CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Phylum - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3f42c33f-0df9-4286-b160-be1d5e7740c2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Phylum","wgTitle":"Phylum","wgCurRevisionId":1276750146,"wgRevisionId":1276750146,"wgArticleId":19294750,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing German-language text","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from June 2020","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017","Articles needing additional references from February 2013", "All articles needing additional references","Webarchive template wayback links","Phyla","Plant divisions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Phylum","wgRelevantArticleId":19294750,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q38348","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.media","ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/1200px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="3000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/800px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2000"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/640px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Phylum - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Phylum rootpage-Phylum skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Phylum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phylum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Phylum" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phylum" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-General_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 General description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_based_on_genetic_relation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_based_on_genetic_relation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Definition based on genetic relation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_based_on_genetic_relation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_based_on_body_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_based_on_body_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Definition based on body plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_based_on_body_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Known phyla </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Known_phyla-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Known phyla subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Known_phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Fungi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Protists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Bacteria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Archaea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Phylum</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" > 114 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filum" title="Filum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Filum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefn_(l%C4%ABfcr%C3%A6ft)" title="Stefn (līfcræft) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Stefn (līfcræft)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="شعبة (تصنيف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعبة (تصنيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filo_(bioloch%C3%ADa)" title="Filo (biolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Filo (biolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="পৰ্ব (জীৱবিদ্যা) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পৰ্ব (জীৱবিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filu" title="Filu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peh%E1%BA%BD%27a" title="Pehẽ'a – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pehẽ'a" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_(taksonomik_kateqoriya)" title="Tip (taksonomik kateqoriya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tip (taksonomik kateqoriya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilum_(biologi)" title="Pilum (biologi) – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pilum (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="পর্ব (জীববিজ্ঞান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্ব (জীববিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mn%CC%82g_(hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Mn̂g (hun-lūi-ha̍k) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mn̂g (hun-lūi-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filum" title="Filum – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Filum" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тип (биология) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тип (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Тып (біялогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тып (біялогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Тып (біялёгія) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тып (біялёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="संघ (जीव बिज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संघ (जीव बिज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamm_(Systematik)" title="Stamm (Systematik) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stamm (Systematik)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koljeno_(biologija)" title="Koljeno (biologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koljeno (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skourrad" title="Skourrad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skourrad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADlum" title="Fílum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fílum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%95%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%88_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Тĕлĕш (биологи) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тĕлĕш (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmen_(biologie)" title="Kmen (biologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kmen (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffylwm" title="Ffylwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffylwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A6kke_(biologi)" title="Række (biologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Række (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="فيلوم (بيولوجيا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيلوم (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamm_(Biologie)" title="Stamm (Biologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stamm (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B5imkond" title="Hõimkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hõimkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Συνομοταξία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνομοταξία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filo" title="Filo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filumo" title="Filumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filum" title="Filum – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filum" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%87_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="شاخه (زیست‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاخه (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamme_(taksonomy)" title="Stamme (taksonomy) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stamme (taksonomy)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADleam" title="Fíleam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíleam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACleam" title="Fìleam – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fìleam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filo" title="Filo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="문 (생물학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BA_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Տիպ (կենսաբանություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիպ (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="संघ (जीवविज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संघ (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koljeno_(taksonomija)" title="Koljeno (taksonomija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koljeno (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilo" title="Pilo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pilo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filum" title="Filum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylo_(rango_taxonomic)" title="Phylo (rango taxonomic) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phylo (rango taxonomic)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Тип (биологи) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тип (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhibatho" title="Umhibatho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umhibatho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylking_(flokkunarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Fylking (flokkunarfræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fylking (flokkunarfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="מערכה (טקסונומיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכה (טקסונומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filum" title="Filum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Filum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum_(biolohia)" title="Phylum (biolohia) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Phylum (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ტიპი (ბიოლოგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიპი (ბიოლოგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%84%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="سۄرد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سۄرد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тип (биология) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тип (биология)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B2m" title="Filòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Filòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B3" title="ຟີລຳ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຟີລຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum_(taxinomia)" title="Phylum (taxinomia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phylum (taxinomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tips_(zoolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Tips (zooloģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tips (zooloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamm_(Biologie)" title="Stamm (Biologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stamm (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipas" title="Tipas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tipas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stam_(taxonomie)" title="Stam (taxonomie) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Stam (taxonomie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rzs_(rendszertan)" title="Törzs (rendszertan) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törzs (rendszertan)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Колено (биологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колено (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="ഫൈലം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫൈലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%84%D9%87_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA)" title="چله (زیست) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چله (زیست)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filum" title="Filum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Filum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C3%B2ng_(s%C4%95ng-%C5%ADk-h%C5%8Fk)" title="Muòng (sĕng-ŭk-hŏk) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Muòng (sĕng-ŭk-hŏk)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF" title="မျိုးပေါင်းစု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးပေါင်းစု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stam_(biologie)" title="Stam (biologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stam (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%80_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="門 (分類学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="門 (分類学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekke_(biologi)" title="Rekke (biologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rekke (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_rekkje" title="Biologisk rekkje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologisk rekkje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADlum" title="Fílum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fílum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC_(%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8)" title="ପର୍ବ (ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପର୍ବ (ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_(hayvonlar_sistematikasi)" title="Tip (hayvonlar sistematikasi) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tip (hayvonlar sistematikasi)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Typ (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filo" title="Filo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Encreng%C4%83tur%C4%83" title="Încrengătură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Încrengătură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aq_putu" title="Rikch'aq putu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aq putu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Тіп (біолоґія) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тіп (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тип (биология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тип (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tipi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filu_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Filu (bioluggìa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Filu (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="වංශය (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වංශය (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%85" title="فائلم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فائلم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kme%C5%88_(taxon%C3%B3mia)" title="Kmeň (taxonómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kmeň (taxonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deblo_(taksonomija)" title="Deblo (taksonomija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deblo (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filuum" title="Filuum – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Filuum" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE" title="Раздео – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Раздео" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koljeno_(taksonomija)" title="Koljeno (taksonomija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koljeno (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4%C3%A4jakso" title="Pääjakso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pääjakso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylum" title="Fylum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fylum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="தொகுதி (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொகுதி (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adur_(tasnudert)" title="Adur (tasnudert) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adur (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Тип (биология) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тип (биология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1" title="ไฟลัม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟลัม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Шоха (зистшиносӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шоха (зистшиносӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eube" title="Şube – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şube" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Тип (таксономічна категорія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тип (таксономічна категорія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%81" title="قسمہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قسمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0nh_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Ngành (sinh học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngành (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamme_(biologie)" title="Stamme (biologie) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stamme (biologie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Phylum" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%A8%EF%BC%88%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%89" title="门（生物） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="门（生物）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%80_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E)" title="門 (生物分類) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="門 (生物分類)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamme_(biologie)" title="Stamme (biologie) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Stamme (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="门 (生物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barung_(%C3%A8lmu_hayat)" title="Barung (èlmu hayat) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Barung (èlmu hayat)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38348#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Phylum" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phylum">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phylum">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Phylum" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Phylum" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&oldid=1276750146" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Phylum&id=1276750146&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhylum">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhylum">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Phylum&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38348" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High level taxonomic rank for organisms sharing a similar body plan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Phyla_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Phyla (disambiguation)">Phyla (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" title="File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/225px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/300px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_b98a4ef962e05e30" resource="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" /></a><map name="ImageMap_b98a4ef962e05e30"><area href="/wiki/Life" shape="rect" coords="63,9,141,36" alt="Life" title="Life" /><area href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,49,141,75" alt="Domain" title="Domain" /><area href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,89,141,115" alt="Kingdom" title="Kingdom" /><area href="/wiki/Phylum" shape="rect" coords="63,128,141,154" alt="Phylum" title="Phylum" /><area href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,168,141,194" alt="Class" title="Class" /><area href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,208,141,234" alt="Order" title="Order" /><area href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,247,141,273" alt="Family" title="Family" /><area href="/wiki/Genus" shape="rect" coords="63,287,141,313" alt="Genus" title="Genus" /><area href="/wiki/Species" shape="rect" coords="63,326,141,353" alt="Species" title="Species" /></map><figcaption>The hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a>'s eight major <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic ranks</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a> contains one or more phyla. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, a phylum (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfaɪləm/</a>; <abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: phyla) is a level of classification or <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic rank</a> below <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a> and above <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a>. Traditionally, in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> the term <a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">division</a> has been used instead of phylum, although the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> accepts the terms as equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-ICN-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berg2007-3">[3]</a> Depending on definitions, the animal kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> contains about 31 phyla, the plant kingdom <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> contains about 14 phyla, and the fungus kingdom <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> contains about eight phyla. Current research in <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetics</a> is uncovering the relationships among phyla within larger <a href="/wiki/Clades" class="mw-redirect" title="Clades">clades</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General description">edit</a>]</div> The term phylum was coined in 1866 by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> from the Greek phylon (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%E1%BF%A6%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:φῦλον">φῦλον</a>, "race, stock"), related to phyle (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:φυλή">φυλή</a>, "tribe, clan").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentine20048-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"): "perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a] Stamm [i.e., stock / tribe] (Phylon)."<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">plant taxonomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_W._Eichler" title="August W. Eichler">August W. Eichler</a> (1883) classified plants into <a href="/wiki/Eichler_system" title="Eichler system">five groups</a> named divisions, a term that remains in use today for groups of plants, algae and fungi.<a href="#cite_note-ICN-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The definitions of zoological phyla have changed from their origins in the six <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean</a> classes and the four embranchements of <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Informally, phyla can be thought of as groupings of organisms based on general specialization of <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> At its most basic, a phylum can be defined in two ways: as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity (the <a href="/wiki/Phenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenetic">phenetic</a> definition), or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness (the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> definition).<a href="#cite_note-Budd2000-10">[9]</a> Attempting to define a level of the <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnean hierarchy</a> without referring to (evolutionary) relatedness is unsatisfactory, but a phenetic definition is useful when addressing questions of a morphological nature—such as how successful different body plans were.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_based_on_genetic_relation">Definition based on genetic relation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition based on genetic relation">edit</a>]</div> The most important objective measure in the above definitions is the "certain degree" that defines how different organisms need to be members of different phyla. The minimal requirement is that all organisms in a phylum should be clearly more closely related to one another than to any other group.<a href="#cite_note-Budd2000-10">[9]</a> Even this is problematic because the requirement depends on knowledge of organisms' relationships: as more data become available, particularly from molecular studies, we are better able to determine the relationships between groups. So phyla can be merged or split if it becomes apparent that they are related to one another or not. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Siboglinidae" title="Siboglinidae">bearded worms</a> were described as a new phylum (the Pogonophora) in the middle of the 20th century, but molecular work almost half a century later found them to be a group of <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, so the phyla were merged (the bearded worms are now an annelid <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>).<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> On the other hand, the highly parasitic phylum <a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a> was divided into two phyla (<a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhombozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombozoa">Rhombozoa</a>) when it was discovered the Orthonectida are probably <a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">deuterostomes</a> and the Rhombozoa <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> This changeability of phyla has led some biologists to call for the concept of a phylum to be abandoned in favour of placing taxa in <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> without any formal ranking of group size.<a href="#cite_note-Budd2000-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_based_on_body_plan">Definition based on body plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition based on body plan">edit</a>]</div> A definition of a phylum based on body plan has been proposed by paleontologists <a href="/wiki/Graham_Budd" title="Graham Budd">Graham Budd</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B6ren_Jensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sören Jensen (page does not exist)">Sören Jensen</a> (as Haeckel had done a century earlier). The definition was posited because extinct organisms are hardest to classify: they can be offshoots that diverged from a phylum's line before the characters that define the modern phylum were all acquired. By Budd and Jensen's definition, a phylum is defined by a set of characters shared by all its living representatives. This approach brings some small problems—for instance, ancestral characters common to most members of a phylum may have been lost by some members. Also, this definition is based on an arbitrary point of time: the present. However, as it is character based, it is easy to apply to the fossil record. A greater problem is that it relies on a subjective decision about which groups of organisms should be considered as phyla. The approach is useful because it makes it easy to classify extinct organisms as "<a href="/wiki/Stem_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem group">stem groups</a>" to the phyla with which they bear the most resemblance, based only on the taxonomically important similarities.<a href="#cite_note-Budd2000-10">[9]</a> However, proving that a fossil belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> of a phylum is difficult, as it must display a character unique to a sub-set of the crown group.<a href="#cite_note-Budd2000-10">[9]</a> Furthermore, organisms in the stem group of a phylum can possess the "body plan" of the phylum without all the characteristics necessary to fall within it. This weakens the idea that each of the phyla represents a distinct body plan.<a href="#cite_note-Budd1998-13">[12]</a> A classification using this definition may be strongly affected by the chance survival of rare groups, which can make a phylum much more diverse than it would be otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-Briggs2005-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_phyla">Known phyla</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Known phyla">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Phylum" title="Special:EditPage/Phylum">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Total numbers are estimates; figures from different authors vary wildly, not least because some are based on described species,<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> some on extrapolations to numbers of undescribed species. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.<a href="#cite_note-Felder2009-16">[15]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ffe0e0" width="15%"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostome</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f8de7e"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #a0b0d0"> </td> <td>Basal/disputed </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-Nephrozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-Nephrozoa (page does not exist)">Non-Nephrozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f8be9a"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vendobionta" title="Vendobionta">Vendobionta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #a6ba9e"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa">Parazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #bebebe"> </td> <td colspan="2">Others </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phylum</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Common name</th> <th>Distinguishing characteristic</th> <th>Taxa described </th></tr> <tr style="background: #bebebe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Agmata" title="Agmata">Agmata</a> </td> <td>Fragmented </td> <td> </td> <td>Calcareous conical shells </td> <td>5 species, extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">Annelida</a> </td> <td>Little ring <a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 306  </td> <td>Segmented worms, annelids </td> <td>Multiple circular segments </td> <td>22,000+ extant </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a> </td> <td>Jointed foot </td> <td>Arthropods </td> <td>Segmented bodies and jointed limbs, with <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a> <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">exoskeleton</a> </td> <td>1,250,000+ extant;<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> 20,000+ extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a> </td> <td>Arm foot<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 336  </td> <td>Lampshells<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 336  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lophophore" title="Lophophore">Lophophore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod#pedicle" title="Brachiopod">pedicle</a> </td> <td>300–500 extant; 12,000+ extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ectoprocta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoprocta">Ectoprocta</a>) </td> <td>Moss animals </td> <td>Moss animals, sea mats, ectoprocts<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 332  </td> <td>Lophophore, no pedicle, <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">ciliated</a> <a href="/wiki/Tentacle" title="Tentacle">tentacles</a>, anus outside ring of cilia </td> <td>6,000 extant<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a> </td> <td>Longhair jaw </td> <td>Arrow worms<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 342  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitinous</a> spines either side of head, fins </td> <td><abbr title="approximately">approx.</abbr> 100 extant </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8de7e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordata">Chordata</a> </td> <td>With a cord </td> <td>Chordates </td> <td>Hollow <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_cord" title="Dorsal nerve cord">dorsal nerve cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endostyle" title="Endostyle">endostyle</a>, post-<a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anal</a> <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a> </td> <td>approx. 55,000+<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #bebebe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> </td> <td>Stinging nettle </td> <td>Cnidarians </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematocysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematocysts">Nematocysts</a> (stinging cells) </td> <td>approx. 16,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #bebebe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> </td> <td>Comb bearer </td> <td>Comb jellies<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 256  </td> <td>Eight "comb rows" of fused cilia </td> <td>approx. 100–150 extant </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a> </td> <td>Wheel carrying </td> <td> </td> <td>Circular mouth surrounded by small cilia, sac-like bodies </td> <td>3+ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a> </td> <td>Lozenge animal </td> <td> </td> <td>Single <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">anteroposterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of rotation">axial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">celled</a> endoparasites, surrounded by ciliated cells </td> <td>100+ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8de7e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Echinodermata" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinodermata">Echinodermata</a> </td> <td>Spiny skin </td> <td>Echinoderms<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 348  </td> <td>Fivefold radial <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> in living forms, <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer#Mesoderm" title="Germ layer">mesodermal</a> calcified spines </td> <td>approx. 7,500 extant;<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> approx. 13,000 extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a> </td> <td>Inside <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a><a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 292  </td> <td>Goblet worms </td> <td>Anus inside ring of cilia </td> <td>approx. 150 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a> </td> <td>Hairy stomach<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 288  </td> <td>Hairybellies </td> <td>Two terminal adhesive tubes </td> <td>approx. 690 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a> </td> <td>Jaw orifice </td> <td>Jaw worms<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 260  </td> <td>Tiny worms related to rotifers with no body cavity </td> <td>approx. 100 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8de7e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemichordata" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemichordata">Hemichordata</a> </td> <td>Half cord<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 344  </td> <td>Acorn worms, hemichordates </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stomochord" title="Stomochord">Stomochord</a> in collar, <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slits</a> </td> <td>approx. 130 extant </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a> </td> <td>Motion snout </td> <td>Mud dragons </td> <td>Eleven segments, each with a dorsal plate </td> <td>approx. 150 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">Armour</a> bearer </td> <td>Brush heads </td> <td>Umbrella-like scales at each end </td> <td>approx. 122 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa</a> </td> <td>Tiny jaw animals </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">Accordion</a>-like extensible <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td> <td>Soft<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 320  </td> <td>Mollusks/molluscs </td> <td>Muscular foot and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</a> round shell </td> <td>85,000+ extant;<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> 80,000+ extinct<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #bebebe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoblastozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoblastozoa">Monoblastozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nomen_inquirendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen inquirendum">Nomen inquirendum</a>) </td> <td>One sprout animals </td> <td> </td> <td>distinct anterior/posterior parts and being densely ciliated, especially around the "mouth" and "anus". </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoda">Nematoda</a> </td> <td>Thread like </td> <td>Roundworms, threadworms, eelworms, nematodes<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 274  </td> <td>Round cross section, <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> </td> <td>25,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a> </td> <td>Thread form<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 276  </td> <td>Horsehair worms, Gordian worms<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 276  </td> <td>Long, thin parasitic worms closely related to nematodes </td> <td>approx. 320 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a> </td> <td>A sea nymph<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 270  </td> <td>Ribbon worms<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 270  </td> <td>Unsegmented worms, with a proboscis housed in a cavity derived from the coelom called the rhynchocoel </td> <td>approx. 1,200 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a> </td> <td>Claw bearer </td> <td>Velvet worms<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 328  </td> <td>Worm-like animal with legs tipped by chitinous claws </td> <td>approx. 200 extant </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a> </td> <td>Straight swimmer </td> <td> </td> <td>Parasitic, microscopic, simple, wormlike organisms </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8be9a"> <td><a href="/wiki/Petalonamae" title="Petalonamae">Petalonamae</a> </td> <td>Shaped like leaves </td> <td> </td> <td>An extinct phylum from the Ediacaran. They are bottom-dwelling and immobile, shaped like leaves (frondomorphs), feathers or spindles. </td> <td>3 classes, extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida</a> </td> <td>Zeus's mistress </td> <td>Horseshoe worms </td> <td>U-shaped gut </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #a6ba9e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> </td> <td>Plate animals </td> <td>Trichoplaxes, placozoans<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 242  </td> <td>Differentiated top and bottom surfaces, two ciliated cell layers, amoeboid fiber cells in between </td> <td>4+ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Platyhelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platyhelminthes">Platyhelminthes</a> </td> <td>Flat worm<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 262  </td> <td>Flatworms<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 262  </td> <td>Flattened worms with no body cavity. Many are parasitic. </td> <td>approx. 29,500<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #a6ba9e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> </td> <td>Pore bearer </td> <td>Sponges<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 246  </td> <td>Perforated interior wall, simplest of all known animals </td> <td>10,800 extant<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a> </td> <td>Little <a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a> </td> <td>Penis worms </td> <td>Penis-shaped worms </td> <td>approx. 20 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8be9a"> <td><a href="/wiki/Proarticulata" title="Proarticulata">Proarticulata</a> </td> <td>Before articulates </td> <td> </td> <td>An extinct group of mattress-like organisms that display "glide symmetry." Found during the Ediacaran. </td> <td>3 classes, extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a> </td> <td>Wheel bearer </td> <td>Rotifers<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 282  </td> <td>Anterior crown of cilia </td> <td>approx. 3,500<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #a0b0d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saccorhytida" title="Saccorhytida">Saccorhytida</a> </td> <td>Saccus : "pocket" and "wrinkle" </td> <td> </td> <td>Saccorhytus is only about 1 mm (1.3 mm) in size and is characterized by a spherical or hemispherical body with a prominent mouth. Its body is covered by a thick but flexible cuticle. It has a nodule above its mouth. Around its body are 8 openings in a truncated cone with radial folds. Considered to be a deuterostome<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> or an early <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">ecdysozoan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> </td> <td>2 species, extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe0e0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tardigrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardigrada">Tardigrada</a> </td> <td>Slow step </td> <td>Water bears, moss piglets </td> <td>Microscopic relatives of the arthropods, with a four segmented body and head </td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8be9a"> <td><a href="/wiki/Trilobozoa" title="Trilobozoa">Trilobozoa</a> </td> <td>Three-lobed animal </td> <td>Trilobozoans </td> <td>A taxon of mostly discoidal organisms exhibiting tricentric symmetry. All are Ediacaran-aged </td> <td>18 genera, extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8de7e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Vetulicolia" title="Vetulicolia">Vetulicolia</a> </td> <td>Ancient dweller </td> <td>Vetulicolians </td> <td>Might possibly be a subphylum of the chordates. Their body consists of two parts: a large front part and covered with a large "mouth" and a hundred round objects on each side that have been interpreted as gills or openings near the pharynx. Their posterior pharynx consists of 7 segments. </td> <td>15 species, extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #a0b0d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a> </td> <td>Strange hollow form </td> <td>Xenacoelomorphs </td> <td>Small, simple animals. <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilaterian</a>, but lacking typical bilaterian structures such as gut cavities, anuses, and circulatory systems<a href="#cite_note-Cannon2016-21">[20]</a> </td> <td>400+ </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>Total: 39 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,525,000<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2013-15">[14]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></div> The kingdom Plantae is defined in various ways by different biologists (see <a href="/wiki/Plant#Current_definitions_of_Plantae" title="Plant">Current definitions of Plantae</a>). All definitions include the living <a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">embryophytes</a> (land plants), to which may be added the two green algae divisions, <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a>, to form the clade <a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a>. The table below follows the influential (though contentious) <a href="/wiki/Cavalier-Smith%27s_system_of_classification" title="Cavalier-Smith's system of classification">Cavalier-Smith system</a> in equating "Plantae" with <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6kingdoms-22">[21]</a> a group containing Viridiplantae and the algal <a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a> divisions. The definition and classification of plants at the division level also varies from source to source, and has changed progressively in recent years. Thus some sources place horsetails in division Arthrophyta and ferns in division Monilophyta,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012514,_517-23">[22]</a> while others place them both in Monilophyta, as shown below. The division Pinophyta may be used for all <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> (i.e. including cycads, ginkgos and gnetophytes),<a href="#cite_note-Cronquist_1966_129–134-24">[23]</a> or for conifers alone as below. Since the first publication of the <a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">APG system</a> in 1998, which proposed a classification of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> up to the level of <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>, many sources have preferred to treat ranks higher than orders as informal clades. Where formal ranks have been provided, the traditional divisions listed below have been reduced to a very much lower level, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Subclass_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclass (biology)">subclasses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #cbfdcb" width="15%"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Land plants</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Viridiplantae" title="Viridiplantae">Viridiplantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #c2e085"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">Green algae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #bebebe"> </td> <td colspan="2">Other algae (<a href="/wiki/Biliphyta" title="Biliphyta">Biliphyta</a>)<a href="#cite_note-6kingdoms-22">[21]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Division</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Common name</th> <th>Distinguishing characteristics</th> <th>Species described </th></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a><a href="#cite_note-Mauseth489-26">[25]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthoceros" title="Anthoceros">Anthoceros</a>-like plants </td> <td>Hornworts </td> <td>Horn-shaped <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a>, no vascular system </td> <td>100–300+ </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Bryophyta</a><a href="#cite_note-Mauseth489-26">[25]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bryum" title="Bryum">Bryum</a>-like plants, moss plants </td> <td>Mosses </td> <td>Persistent unbranched <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a>, no vascular system </td> <td>approx. 12,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #c2e085"> <td><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chara_(alga)" title="Chara (alga)">Chara</a>-like plants </td> <td>Charophytes </td> <td> </td> <td>approx. 1,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #c2e085"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a> </td> <td>(Yellow-)green plants<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 200  </td> <td>Chlorophytes </td> <td> </td> <td>approx. 7,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012540-27">[26]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cycas" title="Cycas">Cycas</a>-like plants, palm-like plants </td> <td>Cycads </td> <td>Seeds, crown of compound leaves </td> <td>approx. 100–200 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012542-28">[27]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">Ginkgo</a>-like plants </td> <td>Ginkgophytes </td> <td>Seeds not protected by fruit </td> <td>only 1 extant; 50+ extinct </td></tr> <tr style="background: #bebebe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a> </td> <td>Blue-green plants </td> <td>Glaucophytes </td> <td> </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012543-29">[28]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnetum" title="Gnetum">Gnetum</a>-like plants </td> <td>Gnetophytes </td> <td>Seeds and woody vascular system with vessels </td> <td>approx. 70 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lycophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycophyta">Lycophyta</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012509-30">[29]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lycopodium" title="Lycopodium">Lycopodium</a>-like plants Wolf plants </td> <td>Clubmosses </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microphyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Microphyll">Microphyll</a> <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, vascular system </td> <td>1,290 extant </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiospermae</a> </td> <td>Seed container </td> <td>Flowering plants, angiosperms </td> <td>Flowers and fruit, vascular system with vessels </td> <td>300,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stotlers_2000-31">[30]</a> Hepatophyta<a href="#cite_note-Mauseth489-26">[25]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marchantia" title="Marchantia">Marchantia</a>-like plants Liver plants </td> <td>Liverworts </td> <td>Ephemeral unbranched <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophytes</a>, no vascular system </td> <td>approx. 9,000 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiophyta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polypodium" title="Polypodium">Polypodium</a>-like plants </td> <td>Ferns </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megaphyll" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaphyll">Megaphyll</a> <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, vascular system </td> <td>approx. 10,560 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #bebebe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Picozoa" title="Picozoa">Picozoa</a> </td> <td>Extremely small animals </td> <td>Picozoans, picobiliphytes </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cbfdcb"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cronquist_1966_129–134-24">[23]</a> Coniferophyta<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012535-32">[31]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinus">Pinus</a>-like plants Cone-bearing plant </td> <td>Conifers </td> <td>Cones containing seeds and wood composed of tracheids </td> <td>629 extant </td></tr> <tr style="background: #bebebe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Prasinodermophyta" title="Prasinodermophyta">Prasinodermophyta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prasinoderma" title="Prasinoderma">Prasinoderma</a>-like plants </td> <td>Picozoans, picobiliphytes, biliphytes </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr style="background: #bebebe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a> </td> <td>Rose plants </td> <td>Red algae </td> <td>Use <a href="/wiki/Phycobiliprotein" title="Phycobiliprotein">phycobiliproteins</a> as <a href="/wiki/Accessory_pigment" title="Accessory pigment">accessory pigments</a>. </td> <td>approx. 7,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total: 14 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fungi">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Division</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Common name</th> <th>Distinguishing characteristics</th> <th>Species described </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> </td> <td>Bladder fungus<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 396  </td> <td>Ascomycetes,<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 396  sac fungi </td> <td>Tend to have fruiting bodies (ascocarp).<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Filamentous, producing hyphae separated by septa. Can reproduce asexually.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> </td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> </td> <td>Small base fungus<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 402  </td> <td>Basidiomycetes,<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 402  club fungi </td> <td>Bracket fungi, toadstools, smuts and rust. Sexual reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-courses.lumenlearning.com-35">[34]</a> </td> <td>31,515 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a> </td> <td>Offshoot branch fungus<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> </td> <td>Blastoclads </td> <td> </td> <td>Less than 200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> </td> <td>Little cooking pot fungus<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> </td> <td>Chytrids </td> <td>Predominantly Aquatic <a href="/wiki/Saprotrophic_nutrition" title="Saprotrophic nutrition">saprotrophic</a> or parasitic. Have a posterior <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a>. Tend to be single celled but can also be multicellular.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> </td> <td>1000+ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a> </td> <td>Ball of yarn fungus<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 394  </td> <td>Glomeromycetes, <abbr title="arbuscular mycorrhizal">AM</abbr> fungi<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 394  </td> <td>Mainly arbuscular mycorrhizae present, terrestrial with a small presence on wetlands. Reproduction is asexual but requires plant roots.<a href="#cite_note-courses.lumenlearning.com-35">[34]</a> </td> <td>284 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a> </td> <td>Small seeds<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> </td> <td>Microsporans<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 390  </td> <td> </td> <td>1400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a> </td> <td>New beautiful whip fungus<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> </td> <td>Neocallimastigomycetes </td> <td>Predominantly located in digestive tract of herbivorous animals. Anaerobic, terrestrial and aquatic.<a href="#cite_note-Types_of_Fungi-43">[42]</a> </td> <td>approx. 20 <a href="#cite_note-Phylogeny_of_anaerobic_fungi_(phylum_Neocallimastigomycota),_with_contributions_from_yak_in_China-44">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a> </td> <td>Pair fungus<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 392  </td> <td>Zygomycetes<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 392  </td> <td>Most are saprobes and reproduce sexually and asexually.<a href="#cite_note-Types_of_Fungi-43">[42]</a> </td> <td>approx. 1060 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td>Total: 8 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Phylum Microsporidia is generally included in kingdom Fungi, though its exact relations remain uncertain,<a href="#cite_note-Hibbett2007-45">[44]</a> and it is considered a <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoan</a> by the International Society of Protistologists<a href="#cite_note-Ruggiero2015-46">[45]</a> (see <a href="#Protista">Protista</a>, below). Molecular analysis of Zygomycota has found it to be <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a> (its members do not share an immediate ancestor),<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> which is considered undesirable by many biologists. Accordingly, there is a proposal to abolish the Zygomycota phylum. Its members would be divided between phylum Glomeromycota and four new subphyla <a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a> (of uncertain placement): <a href="/wiki/Entomophthoromycotina" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomophthoromycotina">Entomophthoromycotina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickxellomycotina" title="Kickxellomycotina">Kickxellomycotina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucoromycotina" title="Mucoromycotina">Mucoromycotina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zoopagomycotina" title="Zoopagomycotina">Zoopagomycotina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbett2007-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protists">Protists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Protists">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Protista" title="Taxonomy of Protista">Taxonomy of Protista</a></div> Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> (or Protoctista) is included in the traditional five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> that are not plants, animals, or fungi.<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a>: 120  Protista is a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> taxon,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> which is less acceptable to present-day biologists than in the past. Proposals have been made to divide it among several new kingdoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier-Smith%27s_system_of_classification" title="Cavalier-Smith's system of classification">Cavalier-Smith system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reconciling-49">[48]</a> Protist taxonomy has long been unstable,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> with different approaches and definitions resulting in many competing classification schemes. Many of the phyla listed below are used by the <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">Catalogue of Life</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CoLtree-51">[50]</a> and correspond to the Protozoa-Chromista scheme,<a href="#cite_note-Ruggiero2015-46">[45]</a> with updates from the latest (2022) publication by <a href="/wiki/Cavalier-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2022-52">[51]</a> Other phyla are used commonly by other authors, and are adapted from the system used by the International Society of Protistologists (ISP). Some of the descriptions are based on the 2019 revision of eukaryotes by the ISP.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #fff9a6" width="15%"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">"<a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #ffc8a6" width="15%"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f8de7e" width="15%"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #cfffa6"> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Hacrobia" title="Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #c5dafc"> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Podiata" title="Podiata">Sarcomastigota</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2">"<a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd4fe"> </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #d6d6d6" width="15%"> </td> <td colspan="2">Orphan groups </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phylum</th> <th>Meaning</th> <th>Common name</th> <th>Distinguishing characteristics</th> <th>Species described</th> <th>Image </th></tr> <tr style="background: #c5dafc"> <td><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a> </td> <td>Amorphous animals </td> <td>Amoebozoans </td> <td>Presence of <a href="/wiki/Pseudopodia" title="Pseudopodia">pseudopodia</a> for <a href="/wiki/Amoeboid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoeboid">amoeboid</a> movement, tubular <a href="/wiki/Crista" title="Crista">cristae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>approx. 2,400<a href="#cite_note-Pawlowski_2012-54">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Amoeba_proteus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Amoeba_proteus.jpg/100px-Amoeba_proteus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Amoeba_proteus.jpg/150px-Amoeba_proteus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Amoeba_proteus.jpg/200px-Amoeba_proteus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1038" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffc8a6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a> </td> <td>Apical infolds<a href="#cite_note-Apicomplexa-55">[54]</a> </td> <td>Apicomplexans, sporozoans </td> <td>Mostly parasitic, at least one stage of the life cycle with flattened subpellicular vesicles and a complete apical complex, non-photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Apicoplast" title="Apicoplast">apicoplast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>over 6,000<a href="#cite_note-Apicomplexa-55">[54]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Toxoplasma_gondii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toxoplasma_gondii.jpg/100px-Toxoplasma_gondii.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toxoplasma_gondii.jpg/150px-Toxoplasma_gondii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Toxoplasma_gondii.jpg/200px-Toxoplasma_gondii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="2625" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #c5dafc"> <td><a href="/wiki/Apusozoa" title="Apusozoa">Apusozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apusomonas" title="Apusomonas">Apusomonas</a>-like animals </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gliding_motility" title="Gliding motility">Gliding</a> bi<a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">ciliates</a> with two or three connectors between <a href="/wiki/Centriole" title="Centriole">centrioles</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/100px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/150px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg/200px-Podomonas_kaiyoae_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="493" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff9a6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bigyra" title="Bigyra">Bigyra</a> </td> <td>Two rings </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a> with a double helix in ciliary transition zone </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aplanonet3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aplanonet3.jpg/100px-Aplanonet3.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aplanonet3.jpg/150px-Aplanonet3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Aplanonet3.jpg/200px-Aplanonet3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="483" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8de7e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a> </td> <td>Flagellated animal </td> <td>Cercozoans </td> <td>Defined by <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a>, lacking distinctive morphological or behavioural characters.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Euglypha_sp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Euglypha_sp.jpg/100px-Euglypha_sp.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Euglypha_sp.jpg/150px-Euglypha_sp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Euglypha_sp.jpg/200px-Euglypha_sp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffc8a6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromerida" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromerida">Chromerida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromera" title="Chromera">Chromera</a>-like organisms </td> <td>Chrompodellids, chromerids, colpodellids<a href="#cite_note-Janouškovec_2015-56">[55]</a> </td> <td>Biflagellates, chloroplasts with four membranes, incomplete apical complex, cortical alveoli, tubular cristae.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>8<a href="#cite_note-Guiry_2024-57">[56]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrella_brassicaformis_LM_Michalek_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vitrella_brassicaformis_LM_Michalek_2020.png/100px-Vitrella_brassicaformis_LM_Michalek_2020.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vitrella_brassicaformis_LM_Michalek_2020.png/150px-Vitrella_brassicaformis_LM_Michalek_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vitrella_brassicaformis_LM_Michalek_2020.png/200px-Vitrella_brassicaformis_LM_Michalek_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="575" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #c5dafc"> <td><a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>) </td> <td>Funnel animals<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a> </td> <td>Opisthokont protists </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Filopodia" title="Filopodia">Filose pseudopods</a>; some with a <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">colar of microvilli</a> surrounding a <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a> </td> <td>approx. 300<a href="#cite_note-Pawlowski_2012-54">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/100px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/150px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg/200px-Desmarella_moniliformis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1979" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffc8a6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliophora">Ciliophora</a> </td> <td>Cilia bearers </td> <td>Ciliates </td> <td>Presence of multiple cilia and a <a href="/wiki/Cytostome" title="Cytostome">cytostome</a>. </td> <td>approx. 4,500<a href="#cite_note-Protist_diversity-58">[57]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paramecium_bursaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paramecium_bursaria.jpg/100px-Paramecium_bursaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paramecium_bursaria.jpg/150px-Paramecium_bursaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Paramecium_bursaria.jpg/200px-Paramecium_bursaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddfa5a"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a> </td> <td>Hidden<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Defined by <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a>, flat cristae.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>246<a href="#cite_note-Guiry_2024-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/100px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/150px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg/200px-Rhodomonas_salina_CCMP_322.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="306" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffc8a6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinoflagellata">Dinoflagellata</a> </td> <td>Whirling flagellates<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a> </td> <td>Dinoflagellates </td> <td>Biflagellates with a transverse ribbon-like flagellum with multiple waves beating to the cell’s left and a longitudinal flagellum beating posteriorly with only one or few waves.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>2,957 extant 955 fossil<a href="#cite_note-Guiry_2024-57">[56]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_6736_dinoflagellate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CSIRO_ScienceImage_6736_dinoflagellate.jpg/100px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_6736_dinoflagellate.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CSIRO_ScienceImage_6736_dinoflagellate.jpg/150px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_6736_dinoflagellate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CSIRO_ScienceImage_6736_dinoflagellate.jpg/200px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_6736_dinoflagellate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1213" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8de7e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Endomyxa" title="Endomyxa">Endomyxa</a> </td> <td>Within mucus<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Endomyxa-59">[58]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Defined by <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> typically plasmodial endoparasites of other eukaryotes.<a href="#cite_note-Endomyxa-59">[58]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Vampyrella_lateritia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vampyrella_lateritia.jpg/100px-Vampyrella_lateritia.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vampyrella_lateritia.jpg/150px-Vampyrella_lateritia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Vampyrella_lateritia.jpg/200px-Vampyrella_lateritia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffd4fe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Eolouka" title="Eolouka">Eolouka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>) </td> <td>Early groove<a href="#cite_note-LSC-60">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral feeding groove.<a href="#cite_note-LSC-60">[59]</a> </td> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Stygiella_incarcerata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stygiella_incarcerata.jpg/100px-Stygiella_incarcerata.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stygiella_incarcerata.jpg/150px-Stygiella_incarcerata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Stygiella_incarcerata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="103" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffd4fe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a> </td> <td>True eye animals </td> <td> </td> <td>Biflagellates, one of the two <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> inserted into an apical or subapical pocket, unique ciliary configuration.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>2,037 extant 20 fossil<a href="#cite_note-Guiry_2024-57">[56]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Euglenoid_movement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Euglenoid_movement.jpg/100px-Euglenoid_movement.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Euglenoid_movement.jpg/150px-Euglenoid_movement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Euglenoid_movement.jpg/200px-Euglenoid_movement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff9a6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterokontophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokontophyta">Heterokontophyta</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">Ochre</a> plants, heterokont plants </td> <td>Heterokont algae, stramenochromes, ochrophytes, heterokontophytes </td> <td>Biflagellates with tripartite mastigonemes, chloroplasts with four membranes and chlorophylls a and c, tubular cristae.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>21,052 extant 2,262 fossil<a href="#cite_note-Guiry_2024-57">[56]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/100px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/150px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/200px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ddfa5a"> <td><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a> </td> <td>Fasten<a href="#cite_note-K&D-17">[16]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Thin <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubule</a>-based appendages for feeding (haptonema in <a href="/wiki/Haptophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptophytes">haptophytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Axopodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axopodia">axopodia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Centrohelid" title="Centrohelid">centrohelids</a>), complex mineralized scales.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>517 extant 1,205 fossil<a href="#cite_note-Guiry_2024-57">[56]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coccolithus_pelagicus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coccolithus_pelagicus_2.jpg/100px-Coccolithus_pelagicus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coccolithus_pelagicus_2.jpg/150px-Coccolithus_pelagicus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coccolithus_pelagicus_2.jpg/200px-Coccolithus_pelagicus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #d6d6d6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a> </td> <td>Incomplete or atypical flagellates<a href="#cite_note-Hemimastigophora-61">[60]</a> </td> <td>Hemimastigotes<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> </td> <td>Ellipsoid or vermiform phagotrophs, two slightly spiraling rows of around 12 cilia each, thecal plates below the membrane supported by microtubules and rotationally symmetrical, tubular and saccular cristae.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hemimastigophora-61">[60]</a> </td> <td>10<a href="#cite_note-Spironematellidae-63">[62]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hemimastix_amphikineta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/60px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/90px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Hemimastix_amphikineta.png/120px-Hemimastix_amphikineta.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="827" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffd4fe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malawimonas" title="Malawimonas">Malawimonas</a>-like organisms </td> <td>Malawimonads </td> <td>Small free-living bicilates with two kinetosomes, one or two vanes in posterior cilium. </td> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-Imasa_heleensis-64">[63]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Malawimonasms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Malawimonasms.jpg/100px-Malawimonasms.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Malawimonasms.jpg/150px-Malawimonasms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Malawimonasms.jpg/200px-Malawimonasms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="257" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffd4fe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a> </td> <td>Middle <a href="/wiki/Monad_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monad (biology)">monads</a> </td> <td>Metamonads </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">Anaerobic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microaerophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microaerophilic">microaerophilic</a>, some without <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>; four <a href="/wiki/Kinetosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetosome">kinetosomes</a> per <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kinetid" class="extiw" title="wikt:kinetid">kinetid</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Giardia_muris_trophozoite_SEM_11643.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Giardia_muris_trophozoite_SEM_11643.jpg/100px-Giardia_muris_trophozoite_SEM_11643.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Giardia_muris_trophozoite_SEM_11643.jpg/150px-Giardia_muris_trophozoite_SEM_11643.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Giardia_muris_trophozoite_SEM_11643.jpg/200px-Giardia_muris_trophozoite_SEM_11643.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1039" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #c5dafc"> <td><a href="/wiki/Opisthosporidia" title="Opisthosporidia">Opisthosporidia</a> (often considered <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Opisthokont" title="Opisthokont">Opisthokont</a> spores<a href="#cite_note-karpov-65">[64]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Parasites with <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinous</a> <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spores</a> and extrusive host-invasion apparatus </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg/100px-Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg/150px-Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg/200px-Fibrillanosema_spore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="374" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffd4fe"> <td><a href="/wiki/Percolozoa" title="Percolozoa">Percolozoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Percolomonas" title="Percolomonas">Percolomonas</a>-like animals </td> <td> </td> <td>Complex <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> containing amoebae, flagellates and <a href="/wiki/Microbial_cyst" title="Microbial cyst">cysts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG/100px-Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG/150px-Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG/200px-Naegleria_fowleri_lifecycle_stages.JPG 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="285" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffc8a6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Perkinsozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkinsozoa">Perkinsozoa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perkinsus" title="Perkinsus">Perkinsus</a>-like animals </td> <td>Perkinsozoans, perkinsids </td> <td>Parasitic biflagellates, incomplete apical complex, formation of zoosporangia or undifferentiated cells via a hypha-like tube.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dinovorax_pyriformis_PMC5609580_fig1c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dinovorax_pyriformis_PMC5609580_fig1c.png/100px-Dinovorax_pyriformis_PMC5609580_fig1c.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dinovorax_pyriformis_PMC5609580_fig1c.png/150px-Dinovorax_pyriformis_PMC5609580_fig1c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Dinovorax_pyriformis_PMC5609580_fig1c.png/200px-Dinovorax_pyriformis_PMC5609580_fig1c.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="508" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #d6d6d6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a> </td> <td>Devouring voracious protists<a href="#cite_note-Provora-66">[65]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Defined by <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a>, free-living eukaryovorous heterotrophic biflagellates with ventral groove and extrusomes.<a href="#cite_note-Provora-66">[65]</a> </td> <td>7<a href="#cite_note-Provora-66">[65]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/50px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/75px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg/100px-Outline_drawing_of_Ubysseya_fretuma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff9a6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudofungi" title="Pseudofungi">Pseudofungi</a> </td> <td>False fungi </td> <td> </td> <td>Defined by <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a>, phagotrophic heterokonts with a helical ciliary transition zone.<a href="#cite_note-Phagotrophic_heterokonts-67">[66]</a> </td> <td>over 1,200<a href="#cite_note-Oomycetes-68">[67]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phytophthora_cactorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phytophthora_cactorum.jpg/100px-Phytophthora_cactorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phytophthora_cactorum.jpg/150px-Phytophthora_cactorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Phytophthora_cactorum.jpg/200px-Phytophthora_cactorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="746" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8de7e"> <td><a href="/wiki/Retaria" title="Retaria">Retaria</a> </td> <td>Reticulopodia-bearing organisms<a href="#cite_note-Endomyxa-59">[58]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Feeding by <a href="/wiki/Reticulopodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticulopodia">reticulopodia</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Axopodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axopodia">axopodia</a>) typically projected through various types of skeleton, closed mitosis.<a href="#cite_note-Retaria-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>10,000 extant 50,000 fossil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Foraminif%C3%A8res_de_Ngapali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Foraminif%C3%A8res_de_Ngapali.jpg/100px-Foraminif%C3%A8res_de_Ngapali.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Foraminif%C3%A8res_de_Ngapali.jpg/150px-Foraminif%C3%A8res_de_Ngapali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Foraminif%C3%A8res_de_Ngapali.jpg/200px-Foraminif%C3%A8res_de_Ngapali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="819" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #c5dafc"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulcozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulcozoa">Sulcozoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>) </td> <td>Groove-bearing animals<a href="#cite_note-LSC-60">[59]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">Aerobic</a> flagellates (none, 1, 2 or 4 flagella) with dorsal semi-rigid pellicle of one or two submembrane dense layers, ventral feeding groove, branching ventral pseudopodia, typically filose.<a href="#cite_note-LSC-60">[59]</a> </td> <td>40+ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Collodictyon_telophase_constrict.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Collodictyon_telophase_constrict.jpg/70px-Collodictyon_telophase_constrict.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Collodictyon_telophase_constrict.jpg/105px-Collodictyon_telophase_constrict.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Collodictyon_telophase_constrict.jpg/140px-Collodictyon_telophase_constrict.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="833" /></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #d6d6d6"> <td><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telonema" title="Telonema">Telonema</a>-like organisms<a href="#cite_note-Telonemia-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Telonemids<a href="#cite_note-Arpakorses-71">[70]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phagotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phagotrophic">Phagotrophic</a> pyriform biflagellates with a unique complex cytoskeleton, tubular cristae, tripartite mastigonemes, cortical alveoli.<a href="#cite_note-Telonemia-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arpakorses-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Telonema_rivulare_(electron_micrography).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/100px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/150px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg/200px-Telonema_rivulare_%28electron_micrography%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="167" /></a> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6">Total: 26, but see below. </td></tr></tbody></table> The number of protist phyla varies greatly from one classification to the next. The Catalogue of Life includes <a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a> in kingdom Plantae,<a href="#cite_note-CoLtree-51">[50]</a> but other systems consider these phyla part of Protista.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In addition, less popular classification schemes unite <a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudofungi" title="Pseudofungi">Pseudofungi</a> under one phylum, <a href="/wiki/Gyrista" title="Gyrista">Gyrista</a>, and all alveolates except <a href="/wiki/Ciliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliates">ciliates</a> in one phylum <a href="/wiki/Myzozoa" title="Myzozoa">Myzozoa</a>, later lowered in rank and included in a paraphyletic phylum <a href="/wiki/Miozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Miozoa">Miozoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2022-52">[51]</a> Even within a phylum, other phylum-level ranks appear, such as the case of <a href="/wiki/Bacillariophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacillariophyta">Bacillariophyta</a> (diatoms) within <a href="/wiki/Ochrophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochrophyta">Ochrophyta</a>. These differences became irrelevant after the adoption of a <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> approach by the ISP, where taxonomic ranks are excluded from the classifications after being considered superfluous and unstable. Many authors prefer this usage, which lead to the Chromista-Protozoa scheme becoming obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-Adl_2019-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bacteria">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_phyla" title="Bacterial phyla">Bacterial phyla</a></div> Currently there are 41 bacterial phyla (not including "<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>") that have been validly published according to the <a href="/wiki/Bacteriological_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriological Code">Bacteriological Code</a><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_phyla-73">[72]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Abditibacteriota" title="Abditibacteriota">Abditibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a>, phenotypically diverse and mostly uncultured</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a>, High-G+C Gram positive species</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a>, deep-branching</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a>, Low-G+C Gram positive species, such as the spore-formers <a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a> (aerobic) and <a href="/wiki/Clostridia" title="Clostridia">Clostridia</a> (anaerobic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a>, formerly candidate division OP5, Caldisericum exile is the sole representative</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobiota">Chlorobiota</a>, green sulphur bacteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a>, green non-sulphur bacteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a>, only 3 genera (Chrysiogenes arsenatis, Desulfurispira natronophila, Desulfurispirillum alkaliphilum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacterota" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferribacterota">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a>, Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus aquaticus are "commonly known" species of this phyla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomota" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictyoglomota">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a>, formerly candidate division Thermite Group 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a>, formerly clade VadinBE97</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a>, notable genus: <a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a>, the most well-known phylum, containing species such as <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a>, species include <a href="/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi" title="Borrelia burgdorferi">Borrelia burgdorferi</a>, which causes Lyme disease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a>, deep-branching</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaea">Archaea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Archaea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></div> Currently there are 2 phyla that have been validly published according to the <a href="/wiki/Bacteriological_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriological Code">Bacteriological Code</a><a href="#cite_note-LPSN_phyla-73">[72]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a>, second most common archaeal phylum</li></ol> Other phyla that have been proposed, but not validly named, include: <ol><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>", most common archaeal phylum</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>", ultra-small symbiotes, single known species</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> "Wohl aber ist eine solche reale und vollkommen abgeschlossene Einheit die Summe aller Species, welche aus einer und derselben gemeinschaftlichen Stammform allmählig sich entwickelt haben, wie z. B. alle Wirbelthiere. Diese Summe nennen wir Stamm (Phylon)." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICN-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICN_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICN_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill2012" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, J.; et al., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010230658/https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art3">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code), Adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</a> (electronic ed.). International Association for Plant Taxonomy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art3">the original</a> on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants+%28Melbourne+Code%29%2C+Adopted+by+the+Eighteenth+International+Botanical+Congress+Melbourne%2C+Australia%2C+July+2011&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dart3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/phylum">"Life sciences"</a>. The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy (third ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. Retrieved 4 October 2008. <q>Phyla in the plant kingdom are frequently called divisions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+sciences&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+New+Dictionary+of+Cultural+Literacy&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fphylum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berg2007-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Berg2007_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2007" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Linda R. (2 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I71WWH9ZmfsC&pg=PA15">Introductory Botany: Plants, People, and the Environment</a> (2 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780534466695" title="Special:BookSources/9780534466695"><bdi>9780534466695</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Botany%3A+Plants%2C+People%2C+and+the+Environment&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft.isbn=9780534466695&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Linda+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI71WWH9ZmfsC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentine20048-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentine20048_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFValentine2004">Valentine 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaeckel1866" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haeckel, Ernst (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generellemorphol01haec">Generelle Morphologie der Organismen</a> [The General Morphology of Organisms] (in German). Vol. 1. Berlin, (Germany): G. Reimer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generellemorphol01haec/page/28">28</a>–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generelle+Morphologie+der+Organismen&rft.place=Berlin%2C+%28Germany%29&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=G.+Reimer&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenerellemorphol01haec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaik1984" class="citation book cs1">Naik, V. N. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GanmtXAyU0gC">Taxonomy of Angiosperms</a>. Tata McGraw-Hill. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780074517888" title="Special:BookSources/9780074517888"><bdi>9780074517888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxonomy+of+Angiosperms&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780074517888&rft.aulast=Naik&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGanmtXAyU0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsValentine2001" class="citation journal cs1">Collins AG, Valentine JW (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427032535/https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/7403">"Defining phyla: evolutionary pathways to metazoan body plans"</a>. Evolution and Development. 3: 432–442. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/7403/1/Collins_Valentine_EvDev2001.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution+and+Development&rft.atitle=Defining+phyla%3A+evolutionary+pathways+to+metazoan+body+plans&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Valentine%2C+JW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsi-pddr.si.edu%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10088%2F7403%2F1%2FCollins_Valentine_EvDev2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2004" class="citation book cs1">Valentine, James W. (2004). On the Origin of Phyla. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84548-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84548-7"><bdi>978-0-226-84548-7</bdi></a>. <q>Classifications of organisms in hierarchical systems were in use by the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Usually, organisms were grouped according to their morphological similarities as perceived by those early workers, and those groups were then grouped according to their similarities, and so on, to form a hierarchy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Phyla&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-226-84548-7&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budd2000-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Budd2000_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd2000_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd2000_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd2000_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Budd2000_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddJensen2000" class="citation journal cs1">Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915160434/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/biological-reviews/article/critical-reappraisal-of-the-fossil-record-of-the-bilaterian-phyla/84D1DF6738A47E565B400A50590E15E2">"A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla"</a>. Biological Reviews. 75 (2): 253–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10881389">10881389</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39772232">39772232</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S000632310000548X">the original</a> on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+critical+reappraisal+of+the+fossil+record+of+the+bilaterian+phyla&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39772232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10881389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft.au=Jensen%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.cambridge.org%2Fabstract_S000632310000548X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rouse, G. W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fzjls.2000.0263">"A cladistic analysis of Siboglinidae Caullery, 1914 (Polychaeta, Annelida): formerly the phyla Pogonophora and Vestimentifera"</a>. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 132 (1): 55–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fzjls.2000.0263">10.1006/zjls.2000.0263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+cladistic+analysis+of+Siboglinidae+Caullery%2C+1914+%28Polychaeta%2C+Annelida%29%3A+formerly+the+phyla+Pogonophora+and+Vestimentifera&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fzjls.2000.0263&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1006%252Fzjls.2000.0263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawlowskiMontoya-BurgosFahrniWüest1996" class="citation journal cs1">Pawlowski J, Montoya-Burgos JI, Fahrni JF, Wüest J, Zaninetti L (October 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025675">"Origin of the Mesozoa inferred from 18S rRNA gene sequences"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 13 (8): 1128–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025675">10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025675</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8865666">8865666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Mesozoa+inferred+from+18S+rRNA+gene+sequences&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1128-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025675&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8865666&rft.aulast=Pawlowski&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Montoya-Burgos%2C+JI&rft.au=Fahrni%2C+JF&rft.au=W%C3%BCest%2C+J&rft.au=Zaninetti%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Foxfordjournals.molbev.a025675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budd1998-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Budd1998_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudd1998" class="citation journal cs1">Budd, G. E. (September 1998). "Arthropod body-plan evolution in the Cambrian with an example from anomalocaridid muscle". Lethaia. 31 (3): 197–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1998.tb00508.x">10.1111/j.1502-3931.1998.tb00508.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lethaia&rft.atitle=Arthropod+body-plan+evolution+in+the+Cambrian+with+an+example+from+anomalocaridid+muscle&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=1998-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1502-3931.1998.tb00508.x&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs2005-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs2005_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggsFortey2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Briggs" title="Derek Briggs">Briggs, D. E. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Fortey" title="Richard Fortey">Fortey, R. A.</a> (2005). "Wonderful strife: systematics, stem groups, and the phylogenetic signal of the Cambrian radiation". Paleobiology. 31 (2 (Suppl)): 94–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0094-8373%282005%29031%5B0094%3AWSSSGA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0094:WSSSGA]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44066226">44066226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Wonderful+strife%3A+systematics%2C+stem+groups%2C+and+the+phylogenetic+signal+of+the+Cambrian+radiation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2+%28Suppl%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F0094-8373%282005%29031%5B0094%3AWSSSGA%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44066226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=D.+E.+G.&rft.au=Fortey%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2013-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2013_15-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (30 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.3703.1.3/4273">"Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)"</a>. Zootaxa. 3703 (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3703.1.3">10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Animal+biodiversity%3A+An+update+of+classification+and+diversity+in+2013.+In%3A+Zhang%2C+Z.-Q.+%28Ed.%29+Animal+Biodiversity%3A+An+Outline+of+Higher-level+Classification+and+Survey+of+Taxonomic+Richness+%28Addenda+2013%29&rft.volume=3703&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.3703.1.3&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Zhi-Qiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FZootaxa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fzootaxa.3703.1.3%2F4273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Felder2009-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Felder2009_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelderCamp2009" class="citation book cs1">Felder, Darryl L.; Camp, David K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CphA8hiwaFIC&pg=RA1-PA1111">Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 1111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-269-5"><bdi>978-1-60344-269-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gulf+of+Mexico+Origin%2C+Waters%2C+and+Biota%3A+Biodiversity&rft.pages=1111&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-269-5&rft.aulast=Felder&rft.aufirst=Darryl+L.&rft.au=Camp%2C+David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCphA8hiwaFIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA1111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-K&D-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-K&D_17-38">am</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargulisChapman2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis, Lynn</a>; Chapman, Michael J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IWaqAOGyt4C">Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth</a> (4th corrected ed.). London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123736215" title="Special:BookSources/9780123736215"><bdi>9780123736215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+and+Domains%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+to+the+Phyla+of+Life+on+Earth&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th+corrected&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780123736215&rft.aulast=Margulis&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IWaqAOGyt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Feldkamp, S. (2002) Modern Biology. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, USA. (pp. 725) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanMorrisOuShu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Han, Jian; Morris, Simon Conway; Ou, Qiang; Shu, Degan; Huang, Hai (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature21072">"Meiofaunal deuterostomes from the basal Cambrian of Shaanxi (China)"</a>. Nature. 542 (7640): 228–231. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.542..228H">2017Natur.542..228H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature21072">10.1038/nature21072</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28135722">28135722</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:353780">353780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Meiofaunal+deuterostomes+from+the+basal+Cambrian+of+Shaanxi+%28China%29&rft.volume=542&rft.issue=7640&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A353780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.542..228H&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature21072&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28135722&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Jian&rft.au=Morris%2C+Simon+Conway&rft.au=Ou%2C+Qiang&rft.au=Shu%2C+Degan&rft.au=Huang%2C+Hai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature21072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuCarlisleZhangYang2022" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; Duan, Baichuan; Marone, Federica; Xiao, Shuhai; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (17 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05107-z">"Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome"</a>. Nature. 609 (7927): 541–546. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.609..541L">2022Natur.609..541L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05107-z">10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1">1983/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35978194">35978194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251646316">251646316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Saccorhytus+is+an+early+ecdysozoan+and+not+the+earliest+deuterostome&rft.volume=609&rft.issue=7927&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E541-%3C%2Fspan%3E546&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251646316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022Natur.609..541L&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05107-z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35978194&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Yunhuan&rft.au=Carlisle%2C+Emily&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Huaqiao&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ben&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Michael&rft.au=Shao%2C+Tiequan&rft.au=Duan%2C+Baichuan&rft.au=Marone%2C+Federica&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Shuhai&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Philip+C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-022-05107-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cannon2016-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Cannon2016_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonVellutiniSmithRonquist2016" class="citation journal cs1">Cannon, J.T.; Vellutini, B.C.; Smith, J.; Ronquist, F.; Jondelius, U.; Hejnol, A. (4 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-1844">"Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa"</a>. Nature. 530 (7588): 89–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.530...89C">2016Natur.530...89C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16520">10.1038/nature16520</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26842059">26842059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205247296">205247296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Xenacoelomorpha+is+the+sister+group+to+Nephrozoa&rft.volume=530&rft.issue=7588&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205247296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26842059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Natur.530...89C&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rft.au=Vellutini%2C+B.C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+J.&rft.au=Ronquist%2C+F.&rft.au=Jondelius%2C+U.&rft.au=Hejnol%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.kb.se%2Fresolve%3Furn%3Durn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anrm%3Adiva-1844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6kingdoms-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-6kingdoms_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-6kingdoms_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith, Thomas</a> (22 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691724">"Only Six Kingdoms of Life"</a>. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 271 (1545): 1251–1262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705">10.1098/rspb.2004.2705</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691724">1691724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15306349">15306349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Only+Six+Kingdoms+of+Life&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=1545&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1251-%3C%2Fspan%3E1262&rft.date=2004-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691724%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15306349&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2705&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012514,_517-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012514,_517_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMauseth2012">Mauseth 2012</a>, pp. 514, 517. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronquist_1966_129–134-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cronquist_1966_129–134_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronquist_1966_129–134_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronquistA._TakhtajanW._Zimmermann1966" class="citation journal cs1">Cronquist, A.; A. Takhtajan; W. Zimmermann (April 1966). "On the higher taxa of Embryobionta". Taxon. 15 (4): 129–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1217531">10.2307/1217531</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1217531">1217531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=On+the+higher+taxa+of+Embryobionta&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E134&rft.date=1966-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1217531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1217531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cronquist&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=A.+Takhtajan&rft.au=W.+Zimmermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaseReveal2009" class="citation cs2">Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (October 2009), "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 122–127, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.01002.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=A+phylogenetic+classification+of+the+land+plants+to+accompany+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.01002.x&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft.au=Reveal%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauseth489-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mauseth489_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauseth489_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauseth489_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauseth2012" class="citation book cs1">Mauseth, James D. (2012). Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-6580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-6580-7"><bdi>978-1-4496-6580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany+%3A+An+Introduction+to+Plant+Biology&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-6580-7&rft.aulast=Mauseth&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> p. 489 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012540-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012540_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMauseth2012">Mauseth 2012</a>, p. 540. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012542-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012542_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMauseth2012">Mauseth 2012</a>, p. 542. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012543-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012543_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMauseth2012">Mauseth 2012</a>, p. 543. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012509-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012509_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMauseth2012">Mauseth 2012</a>, p. 509. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stotlers_2000-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Stotlers_2000_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrandall-StotlerStotler2000" class="citation book cs1">Crandall-Stotler, Barbara; Stotler, Raymond E. (2000). "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". In A. Jonathan Shaw; Bernard Goffinet (eds.). Bryophyte Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66097-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66097-6"><bdi>978-0-521-66097-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morphology+and+classification+of+the+Marchantiophyta&rft.btitle=Bryophyte+Biology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66097-6&rft.aulast=Crandall-Stotler&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Stotler%2C+Raymond+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012535-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMauseth2012535_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMauseth2012">Mauseth 2012</a>, p. 535. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyattWöstenDijksterhuis2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wyatt, T.; Wösten, H.; Dijksterhuis, J. (2013). "Advances in Applied Microbiology Chapter 2 - Fungal Spores for Dispersion in Space and Time". Advances in Applied Microbiology. 85: 43–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2">10.1016/B978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23942148">23942148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Advances+in+Applied+Microbiology+Chapter+2+-+Fungal+Spores+for+Dispersion+in+Space+and+Time&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-407672-3.00002-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23942148&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=W%C3%B6sten%2C+H.&rft.au=Dijksterhuis%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/classifications-of-fungi/">"Classifications of Fungi | Boundless Biology"</a>. courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=Classifications+of+Fungi+%7C+Boundless+Biology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fboundless-biology%2Fchapter%2Fclassifications-of-fungi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-courses.lumenlearning.com-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-courses.lumenlearning.com_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-courses.lumenlearning.com_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/archaeal-genetics/">"Archaeal Genetics | Boundless Microbiology"</a>. courses.lumenlearning.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=Archaeal+Genetics+%7C+Boundless+Microbiology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fboundless-microbiology%2Fchapter%2Farchaeal-genetics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltIudica2016" class="citation web cs1">Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (1 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/fungi/blastocladiomycota/default.htm">"Blastocladiomycota"</a>. Diversity of Life. Susquehanna University. Retrieved 29 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diversity+of+Life&rft.atitle=Blastocladiomycota&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rft.au=Iudica%2C+Carlos+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomenius.susqu.edu%2Fbiol%2F202%2Ffungi%2Fblastocladiomycota%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltIudica2014" class="citation web cs1">Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/fungi/chytridiomycota/default.htm">"Chytridiomycota"</a>. Diversity of Life. Susquehanna University. Retrieved 29 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diversity+of+Life&rft.atitle=Chytridiomycota&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rft.au=Iudica%2C+Carlos+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomenius.susqu.edu%2Fbiol%2F202%2Ffungi%2Fchytridiomycota%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Chytridiomycota">"Chytridiomycota | phylum of fungi"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Chytridiomycota+%7C+phylum+of+fungi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2FChytridiomycota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnaughey2014" class="citation book cs1">McConnaughey, M (2014). Physical Chemical Properties of Fungi. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-801238-3.05231-4">10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.05231-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128012383" title="Special:BookSources/9780128012383"><bdi>9780128012383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Chemical+Properties+of+Fungi&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-801238-3.05231-4&rft.isbn=9780128012383&rft.aulast=McConnaughey&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorKringsTaylor2015" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Thomas; Krings, Michael; Taylor, Edith (2015). "Fossil Fungi Chapter 4 - Chytridiomycota". Fossil Fungi: 41–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-387731-4.00004-9">10.1016/b978-0-12-387731-4.00004-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fossil+Fungi&rft.atitle=Fossil+Fungi+Chapter+4+-+Chytridiomycota&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-387731-4.00004-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Krings%2C+Michael&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Edith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltIudica2013" class="citation web cs1">Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/fungi/microsporidia/default.htm">"Microsporidia"</a>. Diversity of Life. Susquehanna University. Retrieved 29 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diversity+of+Life&rft.atitle=Microsporidia&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rft.au=Iudica%2C+Carlos+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomenius.susqu.edu%2Fbiol%2F202%2Ffungi%2Fmicrosporidia%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltIudica2013" class="citation web cs1">Holt, Jack R.; Iudica, Carlos A. (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/fungi/neocallimastigomycota/default.htm">"Neocallimastigomycota"</a>. Diversity of Life. Susquehanna University. Retrieved 29 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diversity+of+Life&rft.atitle=Neocallimastigomycota&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rft.au=Iudica%2C+Carlos+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomenius.susqu.edu%2Fbiol%2F202%2Ffungi%2Fneocallimastigomycota%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Types_of_Fungi-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Types_of_Fungi_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Types_of_Fungi_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biologywise.com/types-of-fungi">"Types of Fungi"</a>. BiologyWise. 22 May 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BiologyWise&rft.atitle=Types+of+Fungi&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiologywise.com%2Ftypes-of-fungi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phylogeny_of_anaerobic_fungi_(phylum_Neocallimastigomycota),_with_contributions_from_yak_in_China-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Phylogeny_of_anaerobic_fungi_(phylum_Neocallimastigomycota),_with_contributions_from_yak_in_China_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangLiuGroenewald2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Xuewei; Liu, Xingzhong; Groenewald, Johannes Z. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5222902">"Phylogeny of anaerobic fungi (phylum Neocallimastigomycota), with contributions from yak in China"</a>. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 110 (1): 87–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10482-016-0779-1">10.1007/s10482-016-0779-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5222902">5222902</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27734254">27734254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antonie+van+Leeuwenhoek&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+anaerobic+fungi+%28phylum+Neocallimastigomycota%29%2C+with+contributions+from+yak+in+China&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5222902%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27734254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10482-016-0779-1&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xuewei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xingzhong&rft.au=Groenewald%2C+Johannes+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5222902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbett2007-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbett2007_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbett2007_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbettBinderBischoffBlackwell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, et al. (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326135053/http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023%2C%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf">"A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi"</a> (PDF). Mycological Research. 111 (Pt 5): 509–47. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.626.9582">10.1.1.626.9582</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2007.03.004">10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17572334">17572334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4686378">4686378</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023,%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&rft.atitle=A+higher-level+phylogenetic+classification+of+the+Fungi&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=Pt+5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E509-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.626.9582%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4686378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17572334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2007.03.004&rft.aulast=Hibbett&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Binder%2C+M&rft.au=Bischoff%2C+JF&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+M&rft.au=Cannon%2C+PF&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+OE&rft.au=Huhndorf%2C+S&rft.au=James%2C+T&rft.au=Kirk%2C+PM&rft.au=L%C3%BCcking%2C+R&rft.au=Thorsten+Lumbsch%2C+H&rft.au=Lutzoni%2C+F&rft.au=Matheny%2C+PB&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+DJ&rft.au=Powell%2C+MJ&rft.au=Redhead%2C+S&rft.au=Schoch%2C+CL&rft.au=Spatafora%2C+JW&rft.au=Stalpers%2C+JA&rft.au=Vilgalys%2C+R&rft.au=Aime%2C+MC&rft.au=Aptroot%2C+A&rft.au=Bauer%2C+R&rft.au=Begerow%2C+D&rft.au=Benny%2C+GL&rft.au=Castlebury%2C+LA&rft.au=Crous%2C+PW&rft.au=Dai%2C+YC&rft.au=Gams%2C+W&rft.au=Geiser%2C+DM&rft.au=Griffith%2C+GW&rft.au=Gueidan%2C+C&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+DL&rft.au=Hestmark%2C+G&rft.au=Hosaka%2C+K&rft.au=Humber%2C+RA&rft.au=Hyde%2C+KD&rft.au=Ironside%2C+JE&rft.au=K%C3%B5ljalg%2C+U&rft.au=Kurtzman%2C+CP&rft.au=Larsson%2C+KH&rft.au=Lichtwardt%2C+R&rft.au=Longcore%2C+J&rft.au=Miadlikowska%2C+J&rft.au=Miller%2C+A&rft.au=Moncalvo%2C+JM&rft.au=Mozley-Standridge%2C+S&rft.au=Oberwinkler%2C+F&rft.au=Parmasto%2C+E&rft.au=Reeb%2C+V&rft.au=Rogers%2C+JD&rft.au=Roux%2C+C&rft.au=Ryvarden%2C+L&rft.au=Sampaio%2C+JP&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCssler%2C+A&rft.au=Sugiyama%2C+J&rft.au=Thorn%2C+RG&rft.au=Tibell%2C+L&rft.au=Untereiner%2C+WA&rft.au=Walker%2C+C&rft.au=Wang%2C+Z&rft.au=Weir%2C+A&rft.au=Weiss%2C+M&rft.au=White%2C+MM&rft.au=Winka%2C+K&rft.au=Yao%2C+YJ&rft.au=Zhang%2C+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarku.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdhibbett%2FAFTOL%2Fdocuments%2FAFTOL%2520class%2520mss%252023%2C%252024%2FAFTOL%2520CLASS%2520MS%2520resub.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruggiero2015-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruggiero2015_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruggiero2015_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggieroGordonOrrellBailly2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; et al. (29 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">"A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0119248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1019248R">2015PLoSO..1019248R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248">10.1371/journal.pone.0119248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">4418965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25923521">25923521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Higher+Level+Classification+of+All+Living+Organisms&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0119248&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418965%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25923521&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1019248R&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Dennis+P.&rft.au=Orrell%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Bailly%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Bourgoin%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Brusca%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Guiry%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4418965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteJamesO'DonnellCafaro2006" class="citation journal cs1">White, Merlin M.; James, Timothy Y.; O'Donnell, Kerry; et al. (November–December 2006). "Phylogeny of the Zygomycota Based on Nuclear Ribosomal Sequence Data". Mycologia. 98 (6): 872–884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15572536.2006.11832617">10.1080/15572536.2006.11832617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17486964">17486964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218589354">218589354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycologia&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+of+the+Zygomycota+Based+on+Nuclear+Ribosomal+Sequence+Data&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E872-%3C%2Fspan%3E884&rft.date=2006-11%2F2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218589354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17486964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15572536.2006.11832617&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Merlin+M.&rft.au=James%2C+Timothy+Y.&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Kerry&rft.au=Cafaro%2C+Mat%C3%ADas+J.&rft.au=Tanabe%2C+Yuuhiko&rft.au=Sugiyama%2C+Junta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hagen, Joel B. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2012.62.1.11">"Five Kingdoms, More or Less: Robert Whittaker and the Broad Classification of Organisms"</a>. BioScience. 62 (1): 67–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fbio.2012.62.1.11">10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Five+Kingdoms%2C+More+or+Less%3A+Robert+Whittaker+and+the+Broad+Classification+of+Organisms&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fbio.2012.62.1.11&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=Joel+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Fbio.2012.62.1.11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reconciling-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Reconciling_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwellPowell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Blackwell, Will H.; Powell, Martha J. (June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F106351599260382">"Reconciling Kingdoms with Codes of Nomenclature: Is It Necessary?"</a>. Systematic Biology. 48 (2): 406–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F106351599260382">10.1080/106351599260382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12066717">12066717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematic+Biology&rft.atitle=Reconciling+Kingdoms+with+Codes+of+Nomenclature%3A+Is+It+Necessary%3F&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=1999-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F106351599260382&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12066717&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Will+H.&rft.au=Powell%2C+Martha+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F106351599260382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2012" class="citation web cs1">Davis, R. A. (19 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.msj.edu/davisr/potpouri/protista.htm">"Kingdom PROTISTA"</a>. College of Mount St. Joseph. Retrieved 28 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+Mount+St.+Joseph&rft.atitle=Kingdom+PROTISTA&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.msj.edu%2Fdavisr%2Fpotpouri%2Fprotista.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoLtree-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CoLtree_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CoLtree_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801083911/https://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree?de3fa845167fa2ccdac6ddcb6e8d9a28">"Taxonomic tree"</a>. Catalogue of Life. 23 December 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree?de3fa845167fa2ccdac6ddcb6e8d9a28">the original</a> on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalogue+of+Life&rft.atitle=Taxonomic+tree&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalogueoflife.org%2Fcol%2Fbrowse%2Ftree%3Fde3fa845167fa2ccdac6ddcb6e8d9a28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_2022-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2022_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_2022_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cavalier-Smith T (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9010356">"Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi"</a>. Protoplasma. 259: 487–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00709-021-01665-7">10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9010356">9010356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protoplasma&rft.atitle=Ciliary+transition+zone+evolution+and+the+root+of+the+eukaryote+tree%3A+implications+for+opisthokont+origin+and+classification+of+kingdoms+Protozoa%2C+Plantae%2C+and+Fungi&rft.volume=259&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E593&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9010356%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00709-021-01665-7&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9010356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adl_2019-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_2019_53-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlBassLaneLukeš2019" class="citation journal cs1">Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6492006">"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"</a>. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeu.12691">10.1111/jeu.12691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6492006">6492006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30257078">30257078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Revisions+to+the+Classification%2C+Nomenclature%2C+and+Diversity+of+Eukaryotes&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6492006%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30257078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjeu.12691&rft.aulast=Adl&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Bass%2C+D&rft.au=Lane%2C+CE&rft.au=Luke%C5%A1%2C+J&rft.au=Schoch%2C+CL&rft.au=Smirnov%2C+A&rft.au=Agatha%2C+S&rft.au=Berney%2C+C&rft.au=Brown%2C+MW&rft.au=Burki%2C+F&rft.au=C%C3%A1rdenas%2C+P&rft.au=%C4%8Cepi%C4%8Dka%2C+I&rft.au=Chistyakova%2C+L&rft.au=del+Campo%2C+J&rft.au=Dunthorn%2C+M&rft.au=Edvardsen%2C+B&rft.au=Eglit%2C+Y&rft.au=Guillou%2C+L&rft.au=Hampl%2C+V&rft.au=Heiss%2C+AA&rft.au=Hoppenrath%2C+M&rft.au=James%2C+TY&rft.au=Karnkowska%2C+A&rft.au=Karpov%2C+S&rft.au=Kim%2C+E&rft.au=Kolisko%2C+M&rft.au=Kudryavtsev%2C+A&rft.au=Lahr+DJG&rft.au=Lara%2C+E&rft.au=Le+Gall%2C+L&rft.au=Lynn%2C+DH&rft.au=Mann%2C+DG&rft.au=Massana%2C+R&rft.au=Mitchell+EAD&rft.au=Morrow%2C+C&rft.au=Park%2C+JS&rft.au=Pawlowski%2C+JW&rft.au=Powell%2C+MJ&rft.au=Richter%2C+DJ&rft.au=Rueckert%2C+S&rft.au=Shadwick%2C+L&rft.au=Shimano%2C+S&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+FW&rft.au=Torruella%2C+G&rft.au=Youssef%2C+N&rft.au=Zlatogursky%2C+V&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6492006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawlowski_2012-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowski_2012_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pawlowski_2012_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawlowskiAudicAdlBass2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pawlowski J, Audic S, Adl S, Bass D, Belbahri L, Berney C, et al. (6 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491025">"CBOL protist working group: barcoding eukaryotic richness beyond the animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms"</a>. PLOS Biology. 10 (11): e1001419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001419">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491025">3491025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23139639">23139639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=CBOL+protist+working+group%3A+barcoding+eukaryotic+richness+beyond+the+animal%2C+plant%2C+and+fungal+kingdoms&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e1001419&rft.date=2012-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3491025%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23139639&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001419&rft.aulast=Pawlowski&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Audic%2C+S&rft.au=Adl%2C+S&rft.au=Bass%2C+D&rft.au=Belbahri%2C+L&rft.au=Berney%2C+C&rft.au=Bowser%2C+SS&rft.au=Cepicka%2C+I&rft.au=Decelle%2C+J&rft.au=Dunthorn%2C+M&rft.au=Fiore-Donno%2C+AM&rft.au=Gile%2C+GH&rft.au=Holzmann%2C+M&rft.au=Jahn%2C+R&rft.au=Jirk%C5%AF%2C+M&rft.au=Keeling%2C+PJ&rft.au=Kostka%2C+M&rft.au=Kudryavtsev%2C+A&rft.au=Lara%2C+E&rft.au=Luke%C5%A1%2C+J&rft.au=Mann%2C+DG&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+EA&rft.au=Nitsche%2C+F&rft.au=Romeralo%2C+M&rft.au=Saunders%2C+GW&rft.au=Simpson%2C+AG&rft.au=Smirnov%2C+AV&rft.au=Spouge%2C+JL&rft.au=Stern%2C+RF&rft.au=Stoeck%2C+T&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+J&rft.au=Schindel%2C+D&rft.au=de+Vargas%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3491025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apicomplexa-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apicomplexa_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apicomplexa_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVotýpkaModrýOborníkŠlapeta2016" class="citation book cs1">Votýpka J, Modrý D, Oborník M, Šlapeta J, Lukeš J (2016). "Apicomplexa". In Archibald J, Simpson AGB, Slamovits CH, Margulis L, Melkonian M, Chapman DJ, Corliss JO (eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Cham: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-32669-6_20-1">10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_20-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apicomplexa&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Protists&rft.place=Cham&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-32669-6_20-1&rft.aulast=Vot%C3%BDpka&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Modr%C3%BD%2C+D&rft.au=Oborn%C3%ADk%2C+M&rft.au=%C5%A0lapeta%2C+J&rft.au=Luke%C5%A1%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janouškovec_2015-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Janouškovec_2015_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_JanouškovecDenis_TikhonenkovFabien_BurkiAlexis_T_Howe2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jan Janouškovec; Denis Tikhonenkov; Fabien Burki; Alexis T Howe; Martin Kolísko; Alexander P Mylnikov; <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Keeling" title="Patrick J. Keeling">Patrick John Keeling</a> (25 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547307">"Factors mediating plastid dependency and the origins of parasitism in apicomplexans and their close relatives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 112 (33): 10200–10207. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11210200J">2015PNAS..11210200J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2FPNAS.1423790112">10.1073/PNAS.1423790112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547307">4547307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25717057">25717057</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30662251" class="extiw" title="d:Q30662251">Q30662251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Factors+mediating+plastid+dependency+and+the+origins+of+parasitism+in+apicomplexans+and+their+close+relatives&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10200-%3C%2Fspan%3E10207&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4547307%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11210200J&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25717057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2FPNAS.1423790112&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.au=Jan+Janou%C5%A1kovec&rft.au=Denis+Tikhonenkov&rft.au=Fabien+Burki&rft.au=Alexis+T+Howe&rft.au=Martin+Kol%C3%ADsko&rft.au=Alexander+P+Mylnikov&rft.au=Patrick+John+Keeling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4547307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guiry_2024-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guiry_2024_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guiry_2024_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guiry_2024_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guiry_2024_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guiry_2024_57-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guiry_2024_57-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_D._Guiry2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Guiry" title="Michael D. Guiry">Michael D. Guiry</a> (21 January 2024). "How many species of algae are there? A reprise. Four kingdoms, 14 phyla, 63 classes and still growing". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Phycology" title="Journal of Phycology">Journal of Phycology</a>. 00: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJPY.13431">10.1111/JPY.13431</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3646">0022-3646</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38245909">38245909</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124684077" class="extiw" title="d:Q124684077">Q124684077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Phycology&rft.atitle=How+many+species+of+algae+are+there%3F+A+reprise.+Four+kingdoms%2C+14+phyla%2C+63+classes+and+still+growing&rft.volume=00&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2024-01-21&rft.issn=0022-3646&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38245909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2FJPY.13431&rft.au=Michael+D.+Guiry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protist_diversity-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Protist_diversity_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoissnerHawksworth2009" class="citation book cs1">Foissner, W.; Hawksworth, David, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789048128006">Protist Diversity and Geographical Distribution</a>. Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation. Vol. 8. Springer Netherlands. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-481-2801-3">10.1007/978-90-481-2801-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048128006" title="Special:BookSources/9789048128006"><bdi>9789048128006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protist+Diversity+and+Geographical+Distribution&rft.series=Topics+in+Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-481-2801-3&rft.isbn=9789048128006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9789048128006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endomyxa-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endomyxa_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endomyxa_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endomyxa_59-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT_Cavalier-Smith2002" class="citation journal cs1">T Cavalier-Smith (March 2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Systematic_and_Evolutionary_Microbiology" title="International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology">International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology</a>. 52 (2): 297–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2F00207713-52-2-297">10.1099/00207713-52-2-297</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-5026">1466-5026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11931142">11931142</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28212529" class="extiw" title="d:Q28212529">Q28212529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.atitle=The+phagotrophic+origin+of+eukaryotes+and+phylogenetic+classification+of+Protozoa&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E354&rft.date=2002-03&rft.issn=1466-5026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11931142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2F00207713-52-2-297&rft.au=T+Cavalier-Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSC-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LSC_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSC_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSC_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LSC_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cavalier-Smith T (2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (2): 115–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejop.2012.06.001">10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23085100">23085100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Protistology&rft.atitle=Early+evolution+of+eukaryote+feeding+modes%2C+cell+structural+diversity%2C+and+classification+of+the+protozoan+phyla+Loukozoa%2C+Sulcozoa%2C+and+Choanozoa&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejop.2012.06.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23085100&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hemimastigophora-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hemimastigophora_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hemimastigophora_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW_FoissnerH_BlattererI_Foissner1988" class="citation journal cs1">W Foissner; H Blatterer; I Foissner (1 October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0932473988800270?httpAccept=text/xml">"The hemimastigophora (Hemimastix amphikineta nov. gen., nov. spec.), a new protistan phylum from gondwanian soils"</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Protistology" title="European Journal of Protistology">European Journal of Protistology</a>. 23 (4): 361–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0932-4739%2888%2980027-0">10.1016/S0932-4739(88)80027-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0932-4739">0932-4739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23195325">23195325</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85570914" class="extiw" title="d:Q85570914">Q85570914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Protistology&rft.atitle=The+hemimastigophora+%28Hemimastix+amphikineta+nov.+gen.%2C+nov.+spec.%29%2C+a+new+protistan+phylum+from+gondwanian+soils&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.date=1988-10-01&rft.issn=0932-4739&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23195325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0932-4739%2888%2980027-0&rft.au=W+Foissner&rft.au=H+Blatterer&rft.au=I+Foissner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.elsevier.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2FPII%3AS0932473988800270%3FhttpAccept%3Dtext%2Fxml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_LaxYana_EglitLaura_EmeErin_M_Bertrand2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon Lax; Yana Eglit; Laura Eme; Erin M Bertrand; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Roger" title="Andrew J. Roger">Andrew J Roger</a>; Alastair G B Simpson (14 November 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 564 (7736): 410–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FS41586-018-0708-8">10.1038/S41586-018-0708-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30429611">30429611</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58834974" class="extiw" title="d:Q58834974">Q58834974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Hemimastigophora+is+a+novel+supra-kingdom-level+lineage+of+eukaryotes&rft.volume=564&rft.issue=7736&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E410-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30429611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FS41586-018-0708-8&rft.au=Gordon+Lax&rft.au=Yana+Eglit&rft.au=Laura+Eme&rft.au=Erin+M+Bertrand&rft.au=Andrew+J+Roger&rft.au=Alastair+G+B+Simpson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spironematellidae-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Spironematellidae_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShɨshkin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Shɨshkin, Yegor (2022). "Spironematella terricola comb. n. and Spironematella goodeyi comb. n. (Hemimastigida = Hemimastigea = Hemimastigophora) for Spironema terricola and Spironema goodeyi with diagnoses of the genus and family Spironematellidae amended". Zootaxa. 5128 (2): 295–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.5128.2.8">10.11646/zootaxa.5128.2.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36101172">36101172</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252220401">252220401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zootaxa&rft.atitle=Spironematella+terricola+comb.+n.+and+Spironematella+goodeyi+comb.+n.+%28Hemimastigida+%3D+Hemimastigea+%3D+Hemimastigophora%29+for+Spironema+terricola+and+Spironema+goodeyi+with+diagnoses+of+the+genus+and+family+Spironematellidae+amended&rft.volume=5128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252220401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36101172&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fzootaxa.5128.2.8&rft.aulast=Sh%C9%A8shkin&rft.aufirst=Yegor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imasa_heleensis-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Imasa_heleensis_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeissWarringLukacsFavate2020" class="citation journal cs1">Heiss AA, Warring SD, Lukacs K, Favate J, Yang A, Gyaltshen Y, Filardi C, Simpson AGB, Kim E (December 2020). "Description of Imasa heleensis, gen. nov., sp. nov. (Imasidae, fam. nov.), a Deep-Branching Marine Malawimonad and Possible Key Taxon in Understanding Early Eukaryotic Evolution". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 68: e12837. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjeu.12837">10.1111/jeu.12837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Description+of+Imasa+heleensis%2C+gen.+nov.%2C+sp.+nov.+%28Imasidae%2C+fam.+nov.%29%2C+a+Deep-Branching+Marine+Malawimonad+and+Possible+Key+Taxon+in+Understanding+Early+Eukaryotic+Evolution&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=e12837&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjeu.12837&rft.aulast=Heiss&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Warring%2C+SD&rft.au=Lukacs%2C+K&rft.au=Favate%2C+J&rft.au=Yang%2C+A&rft.au=Gyaltshen%2C+Y&rft.au=Filardi%2C+C&rft.au=Simpson+AGB&rft.au=Kim%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-karpov-65"><a href="#cite_ref-karpov_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpovMamkaevaAleoshinNassonova2014" class="citation journal cs1">Karpov, Sergey; Mamkaeva, Maria A.; Aleoshin, Vladimir; Nassonova, Elena; Lilje, Osu; Gleason, Frank H. (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3975115">"Morphology, phylogeny, and ecology of the aphelids (Aphelidea, Opisthokonta) and proposal for the new superphylum Opisthosporidia"</a>. Frontiers in Microbiology. 5: 112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2014.00112">10.3389/fmicb.2014.00112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3975115">3975115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24734027">24734027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Morphology%2C+phylogeny%2C+and+ecology+of+the+aphelids+%28Aphelidea%2C+Opisthokonta%29+and+proposal+for+the+new+superphylum+Opisthosporidia&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3975115%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24734027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2014.00112&rft.aulast=Karpov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft.au=Mamkaeva%2C+Maria+A.&rft.au=Aleoshin%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Nassonova%2C+Elena&rft.au=Lilje%2C+Osu&rft.au=Gleason%2C+Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3975115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Provora-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Provora_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Provora_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Provora_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_V._Tikhonenkov,_Kirill_V._Mikhailov,_Ryan_M._R._Gawryluk,_Artem_O._Belyaev,_Varsha_Mathur,_Sergey_A._Karpov,_Dmitry_G._Zagumyonnyi,_Anastasia_S._Borodina,_Kristina_I._Prokina,_Alexander_P._Mylnikov,_Vladimir_V._Aleoshin_&_Patrick_J._Keeling2022" class="citation journal cs1">Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Kirill V. Mikhailov, Ryan M. R. Gawryluk, Artem O. Belyaev, Varsha Mathur, Sergey A. Karpov, Dmitry G. Zagumyonnyi, Anastasia S. Borodina, Kristina I. Prokina, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Vladimir V. Aleoshin & Patrick J. Keeling (7 December 2022). "Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes". <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 612: 714–719. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2FS41586-022-05511-5">10.1038/S41586-022-05511-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115933632" class="extiw" title="d:Q115933632">Q115933632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Microbial+predators+form+a+new+supergroup+of+eukaryotes&rft.volume=612&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E714-%3C%2Fspan%3E719&rft.date=2022-12-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2FS41586-022-05511-5&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft.au=Denis+V.+Tikhonenkov%2C+Kirill+V.+Mikhailov%2C+Ryan+M.+R.+Gawryluk%2C+Artem+O.+Belyaev%2C+Varsha+Mathur%2C+Sergey+A.+Karpov%2C+Dmitry+G.+Zagumyonnyi%2C+Anastasia+S.+Borodina%2C+Kristina+I.+Prokina%2C+Alexander+P.+Mylnikov%2C+Vladimir+V.+Aleoshin+%26+Patrick+J.+Keeling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Phagotrophic_heterokonts-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Phagotrophic_heterokonts_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Cavalier-SmithEma_E-Y_Chao2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a>; Ema E-Y Chao (April 2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Molecular_Evolution" title="Journal of Molecular Evolution">Journal of Molecular Evolution</a>. 62 (4): 388–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FS00239-004-0353-8">10.1007/S00239-004-0353-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2844">0022-2844</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16557340">16557340</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28303534" class="extiw" title="d:Q28303534">Q28303534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+megasystematics+of+phagotrophic+heterokonts+%28kingdom+Chromista%29&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E388-%3C%2Fspan%3E420&rft.date=2006-04&rft.issn=0022-2844&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16557340&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FS00239-004-0353-8&rft.au=Thomas+Cavalier-Smith&rft.au=Ema+E-Y+Chao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oomycetes-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Oomycetes_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThines2018" class="citation journal cs1">Thines M (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(18)30698-5">"Oomycetes"</a>. Current Biology. 28 (15): R812 – R813. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.05.062">10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Oomycetes&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER812+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER813%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.05.062&rft.aulast=Thines&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcurrent-biology%2Ffulltext%2FS0960-9822%2818%2930698-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Retaria-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Retaria_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT_Cavalier-Smith1999" class="citation journal cs1">T Cavalier-Smith (1999). "Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Eukaryotic_Microbiology" title="Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology">Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</a>. 46 (4): 347–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1550-7408.1999.TB04614.X">10.1111/J.1550-7408.1999.TB04614.X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1066-5234">1066-5234</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18092388">18092388</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28261633" class="extiw" title="d:Q28261633">Q28261633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Principles+of+protein+and+lipid+targeting+in+secondary+symbiogenesis%3A+euglenoid%2C+dinoflagellate%2C+and+sporozoan+plastid+origins+and+the+eukaryote+family+tree&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1066-5234&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18092388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2FJ.1550-7408.1999.TB04614.X&rft.au=T+Cavalier-Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telonemia-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telonemia_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telonemia_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalchian-TabriziEikremKlavenessVaulot2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shalchian-Tabrizi, K; Eikrem, W; Klaveness, D; Vaulot, D; Minge, M.A; Le Gall, F; Romari, K; Throndsen, J; Botnen, A; Massana, R; Thomsen, H.A; Jakobsen, K.S (28 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634789">"Telonemia, a new protist phylum with affinity to chromist lineages"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1595): 1833–1842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3515">10.1098/rspb.2006.3515</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634789">1634789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16790418">16790418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Telonemia%2C+a+new+protist+phylum+with+affinity+to+chromist+lineages&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=1595&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1833-%3C%2Fspan%3E1842&rft.date=2006-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634789%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16790418&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3515&rft.aulast=Shalchian-Tabrizi&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Eikrem%2C+W&rft.au=Klaveness%2C+D&rft.au=Vaulot%2C+D&rft.au=Minge%2C+M.A&rft.au=Le+Gall%2C+F&rft.au=Romari%2C+K&rft.au=Throndsen%2C+J&rft.au=Botnen%2C+A&rft.au=Massana%2C+R&rft.au=Thomsen%2C+H.A&rft.au=Jakobsen%2C+K.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arpakorses-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arpakorses_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arpakorses_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTikhonenkovJamyBorodinaBelyaev2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Jamy, Mahwash; Borodina, Anastasia S.; Belyaev, Artem O.; Zagumyonnyi, Dmitry G.; Prokina, Kristina I.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Burki, Fabien; Karpov, Sergey A. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8924772">"On the origin of TSAR: morphology, diversity and phylogeny of Telonemia"</a>. Open Biology. 12 (3). The Royal Society. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsob.210325">10.1098/rsob.210325</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2046-2441">2046-2441</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8924772">8924772</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35291881">35291881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Biology&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+TSAR%3A+morphology%2C+diversity+and+phylogeny+of+Telonemia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8924772%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2046-2441&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35291881&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsob.210325&rft.aulast=Tikhonenkov&rft.aufirst=Denis+V.&rft.au=Jamy%2C+Mahwash&rft.au=Borodina%2C+Anastasia+S.&rft.au=Belyaev%2C+Artem+O.&rft.au=Zagumyonnyi%2C+Dmitry+G.&rft.au=Prokina%2C+Kristina+I.&rft.au=Mylnikov%2C+Alexander+P.&rft.au=Burki%2C+Fabien&rft.au=Karpov%2C+Sergey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8924772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorliss1984" class="citation journal cs1">Corliss, John O. (1984). "The Kingdom Protista and its 45 Phyla". BioSystems. 17 (2): 87–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0303-2647%2884%2990003-0">10.1016/0303-2647(84)90003-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6395918">6395918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioSystems&rft.atitle=The+Kingdom+Protista+and+its+45+Phyla&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0303-2647%2884%2990003-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6395918&rft.aulast=Corliss&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LPSN_phyla-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_phyla_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LPSN_phyla_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuzébyParte_AC." class="citation web cs1">Euzéby JP, Parte AC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/text/names-of-phyla">"Names of phyla"</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature</a> (LPSN). Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Names+of+phyla&rft.pub=List+of+Prokaryotic+names+with+Standing+in+Nomenclature+%28LPSN%29&rft.aulast=Euz%C3%A9by&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Parte+AC.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flpsn.dsmz.de%2Ftext%2Fnames-of-phyla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhylum" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Phylum" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Phylum">Phylum</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Phylum" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Phylum">Phylum</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060622202444/http://www.pandasthumb.org/archives/2005/04/down_with_phyla_1.html">Are phyla "real"? Is there really a well-defined "number of animal phyla" extant and in the fossil record?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01.htm">Major Phyla Of Animals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716113027/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01.htm">Archived</a> 16 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxonomic_ranks19" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomic_ranks" title="Template:Taxonomic ranks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxonomic_ranks" title="Template talk:Taxonomic ranks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxonomic_ranks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxonomic ranks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taxonomic_ranks19" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">Taxonomic ranks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.75;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Realm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Subrealm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain/Superkingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Subkingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Infrakingdom/Branch</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superphylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Superdivision (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Division (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Subphylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Infraphylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Microphylum</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Superclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Infraclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subterclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Parvclass</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_(taxonomy)" title="Division (taxonomy)">Division (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(taxonomy)" title="Legion (taxonomy)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohort (taxonomy)">Cohort</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Magnorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Superorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Suborder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Infraorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Parvorder</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_(biology)" title="Section (biology)">Section (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">Superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">Subfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Infrafamily</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Supertribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtribe" title="Subtribe">Subtribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Infratribe</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">Subgenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">Section (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_(botany)" title="Series (botany)">Series (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">Subspecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">Variety (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">Form (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox389" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38348#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4182865-3">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phylum&oldid=1276750146">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phylum&oldid=1276750146</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phyla" title="Category:Phyla">Phyla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_divisions" title="Category:Plant divisions">Plant divisions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2013">Articles needing additional references from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 February 2025, at 14:42 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phylum&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Phylum</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 114 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-595dcdd986-ndr22","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.601","walltime":"1.988","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15829,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":273139,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5530,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":314371,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":17,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1755.136 1 -total"," 48.40% 849.512 2 Template:Reflist"," 23.51% 412.628 8 Template:Cite_Q"," 11.95% 209.682 31 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.19% 161.304 34 Template:Rp"," 8.67% 152.201 34 Template:R/superscript"," 7.20% 126.428 2 Template:Transl"," 6.51% 114.219 13 Template:Cite_book"," 4.99% 87.626 7 Template:Sfn"," 4.68% 82.082 6 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.050","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19671995,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdlBassLaneLukeš2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerg2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackwellPowell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggsFortey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudd1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuddJensen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCannonVellutiniSmithRonquist2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalier-Smith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalier-Smith2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavalier-Smith2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaseReveal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsValentine2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorliss1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrandall-StotlerStotler2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCronquistA._TakhtajanW._Zimmermann1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuzébyParte_AC.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelderCamp2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoissnerHawksworth2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaeckel1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHagen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanMorrisOuShu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeissWarringLukacsFavate2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbettBinderBischoffBlackwell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltIudica2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoltIudica2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltIudica2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpovMamkaevaAleoshinNassonova2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuCarlisleZhangYang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargulisChapman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMauseth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnaughey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeill2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaik1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawlowskiAudicAdlBass2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawlowskiMontoya-BurgosFahrniWüest1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouse2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuggieroGordonOrrellBailly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShalchian-TabriziEikremKlavenessVaulot2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShɨshkin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorKringsTaylor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThines2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTikhonenkovJamyBorodinaBelyaev2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVotýpkaModrýOborníkŠlapeta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangLiuGroenewald2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteJamesO\u0026#039;DonnellCafaro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyattWöstenDijksterhuis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Biological classification\"] = 1,\n [\"Br\"] = 10,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Life on Earth\"] = 1,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nts\"] = 63,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plural form\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 34,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 5,\n [\"Taxonomic ranks\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Jan Janouškovec\n2 2 Denis Tikhonenkov\n3 3 Fabien Burki\n4 4 Alexis T Howe\n5 5 Martin Kolísko\n6 6 Alexander P Mylnikov\n7 7 Patrick John Keeling\n1 1 Michael D. Guiry\n1 1 T Cavalier-Smith\n1 1 W Foissner\n2 2 H Blatterer\n3 3 I Foissner\n1 1 Gordon Lax\n2 2 Yana Eglit\n3 3 Laura Eme\n4 4 Erin M Bertrand\n5 5 Andrew J Roger\n6 6 Alastair G B Simpson\n1 1 Denis V. Tikhonenkov, Kirill V. Mikhailov, Ryan M. R. Gawryluk, Artem O. Belyaev, Varsha Mathur, Sergey A. Karpov, Dmitry G. Zagumyonnyi, Anastasia S. Borodina, Kristina I. Prokina, Alexander P. Mylnikov, Vladimir V. Aleoshin \u0026 Patrick J. Keeling\n1 1 Thomas Cavalier-Smith\n2 2 Ema E-Y Chao\n1 1 T Cavalier-Smith\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","18.2"],["?","120","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","120","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","60","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","5.5"],["is_scheme \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:88\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.6"],["[others]","300","27.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-595dcdd986-qc7jh","timestamp":"20250220164132","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Phylum","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phylum","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38348","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38348","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-13T18:16:59Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T14:42:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a5\/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg","headline":"main taxonomic rank (under the rank kingdom)"}</script> </body> </html>