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Edelman & The Sciences of Recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Darwin%27s_Program/Gerald_M._Edelman_%26_His_Quest&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Gerald M. Edelman & The Sciences of Recognition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Darwin%27s_Program/Gerald_M._Edelman_%26_His_Quest&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Gerald M. Edelman & The Sciences of Recognition"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: MintCream; border: 1px solid ForestGreen; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg/220px-Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg/330px-Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg/440px-Professor_Gerald_M._Edelman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFRLEywCuBA">Gerald Maurice Edelman (1929-2014)</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>American physician, physical chemist, biologist, researcher and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" class="extiw" title="w:Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> recipient<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanPorter1972_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanPorter1972-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" class="extiw" title="w:Gerald Edelman">Gerald Maurice Edelman (1929–2014)</a> was born in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens" class="extiw" title="w:Queens">Queens</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City" class="extiw" title="w:New York City">New York City</a> on July 1, 1929 - the son of Edward and Anna Edelman.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edelman grew up in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Park,_Queens" class="extiw" title="w:Ozone Park, Queens">Ozone park</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2014_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neighborhood in Queens, eventually moving to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_New_York" class="extiw" title="w:Long Beach, New York">Long Beach, New York</a> at some point during his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like his father, Edward, Edelman would ultimately become a physician but, not before he tried his hand at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin" class="extiw" title="w:Violin">violin</a>. Encouraged by his parents, he began playing around the age of six.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(0:30-0:37_/_1:11:44)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(0:30-0:37_/_1:11:44)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edelman recounts that his parents would often drop him and his sister off at a theater box at Carnegie Hall in lieu of getting a babysitter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(0:54-1:10_/_1:11:44)_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(0:54-1:10_/_1:11:44)-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his sister would watch and listen to the orchestra while their parents went off to eat and run errands. He recalls the conductor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Reiner" class="extiw" title="w:Fritz Reiner">Fritz Reiner</a> being particularly inspiring during a performance of Mozart's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eine_kleine_Nachtmusik" class="extiw" title="w:Eine kleine Nachtmusik">Eine kleine Nachtmusik</a> making a great impression upon him - a moment he attributes to awakening his great love of music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(1:10-1:25_/_1:11:44)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(1:10-1:25_/_1:11:44)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In preparation to be a concert violinist, Edelman studied violin under Albert Meiff<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a young man. Ultimately, he realized that while he loved music, he didn't find performing particularly satisfying and he deemed his compositional skills to be less than extraordinary and eventually turned his career ambitions to science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(2:02-2:50_/_1:11:44)_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(2:02-2:50_/_1:11:44)-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Edelman had a life long passion for music and music patronage. </p><p>Music was not Edelmans only interest. He recounts enjoying tinkering, gadgeteering and building model airplanes as a youth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(3:20-3:50_/_1:11:44)_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(3:20-3:50_/_1:11:44)-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edelman attributes a reading of Michael Faraday's <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chemical_History_of_a_Candle" class="extiw" title="w:The Chemical History of a Candle">A Course of Six Lectures on the Chemical History of a Candle</a></i> in the Harvard Classic series with awakening his interest in science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(3:01-3:20_/_1:11:44))_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(3:01-3:20_/_1:11:44))-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Educationally, Edelman was a product of the New York City public schools which he attended thru high school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During high school, he learned to speak french while attending a French school through a scholarship exchange. According to Edelman, he disliked school and managed to get a negative letter from his high school principle on the basis of a misunderstanding about remarks he made concerning standing armies in a school debate, thereby preventing him from initially getting into college.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:13-4:45_/_1:11:44)_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:13-4:45_/_1:11:44)-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduation he convinced the Dean of Ursinus College in Collegeville Pennsylvania, a bridge friend of his sister, to admit him so that he wouldn't have to go off to work right away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:45-4:52_/_1:11:44)_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:45-4:52_/_1:11:44)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edelman recounts that he was bored with the lectures and skipped out on classes, eventually dropping out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:52-5:00_/_1:11:44)_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:52-5:00_/_1:11:44)-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, with the help of his mother, he negotiated an arrangement with Ursinus College to be allowed to study independently in the library. He was given his own key to the library to study on his own as long as he passed all the required exams and laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(5:00-5:10_/_1:11:44)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(5:00-5:10_/_1:11:44)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1950, Edelman received his bachelors degree in chemistry from Ursinus, graduating <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors#magna_cum_laude" class="extiw" title="w:Latin honors">magna cum laude</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETSRI2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year, Edelman and Maxine Morrison would wed and begin to start a family.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1950 was also the year Edelman started medical studies at the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania. It was here that Edelman was first exposed to rigourous first class academic and scientific teaching. For Edelman, medicine was the gateway to science, the interface between knowledge and skill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(5:40-5:50_/_1:11:44)_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(5:40-5:50_/_1:11:44)-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At last, Edelman excelled academically and was fully engaged intellectually. By 1954 Edelman had won the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.upenn.edu/student/graduation-awards-and-prizes.html">Dr. Spencer Morris Prize</a> during the oral examinations<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his freshly earned M.D. degree, graduating <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors#cum_laude" class="extiw" title="w:Latin honors">cum laude</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2014_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2014-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1954-55 Edelman spent time at the Johnson Foundation of Medical Physics<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETSRI2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before starting a medical house officer internship at the teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" class="extiw" title="w:Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> - and, then entering the US Army Medical Corps as a Captain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETSRI2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in the US Army Medical Corps Edelman was stationed in France, practicing general medicine at the 196 Station Hospital<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> connected with the American Hospital in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" class="extiw" title="w:Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETSRI2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located west of Paris. </p><p>Edelman recounts that he had put in for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center" class="extiw" title="w:Walter Reed Army Medical Center">Walter Reed Army Medical Center</a> and was initially disappointed in his assignment, but "my wife was not, she was enchanted. In fact, what she called it [at] that time, the F. Scott FitzEdelman period".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(6:32-6:52_/_1:11:44)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(6:32-6:52_/_1:11:44)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edelman's proficiency in French gave him full access to what France and Paris had to offer. He would come to see this time as a period of exciting discovery, the beginning of his scientific and philosophical awakening. </p><p>Edelman recounts his experience at this time as being formative to his scientific worldview. He recounts having the opportunity to read broadly and widely during this time, discovering many of the great intellectual themes of French and European science and philosophy. His interest in the great problems of biology, Charles Darwin, protein chemistry, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunlogy" class="extiw" title="w:Immunlogy">immunology</a> all emerged at this time. </p><p>Edelman was discharged in 1957 and was soon headed back to Queens to attend Rockefeller Institute, interested in pursuing a doctorate in biochemistry and immunology. Edelman would find a home at the Rockefeller Institute, serving as assistant physician at the Rockefeller Hospital from 1957-1960, before becoming a dean and then full professor; remaining until 1992 when he eventually relocated to The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), in La Jolla, CA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Rockefeller_University1960–1992_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Rockefeller_University1960–1992-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETSRI2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V80_D416_Rockefeller_institute_for_medical_research.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PSM_V80_D416_Rockefeller_institute_for_medical_research.png/220px-PSM_V80_D416_Rockefeller_institute_for_medical_research.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PSM_V80_D416_Rockefeller_institute_for_medical_research.png/330px-PSM_V80_D416_Rockefeller_institute_for_medical_research.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/PSM_V80_D416_Rockefeller_institute_for_medical_research.png/440px-PSM_V80_D416_Rockefeller_institute_for_medical_research.png 2x" data-file-width="2833" data-file-height="1669" /></a><figcaption>Rockefeller Institute For Medical Research (1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1958, Edelman had become a member of the Rockefeller laboratory of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kunkel" class="extiw" title="w:Henry Kunkel">Henry Kunkel</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, "the father of immunopathology." That year, on his 29<sup>th</sup> birthday, Edelman would publish his first scientific paper with the help of Kunkel and E.C. Franklin, <i>Interaction of the rheumatoid factor with antigen-antibody complexes and aggregated gamma globulin</i> in the Journal of Experimental Medicine demonstrating that rheumatoid factor is an antibody to antigen–antibody complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanKunkelFranklin1958_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanKunkelFranklin1958-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is in Kunkel's lab that Edelman began experimental dissections of the immunoglobulin molecule in an attempt to elucidate its overall structure. In 1959, Edelman published his first solo paper, <i>Dissociation of γ-globulin</i>, in the Journal of the American Chemical Society<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1959_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1959-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - work detailing experiments he had carried out that showed reduction of the disulfide bridges under denaturing conditions could dissociate antibody molecules into smaller fragments of two different molecular weights. Edelman proposed that the molecule contained more than one polypeptide chain and that were two types of chain, light and heavy. This work would be cited as the basis of his Nobel Prize thirteen years later. </p><p>1960 saw Edelman complete his Ph.D and take up the role of assistant dean of Graduate Studies at Rockefeller Institute. </p><p>Edelmans work lent impetus to the search for the structure of the antibody molecule. By 1962, Rodney Porter had proposed a preliminary structure for the antibody. Edelman would continue to work on getting the details of the structure. </p><p>By 1963 Edelman was Associate Dean of Graduate Studies, a role he would have until 1966 when he became a full Professor of the Rockefeller Institute. In 1965, The Rockefeller Institute became The Rockefeller University.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Rockefeller_University2004_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Rockefeller_University2004-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, Edelman won the 1965 Eli Lilly Award in Biological Chemistry (ACS), as well as becoming a member of the Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry Study Section of the National Institutes of Health.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edelman also gave the 1965 Carter-Wallace Lectures at Princeton University. </p><p>In 1962, Francis O. Schmitt established the Neurosciences Research Program (NRP) with the American Academy of Arts and Sciences at MIT. Edelman would become a intimate participant in this group when he was accepted as a member in 1965, drawing deep insight and inspiration from his discussions with fellow members of the NRP community. </p><p>In 1974 Edelman assumed the position of Vincent Astor Distinguished Professor at Rockefeller University. </p><p>In 1981 Edelman, as President of Neurosciences Research Foundation, founded The Neurosciences Institute (NSI) on the campus of The Rockefeller University. NSI would merge with its mentor when the Neurosciences Research Program (NRP) under the direction of Francis O. Schmitt moved from Massachusetts Institute of Technology to the Rockefeller University campus in 1983. NSI would move to the San Diego area in California in 1993. Edelman served as Director of NSI throughout the institutions lifetime. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" width="100%" style="font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2234170">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>The Neurosciences Institute (NSI) Campus</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; 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height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neurosciences_Institute_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neurosciences Institute at night"><img alt="Private Parking For Dr Edelman in Neurosciences Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Neurosciences_Institute_at_night.jpg/100px-Neurosciences_Institute_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Neurosciences_Institute_at_night.jpg/150px-Neurosciences_Institute_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Neurosciences_Institute_at_night.jpg/200px-Neurosciences_Institute_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Neurosciences Institute at night</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Private_Parking_For_Dr_Edelman_in_Neurosciences_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Private Parking For Dr Edelman in Neurosciences Institute"><img alt="Neurosciences Institute at night" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Private_Parking_For_Dr_Edelman_in_Neurosciences_Institute.jpg/100px-Private_Parking_For_Dr_Edelman_in_Neurosciences_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Private_Parking_For_Dr_Edelman_in_Neurosciences_Institute.jpg/150px-Private_Parking_For_Dr_Edelman_in_Neurosciences_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Private_Parking_For_Dr_Edelman_in_Neurosciences_Institute.jpg/200px-Private_Parking_For_Dr_Edelman_in_Neurosciences_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Private Parking For Dr Edelman in Neurosciences Institute</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Darwin's_Program_-_The_problems_of_evolutionary_and_developmental_morphology"><span id="Darwin.27s_Program_-_The_problems_of_evolutionary_and_developmental_morphology"></span><i>Darwin's Program</i> - The problems of evolutionary and developmental morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Darwin%27s_Program/Completing_Darwin%27s_Program&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Darwin's Program - The problems of evolutionary and developmental morphology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Darwin%27s_Program/Completing_Darwin%27s_Program&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Darwin's Program - The problems of evolutionary and developmental morphology"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="color:red; font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td>Rewrite Section </td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: MintCream; border: 1px solid ForestGreen; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" style="font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2234170"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>The Darwinian Revolution</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_Tree_1837.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Transmutation Diagram.[e][30]"><img alt="Transmutation diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Darwin_Tree_1837.png/61px-Darwin_Tree_1837.png" decoding="async" width="61" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Darwin_Tree_1837.png/92px-Darwin_Tree_1837.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Darwin_Tree_1837.png/123px-Darwin_Tree_1837.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="2265" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Transmutation Diagram</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1837_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1837-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwins_scheme_showing_evolution_of_the_species._Wellcome_L0051068.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evolution Of The Species.[f][31]"><img alt="Darwins scheme showing evolution of the species." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Darwins_scheme_showing_evolution_of_the_species._Wellcome_L0051068.jpg/100px-Darwins_scheme_showing_evolution_of_the_species._Wellcome_L0051068.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Darwins_scheme_showing_evolution_of_the_species._Wellcome_L0051068.jpg/150px-Darwins_scheme_showing_evolution_of_the_species._Wellcome_L0051068.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Darwins_scheme_showing_evolution_of_the_species._Wellcome_L0051068.jpg/200px-Darwins_scheme_showing_evolution_of_the_species._Wellcome_L0051068.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6154" data-file-height="4907" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Evolution Of The Species.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1859_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1859-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin,_Journal_of_Researches..._Wellcome_L0026712.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galapagos Finches.[g]"><img alt="Charles_Darwin,_Journal_of_Researches..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Charles_Darwin%2C_Journal_of_Researches..._Wellcome_L0026712.jpg/100px-Charles_Darwin%2C_Journal_of_Researches..._Wellcome_L0026712.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Charles_Darwin%2C_Journal_of_Researches..._Wellcome_L0026712.jpg/150px-Charles_Darwin%2C_Journal_of_Researches..._Wellcome_L0026712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Charles_Darwin%2C_Journal_of_Researches..._Wellcome_L0026712.jpg/200px-Charles_Darwin%2C_Journal_of_Researches..._Wellcome_L0026712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3818" data-file-height="2878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Galapagos Finches.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_The_Expression_of_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_by_Charles_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals[32]"><img alt="The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illustration_The_Expression_of_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_by_Charles_Darwin.jpg/100px-Illustration_The_Expression_of_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_by_Charles_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illustration_The_Expression_of_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_by_Charles_Darwin.jpg/150px-Illustration_The_Expression_of_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_by_Charles_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Illustration_The_Expression_of_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_by_Charles_Darwin.jpg/200px-Illustration_The_Expression_of_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals_by_Charles_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1119" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1872_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1872-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>Charles Darwin was deeply committed to searching for the connections between morphology and embryology in his theory of Natural Selection. He identifies four important unresolved problems concerning the development and evolution of morphology:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988a45_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988a45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>Explaining the finite number of body plans manifested since the Precambrian.</li> <li>How adaptive fitness can explain selection that leads to emergence of complex body structures.</li> <li>Explaining large-scale morphological changes over relatively short periods of geological time.</li> <li>Understanding body size and the basis of allometry.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The neuroscientist Gerald Edelman describes what he calls <i>Darwin's Program</i> for obtaining a complete understanding of the rules of behavior and form in evolutionary biology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992Chapter_5_Morphology_and_Mind:_Completing_Darwin's_Program_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992Chapter_5_Morphology_and_Mind:_Completing_Darwin's_Program-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He credits Darwin for identifying four necessary requirements for a complete explanation of the animal bodyplan in terms of adaption operating in the context of population biology under the conditions of <i>Natural selection</i>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>An account of the effects of heredity on behavior - and behavior, on heredity.</li> <li>An account of how selection influences behavior - and, how behavior influences selection.</li> <li>An account of how behavior is enabled and constrained by morphology.</li> <li>An account of how morphogenesis occurs in development and evolution.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is important to notice that these requirements are not directly stated in terms of genes, but heredity instead. This is understandable considering that Darwin himself appears to not be directly aware of the importance Mendelian genetics. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>Things had changed by the early 1900s, the Neodarwinian Synthesis had unified the population biology of Mendelian Inheritance with Darwinian Natural Selection. By the 1940s, the theories had been shown to be mutually consistent and coherent with paleontology and comparative morphology. The theory came to be known as the <i>Modern Synthesis</i> on the basis of the title of the 1942 book <i>Evolution: The Modern Synthesis</i> by Julian Huxley (June 22, 1887 – February 14, 1975).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1942_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1942-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>The Modern Synthesis really took off with the discovery of the structural basis of heredity in the form of DNA. The Modern Synthesis was greatly accelerated and expanded with the rise of the genomic sciences, molecular biology, as well as, advances in computational techniques and the power to model population dynamics. </p><p>But, for evolutionary-developmental biologists, there was something very important missing... - and, that was the incorporation of one of the founding branches of biology, <i>embryology</i>. A clear understanding of the pathway from germ to zygote to embryo to juvenille and adult was the missing component of the synthesis. </p><p>Edelman reinterprets the goals of "Darwin's program" in terms of the modern understanding about genes, molecular biology, and other sciences that weren't available to Darwin. One of his goals is reconciling the relationships between genes in a population (genome) which lie in the germ line (sperm, egg, and fertilized egg); and the individuals in a population who develop degenerate phenotypes (soma) as they transform from an embryo into an adult who will eventually procreate if adaptive. Selection acts on phenotypes (soma), but evolution occurs within the species genome (germ). </p><p>The highly influential American geneticist and evolutionary biologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Lewontin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Lewontin (page does not exist)">Richard Lewontin</a> (1929–present), in his 1974 book, <i>The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewontin1974_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewontin1974-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seeks a complete description of the transformations (T) that take us from:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988a45-47_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988a45-47-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li>Genome-germ (zygotes) - the paternal and maternal gene contributions are recombined in the fertilized egg, along with the maternal endowment of proteins, and mRNAs, and other developmental components, but the individuals newly formed diploid genetic complement is not in control of the zygote yet; it needs to be activated, or bootstrapped, into the zygotes ongoing maternally-inherited metabolism and physiology. Shortly after recombination the zygote proceeds through transformation (T1) to the point where genetic control of the zygote has been handed off to the individual,</li> <li>Phenotype-soma (embryo) - the embryo, which transforms (T2) according to the rules that govern the relationship between the genes, cellular behavior, and the epigenetic contingencies of nature, into</li> <li>Phenotype-soma (adult) - an adult, who procreates (T3) with another individual to bring together a new genetic recombination by each introducing a gamete in the form of</li> <li>Genome-germ (gametes) - sperm and egg, which contain the haploid genetic contribution of each parent which is transformed (T4)...</li> <li>Genome-germ (zygotes) -into a diploid set genes in a fertilized egg, soon to be a newly individual zygote .</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lewontin's exploration of these transformations between genomic and phenotypic spaces was in terms of key selection pressures that sculpt the organism over geological evolutionary time scales; but, Edelmans approach is more mechanical, and in the here and now - focusing on the genetically-constrained mechano-chemistry of the selection processes that guide epigenetic behaviors on the part of cells within the embryo and adult over developmental time. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_To_Neural_Darwinism,_Topobiology,_&_The_Remembered_Present"><span id="Introduction_To_Neural_Darwinism.2C_Topobiology.2C_.26_The_Remembered_Present"></span>Introduction To <i>Neural Darwinism, Topobiology, & The Remembered Present</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Darwin%27s_Program/Introduction_To_Neural_Darwinism&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Introduction To Neural Darwinism, Topobiology, & The Remembered Present" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Darwin%27s_Program/Introduction_To_Neural_Darwinism&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Introduction To Neural Darwinism, Topobiology, & The Remembered Present"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: MintCream; border: 1px solid ForestGreen; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Neural Darwinism</b> is a biological, and more specifically Darwinian and selectionist, approach to understanding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain" class="extiw" title="w:Brain">global brain function</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" class="extiw" title="w:Consciousness">consciousness</a>, originally proposed by Edelman starting in the late 1970's. Edelman's 1987 book <i>Neural Darwinism</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987a_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987a-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced the public to the <i>Theory of Neuronal Group Selection</i> (TNGS) - which is the core theory underlying Edelman's explanation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroantomy" class="extiw" title="w:Neuroantomy">neuroanatomy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention" class="extiw" title="w:Attention">attention</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception" class="extiw" title="w:Perception">perception</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorization" class="extiw" title="w:Categorization">categorization</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/conceptualizaton" class="extiw" title="w:conceptualizaton">conceptualization</a>, consciousness, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition" class="extiw" title="w:Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning" class="extiw" title="w:Learning">learning</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory" class="extiw" title="w:Memory">memory</a>. <p>Due to the book title, TNGS is most commonly referred to as the <i>Theory of Neural Darwinism</i>, although TNGS has theoretical roots going back to Edelman and Mountcastle's 1978 book, <i>The Mindful Brain - Cortical Organization and the Group-selective Theory of Higher Brain Function</i> - where Edelman's colleague, the American <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiology" class="extiw" title="w:Neurophysiology">neurophysiologist</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy" class="extiw" title="w:Anatomy">anatomist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Benjamin_Mountcastle" class="extiw" title="w:Vernon Benjamin Mountcastle">Vernon B. Mountcastle (1918–2015)</a>, describes the columnar structure of the cortical groups within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex" class="extiw" title="w:Neocortex">neocortex</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMountcastleEdelman19787-50An_Organizing_Principle_For_Cerebral_Function:_The_Unit_Module_And_The_Distributed_System_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMountcastleEdelman19787-50An_Organizing_Principle_For_Cerebral_Function:_The_Unit_Module_And_The_Distributed_System-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Edelman develops his argument for role of selection processes operating among degenerate repertoires of neuronal groups that populate the neocortex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMountcastleEdelman197851-100Group_Selection_and_Phasic_Reentrant_Signalling:_A_Theory_of_Higher_Brain_Function_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMountcastleEdelman197851-100Group_Selection_and_Phasic_Reentrant_Signalling:_A_Theory_of_Higher_Brain_Function-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of <i>Neural Darwinism</i> was deeply influenced by Edelman's work in the fields of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunlogy" class="extiw" title="w:Immunlogy">immunology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology" class="extiw" title="w:Embryology">embryology</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" class="extiw" title="w:Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> - as well as, his resolute commitment to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="w:Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> and the ingenuity of selection as the unifying foundation and grounding of all <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology" class="extiw" title="w:Biology">biology</a>. </p><p><i>Neural Darwinism</i> is really the neural part of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy" class="extiw" title="w:Natural philosophy">natural philosophical</a> and explanatory framework Edelman employs for much of his work - <i>Somatic selection systems</i>. <i>Neural Darwinism</i> is the backdrop for a comprehensive set of biological <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothesis" class="extiw" title="w:Hypothesis">hypotheses</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory" class="extiw" title="w:Theory">theories</a> Edelman, and his colleagues, devised. These proposals seek to reconcile <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate" class="extiw" title="w:Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mammal" class="extiw" title="w:mammal">mammalian</a> neural <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology" class="extiw" title="w:Morphology">morphology</a>, the facts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology" class="extiw" title="w:Developmental biology">developmental</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" class="extiw" title="w:Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, and the theory of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" class="extiw" title="w:Natural selection">Natural Selection</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1859_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1859-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a detailed model of real-time neural and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_skill" class="extiw" title="w:Cognitive skill">cognitive function</a> that is unmistakably biological - and, built from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="extiw" title="w:Top-down and bottom-up design">bottom-up</a> - utilizing the variation that shows up in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" class="extiw" title="w:Nature">nature</a>, rather than trying to explain it away as noise in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing" class="extiw" title="w:Distributed computing">distributed system</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate" class="extiw" title="w:Logic gate">logic circuits</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_construction" class="extiw" title="w:Point-to-point construction">point-to-point connectivity</a>. </p><p>The book, <i>Neural Darwinism - The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection</i> (1987), is the first in a trilogy of books that Edelman wrote to delineate the scope and breadth of his ideas on how a <i>biological theory of consciousness</i> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" class="extiw" title="w:Evolutionary developmental biology">animal body plan evolution</a> could be developed in a bottom-up fashion. In accordance with principles of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/opulation_biology" class="extiw" title="w:opulation biology">population biology</a> and Darwin's theory of <i>Natural Selection</i> - as opposed to the top-down <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithmics" class="extiw" title="w:Algorithmics">algorithmic</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation" class="extiw" title="w:Computation">computational</a> approaches that dominated a nascent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" class="extiw" title="w:Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a> at the time. </p><p>The other two volumes are <i>Topobiology - An Introduction to Molecular Embryology</i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1988) with its morpho-regulatory hypothesis of animal body plan development and evolutionary diversification via differential expression of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_adhesion_molecule" class="extiw" title="w:Cell adhesion molecule">cell surface molecules</a> during development; and <i>The Remembered Present - A Biological Theory of Consciousness</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1989_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1989-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1989) - a truly novel biological approach to understanding the functional role of "consciousness" and its relation to cognition and behavioral physiology. </p><p>Edelman would write four more books for the general lay public, explaining his ideas surrounding how the brain works and consciousness arises from the physical organization of the brain and body - <i>Bright Air, Brilliant Fire - On the Matter of the Mind</i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1992), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Universe_of_Consciousness" class="extiw" title="w:A Universe of Consciousness">A Universe of Consciousness - How Matter Becomes Imagination</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanTononi2000_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanTononi2000-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2000) with Giulio Tononi, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wider_than_the_Sky" class="extiw" title="w:Wider than the Sky">Wider Than The Sky - The Phenomenal Gift of Consciousness</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2004), and <i>Second Nature - Brain Science and Human Knowledge</i> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2006_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2006-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2006). </p><p>Neural Darwinism is a tour-de-force of biological thought and philosophy as well as a deep dive into a diverse array of sciences; Edelman being well-versed in the history of science, natural philosophy & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="w:Medicine">medicine</a>, in addition to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" class="extiw" title="w:Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics" class="extiw" title="w:Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing" class="extiw" title="w:Computing">computing</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="w:Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" class="extiw" title="w:Interdisciplinarity">multidisciplinary</a> aspects of <i>Neural Darwinism</i> require a great deal of patience to absorb because of the scope and breadth of what it is trying to encompass. In the course of laying out the case for Neural Darwinism, or more properly TNGS, Edelman delineates a set of innovative concepts for rethinking the problem of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system" class="extiw" title="w:Nervous system">nervous system</a> organization and function - all-the-while, demanding a rigorously scientific criteria for building the foundation of a properly Darwinian, and therefore biological, explanation of neural function, perception, cognition, and global brain function that is capable of adequately supporting <i>Primary and Higher-order consciousness</i>. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibodies_&_NCAM_-_The_Emerging_Understanding_Of_Somatic_Selection_Systems"><span id="Antibodies_.26_NCAM_-_The_Emerging_Understanding_Of_Somatic_Selection_Systems"></span>Antibodies & NCAM - The Emerging Understanding Of Somatic Selection Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Darwin%27s_Program/Antibodies_%26_NCAM&veaction=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Antibodies & NCAM - The Emerging Understanding Of Somatic Selection Systems" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Jtwsaddress42/Darwin%27s_Program/Antibodies_%26_NCAM&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section's source code: Antibodies & NCAM - The Emerging Understanding Of Somatic Selection Systems"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: MintCream; border: 1px solid ForestGreen; -webkit-border-radius: 8px; -moz-border-radius: 8px; border-radius: 8px" colspan="1"> <table width="100%" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table align="center" style="font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2234170"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div><dl><dd><i>The Vertebrate Immune System</i></dd></dl></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg" style="line-height:1.35em"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SEM_blood_cells.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cells in the Bloodstream[h]"><img alt="Cells in the Bloodstream[h]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SEM_blood_cells.jpg/80px-SEM_blood_cells.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SEM_blood_cells.jpg/120px-SEM_blood_cells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SEM_blood_cells.jpg/161px-SEM_blood_cells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2239" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cells in the Bloodstream<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AntibodyChains.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immunoglobin Antibody[i]"><img alt="Immunoglobin Antibody[i]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AntibodyChains.svg/100px-AntibodyChains.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AntibodyChains.svg/150px-AntibodyChains.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AntibodyChains.svg/200px-AntibodyChains.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="247" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Immunoglobin Antibody<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hematopoiesis_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertebrate Immunity[j]"><img alt="Vertebrate Immunity[j]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hematopoiesis_simple.svg/100px-Hematopoiesis_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hematopoiesis_simple.svg/150px-Hematopoiesis_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hematopoiesis_simple.svg/200px-Hematopoiesis_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertebrate Immunity<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonal_selection.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clonal Selection Theory[k]"><img alt="Clonal Selection Theory[k]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Clonal_selection.svg/46px-Clonal_selection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Clonal_selection.svg/70px-Clonal_selection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Clonal_selection.svg/93px-Clonal_selection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clonal Selection Theory<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>Edelman was a medical researcher, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_chemistry" class="extiw" title="w:Physical chemistry">physical chemist</a>, immunologist, and aspiring neuroscientist when he was awarded the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (shared with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="extiw" title="w:Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter (1917-1985)</a> of Great Britain). Edelman's part of the prize was for his work revealing the chemical structure of the vertebrate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody" class="extiw" title="w:Antibody">antibody</a> by cleaving the covalent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="w:">disulfide bridges</a> that join the component chain fragments together, revealing a pair of two-domain light chains and four-domain heavy chains. Subsequent analysis revealed the terminal domains of both chains to be variable domains responsible for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen" class="extiw" title="w:Antigen">antigen</a> recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1972_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1972-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>The work of Porter and Edelman revealed the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" class="extiw" title="w:Molecule">molecular</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics" class="extiw" title="w:Genetics">genetic</a> foundations underpinning how antibody diversity was generated within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system" class="extiw" title="w:Immune system">immune system</a>. Their work supported earlier ideas about pre-existing diversity in the immune system put forward by the pioneering Danish immunologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" class="extiw" title="w:Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels K. Jerne (1911–1994)</a>. Edelman was also highly impressed by the earlier successes of fellow Nobel Laureate<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnetMedawar1960_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnetMedawar1960-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" class="extiw" title="w:Macfarlane Burnet">Frank MacFarlane Burnet (1899–1985)</a> and his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_selection" class="extiw" title="w:Clonal selection">Clonal selection theory (CST)</a> of acquired antigen immunity - a theory that applied population biology to a finite, but diverse, pool of pre-existing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte" class="extiw" title="w:Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a>; each cell possessing a specific antibody that, when it encountered a binding antigen, underwent clonal division such that it's presence was differentially amplified relative to other variants in the immune systems population pool. </p><p>Edelman recognizes the explanatory range of Burnet's utilization of Darwinian principles in describing the operations of the immune system - and, generalizes the process to all cell populations of the organism. He also comes to view the fundamental problem of populational adaption and learning as one of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition_(psychology)" class="extiw" title="w:Pattern recognition (psychology)">recognition</a> and memory from a biological perspective, where the distinction and preservation of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self" class="extiw" title="w:Self">self</a> vs. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology#Theoretical_immunology" class="extiw" title="w:Immunology">non-self</a> is vital to organismal integrity. </p><p>Edelman felt that these studies suggested a truly biological, and Darwinian, mode of explanation that might be capable of explaining organismal <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology" class="extiw" title="w:Physiology">physiology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior" class="extiw" title="w:Behavior">behavior</a> built from the bottom-up and operating under the conditions of <i>Natural Selection</i>, albeit, at the level of cell populations in the body, rather than organisms within the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment" class="extiw" title="w:Environment">environment</a>. </p><p>Edelman would draw tremendous inspiration from the mechano-chemical aspects of antigen/antibody/lymphocyte interaction in relation to recognition of self-nonself; the degenerate population of lymphocytes in their physiological context; and the deep bio-theoretical foundations of this work in Darwinian terms. </p><p>By 1974, Edelman felt that immunology was firmly established on solid theoretical grounds descriptively, was ready for quantitative experimentation, and could be an ideal model for exploring evolutionary selection processes within an observable time period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1974_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1974-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>The Immune System as an Ideal Model for Studying Evolution in a Selective System</b> <hr /> <blockquote><p><i>"Two major developments have profoundly altered immunological research in the last decade: the theory of clonal selection and the chemical analysis of antibody structure... As a result of these developments, it has become clear that the central problem of immunology is to understand the mechanisms of selective molecular recognition in a quantitative fashion. Aside from evolution itself, there are few such well-analyzed examples of selective systems in biology or in other fields for that matter. For this reason, the immune system provides a unique opportunity to analyze the problem of selection under defined and experimentally measurable conditions that have so far been hard to achieve in other Eukaryotic systems. It is fortunate that the characteristics of the molecules and cells mediating selection in the immune response are known or can be known, and above all, that the time scale of the selective events is well within that required for direct observation and experimentation."</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman19741_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman19741-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br />Gerald M. Edelman (1974)</p></blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>His studies of immune system interactions developed a keen sense of the importance of cell surface and the membrane-embedded molecular mechanisms of interaction with other cells and substrates. Edelman would go on to develop his ideas of <i>topobiology</i> around these mechanisms - and, their genetic and epigenetic regulation under the environmental conditions. </p><p>During a foray into molecular embryology and neuroscience, in 1975, Edelman and his team went on to isolate the first neural cell-adhesion molecule (N-CAM), one of the many molecules that hold the animal nervous system together. N-CAM turned out to be an important molecule in guiding the development and differentiation of neuronal groups in the nervous system and brain during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="extiw" title="w:Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a>. To the amazement of Edelman, genetic sequencing revealed that N-CAM was the ancestor of the vertebrate antibody<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987b_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987b-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced in the aftermath of a set of whole <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" class="extiw" title="w:Genome">genome</a> duplication events at the origin of vertebrates<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDehalBoore2005_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDehalBoore2005-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that gave rise to the entire super-family of immunoglobulin genes. </p><p>Edelman reasoned that the N-CAM molecule which is used for self-self recognition and adherence between neurons in the nervous system gave rise to their evolutionary descendants, the antibodies, who evolved self-nonself recognition via antigen-adherence at the origins of the vertebrate antibody-based immune system. If clonal selection was the way the immune system worked, perhaps it was ancestral and more general - and, operating in the embryo and nervous system. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <hr /> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanPorter1972-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanPorter1972_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelmanPorter1972">Edelman & Porter 1972</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelmanPorter1972 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-3">3.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-4">3.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-5">3.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-6">3.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Nobel_Foundation2005_3-7">3.7</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Nobel_Foundation2005">The Nobel Foundation 2005</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_Nobel_Foundation2005 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008[httpswwwyoutubecomwatchveFRLEywCuBA_Gerald_Edelman,_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_1972:_In-depth_interview]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008[httpswwwyoutubecomwatchveFRLEywCuBA_Gerald_Edelman,_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_1972:_In-depth_interview]_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFRLEywCuBA">Gerald Edelman, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972: In-depth interview</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorgan2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorgan2014_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorgan2014">Horgan 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHorgan2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutishauser2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutishauser2014_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutishauser2014">Rutishauser 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFRutishauser2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2014-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2014_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2014_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2014_7-2">7.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeth2014">Seth 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeth2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESynder2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESynder2014_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSynder2014">Synder 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSynder2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETSRI2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-1">9.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-2">9.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-3">9.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-4">9.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETSRI2014_9-5">9.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTSRI2014">TSRI 2014</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTSRI2014 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2021-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2021_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2021">Encyclopedia Britannica 2021</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2021 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021_11-1">11.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021_11-2">11.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021">Encyclopedia of World Biography 2021</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_World_Biography2021 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(0:30-0:37_/_1:11:44)-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(0:30-0:37_/_1:11:44)_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (0:30-0:37 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(0:54-1:10_/_1:11:44)-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(0:54-1:10_/_1:11:44)_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (0:54-1:10 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(1:10-1:25_/_1:11:44)-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(1:10-1:25_/_1:11:44)_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (1:10-1:25 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMostovoy2010-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMostovoy2010_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMostovoy2010">Mostovoy 2010</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMostovoy2010 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson2012_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNelson2012">Nelson 2012</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFNelson2012 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(2:02-2:50_/_1:11:44)-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(2:02-2:50_/_1:11:44)_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (2:02-2:50 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(3:20-3:50_/_1:11:44)-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(3:20-3:50_/_1:11:44)_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (3:20-3:50 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(3:01-3:20_/_1:11:44))-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(3:01-3:20_/_1:11:44))_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (3:01-3:20 / 1:11:44)).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:13-4:45_/_1:11:44)-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:13-4:45_/_1:11:44)_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (4:13-4:45 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:45-4:52_/_1:11:44)-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:45-4:52_/_1:11:44)_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (4:45-4:52 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:52-5:00_/_1:11:44)-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(4:52-5:00_/_1:11:44)_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (4:52-5:00 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(5:00-5:10_/_1:11:44)-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(5:00-5:10_/_1:11:44)_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (5:00-5:10 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(5:40-5:50_/_1:11:44)-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(5:40-5:50_/_1:11:44)_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (5:40-5:50 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(6:32-6:52_/_1:11:44)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2008(6:32-6:52_/_1:11:44)_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2008">Edelman 2008</a>, (6:32-6:52 / 1:11:44).<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Rockefeller_University1960–1992-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Rockefeller_University1960–1992_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Rockefeller_University1960–1992">The Rockefeller University 1960–1992</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_Rockefeller_University1960–1992 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanKunkelFranklin1958-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanKunkelFranklin1958_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelmanKunkelFranklin1958">Edelman, Kunkel & Franklin 1958</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelmanKunkelFranklin1958 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1959-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1959_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1959">Edelman 1959</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1959 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Rockefeller_University2004-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Rockefeller_University2004_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Rockefeller_University2004">The Rockefeller University 2004</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_Rockefeller_University2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1837-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1837_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1837">Darwin 1837</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDarwin1837 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1859-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1859_37-0">31.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1859_37-1">31.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDarwin1859 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1872-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin1872_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1872">Darwin 1872</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDarwin1872 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988a45-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988a45_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1988a">Edelman 1988a</a>, p. 45.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1988a (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992Chapter_5_Morphology_and_Mind:_Completing_Darwin's_Program-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992Chapter_5_Morphology_and_Mind:_Completing_Darwin's_Program_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1992">Edelman 1992</a>, Chapter 5 Morphology and Mind: Completing Darwin's Program.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1992 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley1942-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuxley1942_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuxley1942">Huxley 1942</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFHuxley1942 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewontin1974-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewontin1974_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewontin1974">Lewontin 1974</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewontin1974 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988a45-47-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988a45-47_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1988a">Edelman 1988a</a>, p. 45-47.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1988a (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987a-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987a_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1987a">Edelman 1987a</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1987a (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMountcastleEdelman19787-50An_Organizing_Principle_For_Cerebral_Function:_The_Unit_Module_And_The_Distributed_System-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMountcastleEdelman19787-50An_Organizing_Principle_For_Cerebral_Function:_The_Unit_Module_And_The_Distributed_System_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMountcastleEdelman1978">Mountcastle & Edelman 1978</a>, p. 7-50, An Organizing Principle For Cerebral Function: The Unit Module And The Distributed System.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMountcastleEdelman1978 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMountcastleEdelman197851-100Group_Selection_and_Phasic_Reentrant_Signalling:_A_Theory_of_Higher_Brain_Function-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMountcastleEdelman197851-100Group_Selection_and_Phasic_Reentrant_Signalling:_A_Theory_of_Higher_Brain_Function_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMountcastleEdelman1978">Mountcastle & Edelman 1978</a>, p. 51-100, Group Selection and Phasic Reentrant Signalling: A Theory of Higher Brain Function.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMountcastleEdelman1978 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1988_48-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1988">Edelman 1988</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1988 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1989-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1989_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1989">Edelman 1989</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1989 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1992">Edelman 1992</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1992 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelmanTononi2000-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelmanTononi2000_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelmanTononi2000">Edelman & Tononi 2000</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelmanTononi2000 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2004_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2004">Edelman 2004</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman2006-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman2006_53-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman2006">Edelman 2006</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman2006 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETauberChernyak1991-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETauberChernyak1991_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTauberChernyak1991">Tauber & Chernyak 1991</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFTauberChernyak1991 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDehalBoore2005-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDehalBoore2005_57-0">48.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDehalBoore2005_57-1">48.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDehalBoore2005">Dehal & Boore 2005</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFDehalBoore2005 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987b-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987b_58-0">49.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1987b_58-1">49.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1987b">Edelman 1987b</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1987b (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992206-207-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1992206-207_59-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1992">Edelman 1992</a>, p. 206-207.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1992 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1972-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1972_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1972">Edelman 1972</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1972 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnetMedawar1960-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnetMedawar1960_63-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurnetMedawar1960">Burnet & Medawar 1960</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBurnetMedawar1960 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman1974-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman1974_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1974">Edelman 1974</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1974 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdelman19741-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdelman19741_65-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdelman1974">Edelman 1974</a>, p. 1.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFEdelman1974 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors (page does not exist)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol><p><br /><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: <code><ref></code> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <code><references group="lower-alpha"/></code> tag was found</span></p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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