the 20th century American instruments the <a href="/wiki/Gravi-kora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravi-kora">gravi-kora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravikord" title="Gravikord">gravikord</a> which are new modern examples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_language">Relationship to language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship to language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">languages spoken in Africa</a> are <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal languages</a>, leading to a close connection between music and language in some local cultures. These particular communities use vocal sounds and movements with their music as well. In singing, the tonal pattern or the text puts some constraints on the melodic patterns. On the other hand, in instrumental music a native speaker of a language can often perceive a text or texts in the music. This effect also forms the basis of <a href="/wiki/Drum_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (communication)">drum languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drums</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_African_music">Influences on African music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influences on African music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drumming_(7250728078).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Drumming_%287250728078%29.jpg/220px-Drumming_%287250728078%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Drumming_%287250728078%29.jpg/330px-Drumming_%287250728078%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Drumming_%287250728078%29.jpg/440px-Drumming_%287250728078%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Traditional drummers in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, several factors have influenced the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_sub-Saharan_African_harmony" title="Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony">traditional music of Africa</a>. The music has been influenced by language, the environment, a variety of cultures, politics, and population movement, all of which are intermingled. Each African group evolved in a different area of the continent, which means that they ate different foods, faced different weather conditions, and came in contact with different groups than other societies did. Each group moved at different rates and to different places than others, and thus each was influenced by different people and circumstances. Furthermore, each society did not necessarily operate under the same government, which also significantly influenced their music styles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_North_American_music">Influence on North American music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence on North American music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></div> <p>African music has been a major factor in the shaping of what we know today as <a href="/wiki/Dixieland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixieland">Dixieland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>. These styles have all borrowed from African rhythms and sounds, brought over the Atlantic Ocean by enslaved Africans. African music in Sub-Saharan Africa is mostly upbeat <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythmic</a> and joyful, whereas the blues should be viewed as an aesthetic development resulting from the conditions of slavery in the new world.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_blues" class="mw-redirect" title="The blues">The blues</a> has likely evolved as a fusion of an African <a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">blue note</a> scale with European <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_scale" title="Chromatic scale">twelve tone</a> musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The musical traditions of the Irish and Scottish settlers merged with African-American musical elements to become <a href="/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music">old-time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_grass_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue grass music">bluegrass</a>, among other genres. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Traffic_1973.jpg/220px-Traffic_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Traffic_1973.jpg/330px-Traffic_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Traffic_1973.jpg/440px-Traffic_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3452" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steve_Winwood" title="Steve Winwood">Steve Winwood's</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jazz_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz rock">jazz rock</a> band <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(band)" title="Traffic (band)">Traffic</a> often used West African rhythms</figcaption></figure> <p>On his album <i><a href="/wiki/Graceland_(album)" title="Graceland (album)">Graceland</a></i>, the American folk musician <a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a> employs South African bands, rhythms and melodies as a musical backdrop for his own lyrics; especially <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladysmith_Black_Mambazo" title="Ladysmith Black Mambazo">Ladysmith Black Mambazo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Phiri" title="Ray Phiri">Ray Phiri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Remi_Kabaka" title="Remi Kabaka">Remi Kabaka</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Afro-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-rock">Afro-rock</a> avant-garde drummer, laid the initial drum patterns that created the Afro-rock sounds in bands such as <a href="/wiki/Ginger_Baker" title="Ginger Baker">Ginger Baker</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ginger_Baker%27s_Air_Force" title="Ginger Baker's Air Force">Airforce</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Winwood" title="Steve Winwood">Steve Winwood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(band)" title="Traffic (band)">Traffic</a>. He continued to work with Winwood, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a> throughout the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain Sub-Saharan African musical traditions also had a significant influence on such works as Disney's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_II:_Simba%27s_Pride" title="The Lion King II: Simba's Pride">The Lion King II: Simba's Pride</a></i>, which blend traditional African music with Western music. Songs such as "<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_Sleeps_Tonight" title="The Lion Sleeps Tonight">The Lion Sleeps Tonight</a></i>" "<i><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Life" title="Circle of Life">Circle of Life</a></i>" and "<i><a href="/wiki/He_Lives_in_You" title="He Lives in You">He Lives in You</a></i>" combine <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> and English lyrics, as well as traditional African styles of music such as South African <a href="/wiki/Isicathamiya" title="Isicathamiya">isicathamiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">mbube</a> with more modern western styles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Disney film incorporates numerous words from the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a>. The phrase <i>hakuna matata</i>, for example, is an actual Swahili phrase that does in fact mean "no worries". Characters such as <a href="/wiki/Simba" title="Simba">Simba</a>, Kovu, and Zira are also Swahili words, meaning "lion", "scar", and "hate", respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Masekela" title="Hugh Masekela">Hugh Masekela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babatunde_Olatunji" title="Babatunde Olatunji">Babatunde Olatunji</a> were among the earliest African performing artists to develop sizable fan bases in the United States. Non-commercial African-American radio stations promoted African music as part of their cultural and political missions in the 1960s and 1970s. African music also found eager audiences at Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and appealed particularly to activists in the civil rights and Black Power movements.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afropop">Afropop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Afropop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miriam_Makeba_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Miriam_Makeba_2011.jpg/220px-Miriam_Makeba_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Miriam_Makeba_2011.jpg/330px-Miriam_Makeba_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Miriam_Makeba_2011.jpg/440px-Miriam_Makeba_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a> during a performance</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/440px-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angham" title="Angham">Angham</a>, pop star</figcaption></figure><p>African popular music commonly referred to as African pop or afro-pop like <a href="/wiki/Traditional_sub-Saharan_African_harmony" title="Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony">African traditional music</a> is vast and varied.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most contemporary genres of African popular music build on cross-pollination with western popular music. Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_music_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="List of popular music genres">genres of popular music</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Rumba" class="mw-redirect" title="African Rumba">rumba</a>, derive to varying degrees from musical traditions from Africa, taken to the Americas by enslaved Africans. These rhythms and sounds have subsequently been adapted by newer genres like <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>, soul music, and <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a>. Similarly, African popular music has adopted elements, particularly the musical instruments and <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studio</a> techniques of western music.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Linda%27s_Original_Evening_Birds" title="Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds">Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds</a> vocal group was formed by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Linda" title="Solomon Linda">Solomon Linda</a>. Linda was illiterate however created songs during his childhood whilst guarding cattle. Solomon Linda's Original Evening Birds' most internationally acclaimed hit released in 1939, "<a href="/wiki/Mbube_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbube (song)"><i>Mbube</i></a>" was the first African record to sell over 100,000 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important 20th century singers of South African popular music was <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Makeba" title="Miriam Makeba">Miriam Makeba</a>, who played a key-role, in the 60s, in drawing global audience's attention to African music and its meaning. Zenzile Miriam Makeba was said to have been one of the most influential and popular musicians of Africa, beginning in the 1950s. She was a part of three bands, including one all-woman band and two others. She performed all types of jazz music, traditional African music, and music that was popular in Western Africa at the time. Miriam played a majority of her music in the form of "<a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">mbube</a>", which was "a style of vocal harmony which drew on American jazz, <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church hymns</a>, as well as indigenous styles of music." After she moved to the U.S., problems with Makeba's passport occurred and she had to stay in America, it was said that she put an American twist on most of her African music. She had a very diverse scale of her vocal range and could hit almost any note.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> "The Empress of African Music" died at the age of 76.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In West Africa, <a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a> and Tony Allen performed Afrobeat music.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Femi_Kuti" title="Femi Kuti">Femi Kuti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seun_Kuti" title="Seun Kuti">Seun Kuti</a> followed their father <a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Afro-Euro hybrid style, the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Son_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Son (music)">son</a>, has had an influence on certain popular music in Africa. Some of the first guitar bands on the continent played covers of Cuban songs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early guitar-based bands from the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo</a> called their music <i>rumba</i> (although it was son rather than rumba-based). The Congolese style eventually evolved into what became known as <a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">soukous</a>. In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroonian</a> songwriter and <a href="/wiki/Saxophonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxophonist">saxophonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Manu_Dibango" title="Manu Dibango">Manu Dibango</a>'s, internationally innumerably <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampled</a> "<i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Makossa" title="Soul Makossa">Soul Makossa</a></i>" was released. "<i>Soul Makossa"</i> is the most sampled African record, in history.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010 FIFA World Cup</a> <a href="/wiki/Afro_fusion" title="Afro fusion">afro-fusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a> theme-song, "<i><a href="/wiki/Waka_Waka_(This_Time_for_Africa)" title="Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)">Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)</a></i>" featuring <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshlyground" title="Freshlyground">Freshlyground</a> sampled the <a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">makossa</a> presumably soldier-tribute, melody <a href="/wiki/Zamina_mina_(Zangal%C3%A9wa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamina mina (Zangaléwa)">Zamina mina (Zangaléwa)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Golden_Sounds" title="Golden Sounds">Golden Sounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalpop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalpop (page does not exist)">Kalpop</a> is a music genre that originated in the Klassikan royal communities under Klassik Nation<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> record label. Kalpop is a genre of Klassikan, African, lingual (multicultured), and popular music that originated in its modern form during the mid-1990s in Kenya and later spread to the United States and the United Kingdom. Kalpop music has found a home to a growing fan base and with a number of locally established as well as emerging Kalpop bands (there are over thirteen active local Kalpop bands in Nairobi alone) further cementing this genre by engaging in different as well as mutually organised Kalpop themed events.<sup id="cite_ref-Analyst_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analyst-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DON SANTO,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Badman Killa, Blessed Paul,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cash B, Jay Nuclear, Rekless, G-Youts (Washu B and Nicki Mulla), Sleek Whizz, Chizei, are among the many artists playing Kalpop music in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-Analyst_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Analyst-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_industry">Music industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For African artists, concerts were one of the few ways to earn in the industry. Piracy and changing consumer behavior are behind declining sales of records. Enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a> remains weak in Africa. MusikBi is the first legal <a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">music download</a> website in Africa. It does not offer <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Music streaming">streaming</a> and is limited by internet speeds in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some African countries, including Kenya, Gambia and South Africa, have seen protest over perceived excessive <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">airtime</a> given to American music. In Zimbabwe 75% of airtime has to be given to local music. Protective actions have seen the growth of new genres like <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Urban Grooves</a> emerge in Zimbabwe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 Sony Music launched in Africa by opening an office in Nigeria. Traditionally services of western major international studios have not been available in Africa, the local demand for their music being met through piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SInce 2014, the festival <a href="/wiki/Visa_for_Music" title="Visa for Music">Visa for Music</a> has been held annually with growing success in Morocco, presenting musical artists with roots in Africa through showcases, music videos and marketing for professionals from the creative industries worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_African_diaspora" title="Music of the African diaspora">Music of the African diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum" title="Umm Kulthum">Umm Kulthum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Kofi_Agawu" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Kofi Agawu">Victor Kofi Agawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Berliner_(ethnomusicologist)" title="Paul Berliner (ethnomusicologist)">Paul Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Brennan_(music_producer)" title="Ian Brennan (music producer)">Ian Brennan (music producer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">Clave (rhythm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravikord" title="Gravikord">Gravikord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Library_of_African_Music" title="International Library of African Music">International Library of African Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Morris_Jones" title="Arthur Morris Jones">Arthur Morris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashenafi_Kebede" title="Ashenafi Kebede">Ashenafi Kebede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Kubik" title="Gerhard Kubik">Gerhard Kubik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_guitarists" title="List of African guitarists">List of African guitarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_bengidzakiwe" title="Mine bengidzakiwe">Mine bengidzakiwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Tracey" title="Hugh Tracey">Hugh Tracey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_sub-Saharan_African_harmony" title="Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony">Traditional sub-Saharan African harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCollins2002" class="citation web cs1">Collins, Professor John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.ualberta.ca/~michaelf/African%20Music_Site/AfricanPopularMusicCollins.htm">"African Popular Music"</a>. <i>University of Alberta</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Alberta&rft.atitle=African+Popular+Music&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Professor+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.ualberta.ca%2F~michaelf%2FAfrican%2520Music_Site%2FAfricanPopularMusicCollins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_University-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_University_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_University_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colum.edu/cbmr/Resources/style-genre-definitions.html">"Definitions of Styles and Genres: Traditional and Contemporary African Music"</a>. <i>CBMR</i>. 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Agence France-Presse. 24 February 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Sony+Music%27s+New+Office+in+Africa+Signals+a+Promising+Near-Future+for+the+Continent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F6890795%2Fsony-music-lagos-nigeria-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.hespress.com/62503-with-1505-musicians-applying-visa-for-music-2023-receives-a-record-number-of-submissions.html">"With 1505 musicians applying, Visa For Music 2023 receives a record number of submissions"</a>. <i>HESPRESS English - Morocco News</i>. 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HESPRESS+English+-+Morocco+News&rft.atitle=With+1505+musicians+applying%2C+Visa+For+Music+2023+receives+a+record+number+of+submissions&rft.date=2023-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.hespress.com%2F62503-with-1505-musicians-applying-visa-for-music-2023-receives-a-record-number-of-submissions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Graeme Ewens. <i>Africa O-Yé: a Celebration of African Music</i>. 1992, cop. 1991. New York: Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80461-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80461-1">0-306-80461-1</a></li> <li>Ruth M. Stone, ed. <i>The Garland handbook of African Music</i> 2nd edn, 2008. NY & Oxford: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96102-8">978-0-415-96102-8</a> (Abridged paperback edition of vol."Africa", vol. 1 of <i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music</i> with additional articles)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/rhythms/index.shtml">Rhythms of the Continent</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ru.ac.za/ilam/">International Library of African Music</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/World-and-traditional-music/">Recordings of African music from the British Library's collections</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music of Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Benin" title="Music of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Botswana" title="Music of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burundi" title="Music of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cameroon" title="Music of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Music of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chad" title="Music of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Comoros" title="Music of the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Music of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Djibouti" title="Music of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eritrea" title="Music of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Eswatini" title="Music of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gabon" title="Music of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Gambia" title="Music of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ghana" title="Music of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea" title="Music of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Music of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kenya" title="Music of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lesotho" title="Music of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Liberia" title="Music of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Libya" title="Music of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madagascar" title="Music of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malawi" title="Music of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritania" title="Music of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mauritius" title="Music of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Morocco" title="Music of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Namibia" title="Music of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rwanda" title="Music of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Senegal" title="Music of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Seychelles" title="Music of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Music of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Africa" title="Music of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Togo" title="Music of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tunisia" title="Music of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uganda" title="Music of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zambia" title="Music of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Zimbabwe" title="Music of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Music of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Madeira" title="Music of Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mayotte" title="Music of Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Music of Réunion">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Africa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topics" title="Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topics" title="Template talk:Africa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Africa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa" title="History of Africa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Africa">Antiquity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">Pre-colonial kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa" title="European exploration of Africa">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">European colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">Empires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Africa#Historiography_of_Africa" title="Talk:History of Africa">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Africa" title="Military history of Africa">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Africa" title="History of Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Africa" title="History of East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Africa" title="History of North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southern_Africa" title="History of Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Africa" title="History of West Africa">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Africa" title="Geography of Africa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_African_countries" title="List of highest points of African countries">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impact_craters_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of impact craters in Africa">Impact craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_Africa" title="Natural history of Africa">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Africa" title="List of regions of Africa">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Africa" title="List of rivers of Africa">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa#Politics" title="Africa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Africa" title="Elections in Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Africa" title="Democracy in Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_government_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of government in Africa">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_in_Africa" title="Category:Heads of state in Africa">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_linguistic_rights_in_African_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in African constitutions">Linguistic rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Africa#More_Women_Rights" title="Women in Africa">Women's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">feminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Africa" title="International organisations in Africa">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Africa">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Africa" title="Category:Political parties in Africa">parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Africa" title="Economy of Africa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">Countries by GDP (nominal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of African countries by GDP (PPP)">Countries by GDP (PPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of African countries by Human Development Index">Countries by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Africans_by_net_worth" title="List of Africans by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Africa" title="Education in Africa">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_in_Africa" title="Infrastructure in Africa">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Africa" title="Internet in Africa">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Africa" title="Natural resources of Africa">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Africa" title="Poverty in Africa">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Africa" title="Renewable energy in Africa">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stock_exchanges" title="List of African stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_Africa" title="Birth control in Africa">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_systems_in_Africa" title="Caste systems in Africa">Caste systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Africa" title="Climate change in Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Africa" title="Etiquette in Africa">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_Africa" title="Category:Health in Africa">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Africa" title="Culture of Africa">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_art" title="African art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Africa" title="Cinema of Africa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Africa">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Africa" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Africa">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Cricket_Association" title="Africa Cricket Association">Africa Cricket Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asian_Games" title="Afro-Asian Games">Afro-Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Africa" title="Australian rules football in Africa">Australian-rules football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_African_Football" title="Confederation of African Football">Confederation of African Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIBA_Africa" title="FIBA Africa">FIBA Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Africa" title="Rugby Africa">Rugby Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of African stadiums by capacity">Stadiums by capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_d%27Afrique" title="Tour d'Afrique">Tour d'Afrique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">Countries by population</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population_density" title="List of African countries by population density">density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Africa" title="Emigration from Africa">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of African countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_Africa" title="Urbanization in Africa">Urbanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Africa" title="Lists of cities in Africa">cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Africa_by_population" title="List of urban areas in Africa by population">urban areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Africa" title="Youth in Africa">Youth in Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Years_in_Africa" title="Category:Years in Africa">By year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Africa" title="2005 in Africa">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Africa" title="2006 in Africa">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Africa" title="2007 in Africa">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Africa (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Africa (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Africa (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Africa (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in Africa (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in Africa (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in Africa (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in Africa (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Africa" title="2016 in Africa">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2017_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2017 in Africa (page does not exist)">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 in Africa (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 in Africa (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2020_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2020 in Africa (page does not exist)">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Africa" title="Outline of Africa">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Africa-related_articles" title="Index of Africa-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genres_of_African_popular_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genres_of_African_popular_music" title="Template:Genres of African popular music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genres_of_African_popular_music" title="Template talk:Genres of African popular music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genres_of_African_popular_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genres of African popular music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genres_of_African_popular_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Genres of <a href="/wiki/African_popular_music" title="African popular music">African popular music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_blues" title="African blues">African blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">desert blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_hip_hop" title="African hip hop">African hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" title="Algerian hip hop">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip_hop" title="Gambian hip hop">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_hiphop" class="mw-redirect" title="Gh hiphop">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip_hop" title="Malawian hip hop">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" title="Hip hop galsen">Hip hop galsen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_Flava" title="Bongo Flava">Bongo Flava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_reggae" title="African reggae">African reggae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_reggae" title="Nigerian reggae">Nigerian reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seggae" title="Seggae">Seggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimdancehall" title="Zimdancehall">Zimdancehall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-rock">Afro-rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_heavy_metal" title="African heavy metal">African heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zamrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-soul" title="Afro-soul">Afro-soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%A9" title="Alté">Alté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amapiano" title="Amapiano">Amapiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambasse_bey" title="Ambasse bey">Ambasse bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apala" title="Apala">Apala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiko" title="Assiko">Assiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajourou" title="Bajourou">Bajourou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantowbol" title="Bantowbol">Bantowbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batuque_(music_and_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batuque (music and dance)">Batuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bend-skin" title="Bend-skin">Bend-skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benga_music" title="Benga music">Benga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikutsi" title="Bikutsi">Bikutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_jazz" title="Cape jazz">Cape jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaabi (music)">Chaabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Moroccan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimurenga_music" title="Chimurenga music">Chimurenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%A1" title="Colá">Colá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coladeira" title="Coladeira">Coladeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_rumba" title="Congolese rumba">Congolese rumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9-d%C3%A9cal%C3%A9" title="Coupé-décalé">Coupé-décalé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_Funk" title="Edo Funk">Edo Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funan%C3%A1" title="Funaná">Funaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burger-highlife" title="Burger-highlife">Burger-highlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_highlife" title="Igbo highlife">Igbo highlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isicathamiya" title="Isicathamiya">Isicathamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiva" title="Jaiva">Jaiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jit" title="Jit">Jit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadongo_Kamu" title="Kadongo Kamu">Kadongo Kamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidandali" title="Kidandali">Kidandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">Kizomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuduro" title="Kuduro">Kuduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwela" title="Kwela">Kwela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logobi" title="Logobi">Logobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiaba" title="Madiaba">Madiaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahraganat" title="Mahraganat">Mahraganat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makossa" title="Makossa">Makossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabi" title="Marabi">Marabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrabenta" title="Marrabenta">Marrabenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloya" title="Maloya">Maloya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaqanga" title="Mbaqanga">Mbaqanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbube_(genre)" title="Mbube (genre)">Mbube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morna_(music)" title="Morna (music)">Morna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_pop" title="Moroccan pop">Moroccan pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziki_wa_dansi" title="Muziki wa dansi">Muziki wa dansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndombolo" title="Ndombolo">Ndombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odi_Pop" title="Odi Pop">Odi Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm-wine_music" title="Palm-wine music">Palm-wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF%27n%27B" title="Raï'n'B">Raï'n'B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakara_music" title="Sakara music">Sakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salegy" title="Salegy">Salegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant%C3%A9_engag%C3%A9" title="Santé engagé">Santé engagé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_(genre)" title="Sega (genre)">Sega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seggae" title="Seggae">Seggae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semba" title="Semba">Semba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangaan_electro" title="Shangaan electro">Shangaan Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeli" title="Singeli">Singeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soukous" title="Soukous">Soukous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan#The_1930s_up_to_the_1950s_–_Rise_of_popular_music_through_records,_radio_and_music_halls" title="Music of Sudan">Sudanese popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taarab" title="Taarab">Taarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabanka" title="Tabanka">Tabanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarraxinha" title="Tarraxinha">Tarraxinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_music" title="Wassoulou music">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaley" title="Zaley">Zaley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziglibithy" title="Ziglibithy">Ziglibithy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_jazz" title="Zimbabwean jazz">Zimbabwean jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoblazo" title="Zoblazo">Zoblazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zouglou" title="Zouglou">Zouglou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&oldid=1251961763">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Africa&oldid=1251961763</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Africa" title="Category:Music of Africa">Music of Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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