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position: absolute; left: 15px; top: 12px; } } /* Style the buttons that are used to open and close the accordion panel */ #mobile-menu button.accordion, #mobile-menu button.no-accordion { letter-spacing: 1px; text-align: left; color: #4148C2; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight: 700 !important; font-family: 'lato', helvetica, sans-serif; padding: 15px 0px 15px 0px; border-top: none !important; border-bottom: .5px solid rgb(221, 213, 199) !important; cursor: pointer; width: 100%; } .mega-menu__content .accordion { border: 0; font-weight: 700; } #mobile-menu .accordion:after { content: '\02795'; /* Unicode character for "plus" sign (+) */ font-size: 13px; color: #777; float: right; margin-left: 5px; } #mobile-menu button.active:after { content: "\2796"; /* Unicode character for "minus" sign (-) */ } /* Add a background color to the button if it is clicked on (add the .active class with JS), and when you move the mouse over it (hover) */ #mobile-menu button.active, #mobile-menu button.accordion:hover { background-color: transparent; } /* Style the accordion panel. Note: hidden by default */ #mobile-menu .panel { padding: 0 0; background-color: transparent; max-height: 0; box-shadow: 0 !important; overflow: hidden; transition: max-height 0.2s ease-out; margin: 0px !important; border: 0 !important; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li { margin: 0px 0px; padding-left: 0px; } #mobile-menu .panel ul { margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li { line-height: 2; } #mobile-menu .panel ul li a { color: #000; text-decoration: underline; cursor: pointer; } .controls__menu-mobile { text-transform: uppercase; } .controls__menu-mobile svg { fill: #222; fill: var(--color-neutral--charcoal); width: 1.75rem; height: 1.75rem; } .cart-badge { display: inline-block; text-align: center; line-height: 1; background: #7899F2; color: white; font-weight: bold; border-radius: 20px; padding: 3px 6px; margin-left: 3px; } @media screen and (min-width: 65em) { #mobile-menu .controls__menu { display: inline; } } @media screen and (max-width: 65em) { #mobile-menu .controls__menu svg { display: inline; } } /*NAP mega menu dropdown*/ li.nap-mega-menu.mega-dropdown { position: static !important; width:100% !important; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu { padding: 20px 0px; box-shadow: none; -webkit-box-shadow: none; margin-top: 10px !important; box-shadow: 0 5px 15px var(--box-shadow--charcoal); transform: none !important; top: 100% !important; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul.browse-col { padding: 0; margin: 0; width: 100%; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul > li { list-style: none; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li > ul > li > a { display: block; padding: 3px 20px; clear: both; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.428571429; color: #4148C2; white-space: normal; font-size: 14px; text-transform: none; } .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li ul > li > a:hover, .nap-mega-menu .mega-dropdown-menu > li ul > li > a:focus { text-decoration: none; color: #444; background-color: #f5f5f5; } 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This chapter discusses the actual scope of the impact of these advancements -- not only on the test community but also on the requirements processes and DAF culture.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=79');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 80...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">Space Force Operational Test Agency (OTA) , the DAF CDAO, and operational air, intelligence, C2, space, and cyber units.1 This process should in clude assessing what broader DAF-wide organizational and governance changes are needed to reflect the differences between AI T&E and T&E for all other Air Force systems and capabilities.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=80');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 81...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">also recently established a digital transformation office (DTO) within AFMC; the AFMC commander used this similar approach to rectify the shortfall in implementing an effective digital strategy in the Air Force.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=81');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 82...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">At the same time, while overall model performance is expected to improve over time as more operational data are ingested, absorption of more data could also lead to significant reductions in performance if the new data are corrupted or poisoned or the AI model is subject to other forms of adversarial attacks (see Chapter 5)</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=82');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 83...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">3. It also notes that "Programs executing the software acquisition pathway will not be treated as major defense acquisition programs," p.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=83');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 84...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">Still, all short-term solutions will continue to evolve over time through an itera tive, interactive process as air force end-users and personnel within responsible test organizations gain more experience with writing AI-centric T&E require ments and with AI T&E processes and practices and as AI T&E becomes more automated and test results become more explainable. The committee echoes the NSCAI's recommendation to the military services to "establish a TEVV framework and culture that integrates testing as a continuous part of requirements specifica tion, development, deployment, training, and maintenance and includes run-time monitoring of operational behavior."8 Section 255 of the FY2020 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA)</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=84');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 85...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext"> 11 DoDI 5000.89 requires a test strategy when using the software acquisition pathway, and notes that this pathway "focuses on modern iterative software development techniques such as agile, lean, and development security operations, which promise faster delivery of working code to the user. The goal of this software acquisition pathway is to achieve continuous integration and continuous delivery to the maximum extent possible" (p.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=85');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 86...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">Members of Project Maven "translated" esoteric T&E metrics into terms that were most relevant to operational end-users. Because formal requirements had not been established for AI model performance, once the Maven team had completed data quality assurance, T&E on each model, integration testing in the Maven Integration Lab, and live-fly testing, user acceptance of each trained model and follow-on updates to those fielded models, was based primarily on an agreement between the Maven team and operational users that the models had demonstrated adequate performance under operational conditions (as compared to the baseline performance achieved with existing, non-AI systems)</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=86');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 87...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">, and DAF CDAO, should be to establish "a process for writing testable and verifiable AI requirement specifications that characterize realistic operational performance," and to provide "testing methodologies and metrics that enable evaluation of these requirements -- including principles of ethical and responsible AI, trustworthiness, robustness, and adversarial resilience."15 As noted above, the iterative and interactive dialogue between end-users, testers, and the broader AI community will help operators and testers agree on request for proposal/request for information (RFP/RFI) and contract language, help endusers understand how AI performance will be assessed by testers, and help testers develop appropriate test metrics and performance measures.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=87');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 88...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">When the committee refers to requirements, it includes the need for DAF wide investments in enabling capabilities that support AI T&E at enterprise scale. Because of AI's unique characteristics and the uncertainties associated with AI performance in operational environments, the committee recommends that the DAF prioritize investments for digital modernization of the DAF test enterprise and for implementing an enterprise-level T&E architecture, enabled to the maximum extent possible by the OSD CDAO,16 OSD DOT&E, OSD DASD(DT&E)</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=88');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 89...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">and PEOs, should provide standardized contract options to address the need for TQD and machine-readable data, along with options for intellectual property (IP) protections and ownership of data rights and licenses for both commercial vendors and government entities.19 Finally, one of the primary duties of the DAF AI T&E champion would be to formally adopt and promulgate DAF-wide guidance, such as the February 2022 DAF-MIT AI Accelerator Artificial Intelligence Acquisition Guidebook.20 As noted previously, the committee expects DAF leaders to substantially underestimate the level of investments required to implement digital modernization of 18 While there are many definitions, a digital twin is generally defined as a digital representation of a physical object or system that can be used to simulate its real-world behavior and characteristics.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=89');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 90...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">Adversarial attacks will occur at 21 One notable exception is the Air Force Ground-Based Strategic Deterrence "Sentinel" program, which has incorporated digital modernization principles, to include the use of digital twins, since program inception.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=90');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 91...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">These teams can help develop and update defenses against adversarial attacks while also supporting the development of offensive adversarial attack techniques -- much in the same way that "red air" has played an indispensable role in improving the effectiveness of DAF over the past 40 years, or in how cyber "white hat" and red teams have been honing the skills of the DAF cyber defenders and attackers over the past decade. Red teams represent a critical component of AI test design and the overarching requirements process.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=91');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 92...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">The DAF does not have the modeling and simulation architectures, synthetic environments, digital twins, or computational power needed to support developing, testing and sustaining advanced AI-enabled systems. These deficiencies, 23 As noted by the 96 OG/CC, because Eglin AFB is a designated Major Range and Test Facility Base (MRTFB)</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=92');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 93...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">The committee recommends storing and protecting data at all levels of classification within the purview of zero-trust network architecture and accounting for data privacy when systems are trained on sensitive data. Recommendation 4-5: Building off the 2020 DoD Data Strategy, the Depart ment of the Air Force should update and promulgate its data vision, strategy, and metrics-based implementation plan to explicitly recognize data as a "first-class citizen." These documents should include plans for the following: • Prioritizing investments in computation and storage resources and infrastructure to support artificial intelligence (AI)</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=93');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 94...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">Attempting to drive systemic changes across the test community without fully understanding the nature and magnitude of the change required or failing to com municate the rationale for change throughout the entire community can cause irreversible harm to the existing culture while simultaneously preventing leaders and organizations from forging and sustaining a culture that can endure for the foreseeable future. For these reasons, it is critical to identify specific aspects of the DAF test enterprise culture that need to be changed and why.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=94');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 95...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">The committee recommends that DAF leaders communicate immediately to the Air and Space Forces both the importance of AI T&E and their commitment to establishing a culture unique to AI T&E through the right combination of people, processes, and technology. At the same time, they should emphasize the value of preserving the successful elements of the current DAF test community culture.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=95');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 96...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">, AFRL, and AIA.25 Furthermore, the AFTC AI T&E curriculum should be developed by personnel with substantial AI and AI T&E experience, not only from within the DAF but also, as appropriate, from industry and academia. The committee expects the test community will achieve better results this way rather than relying primarily on retraining AFTC, AFOTEC, or USAFWC test personnel on AI principles and AI T&E processes, practices, and procedures.26 The committee recommends that the DAF assess the utility of using the law school analogy for building a cadre of AI T&E personnel across the test enterprise.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=96');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 97...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">DAU is pivoting from a "one-size-fits-all" certification framework to a component and workforce-centric, tailorable, continuous learning construct.31 The DoD 27 The committee suggests the AI T&E champion, in coordination with the AFTC, AFOTEC, USAFWC, DAF CDAO, AFMC Digital Transformation Office (DTO) , and DAF Chief Experience Officer (CXO)</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=97');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 98...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">In particular, the DAF and the DAF AI champion should: • Provide AI education, training, and, where applicable, certifications to all personnel, from general officers and senior civilian executives to entry-level personnel • Institute career-long tracking and management of personnel with specific AI and AI T&E skills • Place core AI T&E training under the Air Force Test Center • Take advantage of existing AI-related education and training initiatives One of the most important first steps is to survey the entire DAF workforce to determine as accurately as possible the current baseline of AI and AI T&E skills that exist in the DAF today. The committee heard the resounding message from several speakers that such a baseline does not exist -- not for general AI skills or </font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=98');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 99...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">However, in the near term, the DAF AI T&E champion, supported by DAF senior leaders, should use the survey results described above to coordinate across the entire DAF to help rebalance the test force by shifting people with needed expertise into the test enterprise. At the same time, DAF test leaders should solicit volunteers from within the test community to be trained specifically on AI T&E.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=99');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 100...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">and AI testing and eval uation (T&E) skills across the DAF, develop and maintain a tiered approach 34 The "National Security Commission on AI Final Report" includes several recommendations along these lines, to include the establish a new digital service academy and civilian national reserve to grow tech talent.</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=100');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr><tr bgcolor=white><td valign=top><div class=fromblock>From page 101...</div><div class=foundblock>... <font class="btext">, and the AI education parts of Recommendation 4-6 would be implemented. Having established the current baseline of AI and AI T&E skills across the DAF, this would also be the time frame where the DAF should develop a tiered approach to AI and AI T&E education and rebalance the test force by shifting people with needed expertise into the test enterprise (Recommendation 4-7)</font> </div><div class=seepage><a href="javascript:poe('http://nap.nationalacademies.org/openbook.php?record_id=27092&page=101');">Read the entire page → </a></div></td></tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-3 col-md-2 pull-right termlist"> <p class="small">Key Terms</p> <li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_daf_test();">daf test</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_test_enterprise();">test enterprise</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_test_community();">test community</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_daf_leaders();">daf leaders</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_software_acquisition();">software acquisition</a></li><div class=ider><br></div> <li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_red_teams();">red teams</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_daf_cdao();">daf cdao</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_security_commission();">security commission</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_adversarial_attacks();">adversarial attacks</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_air_university();">air university</a></li><div class=ider><br></div> <li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_digital_modernization();">digital modernization</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_acquisition_pathway();">acquisition pathway</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_culture_change();">culture change</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_space_forces();">space forces</a></li><li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_failure_modes();">failure modes</a></li><div class=ider><br></div> <li class="xy"><a href="javascript:x_osd_cdao();">osd cdao</a></li><li class="xy"><a 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