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<span>Attestations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Attestations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetic_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Poetic Edda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Völuspá" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Völuspá"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span><i>Völuspá</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Völuspá-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hávamál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hávamál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span><i>Hávamál</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hávamál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grímnismál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grímnismál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><i>Grímnismál</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grímnismál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Prose Edda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shamanic_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shamanic_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shamanic origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shamanic_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mímameiðr,_Hoddmímis_holt,_and_Ragnarök" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mímameiðr,_Hoddmímis_holt,_and_Ragnarök"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mímameiðr, Hoddmímis holt, and Ragnarök</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mímameiðr,_Hoddmímis_holt,_and_Ragnarök-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warden_trees,_Irminsul,_and_sacred_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warden_trees,_Irminsul,_and_sacred_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Warden trees, Irminsul, and sacred trees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warden_trees,_Irminsul,_and_sacred_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yggdrasil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasill" title="Yggdrasill – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Yggdrasill" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="إغدراصيلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إغدراصيلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0qqdrasil" title="İqqdrasil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İqqdrasil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Іггдрасіль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іггдрасіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Игдрасил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Игдрасил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dgdrasil" title="Ígdrasil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ígdrasil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB" title="Ύγκντρασιλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύγκντρασιλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ایگدراسیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایگدراسیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EA%B7%B8%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%A4" title="위그드라실 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위그드라실" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A3%D5%A3%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Իգգդրասիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իգգդրասիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Askur_Yggdrasils" title="Askur Yggdrasils – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Askur Yggdrasils" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasill" title="Yggdrasill – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yggdrasill" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C" title="יגדראסיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יגדראסיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="იგდრასილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იგდრასილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igdrasils" title="Igdrasils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Igdrasils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igdrasilas" title="Igdrasilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Igdrasilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE" title="အစ်ဂ်ဒြာစီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ်ဂ်ဒြာစီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jegdrasiel" title="Jegdrasiel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jegdrasiel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB" title="ユグドラシル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユグドラシル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasill" title="Yggdrasill – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yggdrasill" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B3%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Иггдрасиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иггдрасиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ygdrasil" title="Ygdrasil – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ygdrasil" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="อึกก์ดราซิลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อึกก์ดราซิลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasill" title="Yggdrasill – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yggdrasill" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D2%91%D2%91%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Іґґдрасілль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іґґдрасілль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B9%8B%E6%A0%91" title="世界之树 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="世界之树" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Yggdrasil" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B9%8B%E6%A0%91" title="世界之树 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世界之树" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131135#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Immense tree in Norse cosmology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yggdrasil (disambiguation)">Yggdrasil (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ash_Yggdrasil_by_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Ash_Yggdrasil_by_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine.jpg/220px-The_Ash_Yggdrasil_by_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Ash_Yggdrasil_by_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine.jpg/330px-The_Ash_Yggdrasil_by_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/The_Ash_Yggdrasil_by_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine.jpg/440px-The_Ash_Yggdrasil_by_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="2622" /></a><figcaption>"The Ash Yggdrasil" (1886) by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Heine" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Heine">Friedrich Wilhelm Heine</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yggdrasil</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a> <i> Yggdrasill</i>) is an immense and central <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">sacred tree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a>. Around it exists all else, including the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Worlds">Nine Worlds</a>. </p><p>Yggdrasil is attested in the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i> compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and in the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> compiled in the 13th century by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>. In both sources, Yggdrasil is an immense <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">ash tree</a> that is central to the cosmos and considered very holy. The <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">gods</a> go to Yggdrasil daily to assemble at their <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">traditional governing assemblies</a>. The branches of Yggdrasil extend far into the heavens, and the tree is supported by three roots that extend far away into other locations; one to the well <a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a> in the heavens, one to the spring <a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a>, and another to the well <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a>. Creatures live within Yggdrasil, including the dragon <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ve%C3%B0rf%C3%B6lnir_and_eagle" title="Veðrfölnir and eagle">unnamed eagle</a>, and the stags <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn,_Dvalinn,_Duneyrr_and_Dura%C3%BEr%C3%B3r" title="Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór">Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór</a>. </p><p>Scholars generally consider <i><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6ra%C3%B0r" title="Læraðr">Læraðr</a></i> to be other names for the tree. The tree is an example of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology</a>, and scholars in the field of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_philology" title="Germanic philology">Germanic philology</a> have long discussed its implications. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Yggdrasil (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The generally accepted meaning of Old Norse <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Yggdrasill</i></span></i> is "Odin's horse", meaning "<a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">gallows</a>". This interpretation comes about because <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">drasill</i></span></i> means "horse" and <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Ygg(r)</i></span></i> is one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin#Yggr" title="List of names of Odin">Odin's many names</a>. The <i>Poetic Edda</i> poem <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i></span></i> describes how Odin sacrificed himself by hanging from a tree, making this tree Odin's gallows. This tree may have been Yggdrasil. "The horse of the hanged" is a <a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">kenning</a> for gallows and therefore Odin's gallows may have developed into the expression "Odin's horse", which then became the name of the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007375_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007375-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, scholarly opinions regarding the precise meaning of the name <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Yggdrasill</i></span></i> vary, particularly on the issue of whether <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Yggdrasill</i></span></i> is the name of the tree itself or if only the full term <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">askr Yggdrasil</i></span></i> (where Old Norse <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">askr</i></span></i> means "ash tree") refers specifically to the tree. According to this interpretation, <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">askr Yggdrasils</i></span></i> would mean the <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a> upon which "the horse [Odin's horse] of the highest god [Odin] is bound". Both of these etymologies rely on a presumed but unattested <i>*Yggsdrasill</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007375_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007375-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third interpretation, presented by F. Detter, is that the name <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Yggdrasill</i></span></i> refers to the word <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">yggr</i></span></i> ("terror"), yet not in reference to the Odinic name, and so <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Yggdrasill</i></span></i> would then mean "tree of terror, gallows". F. R. Schröder has proposed a fourth etymology according to which <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">yggdrasill</i></span></i> means "yew pillar", deriving <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">yggia</i></span></i> from <i>*igwja</i> (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew-tree</a>"), and <i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">drasill</i></span></i> from <i>*dher-</i> (meaning "support").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007375_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007375-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetic_Edda"><i>Poetic Edda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetic Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <i>Poetic Edda</i>, the tree is mentioned in the three poems <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Völuspá"><span id="V.C3.B6lusp.C3.A1"></span><i>Völuspá</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Völuspá"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norns_(1832)_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens,_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg/220px-Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg/330px-Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg/440px-Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a>" (1832) from <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Helden und Götter des Nordens, oder das Buch der Sagen</i></span></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the second stanza of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> poem <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">völva</a> (a shamanic seeress) reciting the poem to the god Odin says that she remembers far back to "early times", being raised by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>, recalls <a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">nine worlds</a> and nine <i>ídiðiur</i> (rendered in a variety of ways by translators—Dronke, for example, provides "nine wood-ogresses"), and when Yggdrasil was a seed ("glorious tree of good measure, under the ground").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke19977_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke19977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In stanza 19, the völva says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>An ash I know there stands,<br /> Yggdrasill is its name,<br /> a tall tree, showered<br /> with shining <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a>.<br /> From there come the dews<br /> that drop in the valleys.<br /> It stands forever green over<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðr's well</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke199711–12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke199711–12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In stanza 20, the völva says that from the lake under the tree come three "maidens deep in knowledge" named <a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0r" title="Urðr">Urðr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%B0andi" title="Verðandi">Verðandi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skuld" title="Skuld">Skuld</a>. The maidens "incised the slip of wood", "laid down laws" and "chose lives" for the children of humanity and the destinies (<i><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="/wiki/Wyrd" title="Wyrd">ørlǫg</a></i></span></i>) of men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke199712_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke199712-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In stanza 27, the völva details that she is aware that "<a href="/wiki/Heimdallr" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdallr">Heimdallr</a>'s hearing is couched beneath the bright-nurtured holy tree."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke199714_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke199714-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In stanza 45, Yggdrasil receives a final mention in the poem. The völva describes, as a part of the onset of Ragnarök, that Heimdallr blows <a href="/wiki/Gjallarhorn" title="Gjallarhorn">Gjallarhorn</a>, that Odin speaks with <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a>'s head, and then: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Yggdrasill shivers,<br /> the ash, as it stands.<br /> The old tree groans,<br /> and the giant slips free.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke199719_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke199719-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hávamál"><span id="H.C3.A1vam.C3.A1l"></span><i>Hávamál</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hávamál"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_(vector).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/220px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/330px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg/440px-The_Sacrifice_of_Odin_by_Fr%C3%B8lich_%28vector%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Odin sacrificing himself upon Yggdrasil (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In stanza 138 of the poem <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1vam%C3%A1l" title="Hávamál">Hávamál</a></i>, Odin describes how he once sacrificed himself to himself by hanging on a tree. The stanza reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>I know that I hung on a windy tree<br /> <a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">nine</a> long nights,<br /> wounded with a spear, dedicated to Odin,<br /> myself to myself,<br /> on that tree of which no man knows<br /> from where its roots run.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199934_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199934-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In the stanza that follows, Odin describes how he had no food nor drink there, that he peered downward, and that "I took up the <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>, screaming I took them, then I fell back from there."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199934_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199934-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odin later used "the knowledge of the sacred runes" as a magical tool to give to humanity to increase humans' skill in magic and poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Yggdrasil is not mentioned by name in the poem and other trees exist in Norse mythology, the tree is near universally accepted as Yggdrasil by scholars, and if the tree is Yggdrasil, then the name <i>Yggdrasil</i> directly relates to this story.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2001321_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001321-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grímnismál"><span id="Gr.C3.ADmnism.C3.A1l"></span><i>Grímnismál</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grímnismál"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the poem <i><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmnism%C3%A1l" title="Grímnismál">Grímnismál</a></i>, Odin (disguised as <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">Grímnir</a></i>) provides the young <a href="/wiki/Agnarr_Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0sson" title="Agnarr Geirröðsson">Agnar</a> with cosmological lore. Yggdrasil is first mentioned in the poem in stanza 29, where Odin says that, because the "<a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">bridge of the Æsir</a> burns" and the "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">sacred waters</a> boil," <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> must wade through the rivers <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a> and two rivers named <a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a> to go "sit as judge at the ash of Yggdrasill". In the stanza that follows, a <a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">list of names of horses</a> are given that the Æsir ride to "sit as judges" at Yggdrasil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199956_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199956-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In stanza 31, Odin says that the ash Yggdrasil has three roots that grow in three directions. He details that beneath the first lives <a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel</a>, under the second live frost jötnar, and beneath the third lives humanity. Stanza 32 details that a squirrel named <a href="/wiki/Ratatoskr" title="Ratatoskr">Ratatoskr</a> must run across Yggdrasil and bring "the eagle's word" from above to Níðhöggr below. Stanza 33 describes that four <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">harts</a> named Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór consume "the highest boughs" of Yggdrasil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199956_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199956-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In stanza 34, Odin says that more serpents lie beneath Yggdrasil "than any fool can imagine" and lists them as Góinn and Móinn (possibly meaning Old Norse "land animal"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007115_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007115-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which he describes as sons of Grafvitnir (Old Norse, possibly "ditch wolf"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007116_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007116-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Grábakr (Old Norse "Greyback"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007115_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007115-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Grafvölluðr (Old Norse, possibly "the one digging under the plain" or possibly amended as "the one ruling in the ditch"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007116_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007116-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Ófnir (Old Norse "the winding one, the twisting one"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007252_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007252-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and Sváfnir (Old Norse, possibly "the one who puts to sleep = death"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007305_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007305-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), who Odin adds that he thinks will forever gnaw on the tree's branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199956_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199956-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In stanza 35, Odin says that Yggdrasil "suffers agony more than men know", as a hart bites it from above, it decays on its sides, and Níðhöggr bites it from beneath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199957_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199957-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In stanza 44, Odin provides a list of things that are what he refers to as the "noblest" of their kind. Within the list, Odin mentions Yggdrasil first, and states that it is the "noblest of trees".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199958_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199958-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_Edda"><i>Prose Edda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prose Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/220px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/330px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg/440px-The_Tree_of_Yggdrasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="2924" /></a><figcaption>The title page of Olive Bray's 1908 translation of the <i>Poetic Edda</i> by <a href="/wiki/W._G._Collingwood" title="W. G. Collingwood">W. G. Collingwood</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Nornen_Urd,_Werdanda,_Skuld,_unter_der_Welteiche_Yggdrasil_by_Ludwig_Burger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Die_Nornen_Urd%2C_Werdanda%2C_Skuld%2C_unter_der_Welteiche_Yggdrasil_by_Ludwig_Burger.jpg/220px-Die_Nornen_Urd%2C_Werdanda%2C_Skuld%2C_unter_der_Welteiche_Yggdrasil_by_Ludwig_Burger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Die_Nornen_Urd%2C_Werdanda%2C_Skuld%2C_unter_der_Welteiche_Yggdrasil_by_Ludwig_Burger.jpg/330px-Die_Nornen_Urd%2C_Werdanda%2C_Skuld%2C_unter_der_Welteiche_Yggdrasil_by_Ludwig_Burger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Die_Nornen_Urd%2C_Werdanda%2C_Skuld%2C_unter_der_Welteiche_Yggdrasil_by_Ludwig_Burger.jpg/440px-Die_Nornen_Urd%2C_Werdanda%2C_Skuld%2C_unter_der_Welteiche_Yggdrasil_by_Ludwig_Burger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The norns Urðr, Verðandi, and Skuld beneath the world tree Yggdrasil (1882) by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Burger" title="Ludwig Burger">Ludwig Burger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Yggdrasil is mentioned in two books in the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></i>. In <i>Gylfaginning</i>, Yggdrasil is introduced in chapter 15. In chapter 15, <a href="/wiki/Gylfi" title="Gylfi">Gangleri</a> (described as king <a href="/wiki/Gylfi" title="Gylfi">Gylfi</a> in disguise) asks where is the chief or holiest place of the gods. <a href="/wiki/High,_Just-As-High,_and_Third" class="mw-redirect" title="High, Just-As-High, and Third">High</a> replies "It is the ash Yggdrasil. There the gods must hold their courts each day". Gangleri asks what there is to tell about Yggdrasil. <a href="/wiki/High,_Just-As-High,_and_Third" class="mw-redirect" title="High, Just-As-High, and Third">Just-As-High</a> says that Yggdrasil is the biggest and best of all trees, that its branches extend out over all of the world and reach out over the sky. Three of the roots of the tree support it, and these three roots also extend extremely far: one "is among the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>, the second among the frost jötnar, and the third over <a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a>. The root over Niflheim is gnawed at by the wyrm <a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a>, and beneath this root is the spring <a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a>. Beneath the root that reaches the frost jötnar is the well <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a>, "which has wisdom and intelligence contained in it, and the master of the well is called <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mimir</a>". Just-As-High provides details regarding Mímisbrunnr and then describes that the third root of the well "extends to heaven" and that beneath the root is the "very holy" well <a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a>. At Urðarbrunnr the gods hold their court, and every day the Æsir ride to Urðarbrunnr up over the bridge <a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a>. Later in the chapter, a stanza from <i>Grímnismál</i> mentioning Yggdrasil is quoted in support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199517_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199517-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 16, Gangleri asks "what other particularly notable things are there to tell about the ash?" High says there is quite a lot to tell about. High continues that an eagle sits on the branches of Yggdrasil and that it has much knowledge. Between the eyes of the eagle sits a hawk called <a href="/wiki/Ve%C3%B0rf%C3%B6lnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Veðrfölnir">Veðrfölnir</a>. A squirrel called <a href="/wiki/Ratatoskr" title="Ratatoskr">Ratatoskr</a> scurries up and down the ash Yggdrasil carrying "malicious messages" between the eagle and Níðhöggr. Four stags named Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr, and Duraþrór run between the branches of Yggdrasil and consume its foliage. In the spring Hvergelmir are so many snakes along with Níðhöggr "that no tongue can enumerate them". Two stanzas from <i>Grímnismál</i> are then cited in support. High continues that the norns that live by the holy well Urðarbrunnr each day take water from the well and mud from around it and pour it over Yggdrasil so that the branches of the ash do not rot away or decay. High provides more information about Urðarbrunnr, cites a stanza from <i>Völuspá</i> in support, and adds that <a href="/wiki/Dew" title="Dew">dew</a> falls from Yggdrasil to the earth, explaining that "this is what people call <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(secretion)" title="Honeydew (secretion)">honeydew</a>, and from it bees feed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199518–19_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199518–19-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 41, the stanza from <i>Grímnismál</i> is quoted that mentions that Yggdrasil is the foremost of trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199534_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199534-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 54, as part of the events of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>, High describes that Odin will ride to the well Mímisbrunnr and consult Mímir on behalf of himself and his people. After this, "the ash Yggdrasil will shake and nothing will be unafraid in heaven or on earth", and then the Æsir and <a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a> will don their war gear and advance to the field of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a>. Further into the chapter, the stanza in <i>Völuspá</i> that details this sequence is cited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199554_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199554-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Prose Edda</i> book <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></i>, Yggdrasil receives a single mention, though not by name. In chapter 64, names for <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">kings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">dukes</a> are given. "Illustrious one" is provided as an example, appearing in a Christianity-influenced work by the <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> <a href="/wiki/Hallvar%C3%B0r_H%C3%A1reksblesi" title="Hallvarðr Háreksblesi">Hallvarðr Háreksblesi</a>: "There is not under the pole of the earth [Yggdrasil] an illustrious one closer to the lord of <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> [God] than you."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes1995146_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes1995146-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shamanic_origins">Shamanic origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shamanic origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> comments that the existence of nine worlds around Yggdrasil is mentioned more than once in Old Norse sources, but the identity of the worlds is never stated outright, though it can be deduced from various sources. Davidson comments that "no doubt the identity of the nine varied from time to time as the emphasis changed or new imagery arrived". Davidson says that it is unclear where the nine worlds are located in relation to the tree; they could either exist one above the other or perhaps be grouped around the tree, but there are references to worlds existing beneath the tree, while the gods are pictured as in the sky, a rainbow bridge (<a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a>) connecting the tree with other worlds. Davidson opines that "those who have tried to produce a convincing diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> cosmos from what we are told in the sources have only added to the confusion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davidson notes parallels between Yggdrasil and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanic</a> lore in northern Eurasia: </p> <blockquote><p>The conception of the tree rising through a number of worlds is found in northern Eurasia and forms part of the shamanic lore shared by many peoples of this region. This seems to be a very ancient conception, perhaps based on the <a href="/wiki/Pole_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Pole Star">Pole Star</a>, the centre of the heavens, and the image of the central tree in Scandinavia may have been influenced by it.... Among <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> shamans, a central tree may be used as a ladder to ascend the heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Davidson says that the notion of an eagle atop a tree and the world serpent coiled around the roots of the tree has parallels in other cosmologies from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. She goes on to say that Norse cosmology may have been influenced by these Asiatic cosmologies from a northern location. Davidson adds, on the other hand, that it is attested that the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic peoples</a> worshiped their deities in open forest clearings and that a <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">sky god</a> was particularly connected with the <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> tree, and therefore "a central tree was a natural symbol for them also".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mímameiðr,_Hoddmímis_holt,_and_Ragnarök"><span id="M.C3.ADmamei.C3.B0r.2C_Hoddm.C3.ADmis_holt.2C_and_Ragnar.C3.B6k"></span>Mímameiðr, Hoddmímis holt, and Ragnarök</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mímameiðr, Hoddmímis holt, and Ragnarök"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir_by_Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir_by_Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich.svg/220px-L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir_by_Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir_by_Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich.svg/330px-L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir_by_Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir_by_Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich.svg/440px-L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir_by_Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Lífþrasir and Líf after emerging from Hoddmímis holt (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Connections have been proposed between the wood <a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> "Hoard-<a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a>'s"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007154_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007154-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">holt</a>) and the tree <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a> ("Mímir's tree"), generally thought to refer to the world tree Yggdrasil, and the spring <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007154_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007154-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Lindow concurs that <i>Mímameiðr</i> may be another name for Yggdrasil and that if the Hoard-Mímir of the name <i>Hoddmímis holt</i> is the same figure as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a> (associated with the spring named after him, Mímisbrunnr), then the Mímir's holt—Yggdrasil—and Mímir's spring may be within the same proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2001179_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001179-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carolyne Larrington notes that it is nowhere expressly stated what will happen to Yggdrasil during the events of <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>. Larrington points to a connection between the primordial figure of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a> and Yggdrasil in the poem <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, and theorizes that "it is possible that Hoddmimir is another name for Mimir, and that the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">two survivors</a> hide in Yggdrasill."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington1999269_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington1999269-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> theorizes that the survival of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">Líf and Lífþrasir</a> through Ragnarök by hiding in Hoddmímis holt is "a case of reduplication of the anthropogeny, understandable from the cyclic nature of the Eddic eschatology". Simek says that Hoddmímis holt "should not be understood literally as a wood or even a forest in which the two keep themselves hidden, but rather as an alternative name for the world-tree Yggdrasill. Thus, the creation of humanity from tree trunks (Askr, Embla) is repeated after the Ragnarǫk as well." Simek says that in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic regions</a>, the concept of humanity originating from trees is ancient. Simek additionally points out legendary parallels in a <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> legend of a <a href="/wiki/Shepherd" title="Shepherd">shepherd</a> who lives inside a tree, whose descendants repopulate the land after life there has been wiped out by plague (citing a retelling by F. R. Schröder). In addition, Simek points to an Old Norse parallel in the figure of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rvar-Oddr" title="Örvar-Oddr">Örvar-Oddr</a>, "who is rejuvenated after living as a tree-man (<i>Ǫrvar-Odds saga</i> 24–27)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007189Schröder1931_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007189Schröder1931-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warden_trees,_Irminsul,_and_sacred_trees"><span id="Warden_trees.2C_Irminsul.2C_and_sacred_trees"></span>Warden trees, Irminsul, and sacred trees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Warden trees, Irminsul, and sacred trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mysselhoj_da_070407.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mysselhoj_da_070407.jpg/220px-Mysselhoj_da_070407.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mysselhoj_da_070407.jpg/330px-Mysselhoj_da_070407.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Mysselhoj_da_070407.jpg/440px-Mysselhoj_da_070407.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A tree grows atop <i>Mysselhøj</i>, <br />a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roskilde" title="Roskilde">Roskilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Continuing as late as the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">warden trees</a> were venerated in areas of Germany and Scandinavia, considered to be guardians and bringers of luck, and offerings were sometimes made to them. A massive <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> tree standing atop a <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">burial mound</a> and located beside a farm in western <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> is recorded as having had ale poured over its roots during festivals. The tree was felled in 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993170_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993170-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Davidson comments that "the position of the tree in the centre as a source of luck and protection for gods and men is confirmed" by these rituals to Warden Trees. Davidson notes that the gods are described as meeting beneath Yggdrasil to hold their <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">things</a>, and the related <a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a>, which may have been a pillar, was also symbolic of the center of the world. Davidson details that it would be difficult to ascertain whether a tree or pillar came first, and that this is likely to depend on whether the holy location was in a thickly wooded area or not. Davidson notes that there is no mention of a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">sacred tree</a> at <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingvellir" title="Þingvellir">Þingvellir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, but that <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> describes a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree_at_Uppsala" title="Sacred tree at Uppsala">huge tree standing next to the Temple at Uppsala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, which remained green throughout summer and winter, and that no one knew what type it was. Davidson comments that while it is uncertain if Adam's informant actually witnessed the tree, the existence of sacred trees in pre-Christian Germanic Europe is further evidenced by records of their destruction by early Christian missionaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Thor%27s_Oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Thor's Oak">Thor's Oak</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993170_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993170-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dowden" title="Ken Dowden">Ken Dowden</a> comments that behind Irminsul, Thor's Oak in Geismar, and the sacred tree at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> "looms a mythic prototype, an Yggdrasil, the world-ash of the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowden200072_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowden200072-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_influence">Modern influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> adopted "Igdrasil" as a favorite symbol; it features in both <i><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History</a></i> (1841) and <a href="/wiki/Past_and_Present_(book)" title="Past and Present (book)"><i>Past and Present</i></a> (1843). <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> referenced it in the conclusion to <i>The Laws of <a href="/wiki/Fiesole" title="Fiesole">Fésole</a></i> (1877–1878). An unpublished manuscript of Carlyle's entitled "Igdrasil. From the Norse"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inspired the editor of <i>The Ruskin Reading <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a> Journal</i> to add <i>Igdrasil</i> to its name in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Nixon_2009_pp._49–58_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon_2009_pp._49–58-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern works of art depicting Yggdrasil include <i>Die Nornen</i> (painting, 1888) by K. Ehrenberg; <i>Yggdrasil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, 1933) by <a href="/wiki/Axel_Revold" title="Axel Revold">Axel Revold</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> library auditorium in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>; <i>Hjortene beiter i løvet på Yggdrasil asken</i> (wood <a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">relief carving</a>, 1938) on the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_City_Hall" title="Oslo City Hall">Oslo City Hall</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dagfin_Werenskiold" title="Dagfin Werenskiold">Dagfin Werenskiold</a>; and the bronze relief on the doors of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Museum_of_National_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Museum of National Antiquities">Swedish Museum of National Antiquities</a> (around 1950) by B. Marklund in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden. </p><p>Poems mentioning Yggdrasil include <i>Vårdträdet</i> by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Rydberg" title="Viktor Rydberg">Viktor Rydberg</a> and <i>Yggdrasill</i> by J. Linke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007376_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007376-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Overlord_(novel_series)" title="Overlord (novel series)">Overlord</a></i>, a Japanese light novel series written by Kugane Maruyama, <i>Yggdrasil</i> is the name of a popular <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">DMMORPG</a>, where the protagonist got trapped after its shutdown.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yggdrasil is a common motif in <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> media, appearing in <i><a href="/wiki/Thor_(film)" title="Thor (film)">Thor</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_America:_The_First_Avenger" title="Captain America: The First Avenger">Captain America: The First Avenger</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thor:_The_Dark_World" title="Thor: The Dark World">Thor: The Dark World</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Loki_(TV_series)" title="Loki (TV series)">Loki</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimbio_2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimbio_2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">Axis mundi</a>, mythological concept representing "the connection between the higher and lower realms"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil_Linux/GNU/X" title="Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X">Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007375-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007375_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007375_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007375_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke19977-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke19977_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDronke1997">Dronke 1997</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke199711–12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke199711–12_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDronke1997">Dronke 1997</a>, p. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke199712-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke199712_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDronke1997">Dronke 1997</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke199714-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke199714_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDronke1997">Dronke 1997</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDronke199719-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDronke199719_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDronke1997">Dronke 1997</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199934-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199934_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199934_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonFlanaginMartinMartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.). <i>The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images</i>. Köln: <a href="/wiki/Taschen" title="Taschen">Taschen</a>. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-1448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-1448-4"><bdi>978-3-8365-1448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Symbols%3A+Reflections+on+Archetypal+Images&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Taschen&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8365-1448-4&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Kathie&rft.au=Flanagin%2C+Michael+N.&rft.au=Martin%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Martin%2C+Mary+E.&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+John&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+Priscilla+Young&rft.au=Ronnberg%2C+Ami&rft.au=Salman%2C+Sherry&rft.au=Wesley%2C+Deborah+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001321-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2001321_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindow2001">Lindow 2001</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199956-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199956_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199956_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199956_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007115-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007115_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007115_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007116-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007116_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007116_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007252-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007252_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007305-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007305_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199957-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199957_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199958-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199958_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199517-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199517_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199518–19-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199518–19_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199534-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199534_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199554-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199554_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes1995146-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes1995146_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson199369_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1993">Davidson 1993</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007154-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007154_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007154_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindow2001179-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindow2001179_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindow2001">Lindow 2001</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington1999269-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington1999269_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007189Schröder1931-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007189Schröder1931_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 189; <a href="#CITEREFSchröder1931">Schröder 1931</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993170-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993170_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1993170_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1993">Davidson 1993</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowden200072-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowden200072_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowden2000">Dowden 2000</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle2009" class="citation journal cs1">Carlyle, Thomas (2009). "Appendix: Igdrasil. From the Norse". <i>Carlyle Studies Annual</i> (25): 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1074-2670">1074-2670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26593166">26593166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carlyle+Studies+Annual&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Igdrasil.+From+the+Norse&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=59-60&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26593166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1074-2670&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nixon_2009_pp._49–58-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nixon_2009_pp._49–58_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nixon, Jude V. (2009). "Thomas Carlyle's Igdrasil". <i>Carlyle Studies Annual</i> (25). Saint Joseph's University Press: 49–58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1074-2670">1074-2670</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26593165">26593165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carlyle+Studies+Annual&rft.atitle=Thomas+Carlyle%27s+Igdrasil&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=49-58&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26593165%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1074-2670&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Jude+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek2007376-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek2007376_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/preview-guide/2015/summer/overlord/.89902">"The Summer 2015 Anime Preview Guide – Overlord"</a>. <i>Anime News Network</i>. 7 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506131357/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/preview-guide/2015/summer/overlord/.89902">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=The+Summer+2015+Anime+Preview+Guide+%E2%80%93+Overlord&rft.date=2015-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fpreview-guide%2F2015%2Fsummer%2Foverlord%2F.89902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimbio_2015-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimbio_2015_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zimbio.com/A+Closer+Look+at+Marvel%27s+Many+Easter+Eggs/articles/yMT9pq1oQNc/Yggdrasil+The+World+Tree">"Yggdrasil, The World Tree"</a>. <i>Zimbio</i>. 12 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425213900/https://www.zimbio.com/A+Closer+Look+at+Marvel%27s+Many+Easter+Eggs/articles/yMT9pq1oQNc/Yggdrasil+The+World+Tree">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zimbio&rft.atitle=Yggdrasil%2C+The+World+Tree&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zimbio.com%2FA%2BCloser%2BLook%2Bat%2BMarvel%2527s%2BMany%2BEaster%2BEggs%2Farticles%2FyMT9pq1oQNc%2FYggdrasil%2BThe%2BWorld%2BTree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacson2023" class="citation web cs1">Lacson, Therese (10 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collider.com/loki-season-2-finale-recap/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Loki' Season 2 Finale Recap: A Glorious Purpose at the End of Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collider_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collider (website)">Collider</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collider&rft.atitle=%27Loki%27+Season+2+Finale+Recap%3A+A+Glorious+Purpose+at+the+End+of+Time&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft.aulast=Lacson&rft.aufirst=Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollider.com%2Floki-season-2-finale-recap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, Hilda Ellis</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWLVZN0H224C"><i>The Lost Beliefs of Northern Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-40850-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-40850-0"><bdi>0-203-40850-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Beliefs+of+Northern+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-203-40850-0&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWLVZN0H224C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowden2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dowden" title="Ken Dowden">Dowden, Ken</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-QfhYxtKScC"><i>European Paganism: the Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12034-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12034-9"><bdi>0-415-12034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Paganism%3A+the+Realities+of+Cult+from+Antiquity+to+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-12034-9&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-QfhYxtKScC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDronke1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ursula_Dronke" title="Ursula Dronke">Dronke, Ursula</a> (1997). <i>The Poetic Edda: Volume II: Mythological Poems</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811181-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811181-9"><bdi>0-19-811181-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda%3A+Volume+II%3A+Mythological+Poems&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-811181-9&rft.aulast=Dronke&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrington1999" class="citation book cs1">Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). <i>The Poetic Edda</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2"><bdi>0-19-283946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda&rft.pub=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-283946-2&rft.aulast=Larrington&rft.aufirst=Carolyne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindow2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">Lindow, John</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlT7tv3eMSwC"><i>Norse Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515382-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515382-0"><bdi>0-19-515382-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Mythology%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Gods%2C+Heroes%2C+Rituals%2C+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-515382-0&rft.aulast=Lindow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKlT7tv3eMSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). <i>Edda</i>. <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4608-7616-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-4608-7616-3"><bdi>0-4608-7616-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edda&rft.pub=Everyman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-4608-7616-3&rft.aulast=Faulkes&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchön2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ebbe_Sch%C3%B6n" title="Ebbe Schön">Schön, Ebbe</a> (2004). <i>Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och Jättar i tro och Tradition</i>. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-89660-41-2" title="Special:BookSources/91-89660-41-2"><bdi>91-89660-41-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asa-Tors+hammare%2C+Gudar+och+J%C3%A4ttar+i+tro+och+Tradition&rft.pub=F%C3%A4lt+%26+H%C3%A4ssler%2C+V%C3%A4rnamo&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=91-89660-41-2&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6n&rft.aufirst=Ebbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröder1931" class="citation journal cs1">Schröder, Franz Rolf (1931). "Germanische Schöpfungsmythen". <i>Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift</i>. <b>19</b>: 1–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germanisch-Romanische+Monatsschrift&rft.atitle=Germanische+Sch%C3%B6pfungsmythen&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=Franz+Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2007). <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>. Translated by Angela Hall. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">D.S. Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7"><bdi>978-0-85991-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-513-7&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYggdrasil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yggdrasil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Template:Yggdrasill" title="Template:Yggdrasill"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yggdrasill" title="Template talk:Yggdrasill"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yggdrasill" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yggdrasill"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_cosmological_tree_Yggdrasil_and_its_inhabitants_in_Norse_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The cosmological tree <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yggdrasil</a> and its inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6dbbe;width:1%">Inhabitants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn,_Dvalinn,_Duneyrr_and_Dura%C3%BEr%C3%B3r" title="Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór">Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór</a> (highest boughs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratatoskr" title="Ratatoskr">Ratatoskr</a> (travels up and down)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ve%C3%B0rf%C3%B6lnir_and_eagle" title="Veðrfölnir and eagle">Veðrfölnir and eagle</a> (top)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norns_(1832)_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens,_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg/110px-Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg/165px-Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg/220px-Norns_%281832%29_from_Die_Helden_und_G%C3%B6tter_des_Nordens%2C_oder_Das_Buch_der_sagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6dbbe;width:1%">Roots reaching to</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6dbbe;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a> and mankind</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6dbbe;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a> and numerous serpents</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6dbbe;width:1%">Frost <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d6dbbe;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Worlds">Nine Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#A2CD96"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Template:Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Template talk:Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A2CD96;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduhenna" title="Baduhenna">Grove of Baduhenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Grove of Nerthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Grove of the Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donar%27s_Oak" title="Donar's Oak">Donar's Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminsul" title="Irminsul">Irminsul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree_at_Uppsala" title="Sacred tree at Uppsala">Sacred tree at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caill_Tomair" title="Caill Tomair">Caill Tomair</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/110px-Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/165px-Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Om_Yggdrasil_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="763" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A2CD96;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstokkr" title="Barnstokkr">Barnstokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasir" title="Glasir">Glasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6ra%C3%B0r" title="Læraðr">Læraðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#A2CD96;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dream of the Rood">Dream of the Rood</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">Líf and Lífþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Sacred tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norse_cosmology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_cosmology" title="Template:Norse cosmology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_cosmology" title="Template talk:Norse cosmology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_cosmology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse cosmology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norse_cosmology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d6dbbe;">Astronomical bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sun: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li></ul></li> <li>Moon: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki and Bil</a></li></ul></li> <li>Earth: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandil" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurvandil">Aurvandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a>'s eyes</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wolves_Pursuing_Sol_and_Mani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Wolves_Pursuing_Sol_and_Mani.jpg/125px-The_Wolves_Pursuing_Sol_and_Mani.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Wolves_Pursuing_Sol_and_Mani.jpg/188px-The_Wolves_Pursuing_Sol_and_Mani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Wolves_Pursuing_Sol_and_Mani.jpg/250px-The_Wolves_Pursuing_Sol_and_Mani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2745" data-file-height="1854" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d6dbbe;">Time</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Day: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Night: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Hrímfaxi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Seasons: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li>Old age <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d6dbbe;">Water bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li></ul></li> <li>Waves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d6dbbe;">Worlds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Worlds">Nine Worlds</a></li> <li>Connected by the tree <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d6dbbe;">Cosmogenesis,<br />cyclic time,<br /> and eschatology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muspelheim" title="Muspelheim">Muspelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflheim" title="Niflheim">Niflheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #d6dbbe;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundilfari" title="Mundilfari">Mundilfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%C3%B0finnr" title="Viðfinnr">Viðfinnr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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