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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Network_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Network surveillance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Corporate surveillance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malicious_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malicious_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Malicious software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malicious_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_network_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_network_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social network analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_network_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_from_a_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_from_a_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Monitoring from a distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_from_a_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policeware_and_govware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policeware_and_govware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Policeware and govware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policeware_and_govware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance_as_an_aid_to_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance_as_an_aid_to_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Surveillance as an aid to censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance_as_an_aid_to_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جاسوسية رقمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاسوسية رقمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitoratge_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Monitoratge (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monitoratge (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online-Durchsuchung" title="Online-Durchsuchung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Online-Durchsuchung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCberj%C3%A4lgimine" title="Küberjälgimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Küberjälgimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87" title="نظارت بر رایانه و شبکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظارت بر رایانه و شبکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengawasan_komputer_dan_jaringan" title="Pengawasan komputer dan jaringan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengawasan komputer dan jaringan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מעקב על מחשבים ורשתות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעקב על מחשבים ורשתות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကွန်ပျူတာစောင့်ကြပ်ကြည့်ရှုခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်ပျူတာစောင့်ကြပ်ကြည့်ရှုခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="کمپیوٹر سرویلینس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کمپیوٹر سرویلینس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitoring_pracy_komputera" title="Monitoring pracy komputera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monitoring pracy komputera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigil%C3%A2ncia_de_computadores_e_redes" title="Vigilância de computadores e redes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vigilância de computadores e redes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Программа отслеживания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программа отслеживания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkovalvonta" title="Verkkovalvonta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkovalvonta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Моніторингові програмні продукти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Моніторингові програмні продукти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3" title="کمپیوٹر سرویلینس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمپیوٹر سرویلینس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about monitoring of computer and network activity. For information on methods of preventing unauthorized access to computer data, see <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a></div> <p><b>Computer and network surveillance</b> is the monitoring of computer activity and data stored locally on a computer or data being transferred over <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. This monitoring is often carried out covertly and may be completed by governments, corporations, criminal organizations, or individuals. It may or may not be legal and may or may not require authorization from a court or other independent government agencies. Computer and network surveillance programs are widespread today and almost all <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">Internet traffic</a> can be monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surveillance allows governments and other agencies to maintain <a href="/wiki/Social_control" title="Social control">social control</a>, recognize and monitor threats or any suspicious or abnormal activity,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prevent and investigate <a href="/wiki/Criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal">criminal</a> activities. With the advent of programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Total_Information_Awareness" title="Total Information Awareness">Total Information Awareness</a> program, technologies such as <a href="/wiki/NarusInsight" class="mw-redirect" title="NarusInsight">high-speed surveillance computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surveillance#Biometric" title="Surveillance">biometrics</a> software, and laws such as the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_For_Law_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act</a>, governments now possess an unprecedented ability to monitor the activities of citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-us-surveillance-soc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-surveillance-soc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, have expressed concern that increasing surveillance of citizens will result in a <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> society, with limited political and/or personal freedoms. Such fear has led to numerous lawsuits such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hepting_v._AT%26T" title="Hepting v. AT&T">Hepting v. AT&T</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-us-surveillance-soc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-surveillance-soc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bigger-monster_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bigger-monster-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hacktivist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacktivist">hacktivist</a> group <a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a> has hacked into government websites in protest of what it considers "draconian surveillance".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Network_surveillance">Network surveillance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Network surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Visualization of Internet routing paths"><img alt="Visualization of Internet routing paths" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/150px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/225px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/300px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">An <a href="/wiki/Opte_Project" title="Opte Project">Opte Project</a> visualization of <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing paths</a> through a portion of the Internet</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">General</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_activism" title="Data activism">Data activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_freedom" title="Internet freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Internet phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_neutrality" title="Net neutrality">Net neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_privacy" title="Internet privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacktivism" title="Slacktivism">Slacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Internet_usage" title="Global Internet usage">Usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_vigilantism" title="Internet vigilantism">Vigilantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_volunteering" title="Virtual volunteering">Virtual volunteering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">IGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry#Number_Resource_Organization" title="Regional Internet registry">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">ISOC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Information_infrastructure" title="Information infrastructure">Information infrastructure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_exchange_point" title="Internet exchange point">Internet exchange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">Internet Message Access Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Services</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">File transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_currently_registered_Internet_domain_names" title="List of the oldest currently registered Internet domain names">Oldest domain names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Wars" title="Protocol Wars">Protocol Wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Guides</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Internet-related_articles" title="Index of Internet-related articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Internet" title="Outline of the Internet">Outline</a></b></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/16px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/24px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/32px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet" title="Template:Internet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet" title="Template talk:Internet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a></div> <p>The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">personal data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sciam-internet_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam-internet-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_For_Law_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act</a> mandates that all phone calls and <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_traffic" title="Internet traffic">internet traffic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">web traffic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, etc.) be available for unimpeded, real-time monitoring by Federal law enforcement agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-eff-calea-archive_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eff-calea-archive-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eff-calea-summary_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eff-calea-summary-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eff-calea-faq_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eff-calea-faq-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Packet_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet capture">Packet capture</a> (also known as "packet sniffing") is the monitoring of data traffic on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data sent between computers over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> or between any networks takes the form of small chunks called packets, which are routed to their destination and assembled back into a complete message. A <a href="/wiki/Packet_Capture_Appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet Capture Appliance">packet capture appliance</a> intercepts these packets, so that they may be examined and analyzed. Computer technology is needed to perform <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a> and sift through intercepted data to look for important/useful information. Under the <a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_For_Law_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act</a>, all U.S. telecommunications providers are required to install such packet capture technology so that Federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies are able to intercept all of their customers' <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet">broadband Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_Internet_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice over Internet protocol">voice over Internet protocol</a> (VoIP) traffic. These technologies can be used both by the intelligence and for illegal activities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is far too much data gathered by these packet sniffers for human investigators to manually search through. Thus, automated Internet surveillance computers sift through the vast amount of intercepted Internet traffic, filtering out, and reporting to investigators those bits of information which are "interesting", for example, the use of certain words or phrases, visiting certain types of web sites, or communicating via email or chat with a certain individual or group.<sup id="cite_ref-usatoday-chatroom_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usatoday-chatroom-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Billions of dollars per year are spent by agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Information_Awareness_Office" title="Information Awareness Office">Information Awareness Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>, for the development, purchase, implementation, and operation of systems which intercept and analyze this data, extracting only the information that is useful to law enforcement and intelligence agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-zdnet-fbi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-fbi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar systems are now used by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_and_National_Security_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Intelligence and National Security of Iran">Iranian Security dept.</a> to more easily distinguish between peaceful citizens and terrorists. All of the technology has been allegedly installed by German <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens AG</a> and Finnish <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Internet's rapid development has become a primary form of communication. More people are potentially subject to Internet surveillance. There are advantages and disadvantages to <a href="/wiki/Network_monitoring" title="Network monitoring">network monitoring</a>. For instance, systems described as "Web 2.0"<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly,_T._2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly,_T._2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have greatly impacted modern society. Tim O’ Reilly, who first explained the concept of "Web 2.0",<sup id="cite_ref-Reilly,_T._2005_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilly,_T._2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stated that Web 2.0 provides communication platforms that are "user generated", with self-produced content, motivating more people to communicate with friends online.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Internet surveillance also has a disadvantage. One researcher from <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> said "Web 2.0 surveillance is directed at large user groups who help to hegemonically produce and reproduce surveillance by providing user-generated (self-produced) content. We can characterize Web 2.0 surveillance as mass self-surveillance".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveillance companies monitor people while they are focused on work or entertainment. Yet, employers themselves also <a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">monitor their employees</a>. They do so in order to protect the company's assets and to control public communications but most importantly, to make sure that their employees are actively working and being productive.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can emotionally affect people; this is because it can cause emotions like jealousy. A research group states "...we set out to test the prediction that feelings of jealousy lead to 'creeping' on a partner through Facebook, and that women are particularly likely to engage in partner monitoring in response to jealousy".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study shows that women can become jealous of other people when they are in an online group. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant_(artificial_intelligence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual assistant (artificial intelligence)">Virtual assistants</a> have become socially integrated into many people's lives. Currently, virtual assistants such as Amazon's Alexa or Apple's Siri cannot call 911 or local services.<sup id="cite_ref-Smart_Devices_Call_Cops_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart_Devices_Call_Cops-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are constantly listening for command and recording parts of conversations that will help improve algorithms. If the law enforcement is able to be called using a virtual assistant, the law enforcement would then be able to have access to all the information saved for the device.<sup id="cite_ref-Smart_Devices_Call_Cops_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart_Devices_Call_Cops-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device is connected to the home's internet, because of this law enforcement would be the exact location of the individual calling for law enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Smart_Devices_Call_Cops_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart_Devices_Call_Cops-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the virtual assistance devices are popular, many debates the lack of privacy. The devices are listening to every conversation the owner is having. Even if the owner is not talking to a virtual assistant, the device is still listening to the conversation in hopes that the owner will need assistance, as well as to gather data.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_surveillance">Corporate surveillance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Corporate surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance_in_the_workplace" title="Computer surveillance in the workplace">Computer surveillance in the workplace</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Corporate_surveillance" title="Corporate surveillance">Corporate surveillance</a> of computer activity is very common. The data collected is most often used for marketing purposes or sold to other corporations, but is also regularly shared with government agencies. It can be used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a>, which enables the corporation to better tailor their products and/or services to be desirable by their customers. The data can also be sold to other corporations so that they can use it for the aforementioned purpose, or it can be used for direct marketing purposes, such as <a href="/wiki/Targeted_advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Targeted advertisement">targeted advertisements</a>, where ads are targeted to the user of the search engine by analyzing their search history and emails<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes-onlineads_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-onlineads-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (if they use free webmail services), which are kept in a database.<sup id="cite_ref-surv-in-society_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surv-in-society-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such type of surveillance is also used to establish business purposes of monitoring, which may include the following: </p> <ul><li>Preventing misuse of resources. Companies can discourage unproductive personal activities such as online shopping or web surfing on company time. Monitoring <a href="/wiki/Employee_Performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee Performance">employee performance</a> is one way to reduce unnecessary <a href="/wiki/Network_traffic" title="Network traffic">network traffic</a> and reduce the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Network_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Network bandwidth">network bandwidth</a>.</li> <li>Promoting adherence to policies. Online surveillance is one means of verifying employee observance of company networking policies.</li> <li>Preventing lawsuits. Firms can be held liable for discrimination or employee harassment in the workplace. Organizations can also be involved in infringement suits through employees that distribute copyrighted material over corporate networks.</li> <li>Safeguarding records. Federal legislation requires organizations to protect personal information. Monitoring can determine the extent of compliance with company policies and programs overseeing information security. Monitoring may also deter unlawful appropriation of personal information, and potential spam or viruses.</li> <li>Safeguarding company assets. The protection of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">trade secrets</a>, and business strategies is a major concern. The ease of information transmission and storage makes it imperative to monitor employee actions as part of a broader policy.</li></ul> <p>The second component of prevention is determining the ownership of technology resources. The ownership of the firm's networks, servers, computers, files, and e-mail should be explicitly stated. There should be a distinction between an employee's personal electronic devices, which should be limited and proscribed, and those owned by the firm. </p><p>For instance, <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a> stores identifying information for each web search. An <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> and the search phrase used are stored in a database for up to 18 months.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet-googlelogs_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet-googlelogs-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google also scans the content of emails of users of its Gmail webmail service in order to create targeted advertising based on what people are talking about in their personal email correspondences.<sup id="cite_ref-joshi_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google is, by far, the largest Internet advertising agency—millions of sites place Google's advertising banners and links on their websites in order to earn money from visitors who click on the ads. Each page containing Google advertisements adds, reads, and modifies <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">"cookies"</a> on each visitor's computer.<sup id="cite_ref-google-adprivacy_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-adprivacy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cookies <a href="/wiki/Web_tracking" title="Web tracking">track the user</a> across all of these sites and gather information about their web surfing habits, keeping track of which sites they visit, and what they do when they are on these sites. This information, along with the information <a href="/wiki/Email_tracking" title="Email tracking">from their email accounts</a>, and search engine histories, is stored by Google to use to build a <a href="/wiki/Profile_(information_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Profile (information science)">profile</a> of the user to deliver better-targeted advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-joshi_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshi-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States government often gains access to these databases, either by producing a warrant for it, or by simply asking. The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a> has openly stated that it uses data collected from consumer credit and direct marketing agencies for augmenting the profiles of individuals that it is monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-surv-in-society_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surv-in-society-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malicious_software">Malicious software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Malicious software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">Spyware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">Computer virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trojan_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan (computer security)">Trojan (computer security)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keylogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Keylogger">Keylogger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoor (computing)</a></div> <p>In addition to monitoring information sent over a computer network, there is also a way to examine data stored on a computer's <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drive</a>, and to monitor the activities of a person using the computer. A surveillance program installed on a computer can search the contents of the hard drive for suspicious data, can monitor computer use, collect <a href="/wiki/Password" title="Password">passwords</a>, and/or report back activities in real-time to its operator through the Internet connection.<sup id="cite_ref-FTC2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A keylogger is an example of this type of program. Normal keylogging programs store their data on the local hard drive, but some are programmed to automatically transmit data over the network to a remote computer or Web server. </p><p>There are multiple ways of installing such software. The most common is remote installation, using a <a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">backdoor</a> created by a <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer virus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trojan_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan (computer security)">trojan</a>. This tactic has the advantage of potentially subjecting multiple computers to surveillance. Viruses often spread to thousands or millions of computers, and leave "backdoors" which are accessible over a network connection, and enable an intruder to remotely install software and execute commands. These viruses and trojans are sometimes developed by government agencies, such as <a href="/wiki/CIPAV" class="mw-redirect" title="CIPAV">CIPAV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magic_Lantern_(spyware)" title="Magic Lantern (spyware)">Magic Lantern</a>. More often, however, viruses created by other people or <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> installed by marketing agencies can be used to gain access through the security breaches that they create.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another method is <a href="/wiki/Security_cracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Security cracking">"cracking"</a> into the computer to gain access over a network. An attacker can then install surveillance software remotely. <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Servers</a> and computers with permanent <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> connections are most vulnerable to this type of attack.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another source of security cracking is employees giving out information or users using brute force tactics to guess their password.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One can also physically place surveillance software on a computer by gaining entry to the place where the computer is stored and install it from a <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a>, or <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">thumbdrive</a>. This method shares a disadvantage with hardware devices in that it requires <a href="/wiki/Physical_access" title="Physical access">physical access</a> to the computer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One well-known worm that uses this method of spreading itself is <a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_network_analysis">Social network analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social network analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One common form of surveillance is to <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">create maps of social networks</a> based on data from <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking sites">social networking sites</a> as well as from <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a> information from phone call records such as those in the <a href="/wiki/NSA_call_database" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA call database">NSA call database</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-keefe_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keefe-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and internet traffic data gathered under <a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_For_Law_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act">CALEA</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> "maps" are then <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mined</a> to extract useful information such as personal interests, friendships and affiliations, wants, beliefs, thoughts, and activities.<sup id="cite_ref-part-surv_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-part-surv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fuchs_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuchs-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethier_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethier-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many U.S. government agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_(DARPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency_(NSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Agency (NSA)">National Security Agency (NSA)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_(DHS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security (DHS)">Department of Homeland Security (DHS)</a> are currently investing heavily in research involving social network analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-pentagon-social-networks_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pentagon-social-networks-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsa-myspace_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsa-myspace-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intelligence community believes that the biggest threat to the U.S. comes from decentralized, leaderless, geographically dispersed groups. These types of threats are most easily countered by finding important nodes in the network, and removing them. To do this requires a detailed map of the network.<sup id="cite_ref-ethier_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethier-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ressler_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ressler-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jason Ethier of Northeastern University, in his study of modern social network analysis, said the following of the Scalable Social Network Analysis Program developed by the <a href="/wiki/Information_Awareness_Office" title="Information Awareness Office">Information Awareness Office</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i> The purpose of the SSNA algorithms program is to extend techniques of social network analysis to assist with distinguishing potential terrorist cells from legitimate groups of people ... In order to be successful SSNA will require information on the social interactions of the majority of people around the globe. Since the Defense Department cannot easily distinguish between peaceful citizens and terrorists, it will be necessary for them to gather data on innocent civilians as well as on potential terrorists.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Jason Ethier<sup id="cite_ref-ethier_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethier-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring_from_a_distance">Monitoring from a distance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monitoring from a distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With only commercially available equipment, it has been shown that it is possible to monitor computers from a distance by detecting the <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> emitted by the <a href="/wiki/CRT_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="CRT monitor">CRT monitor</a>. This form of computer surveillance, known as <a href="/wiki/Tempest_(codename)" title="Tempest (codename)">TEMPEST</a>, involves reading electromagnetic emanations from computing devices in order to extract data from them at distances of hundreds of meters.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emr_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emr-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuhn2004_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhn2004-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM researchers have also found that, for most computer keyboards, each key emits a slightly different noise when pressed. The differences are individually identifiable under some conditions, and so it's possible to log key strokes without actually requiring logging software to run on the associated computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Asonov_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asonov-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, lawmakers in California passed a law prohibiting any investigative personnel in the state to force businesses to hand over digital communication without a warrant, calling this Electronic Communications Privacy Act.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time in California, state senator Jerry Hill introduced a bill making law enforcement agencies to disclose more information on their usage and information from the <a href="/wiki/Stingray_phone_tracker" title="Stingray phone tracker">Stingray phone tracker</a> device.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the law took into effect in January 2016, it will now require cities to operate with new guidelines in relation to how and when law enforcement use this device.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some legislators and those holding a public office have disagreed with this technology because of the warrantless tracking, but now if a city wants to use this device, it must be heard by a public hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cities have pulled out of using the StingRay such as Santa Clara County. </p><p>And it has also been shown, by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a> et al., that even the high frequency <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a> emitted by a <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> includes information about the instructions being executed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policeware_and_govware">Policeware and govware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Policeware and govware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In German-speaking countries, spyware used or made by the government is sometimes called <i>govware</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries like Switzerland and Germany have a legal framework governing the use of such software.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known examples include the Swiss <a href="/wiki/MiniPanzer_and_MegaPanzer" title="MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer">MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer</a> and the German <a href="/wiki/R2D2_(trojan)" class="mw-redirect" title="R2D2 (trojan)">R2D2 (trojan)</a>. </p><p>Policeware is a software designed to police citizens by monitoring the discussion and interaction of its citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a> was the first incarnation of secretly installed e-mail monitoring software installed in Internet service providers' networks to log computer communication, including transmitted e-mails.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Magic_Lantern_(spyware)" title="Magic Lantern (spyware)">Magic Lantern</a> is another such application, this time running in a targeted computer in a trojan style and performing keystroke logging. <a href="/wiki/CIPAV" class="mw-redirect" title="CIPAV">CIPAV</a>, deployed by the FBI, is a multi-purpose spyware/trojan. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Clipper_chip" title="Clipper chip">Clipper Chip</a>, formerly known as MYK-78, is a small hardware chip that the government can install into phones, designed in the nineties. It was intended to secure private communication and data by reading voice messages that are encoded and decode them. The Clipper Chip was designed during the Clinton administration to, “…protect personal safety and national security against a developing information anarchy that fosters criminals, terrorists and foreign foes.”<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government portrayed it as the solution to the secret codes or <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptographic</a> keys that the age of technology created. Thus, this has raised controversy in the public, because the Clipper Chip is thought to have been the next “Big Brother” tool. This led to the failure of the Clipper proposal, even though there have been many attempts to push the agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Consumer_Broadband_and_Digital_Television_Promotion_Act" title="Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act">Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act</a>" (CBDTPA) was a bill proposed in the United States Congress. CBDTPA was known as the "Security Systems and Standards Certification Act" (SSSCA) while in draft form and was killed in committee in 2002. Had CBDTPA become law, it would have prohibited technology that could be used to read digital content under copyright (such as music, video, and e-books) without <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) that prevented access to this material without the permission of the copyright holder.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surveillance_as_an_aid_to_censorship">Surveillance as an aid to censorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surveillance as an aid to censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">Internet censorship circumvention</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> are different. Surveillance can be performed without censorship, but it is harder to engage in censorship without some forms of surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And even when surveillance does not lead directly to censorship, the widespread knowledge or belief that a person, their computer, or their use of the Internet is under surveillance can lead to <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2013 <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> issued a <i>Special report on Internet surveillance</i> that examines the use of technology that monitors online activity and intercepts electronic communication in order to arrest journalists, <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">citizen-journalists</a>, and dissidents. The report includes a list of "State Enemies of the Internet", <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, countries whose governments are involved in active, intrusive surveillance of news providers, resulting in grave violations of freedom of information and human rights. Computer and network surveillance is on the increase in these countries. The report also includes a second list of "Corporate Enemies of the Internet", <a href="/wiki/Amesys" class="mw-redirect" title="Amesys">Amesys</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Blue_Coat_Systems" title="Blue Coat Systems">Blue Coat Systems</a> (U.S.), Gamma (UK and Germany), Hacking Team (Italy), and Trovicor (Germany), companies that sell products that are liable to be used by governments to violate human rights and freedom of information. Neither list is exhaustive and they are likely to be expanded in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-RSFSRS-March2013_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSFSRS-March2013-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protection of sources is no longer just a matter of journalistic ethics. Journalists should equip themselves with a "digital survival kit" if they are exchanging sensitive information online, storing it on a computer hard-drive or mobile phone.<sup id="cite_ref-RSFSRS-March2013_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSFSRS-March2013-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals associated with high-profile rights organizations, dissident groups, protest groups, or reform groups are urged to take extra precautions to protect their online identities.<sup id="cite_ref-CitizensLab-2007_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CitizensLab-2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border:1px solid #B2BEB"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#B2BEB5">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Global_surveillance" title="Category:Global surveillance">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B2BEB5;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_eye_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Globe_eye_icon.png/150px-Globe_eye_icon.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Globe_eye_icon.png/225px-Globe_eye_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Globe_eye_icon.png/300px-Globe_eye_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Disclosures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_global_surveillance" title="Origins of global surveillance">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(1970%E2%80%932013)" title="Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)">Pre-2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_global_surveillance_disclosures" title="2010s global surveillance disclosures">2013–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_global_surveillance_disclosures" title="Reactions to global surveillance disclosures">Reactions</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Systems</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XKeyscore" title="XKeyscore">XKeyscore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentient_(intelligence_analysis_system)" title="Sentient (intelligence analysis system)">Sentient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(software)" title="Carnivore (software)">Carnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">Dishfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempora" title="Tempora">Tempora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchelon" title="Frenchelon">Frenchelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview_(surveillance_program)" title="Fairview (surveillance program)">Fairview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYSTIC_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="MYSTIC (surveillance program)">MYSTIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Collection_System_Network" title="Digital Collection System Network">DCSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundless_Informant" title="Boundless Informant">Boundless Informant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullrun_(decryption_program)" title="Bullrun (decryption program)">Bullrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinwale" title="Pinwale">Pinwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stingray_phone_tracker" title="Stingray phone tracker">Stingray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SORM" title="SORM">SORM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAMPART-A" title="RAMPART-A">RAMPART-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastering_the_Internet" title="Mastering the Internet">Mastering the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network" title="Jindalee Operational Radar Network">Jindalee Operational Radar Network</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Selected agencies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">FVEY</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment" title="Communications Security Establishment">CSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Intelligence_Service" title="Federal Intelligence Service">BND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cyber_and_Crypto_Agency" title="National Cyber and Crypto Agency">BSSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Centre_(Spain)" title="National Intelligence Centre (Spain)">CNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Headquarters" title="Defense Intelligence Headquarters">DIH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_External_Security" title="Directorate-General for External Security">DGSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(China)" title="Ministry of State Security (China)">MSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Sigint_Cyber_Unit" title="Joint Sigint Cyber Unit">JSCU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Communications_Service_of_Russia" title="Special Communications Service of Russia">Spetssvyaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_8200" title="Unit 8200">Unit 8200</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Doughnut" title="The Doughnut">The Doughnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Meade" title="Fort Meade">Fort Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Menwith_Hill" title="RAF Menwith Hill">Menwith Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Gap" title="Pine Gap">Pine Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_Cable#Spying_and_interception" title="Southern Cross Cable">Southern Cross Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Data_Center" title="Utah Data Center">Utah Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_Aibling_Station" title="Bad Aibling Station">Bad Aibling Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_Complex" title="Dagger Complex">Dagger Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GCHQ_Bude" title="GCHQ Bude">GCHQ Bude</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Laws</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>Five Eyes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UKUSA_Agreement" title="UKUSA Agreement">UKUSA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(treaty)" title="Lustre (treaty)">Lustre</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Act" title="USA Freedom Act">USA Freedom Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008">FISA amendments</a></li></ul></li> <li>EU <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Retention_Directive" title="Data Retention Directive">Data Retention Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Directive" title="Data Protection Directive">Data Protection Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">GDPR</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="National Intelligence Law">National Intelligence Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China">Cybersecurity Law</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Proposed changes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FISA_Improvements_Act" title="FISA Improvements Act">FISA Improvements Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_reforms_of_mass_surveillance_by_the_United_States" title="Proposed reforms of mass surveillance by the United States">Other proposals</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">Secure communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">Call detail record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_issues_in_smart_cities" title="Surveillance issues in smart cities">Surveillance issues in smart cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#B2BEB5"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPNs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Liberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Watching_Us" title="Stop Watching Us">Stop Watching Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_hide_argument" title="Nothing to hide argument">Nothing to hide argument</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_surveillance" title="Template:Global surveillance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_surveillance" title="Template talk:Global surveillance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_surveillance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global surveillance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymizer">Anonymizer</a>, a software system that attempts to make network activity untraceable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance_in_the_workplace" title="Computer surveillance in the workplace">Computer surveillance in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_spying" title="Cyber spying">Cyber spying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">Datacasting</a>, a means of broadcasting files and Web pages using radio waves, allowing receivers near total immunity from traditional network surveillance techniques.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_privacy" title="Differential privacy">Differential privacy</a>, a method to maximize the accuracy of queries from statistical databases while minimizing the chances of violating the privacy of individuals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a>, a signals intelligence (SIGINT) collection and analysis network operated on behalf of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, also known as <a href="/wiki/AUSCANNZUKUS" title="AUSCANNZUKUS">AUSCANNZUKUS</a> and Five Eyes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GhostNet" title="GhostNet">GhostNet</a>, a large-scale cyber spying operation discovered in March 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_surveillance_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of government surveillance projects">List of government surveillance projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship and surveillance by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">Mass surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project" title="Golden Shield Project">China's Golden Shield Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Australia" title="Mass surveillance in Australia">Mass surveillance in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_China" title="Mass surveillance in China">Mass surveillance in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_East_Germany" title="Mass surveillance in East Germany">Mass surveillance in East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_India" title="Mass surveillance in India">Mass surveillance in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_North_Korea" title="Mass surveillance in North Korea">Mass surveillance in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">Mass surveillance in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_U.S._National_Security_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_the_U.S._National_Security_Agency.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_U.S._National_Security_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_the_U.S._National_Security_Agency.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_U.S._National_Security_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Seal_of_the_U.S._National_Security_Agency.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_U.S._National_Security_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="718" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> surveillance</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boundless_Informant_data_collection_-_DNI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boundless_Informant_data_collection_-_DNI.svg/240px-Boundless_Informant_data_collection_-_DNI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boundless_Informant_data_collection_-_DNI.svg/360px-Boundless_Informant_data_collection_-_DNI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Boundless_Informant_data_collection_-_DNI.svg/480px-Boundless_Informant_data_collection_-_DNI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="358" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Boundless_Informant" title="Boundless Informant">Map of global NSA data collection</a> as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, with countries subject to the most data collection shown in red</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Pre-1978</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECHELON" title="ECHELON">ECHELON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_MINARET" title="Project MINARET">MINARET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_SHAMROCK" title="Project SHAMROCK">SHAMROCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROMIS_(intelligence_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="PROMIS (intelligence software)">PROMIS</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Since 1978</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_collection" title="Upstream collection">Upstream collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarney_(code_name)" title="Blarney (code name)">BLARNEY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview_(surveillance_program)" title="Fairview (surveillance program)">FAIRVIEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Core" title="Main Core">Main Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinThread" title="ThinThread">ThinThread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Genoa" title="Project Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Since 1990</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAMPART-A" title="RAMPART-A">RAMPART-A</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Since 1998</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tailored_Access_Operations" title="Tailored Access Operations">Tailored Access Operations</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Since 2001</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OAKSTAR" title="OAKSTAR">OAKSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STORMBREW" title="STORMBREW">STORMBREW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailblazer_Project" title="Trailblazer Project">Trailblazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbulence_(NSA)" title="Turbulence (NSA)">Turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Genoa_II" title="Project Genoa II">Genoa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Information_Awareness" title="Total Information Awareness">Total Information Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Since 2007</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropmire" title="Dropmire">Dropmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateroom_(surveillance_program)" title="Stateroom (surveillance program)">Stateroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullrun_(decryption_program)" title="Bullrun (decryption program)">Bullrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYSTIC_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="MYSTIC (surveillance program)">MYSTIC</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Databases, tools etc.</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PINWALE" class="mw-redirect" title="PINWALE">PINWALE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARINA" title="MARINA">MARINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Core" title="Main Core">Main Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAINWAY" title="MAINWAY">MAINWAY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRAFFICTHIEF" title="TRAFFICTHIEF">TRAFFICTHIEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishfire" title="Dishfire">DISHFIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XKeyscore" title="XKeyscore">XKeyscore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICREACH" title="ICREACH">ICREACH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundless_Informant" title="Boundless Informant">BOUNDLESSINFORMANT</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>GCHQ collaboration</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MUSCULAR_(surveillance_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSCULAR (surveillance program)">MUSCULAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempora" title="Tempora">Tempora</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legislation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968#Wiretaps" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Safe Streets Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Act_of_1974" title="Privacy Act of 1974">Privacy Act of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">FISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">ECPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Security Act">Homeland Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protect_America_Act_of_2007" title="Protect America Act of 2007">Protect America Act of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act_of_1978_Amendments_Act_of_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008">FISA Amendments Act of 2008</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">FISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee">Senate Intelligence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lawsuits</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union_v._National_Security_Agency" title="American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency">ACLU v. NSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepting_v._AT%26T" title="Hepting v. AT&T">Hepting v. AT&T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_v._NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewel v. NSA">Jewel v. NSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapper_v._Amnesty_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapper v. Amnesty International">Clapper v. Amnesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klayman_v._Obama" title="Klayman v. Obama">Klayman v. Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACLU_v._Clapper" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU v. Clapper">ACLU v. Clapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_v._NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikimedia v. NSA">Wikimedia v. NSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Moalin" title="United States v. Moalin">US v. Moalin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Whistleblowers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Binney_(U.S._intelligence_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Binney (U.S. intelligence official)">William Binney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Andrews Drake">Thomas Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Klein" title="Mark Klein">Mark Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tamm" title="Thomas Tamm">Thomas Tamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Tice" title="Russ Tice">Russ Tice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Publication</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)">2005 warrantless surveillance scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cablegate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cablegate">Cablegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Department_of_Justice_investigations_of_reporters" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Department of Justice investigations of reporters">Surveillance of reporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_Isolation_Control_and_Tracking" title="Mail Isolation Control and Tracking">Mail tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spying_on_United_Nations_leaders_by_United_States_diplomats" class="mw-redirect" title="Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats">UN diplomatic spying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_Threat_Program" title="Insider Threat Program">Insider Threat Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">Mass surveillance in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">SIGINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Collaboration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-CentralSecurityService-Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Security Service"><img alt="Central Security Service" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US-CentralSecurityService-Seal.svg/20px-US-CentralSecurityService-Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US-CentralSecurityService-Seal.svg/30px-US-CentralSecurityService-Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US-CentralSecurityService-Seal.svg/40px-US-CentralSecurityService-Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="728" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Security_Service" title="Central Security Service">CSS</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Cyber_Command.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Cyber Command"><img alt="United States Cyber Command" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_United_States_Cyber_Command.svg/20px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Cyber_Command.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_United_States_Cyber_Command.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Cyber_Command.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_United_States_Cyber_Command.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Cyber_Command.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="603" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cyber_Command" title="United States Cyber Command">CYBERCOM</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Department of Justice"><img alt="Department of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/20px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">DOJ</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation"><img alt="Federal Bureau of Investigation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/20px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Intelligence Agency"><img alt="Central Intelligence Agency" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/20px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Department of Homeland Security"><img alt="Department of Homeland Security" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/20px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/30px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="247" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">DHS</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IAO-logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Information Awareness Office"><img alt="Information Awareness Office" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/IAO-logo.png/20px-IAO-logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/IAO-logo.png/30px-IAO-logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/IAO-logo.png/40px-IAO-logo.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="669" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Information_Awareness_Office" title="Information Awareness Office">IAO</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Five_Eyes" title="Five Eyes">Five Eyes</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Communications_Security_Establishment_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Security Establishment Canada">CSEC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Signals_Directorate" title="Australian Signals Directorate">ASD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Security_Bureau" title="Government Communications Security Bureau">GCSB</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Direction_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_de_la_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Ext%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure">DGSE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">BND</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSA_surveillance" title="Template:NSA surveillance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSA_surveillance" title="Template talk:NSA surveillance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSA_surveillance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSA surveillance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="anchor" id="United_States"></span> </p> <ul><li>Surveillance by the United States government: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_mass_surveillance_disclosures" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 mass surveillance disclosures">2013 mass surveillance disclosures</a>, reports about NSA and its international partners' mass surveillance of foreign nationals and U.S. citizens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullrun_(code_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullrun (code name)">Bullrun (code name)</a>, a highly classified <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> program to preserve its ability to eavesdrop on encrypted communications by influencing and weakening encryption standards, by obtaining master encryption keys, and by gaining access to data before or after it is encrypted either by agreement, by force of law, or by computer network exploitation (hacking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore_(FBI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivore (FBI)">Carnivore</a>, a U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation system to monitor email and electronic communications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a>, a series of covert, and at times illegal, projects conducted by the FBI aimed at U.S. domestic political organizations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Assistance_For_Law_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act">Communications Assistance For Law Enforcement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Internet_Protocol_Address_Verifier" title="Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier">Computer and Internet Protocol Address Verifier</a> (CIPAV), a data gathering tool used by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropmire" title="Dropmire">Dropmire</a>, a secret surveillance program by the NSA aimed at surveillance of foreign embassies and diplomatic staff, including those of NATO allies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_Lantern_(spyware)" title="Magic Lantern (spyware)">Magic Lantern</a>, keystroke logging software developed by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">Mass surveillance in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSA_call_database" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA call database">NSA call database</a>, a database containing metadata for hundreds of billions of telephone calls made in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)">NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)</a></li> <li>NSA <a href="/wiki/Whistleblowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblowers">whistleblowers</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Binney_(U.S._intelligence_official)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Binney (U.S. intelligence official)">William Binney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Andrews Drake">Thomas Andrews Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Klein" title="Mark Klein">Mark Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tamm" title="Thomas Tamm">Thomas Tamm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russ_Tice" title="Russ Tice">Russ Tice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spying_on_United_Nations_leaders_by_United_States_diplomats" class="mw-redirect" title="Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats">Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_Wind_(code_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar Wind (code name)">Stellar Wind (code name)</a>, code name for information collected under the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailored_Access_Operations" title="Tailored Access Operations">Tailored Access Operations</a>, NSA's hacking program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_Surveillance_Program" title="Terrorist Surveillance Program">Terrorist Surveillance Program</a>, an NSA electronic surveillance program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_Information_Awareness" title="Total Information Awareness">Total Information Awareness</a>, a project of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempest_(codename)" title="Tempest (codename)">TEMPEST</a>, codename for studies of unintentional intelligence-bearing signals which, if intercepted and analyzed, may disclose the information transmitted, received, handled, or otherwise processed by any information-processing equipment</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer_and_network_surveillance&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Broache" class="citation web cs1">Anne Broache. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/fbi-wants-widespread-monitoring-of-illegal-internet-activity/">"FBI wants widespread monitoring of 'illegal' Internet activity"</a>. <i>CNET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2019) Introduction to Intelligent Surveillance: Surveillance Data Capture, Transmission, and Analytics, Springer. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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(computing)">Zombie computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malware for profit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adware" title="Adware">Adware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botnet" title="Botnet">Botnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleeceware" title="Fleeceware">Fleeceware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_grabbing" title="Form grabbing">Form grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialer#Fraudulent_dialer" title="Dialer">Fraudulent dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infostealer" title="Infostealer">Infostealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystroke_logging" title="Keystroke logging">Keystroke logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_bot#Malicious_purposes" title="Internet bot">Malbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy-invasive_software" 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