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<meta name="description" content="Search results for: coke"> <meta name="keywords" content="coke"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="coke"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 64</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: coke</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">64</span> Influence of MgO Physically Mixed with Tungsten Oxide Supported Silica Catalyst on Coke Formation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thidaya%20Thitiapichart">Thidaya Thitiapichart</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of additional magnesium oxide (MgO) was investigated by using the tungsten oxide supported on silica catalyst (WOx/SiO2) physically mixed with MgO in a weight ratio 1:1. The both fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by FT-Raman spectrometer, UV-Vis spectrometer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and temperature programmed oxidation (TPO). The results indicated that the additional MgO could enhance the conversion of trans-2-butene due to isomerization reaction. However, adding MgO would increase the amount of coke deposit on the WOx/SiO2 catalyst. The TPO profile presents two peaks when the WOx/SiO2 catalyst was physically mixed with MgO. The further peak was suggested to be coming from the coke precursor that could be produced by isomerization reaction of the undesired product. Then, the occurred coke precursor could deposit and form coke on the acid catalyst. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke%20formation" title="coke formation">coke formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metathesis" title=" metathesis"> metathesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnesium%20oxide" title=" magnesium oxide"> magnesium oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physically%20mix" title=" physically mix "> physically mix </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25495/influence-of-mgo-physically-mixed-with-tungsten-oxide-supported-silica-catalyst-on-coke-formation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25495.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">248</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">63</span> Unsteady Simulation of Burning Off Carbon Deposition in a Coke Oven</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uzu-Kuei%20Hsu">Uzu-Kuei Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keh-Chin%20Chang"> Keh-Chin Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joo-Guan%20Hang"> Joo-Guan Hang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chang-Hsien%20Tai"> Chang-Hsien Tai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carbon Deposits are often occurred inside the industrial coke oven during the coking process. Accumulation of carbon deposits may cause a big issue, which seriously influences the coking operation. The carbon is burning off by injecting fresh air through pipes into coke oven which is an efficient way practically operated in industries. The burning off carbon deposition in coke oven performed by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method has provided an evaluation of the feasibility study. A three-dimensional, transient, turbulent reacting flow simulation has performed with three different injecting air flow rate and another kind of injecting configuration. The result shows that injection higher air flow rate would effectively reduce the carbon deposits. In the meantime, the opened charging holes would suck extra oxygen from the atmosphere to participate in reactions. In term of coke oven operating limits, the wall temperatures are monitored to prevent over-heating of the adiabatic walls during the burn-off process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke%20oven" title="coke oven">coke oven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burning%20off" title=" burning off"> burning off</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20deposits" title=" carbon deposits"> carbon deposits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20combustion" title=" carbon combustion"> carbon combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19052/unsteady-simulation-of-burning-off-carbon-deposition-in-a-coke-oven" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19052.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">692</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">62</span> The Experimental Study on Reducing and Carbonizing Titanium-Containing Slag by Iron-Containing Coke</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yadong%20Liu">Yadong Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The experimental study on reduction carbonization of coke containing iron respectively with the particle size of <0.3mm, 0.3-0.6mm and 0.6-0.9mm and synthetic sea sand ore smelting reduction titanium-bearing slag as material were studied under the conditions of holding 6h at most at 1500℃. The effects of coke containing iron particle size and heat preservation time on the formation of TiC and the size of TiC crystal were studied by XRD, SEM and EDS. The results show that it is not good for the formation, concentration and growth of TiC crystal when the particle size of coke containing iron is too small or too large. The suitable particle size is 0.3~0.6mm. The heat preservation time of 2h basically ensures that all the component TiO2 in the slag are reduced and carbonized and converted to TiC. The size of TiC crystal will increase with the prolongation of heat preservation time. The thickness of the TiC layer can reach 20μm when the heat preservation time is 6h. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke%20containing%20iron" title="coke containing iron">coke containing iron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formation%20and%20concentration%20and%20growth%20of%20TiC" title=" formation and concentration and growth of TiC"> formation and concentration and growth of TiC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduction%20and%20carbonization" title=" reduction and carbonization"> reduction and carbonization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium-bearing%20slag" title=" titanium-bearing slag"> titanium-bearing slag</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105177/the-experimental-study-on-reducing-and-carbonizing-titanium-containing-slag-by-iron-containing-coke" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105177.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">61</span> Effect of Minerals in Middlings on the Reactivity of Gasification-Coke by Blending a Large Proportion of Long Flame Coal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianjun%20Wu">Jianjun Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fanhui%20Guo"> Fanhui Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yixin%20Zhang"> Yixin Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, gasification-coke were produced by blending the middlings (MC), and coking coal (CC) and a large proportion of long flame coal (Shenfu coal, SC), the effects of blending ratio were investigated. Mineral evolution and crystalline order obtained by XRD methods were reproduced within reasonable accuracy. Structure characteristics of partially gasification-coke such as surface area and porosity were determined using the N₂ adsorption and mercury porosimetry. Experimental data of gasification-coke was dominated by the TGA results provided trend, reactivity differences between gasification-cokes are discussed in terms of structure characteristic, crystallinity, and alkali index (AI). The first-order reaction equation was suitable for the gasification reaction kinetics of CO₂ atmosphere which was represented by the volumetric reaction model with linear correlation coefficient above 0.985. The differences in the microporous structure of gasification-coke and catalysis caused by the minerals in parent coals were supposed to be the main factors which affect its reactivity. The addition of MC made the samples enriched with a large amount of ash causing a higher surface area and a lower crystalline order to gasification-coke which was beneficial to gasification reaction. The higher SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ contents, causing a decreasing AI value and increasing activation energy, which reduced the gasification reaction activity. It was found that the increasing amount of MC got a better performance on the coke gasification reactivity by blending > 30% SC with this coking process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-rank%20coal" title="low-rank coal">low-rank coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=middlings" title=" middlings"> middlings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure%20characteristic" title=" structure characteristic"> structure characteristic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral%20evolution" title=" mineral evolution"> mineral evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkali%20index" title=" alkali index"> alkali index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasification-coke" title=" gasification-coke"> gasification-coke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasification%20kinetics" title=" gasification kinetics"> gasification kinetics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100113/effect-of-minerals-in-middlings-on-the-reactivity-of-gasification-coke-by-blending-a-large-proportion-of-long-flame-coal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100113.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">60</span> Low NOx Combustion of Pulverized Petroleum Cokes </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim">Sewon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjun%20Kwon"> Minjun Kwon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee"> Changyeop Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is aimed to study combustion characteristics of low NOx burner using petroleum cokes as fuel. The petroleum coke, which is produced through the oil refining process, is an attractive fuel in terms of its high heating value and low price. But petroleum coke is a challenging fuel because of its low volatile content, high sulfur and nitrogen content, which give rise to undesirable emission characteristics and low ignitability. Therefore, the research and development regarding the petroleum coke burner is needed for applying this industrial system. In this study, combustion and emission characteristics of petroleum cokes burner are experimentally investigated in an industrial steam boiler. The low NOx burner is designed to control fuel and air mixing to achieve staged combustion, which, in turn reduces both flame temperature and oxygen. Air distribution ratio of triple staged air are optimized experimentally. The result showed that NOx concentration is lowest when overfire air is used, and the burner function at a fuel rich condition. That is, the burner is operated at the equivalence ratio of 1.67 and overall equivalence ratio including overfire air is kept 0.87. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20cokes" title="petroleum cokes">petroleum cokes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20NOx" title=" low NOx"> low NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivalence%20ratio" title=" equivalence ratio"> equivalence ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29236/low-nox-combustion-of-pulverized-petroleum-cokes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29236.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">623</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">59</span> Synthesis and Characterization of Green Coke-Derived Activated Carbon by KOH Activation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard">Richard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iyan%20Subiyanto"> Iyan Subiyanto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chairul%20Hudaya"> Chairul Hudaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Activated carbon has been playing a significant role for many applications, especially in energy storage devices. However, commercially activated carbons generally require complicated processes and high production costs. Therefore, in this study, an activated carbon originating from green coke waste, that is economically affordable will be used as a carbon source. To synthesize activated carbon, KOH as an activator was employed with variation of C:KOH in ratio of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5, respectively, with an activation temperature of 700°C. The characterizations of activated carbon are obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-Ray, Raman Spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. The optimal activated carbon sample with specific surface area of 2,024 m²/g with high carbon content ( > 80%) supported by the high porosity carbon image obtained by SEM was prepared at C:KOH ratio of 1:4. The result shows that the synthesized activated carbon would be an ideal choice for energy storage device applications. Therefore, this study is expected to reduce the costs of activated carbon production by expanding the utilization of petroleum waste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title="activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20storage%20material" title=" energy storage material"> energy storage material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20coke" title=" green coke"> green coke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20surface%20area" title=" specific surface area"> specific surface area</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126533/synthesis-and-characterization-of-green-coke-derived-activated-carbon-by-koh-activation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126533.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">58</span> Achieving Process Stability through Automation and Process Optimization at H Blast Furnace Tata Steel, Jamshedpur</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krishnendu%20Mukhopadhyay">Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhashis%20Kundu"> Subhashis Kundu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mayank%20Tiwari"> Mayank Tiwari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sameeran%20Pani"> Sameeran Pani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Padmapal"> Padmapal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uttam%20Singh"> Uttam Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Blast Furnace is a counter current process where burden descends from top and hot gases ascend from bottom and chemically reduce iron oxides into liquid hot metal. One of the major problems of blast furnace operation is the erratic burden descent inside furnace. Sometimes this problem is so acute that burden descent stops resulting in Hanging and instability of the furnace. This problem is very frequent in blast furnaces worldwide and results in huge production losses. This situation becomes more adverse when blast furnaces are operated at low coke rate and high coal injection rate with adverse raw materials like high alumina ore and high coke ash. For last three years, H-Blast Furnace Tata Steel was able to reduce coke rate from 450 kg/thm to 350 kg/thm with an increase in coal injection to 200 kg/thm which are close to world benchmarks and expand profitability. To sustain this regime, elimination of irregularities of blast furnace like hanging, channeling, and scaffolding is very essential. In this paper, sustaining of zero hanging spell for consecutive three years with low coke rate operation by improvement in burden characteristics, burden distribution, changes in slag regime, casting practices and adequate automation of the furnace operation has been illustrated. Models have been created to comprehend and upgrade the blast furnace process understanding. A model has been developed to predict the process of maintaining slag viscosity in desired range to attain proper burden permeability. A channeling prediction model has also been developed to understand channeling symptoms so that early actions can be initiated. The models have helped to a great extent in standardizing the control decisions of operators at H-Blast Furnace of Tata Steel, Jamshedpur and thus achieving process stability for last three years. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hanging" title="hanging">hanging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=channelling" title=" channelling"> channelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20furnace" title=" blast furnace"> blast furnace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke" title=" coke"> coke</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74931/achieving-process-stability-through-automation-and-process-optimization-at-h-blast-furnace-tata-steel-jamshedpur" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74931.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">57</span> Evaluation of Automated Analyzers of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Black Carbon in a Coke Oven Plant by Comparison with Analytical Methods </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Angiuli">L. Angiuli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Trizio"> L. Trizio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Giua"> R. Giua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Digilio"> A. Digilio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Tutino"> M. Tutino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Dambruoso"> P. Dambruoso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Mazzone"> F. Mazzone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20M.%20Placentino"> C. M. Placentino</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the winter of 2014 a series of measurements were performed to evaluate the behavior of real-time PAHs and black carbon analyzers in a coke oven plant located in Taranto, a city of Southern Italy. Data were collected both insides than outside the plant, at air quality monitoring sites. Contemporary measures of PM2.5 and PM1 were performed. Particle-bound PAHs were measured by two methods: (1) aerosol photoionization using an Ecochem PAS 2000 analyzer, (2) PM2.5 and PM1 quartz filter collection and analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Black carbon was determined both in real-time by Magee Aethalometer AE22 analyzer than by semi-continuous Sunset Lab EC/OC instrument. Detected PM2.5 and PM1 levels were higher inside than outside the plant while PAHs real-time values were higher outside than inside. As regards PAHs, inside the plant Ecochem PAS 2000 revealed concentrations not significantly different from those determined on the filter during low polluted days, but at increasing concentrations the automated instrument underestimated PAHs levels. At the external site, Ecochem PAS 2000 real-time concentrations were steadily higher than those on the filter. In the same way, real-time black carbon values were constantly lower than EC concentrations obtained by Sunset EC/OC in the inner site, while outside the plant real-time values were comparable to Sunset EC values. Results showed that in a coke plant real-time analyzers of PAHs and black carbon in the factory configuration provide qualitative information, with no accuracy and leading to the underestimation of the concentration. A site specific calibration is needed for these instruments before their installation in high polluted sites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black%20carbon" title="black carbon">black carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke%20oven%20plant" title=" coke oven plant"> coke oven plant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAH" title=" PAH"> PAH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PAS" title=" PAS"> PAS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aethalometer" title=" aethalometer"> aethalometer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36659/evaluation-of-automated-analyzers-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-and-black-carbon-in-a-coke-oven-plant-by-comparison-with-analytical-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36659.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">56</span> Reduction Conditions of Briquetted Solid Wastes Generated by the Integrated Iron and Steel Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%B6khan%20Polat">Gökhan Polat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dicle%20Kocao%C4%9Flu%20Y%C4%B1lmazer"> Dicle Kocaoğlu Yılmazer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhlis%20Nezihi%20Sar%C4%B1dede"> Muhlis Nezihi Sarıdede</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Iron oxides are the main input to produce iron in integrated iron and steel plants. During production of iron from iron oxides, some wastes with high iron content occur. These main wastes can be classified as basic oxygen furnace (BOF) sludge, flue dust and rolling scale. Recycling of these wastes has a great importance for both environmental effects and reduction of production costs. In this study, recycling experiments were performed on basic oxygen furnace sludge, flue dust and rolling scale which contain 53.8%, 54.3% and 70.2% iron respectively. These wastes were mixed together with coke as reducer and these mixtures are pressed to obtain cylindrical briquettes. These briquettes were pressed under various compacting forces from 1 ton to 6 tons. Also, both stoichiometric and twice the stoichiometric cokes were added to investigate effect of coke amount on reduction properties of the waste mixtures. Then, these briquettes were reduced at 1000°C and 1100°C during 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min in a muffle furnace. According to the results of reduction experiments, the effect of compacting force, temperature and time on reduction ratio of the wastes were determined. It is found that 1 ton compacting force, 150 min reduction time and 1100°C are the optimum conditions to obtain reduction ratio higher than 75%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Coke" title="Coke">Coke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iron%20oxide%20wastes" title=" iron oxide wastes"> iron oxide wastes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduction" title=" reduction"> reduction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47134/reduction-conditions-of-briquetted-solid-wastes-generated-by-the-integrated-iron-and-steel-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47134.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">340</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">55</span> Comparative Numerical Simulations of Reaction-Coupled Annular and Free-Bubbling Fluidized Beds Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adefarati%20Oloruntoba">Adefarati Oloruntoba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongmin%20Zhang"> Yongmin Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hongliang%20Xiao"> Hongliang Xiao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An annular fluidized bed (AFB) is gaining extensive application in the process industry due to its efficient gas-solids contacting. But a direct evaluation of its reaction performance is still lacking. In this paper, comparative 3D Euler–Lagrange multiphase-particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) computations are performed to assess the reaction performance of AFB relative to a bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) in an FCC regeneration process. By using the energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) drag model with a suitable heterogeneity index, the MP-PIC simulation predicts the typical fountain region in AFB and solids holdup of BFB, which is consistent with an experiment. Coke combustion rate, flue gas and temperature profile are utilized as the performance indicators, while related bed hydrodynamics are explored to account for the different performance under varying superficial gas velocities (0.5 m/s, 0.6 m/s, and 0.7 m/s). Simulation results indicate that the burning rates of coke and its species are relatively the same in both beds, albeit marginal increase in BFB. Similarly, the shape and evolution time of flue gas (CO, CO₂, H₂O and O₂) curves are indistinguishable but match the coke combustion rates. However, AFB has high proclivity to high temperature-gradient as higher gas and solids temperatures are predicted in the freeboard. Moreover, for both beds, the effect of superficial gas velocity is only conspicuous on the temperature but negligible on combustion efficiency and effluent gas emissions due to constant gas volumetric flow rate and bed loading criteria. Cross-flow of solids from the annulus to the spout region as well as the high primary gas in the AFB directly assume the underlying mechanisms for its unique gas-solids hydrodynamics (pressure, solids holdup, velocity, mass flux) and local spatial homogeneity, which in turn influence the reactor performance. Overall, the study portrays AFB as a cheap alternative reactor to BFB for catalyst regeneration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=annular%20fluidized%20bed" title="annular fluidized bed">annular fluidized bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bubbling%20fluidized%20bed" title=" bubbling fluidized bed"> bubbling fluidized bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke%20combustion" title=" coke combustion"> coke combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flue%20gas" title=" flue gas"> flue gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fountaining" title=" fountaining"> fountaining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MP-PIC" title=" MP-PIC"> MP-PIC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrodynamics" title=" hydrodynamics"> hydrodynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FCC%20regeneration" title=" FCC regeneration"> FCC regeneration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142716/comparative-numerical-simulations-of-reaction-coupled-annular-and-free-bubbling-fluidized-beds-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142716.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">54</span> Propylene Self-Metathesis to Ethylene and Butene over WOx/SiO2, Effect of Nano-Sized Extra Supports (SiO2 and TiO2)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adisak%20Guntida">Adisak Guntida</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Propylene self-metathesis to ethylene and butene was studied over WOx/SiO2 catalysts at 450 °C and atmospheric pressure. The WOx/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation of ammonium metatungstate aqueous solution. It was found that, adding nano-sized extra supports (SiO2 and TiO2) by physical mixing with the WOx/SiO2 enhanced propylene conversion. The UV-Vis and FT-Raman results revealed that WOx could migrate from the original silica support to the extra support, leading to a better dispersion of WOx. The ICP-OES results also indicate that WOx existed on the extra support. Coke formation was investigated on the catalysts after 10 h time-on-stream by TPO. However, adding nano-sized extra supports led to higher coke formation which may be related to acidity as characterized by NH3-TPD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extra%20support" title="extra support">extra support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanomaterial" title=" nanomaterial"> nanomaterial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propylene%20self-metathesis" title=" propylene self-metathesis"> propylene self-metathesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tungsten%20oxide" title=" tungsten oxide"> tungsten oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25494/propylene-self-metathesis-to-ethylene-and-butene-over-woxsio2-effect-of-nano-sized-extra-supports-sio2-and-tio2" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25494.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">53</span> Recycling, Reuse and Reintegration of Steel Plant Fines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20K.%20Agrawal">R. K. Agrawal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiv%20Agrawal"> Shiv Agrawal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fines and micro create fundamental problems of respiration. From mines to mills steel plants generate lot of pollutants. Legislation & Government laws are stricter day by day & each plant has to think of recycling, reuse &reintegration of pollutants generated during the process of steel making. This paper deals with experiments conducted in Bhilai Steel Plant and Real Ispat and Power Limited for reuse, recycle & reintegrate some of the steel making process fines. Iron ore fines with binders have been agglomerated to be used as a part of the charge for small furnaces. This will improve yield at nominal cost. Rolling mill fines have been recycled to increase the yield of sinter making. This will solve the problems of fine disposal. Huge saving on account of recycling will be achieved. Lime fines after briquetting is used along with prime lime. Lime fines have also been used as a binding material during production of fly ash bricks. These fines serve as low-cost binder. Experiments have been conducted along with coke breeze & gas cleaning plant sludge. As a result, the anti-sloping compound has been developed for converter vessels. Dolo char and Char during Sponge Iron production have been successfully used in power generation and brick making. Pellets have been made with ventilation dust & flue dust. These samples have been tried as a coolant in the converter. Pellets have been made with Sinter Plant electrostatic precipitator micro fines with liquid binder. Trials have been conducted to reuse these pellets in sinter making. Coke breeze from coke-ovens fines and mill scale along with binders were agglomerated. This was used in furnace after attaining required screening and reactivity index. These actions will definitely bring social, economic and environment-friendly universe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=briquette" title="briquette">briquette</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dolo%20char" title=" dolo char"> dolo char</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrostatic%20precipitator" title=" electrostatic precipitator"> electrostatic precipitator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pellet" title=" pellet"> pellet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sinter" title=" sinter"> sinter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87526/recycling-reuse-and-reintegration-of-steel-plant-fines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">52</span> Numerical Study on the Performance of Upgraded Victorian Brown Coal in an Ironmaking Blast Furnace</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junhai%20Liao">Junhai Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yansong%20Shen"> Yansong Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aibing%20Yu"> Aibing Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 3D numerical model is developed to simulate the complicated in-furnace combustion phenomena in the lower part of an ironmaking blast furnace (BF) while using pulverized coal injection (PCI) technology to reduce the consumption of relatively expensive coke. The computational domain covers blowpipe-tuyere-raceway-coke bed in the BF. The model is validated against experimental data in terms of gaseous compositions and coal burnout. Parameters, such as coal properties and some key operational variables, play an important role on the performance of coal combustion. Their diverse effects on different combustion characteristics are examined in the domain, in terms of gas compositions, temperature, and burnout. The heat generated by the combustion of upgraded Victorian brown coal is able to meet the heating requirement of a BF, hence making upgraded brown coal injected into BF possible. It is evidenced that the model is suitable to investigate the mechanism of the PCI operation in a BF. Prediction results provide scientific insights to optimize and control of the PCI operation. This model cuts the cost to investigate and understand the comprehensive combustion phenomena of upgraded Victorian brown coal in a full-scale BF. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20furnace" title="blast furnace">blast furnace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20study" title=" numerical study"> numerical study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulverized%20coal%20injection" title=" pulverized coal injection"> pulverized coal injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal" title=" Victorian brown coal"> Victorian brown coal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72804/numerical-study-on-the-performance-of-upgraded-victorian-brown-coal-in-an-ironmaking-blast-furnace" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">51</span> Catalytic Conversion of Methane into Benzene over CZO Promoted Mo/HZSM-5 for Methane Dehydroaromatization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepti%20Mishra">Deepti Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arindam%20Modak"> Arindam Modak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20K.%20Pant"> K. K. Pant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiu%20Song%20Zhao"> Xiu Song Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The promotional effect of mixed ceria-zirconia oxides (CZO) over the Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst for methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) reaction was studied. The surface and structural properties of the synthesized catalyst were characterized using a range of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, and the correlation between catalytic properties and its performance for MDA reaction is discussed. The impregnation of CZO solid solution on Mo/HZSM-5 was observed to give an excellent catalytic performance and improved benzene formation rate (4.5 μmol/gcat. s) as compared to the conventional Mo/HZSM-5 (3.1 μmol/gcat. s) catalyst. In addition, a significant reduction in coke formation was observed in the CZO-modified Mo/HZSM-5 catalyst. The prevailing comprehension for higher catalytic activity could be because of the redox properties of CZO deposited Mo/HZSM-5, which acts as a selective oxygen supplier and performs hydrogen combustion during the reaction, which is indirectly probed by O₂-TPD and H₂-TPR analysis. The selective hydrogen combustion prevents the over-oxidation of aromatic species formed during the reaction while the generated steam helps in reducing the amount of coke generated in the MDA reaction. Thus, the advantage of CZO incorporated Mo/HZSM-5 is manifested as it promotes the reaction equilibrium to shift towards the formation of benzene which is favourable for MDA reaction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mo%2FHZSM-5" title="Mo/HZSM-5">Mo/HZSM-5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceria-zirconia%20%28CZO%29" title=" ceria-zirconia (CZO)"> ceria-zirconia (CZO)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-situ%20combustion" title=" in-situ combustion"> in-situ combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20dehydroaromatization" title=" methane dehydroaromatization"> methane dehydroaromatization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159919/catalytic-conversion-of-methane-into-benzene-over-czo-promoted-mohzsm-5-for-methane-dehydroaromatization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">96</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">50</span> Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Solar Thermochemical Fluidized Bed Reactor </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selvan%20Bellan">Selvan Bellan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koji%20Matsubara"> Koji Matsubara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nobuyuki%20Gokon"> Nobuyuki Gokon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatsuya%20Kodama"> Tatsuya Kodama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun%20Seok-Cho"> Hyun Seok-Cho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In concentrated solar thermal industry, fluidized-bed technology has been used to produce hydrogen by thermochemical two step water splitting cycles, and synthetic gas by gasification of coal coke. Recently, couple of fluidized bed reactors have been developed and tested at Niigata University, Japan, for two-step thermochemical water splitting cycles and coal coke gasification using Xe light, solar simulator. The hydrodynamic behavior of the gas-solid flow plays a vital role in the aforementioned fluidized bed reactors. Thus, in order to study the dynamics of dense gas-solid flow, a CFD-DEM model has been developed; in which the contact forces between the particles have been calculated by the spring-dashpot model, based on the soft-sphere method. Heat transfer and hydrodynamics of a solar thermochemical fluidized bed reactor filled with ceria particles have been studied numerically and experimentally for beam-down solar concentrating system. An experimental visualization of particles circulation pattern and mixing of two-tower fluidized bed system has been presented. Simulation results have been compared with experimental data to validate the CFD-DEM model. Results indicate that the model can predict the particle-fluid flow of the two-tower fluidized bed reactor. Using this model, the key operating parameters can be optimized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20reactor" title="solar reactor">solar reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD-DEM%20modeling" title=" CFD-DEM modeling"> CFD-DEM modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluidized%20bed" title=" fluidized bed"> fluidized bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beam-down%20solar%20concentrating%20system" title=" beam-down solar concentrating system"> beam-down solar concentrating system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79631/hydrodynamics-and-heat-transfer-characteristics-of-a-solar-thermochemical-fluidized-bed-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79631.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">49</span> Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastic Degradation by Fungus Rasamsonia Emersonii</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naveen%20Kumar">Naveen Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microplastics, tiny plastic particles less than 5 mm in size formed by the disposal and breakdown of industrial and consumer products, have become a primary environmental concern due to their ubiquitous presence and application in the environment and their potential to cause harm to the ecosystem, wildlife and human health. In this, we study the ability of the fungus Rasamsonia emersonii IMI 393752 to degrade the rigid microplastics of Coke bottles. Microplastics were extracted from Coke bottles and incubated with Rasamsonia emersonii in Sabouraud dextrose agar media. Microplastics were pre-sterilized without altering the chemistry of microplastic. Preliminary analysis was performed by observing radial growth assessment of microplastic-containing media enriched with fungi vs. control. The assay confirmed no impedance or change in the fungi's growth pattern and rate by introducing microplastics. The degradation of the microplastics was monitored over time using microscopy and FTIR, and biodegradation/deterioration on the plastic surface was observed. Furthermore, the liquid assay was performed. HPLC and GCMS will be conducted to check the biodegradation and presence of enzyme release by fungi to counteract the presence of microplastics. These findings have important implications for managing plastic waste, as they suggest that fungi such as Rasamsonia emersonii can potentially degrade microplastics safely and effectively. However, further research to optimise the conditions for microplastic degradation by Rasamsonia emersonii and to develop strategies for scaling up the process for industrial applications will be beneficial. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioremediation" title="bioremediation">bioremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mycoremediation" title=" mycoremediation"> mycoremediation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20degradtion" title=" plastic degradtion"> plastic degradtion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyethylene%20terephthalate" title=" polyethylene terephthalate"> polyethylene terephthalate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167061/polyethylene-terephthalate-plastic-degradation-by-fungus-rasamsonia-emersonii" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167061.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">48</span> Over Cracking in Furnace and Corrective Action by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mokhtari%20Karchegani%20Amir">Mokhtari Karchegani Amir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maboudi%20Samad"> Maboudi Samad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azadi%20Reza"> Azadi Reza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dastanian%20Raoof"> Dastanian Raoof</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Marun's petrochemical cracking furnaces have a very comprehensive operating control system for combustion and related equipment, utilizing advanced instrument circuits. However, after several years of operation, numerous problems arose in the pyrolysis furnaces. A team of experts conducted an audit, revealing that the furnaces were over-designed, leading to excessive consumption of air and fuel. This issue was related to the burners' shutter settings, which had not been configured properly. The operations department had responded by increasing the induced draft fan speed and forcing the instrument switches to counteract the wind effect in the combustion chamber. Using Fluent and Gambit software, the furnaces were analyzed. The findings indicated that this situation elevated the convection part's temperature, causing uneven heat distribution inside the furnace. Consequently, this led to overheating in the convection section and excessive cracking within the coils in the radiation section. The increased convection temperature damaged convection parts and resulted in equipment blockages downstream of the furnaces due to the production of more coke and tar in the process. To address these issues, corrective actions were implemented. The excess air for burners and combustion chambers was properly set, resulting in improved efficiency, reduced emissions of environmentally harmful gases, prevention of creep in coils, decreased fuel consumption, and lower maintenance costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=furnace" title="furnace">furnace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke" title=" coke"> coke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD%20analysis" title=" CFD analysis"> CFD analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=over%20cracking" title=" over cracking"> over cracking</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177816/over-cracking-in-furnace-and-corrective-action-by-computational-fluid-dynamics-cfd-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177816.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">47</span> Dehydration of Glycerol to Acrolein with Solid Acid Catalysts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Huang">Lin Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Wang"> Bo Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armando%20Borgna"> Armando Borgna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dehydration of glycerol to acrolein was conducted with solid acid catalysts in liquid phase in a batch reactor and in gas phase in a fix-bed reactor, respectively. In the liquid-phase reaction, ZSM-5, H3PO4-modified ZSM-5 and heteropolyacids including H3PW12O40•xH2O (HPW) and Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 (CsPW) were studied as catalysts. High temperatures and high boiling point solvents such as sulfolane improved the selectivity to acrolein through suppressing the formation of polyglycerols and coke. Catalytic results and temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia showed that the yield of acrolein increased with increasing catalyst acidity within the range of weak acid strength. Weak acid sites favored the selectivity to acrolein whereas strong acid sites promoted the formation of coke. ZSM-5 possessing only acid sites led to a high acrolein yield, while heteropolyacid catalysts with strong acid sites produced a low acrolein yield. In the gas-phase reaction, HPW and CsPW supported on metal oxides such as SiO2, γ-Al2O3, SiO2-Al2O3, ZrO2 and silicate TUD-1 were studied as catalysts. HPW/TUD-1 was most active for the production of acrolein, followed by HPW/SiO2. An acrolein yield of 61 % was obtained over HPW/TUD-1. X-ray diffraction study suggested that HPW and CsPW were stable and more dispersed on SiO2, silicate TUD-1 and SiO2-Al2O3. It was found that the structures of HPW and CsPW were destroyed by interaction with γ-Al2O3 and ZrO2. Compared to CsPW/TUD-1, the higher acrolein yield with HPW/TUD-1 may be attributed to more Brønsted acid sites on HPW/TUD-1, based on preliminary pyridine adsorption IR study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dehydration" title="dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=glycerol" title=" glycerol"> glycerol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acrolein" title=" acrolein"> acrolein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20acid%20catalysts" title=" solid acid catalysts"> solid acid catalysts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas-phase" title=" gas-phase"> gas-phase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid-phase" title=" liquid-phase"> liquid-phase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42906/dehydration-of-glycerol-to-acrolein-with-solid-acid-catalysts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42906.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">46</span> Mathematical Model to Simulate Liquid Metal and Slag Accumulation, Drainage and Heat Transfer in Blast Furnace Hearth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hemant%20Upadhyay">Hemant Upadhyay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarun%20Kumar%20Kundu"> Tarun Kumar Kundu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is utmost important for a blast furnace operator to understand the mechanisms governing the liquid flow, accumulation, drainage and heat transfer between various phases in blast furnace hearth for a stable and efficient blast furnace operation. Abnormal drainage behavior may lead to high liquid build up in the hearth. Operational problems such as pressurization, low wind intake, and lower material descent rates, normally be encountered if the liquid levels in the hearth exceed a critical limit when Hearth coke and Deadman start to float. Similarly, hot metal temperature is an important parameter to be controlled in the BF operation; it should be kept at an optimal level to obtain desired product quality and a stable BF performance. It is not possible to carry out any direct measurement of above due to the hostile conditions in the hearth with chemically aggressive hot liquids. The objective here is to develop a mathematical model to simulate the variation in hot metal / slag accumulation and temperature during the tapping of the blast furnace based on the computed drainage rate, production rate, mass balance, heat transfer between metal and slag, metal and solids, slag and solids as well as among the various zones of metal and slag itself. For modeling purpose, the BF hearth is considered as a pressurized vessel, filled with solid coke particles. Liquids trickle down in hearth from top and accumulate in voids between the coke particles which are assumed thermally saturated. A set of generic mass balance equations gives the amount of metal and slag intake in hearth. A small drainage (tap hole) is situated at the bottom of the hearth and flow rate of liquids from tap hole is computed taking in account the amount of both the phases accumulated their level in hearth, pressure from gases in the furnace and erosion behaviors of tap hole itself. Heat transfer equations provide the exchange of heat between various layers of liquid metal and slag, and heat loss to cooling system through refractories. Based on all that information a dynamic simulation is carried out which provides real time information of liquids accumulation in hearth before and during tapping, drainage rate and its variation, predicts critical event timings during tapping and expected tapping temperature of metal and slag on preset time intervals. The model is in use at JSPL, India BF-II and its output is regularly cross-checked with actual tapping data, which are in good agreement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20furnace" title="blast furnace">blast furnace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hearth" title=" hearth"> hearth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deadman" title=" deadman"> deadman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hotmetal" title=" hotmetal"> hotmetal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53501/mathematical-model-to-simulate-liquid-metal-and-slag-accumulation-drainage-and-heat-transfer-in-blast-furnace-hearth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53501.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">45</span> Flocculation and Settling Rate Studies of Clean Coal Fines at Different Flocculants Dosage, pH Values, Bulk Density and Particle Size</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patel%20Himeshkumar%20Ashokbhai">Patel Himeshkumar Ashokbhai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suchit%20Sharma"> Suchit Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arvind%20Kumar%20Garg"> Arvind Kumar Garg</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The results obtained from settling test of coal fines are used as an important tool to select the dewatering equipment such as thickeners, centrifuges and filters. Coal being hydrophobic in nature does not easily settle when mixed with water. Coal slurry that takes longer time to release water is highly undesirable because it poses additional challenge during sedimentation, centrifuge and filtration. If filter cake has higher than permitted moisture content then it not only creates handling problems but inflated freight costs and reduction in input and productivity for coke oven charges. It is to be noted that coal fines drastically increase moisture percentage in filter cake hence are to be minimized. To increase settling rate of coal fines in slurry chemical substances called flocculants or coagulants are added that cause coal particles to flocculate or coalesce into larger particles. These larger particles settle at faster rate and have higher settling velocity. Other important factors affecting settling rate are flocculent dosage, slurry or pulp density and particle size. Hence in this paper we tried to study the settling characteristic of clean coal fines by varying one of the four factors namely 1. Flocculant Dosage (acryl-amide) 2. pH of the water 3. Bulk density 4. Particle size of clean coal fines in settling experiment and drew important conclusions. Result of this paper will be much useful not only for coal beneficiation plant design but also for cost reduction of coke production facilities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bulk%20density" title="bulk density">bulk density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20fines" title=" coal fines"> coal fines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flocculants" title=" flocculants"> flocculants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flocculation" title=" flocculation"> flocculation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settling%20velocity" title=" settling velocity"> settling velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pH" title=" pH"> pH</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38696/flocculation-and-settling-rate-studies-of-clean-coal-fines-at-different-flocculants-dosage-ph-values-bulk-density-and-particle-size" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38696.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">44</span> Beneficiation of Low Grade Chromite Ore and Its Characterization for the Formation of Magnesia-Chromite Refractory by Economically Viable Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Kumar%20Bhandary">Amit Kumar Bhandary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prithviraj%20Gupta"> Prithviraj Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siddhartha%20Mukherjee"> Siddhartha Mukherjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahua%20Ghosh%20Chaudhuri"> Mahua Ghosh Chaudhuri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajib%20Dey"> Rajib Dey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chromite ores are primarily used for extraction of chromium, which is an expensive metal. For low grade chromite ores (containing less than 40% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), the chromium extraction is not usually economically viable. India possesses huge quantities of low grade chromite reserves. This deposit can be utilized after proper physical beneficiation. Magnetic separation techniques may be useful after reduction for the beneficiation of low grade chromite ore. The sample collected from the sukinda mines is characterized by XRD which shows predominant phases like maghemite, chromite, silica, magnesia and alumina. The raw ore is crushed and ground to below 75 micrometer size. The microstructure of the ore shows that the chromite grains surrounded by a silicate matrix and porosity observed the exposed side of the chromite ore. However, this ore may be utilized in refractory applications. Chromite ores contain Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, FeO, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and other oxides like Fe-Cr, Mg-Cr have a high tendency to form spinel compounds, which usually show high refractoriness. Initially, the low grade chromite ore (containing 34.8% Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) was reduced at 1200 <sup>0</sup>C for 80 minutes with 30% coke fines by weight, before being subjected to magnetic separation. The reduction by coke leads to conversion of higher state of iron oxides converted to lower state of iron oxides. The pre-reduced samples are then characterized by XRD. The magnetically inert mass was then reacted with 20% MgO by weight at 1450 <sup>0</sup>C for 2 hours. The resultant product was then tested for various refractoriness parameters like apparent porosity, slag resistance etc. The results were satisfactory, indicating that the resultant spinel compounds are suitable for refractory applications for elevated temperature processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=apparent%20porosity" title="apparent porosity">apparent porosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beneficiation" title=" beneficiation"> beneficiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low-grade%20chromite" title=" low-grade chromite"> low-grade chromite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refractory" title=" refractory"> refractory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spinel%20compounds" title=" spinel compounds"> spinel compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slag%20resistance" title=" slag resistance"> slag resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48887/beneficiation-of-low-grade-chromite-ore-and-its-characterization-for-the-formation-of-magnesia-chromite-refractory-by-economically-viable-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">43</span> Diagnosis of Intermittent High Vibration Peaks in Industrial Gas Turbine Using Advanced Vibrations Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubakar%20Rashid">Abubakar Rashid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Saad"> Muhammad Saad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faheem%20Ahmed"> Faheem Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper provides a comprehensive study pertaining to diagnosis of intermittent high vibrations on an industrial gas turbine using detailed vibrations analysis, followed by its rectification. Engro Polymer & Chemicals Limited, a Chlor-Vinyl complex located in Pakistan has a captive combined cycle power plant having two 28 MW gas turbines (make Hitachi) & one 15 MW steam turbine. In 2018, the organization faced an issue of high vibrations on one of the gas turbines. These high vibration peaks appeared intermittently on both compressor’s drive end (DE) & turbine’s non-drive end (NDE) bearing. The amplitude of high vibration peaks was between 150-170% on the DE bearing & 200-300% on the NDE bearing from baseline values. In one of these episodes, the gas turbine got tripped on “High Vibrations Trip” logic actuated at 155µm. Limited instrumentation is available on the machine, which is monitored with GE Bently Nevada 3300 system having two proximity probes installed at Turbine NDE, Compressor DE &at Generator DE & NDE bearings. Machine’s transient ramp-up & steady state data was collected using ADRE SXP & DSPI 408. Since only 01 key phasor is installed at Turbine high speed shaft, a derived drive key phasor was configured in ADRE to obtain low speed shaft rpm required for data analysis. By analyzing the Bode plots, Shaft center line plot, Polar plot & orbit plots; rubbing was evident on Turbine’s NDE along with increased bearing clearance of Turbine’s NDE radial bearing. The subject bearing was then inspected & heavy deposition of carbonized coke was found on the labyrinth seals of bearing housing with clear rubbing marks on shaft & housing covering at 20-25 degrees on the inner radius of labyrinth seals. The collected coke sample was tested in laboratory & found to be the residue of lube oil in the bearing housing. After detailed inspection & cleaning of shaft journal area & bearing housing, new radial bearing was installed. Before assembling the bearing housing, cleaning of bearing cooling & sealing air lines was also carried out as inadequate flow of cooling & sealing air can accelerate coke formation in bearing housing. The machine was then taken back online & data was collected again using ADRE SXP & DSPI 408 for health analysis. The vibrations were found in acceptable zone as per ISO standard 7919-3 while all other parameters were also within vendor defined range. As a learning from subject case, revised operating & maintenance regime has also been proposed to enhance machine’s reliability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ADRE" title="ADRE">ADRE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing" title=" bearing"> bearing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20turbine" title=" gas turbine"> gas turbine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GE%20Bently%20Nevada" title=" GE Bently Nevada"> GE Bently Nevada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hitachi" title=" Hitachi"> Hitachi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibration" title=" vibration"> vibration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104972/diagnosis-of-intermittent-high-vibration-peaks-in-industrial-gas-turbine-using-advanced-vibrations-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">42</span> A Rational Strategy to Maximize the Value-Added Products by Selectively Converting Components of Inferior Heavy Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kashan%20Bashir">Kashan Bashir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salah%20Naji%20Ahmed%20Sufyan"> Salah Naji Ahmed Sufyan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirza%20Umar%20Baig"> Mirza Umar Baig</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, n-dodecane, tetralin, decalin, and tetramethybenzene (TMBE) were used as model compounds of alkanes, naphthenic-aromatic, cycloalkanes and alkyl-benzenes presented in hydro-diesel. The catalytic cracking properties of four model compounds over Y zeolite catalyst (Y-Cat.) and ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts (ZSM-5-Cat.) were probed. The experiment results revealed that high conversion of macromolecular paraffin and naphthenic aromatics were achieved over Y-Cat, whereas its low cracking activity of intermediate products micromolecules paraffin and olefin and high activity of hydride transfer reaction goes against the production of value-added products (light olefin and gasoline). In contrast, despite the fact that the hydride transfer reaction was greatly inhabited over ZSM-5-Cat, the low conversion of macromolecules was observed attributed to diffusion limitations. Interestingly, the mixed catalyst compensates for the shortcomings of the two catalysts, and a “relay reaction” between Y-Cat and ZSM-5-Cat was proposed. Specifically, the added Y-Cat acts as a “pre-cracking booster site” and promotes macromolecules conversion. The addition of ZSM-5-Cat not only significantly suppresses the hydride transfer reaction but also contributes to the cracking of immediate products paraffin and olefin into ethylene and propylene, resulting in a high yield of alkyl-benzene (gasoline), ethylene, and propylene with a low yield of naphthalene (LCO) and coke. The catalytic cracking evaluation experiments of mixed hydro-LCO were also performed to further clarify the “relay reaction” above, showing the highest yield of LPG and gasoline over mixed catalyst. The results indicate that the Y-cat and ZSM-5-cat have a synergistic effect on the conversion of hydro-diesel and corresponding value-added product yield and selective coke yield. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=synergistic%20effect" title="synergistic effect">synergistic effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydro-diesel%20cracking" title=" hydro-diesel cracking"> hydro-diesel cracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FCC" title=" FCC"> FCC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zeolite%20catalyst" title=" zeolite catalyst"> zeolite catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethylene%20and%20propylene" title=" ethylene and propylene"> ethylene and propylene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173070/a-rational-strategy-to-maximize-the-value-added-products-by-selectively-converting-components-of-inferior-heavy-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173070.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Upgrading of Bio-Oil by Bio-Pd Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sam%20Derakhshan%20Deilami">Sam Derakhshan Deilami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iain%20N.%20Kings"> Iain N. Kings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lynne%20E.%20Macaskie"> Lynne E. Macaskie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brajendra%20K.%20Sharma"> Brajendra K. Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20V.%20Bridgwater"> Anthony V. Bridgwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20Wood"> Joseph Wood</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper reports the application of a bacteria-supported palladium catalyst to the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of pyrolysis bio-oil, towards producing an upgraded transport fuel. Biofuels are key to the timely replacement of fossil fuels in order to mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gases and depletion of non-renewable resources. The process is an essential step in the upgrading of bio-oils derived from industrial by-products such as agricultural and forestry wastes, the crude oil from pyrolysis containing a large amount of oxygen that requires to be removed in order to create a fuel resembling fossil-derived hydrocarbons. The bacteria supported catalyst manufacture is a means of utilizing recycled metals and second life bacteria, and the metal can also be easily recovered from the spent catalysts after use. Comparisons are made between bio-Pd, and a conventional activated carbon supported Pd/C catalyst. Bio-oil was produced by fast pyrolysis of beechwood at 500 C at a residence time below 2 seconds, provided by Aston University. 5 wt % BioPd/C was prepared under reducing conditions, exposing cells of E. coli MC4100 to a solution of sodium tetrachloropalladate (Na2PdCl4), followed by rinsing, drying and grinding to form a powder. Pd/C was procured from Sigma-Aldrich. The HDO experiments were carried out in a 100 mL Parr batch autoclave using ~20g bio-crude oil and 0.6 g bio-Pd/C catalyst. Experimental variables investigated for optimization included temperature (160-350C) and reaction times (up to 5 h) at a hydrogen pressure of 100 bar. Most of the experiments resulted in an aqueous phase (~40%) and an organic phase (~50-60%) as well as gas phase (<5%) and coke (<2%). Study of the temperature and time upon the process showed that the degree of deoxygenation increased (from ~20 % up to 60 %) at higher temperatures in the region of 350 C and longer residence times up to 5 h. However minimum viscosity (~0.035 Pa.s) occurred at 250 C and 3 h residence time, indicating that some polymerization of the oil product occurs at the higher temperatures. Bio-Pd showed a similar degree of deoxygenation (~20 %) to Pd/C at lower temperatures of 160 C, but did not rise as steeply with temperature. More coke was formed over bio-Pd/C than Pd/C at temperatures above 250 C, suggesting that bio-Pd/C may be more susceptible to coke formation than Pd/C. Reactions occurring during bio-oil upgrading include catalytic cracking, decarbonylation, decarboxylation, hydrocracking, hydrodeoxygenation and hydrogenation. In conclusion, it was shown that bio-Pd/C displays an acceptable rate of HDO, which increases with residence time and temperature. However some undesirable reactions also occur, leading to a deleterious increase in viscosity at higher temperatures. Comparisons are also drawn with earlier work on the HDO of Chlorella derived bio-oil manufactured from micro-algae via hydrothermal liquefaction. Future work will analyze the kinetics of the reaction and investigate the effect of bi-metallic catalysts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-oil" title="bio-oil">bio-oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title=" catalyst"> catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palladium" title=" palladium"> palladium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upgrading" title=" upgrading"> upgrading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74206/upgrading-of-bio-oil-by-bio-pd-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74206.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Heat Loss Control in Stave Cooled Blast Furnace by Optimizing Gas Flow Pattern through Burden Distribution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basant%20Kumar%20Singh">Basant Kumar Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Subhachandhar"> S. Subhachandhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vineet%20Ranjan%20Tripathi"> Vineet Ranjan Tripathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amit%20Kumar%20Singh"> Amit Kumar Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uttam%20Singh"> Uttam Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Santosh%20Kumar%20Lal"> Santosh Kumar Lal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Productivity of Blast Furnace is largely impacted by fuel efficiency and controlling heat loss is one of the enabling parameters for achieving lower fuel rate. 'I' Blast Furnace is the latest and largest Blast Furnace of Tata Steel Jamshedpur with working volume of 3230 m³ and with rated capacity of 3.055 million tons per annum. Optimizing heat losses in Belly and Bosh zone remained major challenge for blast furnace operators after its commissioning. 'I' Blast has installed Cast Iron & Copper Staves cooling members where copper staves are installed in Belly, Bosh & Lower Stack whereas cast iron staves are installed in upper stack area. Stave cooled Blast Furnaces are prone to higher heat losses in Belly and Bosh region with an increase in coal injection rate as Bosh gas volume increases. Under these conditions, managing gas flow pattern through proper burden distribution, casting techniques & by maintaining desired raw material qualities are of utmost importance for sustaining high injection rates. This study details, the burden distribution control by Ore & Coke ratio adjustment at wall and center of Blast Furnace as the coal injection rates increased from 140 kg/thm to 210 kg/thm. Control of blowing parameters, casting philosophy, specification for raw materials & devising operational practice for controlling heat losses is also elaborated with the model that is used to visualize heat loss pattern in different zones of Blast Furnace. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20furnace" title="blast furnace">blast furnace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=staves" title=" staves"> staves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20flow%20pattern" title=" gas flow pattern"> gas flow pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=belly%2Fbosh%20heat%20losses" title=" belly/bosh heat losses"> belly/bosh heat losses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ore%2Fcoke%20ratio" title=" ore/coke ratio"> ore/coke ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blowing%20parameters" title=" blowing parameters"> blowing parameters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=casting" title=" casting"> casting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operation%20practice" title=" operation practice"> operation practice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74757/heat-loss-control-in-stave-cooled-blast-furnace-by-optimizing-gas-flow-pattern-through-burden-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74757.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">375</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Methanation Catalyst for Low CO Concentration</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong-Fang%20Ma">Hong-Fang Ma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cong-yi%20He"> Cong-yi He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hai-Tao%20Zhang"> Hai-Tao Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Yong%20Ying"> Wei-Yong Ying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ding-Ye%20Fang"> Ding-Ye Fang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A Ni-based catalyst supported by γ-Al2O3 was prepared by impregnation method, and the catalyst was used in a low CO and CO2 concentration methanation system. The effect of temperature, pressure and space velocity on the methanation reaction was investigated in an experimental fixed-bed reactor. The methanation reaction was operated at the conditions of 190-240°C, 3000-24000ml•g-1•h-1 and 1.5-3.5MPa. The results show that temperature and space velocity play important role on the reaction. With the increase of reaction temperature the CO and CO2 conversion increase and the selectivity of CH4 increase. And with the increase of the space velocity the conversion of CO and CO2 and the selectivity of CH4 decrease sharply. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke%20oven%20gas" title="coke oven gas">coke oven gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methanntion" title=" methanntion"> methanntion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=catalyst" title=" catalyst"> catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20bed" title=" fixed bed"> fixed bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7667/methanation-catalyst-for-low-co-concentration" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> Synthesis of Nanoparticle Mordenite Zeolite for Dimethyl Ether Carbonylation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Haitao">Zhang Haitao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The different size of nanoparticle mordenite zeolites were prepared by adding different soft template during hydrothermal process for carbonylation of dimethyl ether (DME) to methyl acetate (MA). The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Ar adsorption-desorption, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, NH3-temperature programmed desorption, scanning electron microscopy and Thermogravimetric. The characterization results confirmed that mordenite zeolites with small nanoparticle showed more strong acid sites which was the active site for carbonylation thus promoting conversion of DME and MA selectivity. Furthermore, the nanoparticle mordenite had increased the mass transfer efficiency which could suppress the formation of coke. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle%20mordenite" title="nanoparticle mordenite">nanoparticle mordenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbonylation" title=" carbonylation"> carbonylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dimethyl%20ether" title=" dimethyl ether"> dimethyl ether</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methyl%20acetate" title=" methyl acetate"> methyl acetate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120694/synthesis-of-nanoparticle-mordenite-zeolite-for-dimethyl-ether-carbonylation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120694.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Effect of N2 Pretreatment on the Properties of Tungsten Based Catalysts in Metathesis of Ethylene and 2-Butene</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kriangkrai%20Aranyarat">Kriangkrai Aranyarat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effect of N2 pretreatment on the catalytic activity of tungsten-based catalysts was investigated in the metathesis of ethylene and trans-2-butene at 450oC and atmospheric pressure. The presence of tungsten active species was confirmed by UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy. Compared to the WO3-based catalysts treated in air, higher amount of WO42- tetrahedral species and lower amount of WO3 crystalline species were observed on the N2-treated ones. These contribute to the higher conversion of 2-butene and propylene selectivity during 10 h time-on-stream. Moreover, N2 treatment led to lower amount of coke formation as revealed by TPO of the spent catalysts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metathesis" title="metathesis">metathesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pretreatment" title=" pretreatment"> pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propylene" title=" propylene"> propylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tungsten" title=" tungsten"> tungsten</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25492/effect-of-n2-pretreatment-on-the-properties-of-tungsten-based-catalysts-in-metathesis-of-ethylene-and-2-butene" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25492.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Dry Reforming of Methane Using Metal Supported and Core Shell Based Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vinu%20Viswanath">Vinu Viswanath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lawrence%20Dsouza"> Lawrence Dsouza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ugo%20Ravon"> Ugo Ravon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Syngas typically and intermediary gas product has a wide range of application of producing various chemical products, such as mixed alcohols, hydrogen, ammonia, Fischer-Tropsch products methanol, ethanol, aldehydes, alcohols, etc. There are several technologies available for the syngas production. An alternative to the conventional processes an attractive route of utilizing carbon dioxide and methane in equimolar ratio to generate syngas of ratio close to one has been developed which is also termed as Dry Reforming of Methane technology. It also gives the privilege to utilize the greenhouse gases like CO2 and CH4. The dry reforming process is highly endothermic, and indeed, ΔG becomes negative if the temperature is higher than 900K and practically, the reaction occurs at 1000-1100K. At this temperature, the sintering of the metal particle is happening that deactivate the catalyst. However, by using this strategy, the methane is just partially oxidized, and some cokes deposition occurs that causing the catalyst deactivation. The current research work was focused to mitigate the main challenges of dry reforming process such coke deposition, and metal sintering at high temperature.To achieve these objectives, we employed three different strategies of catalyst development. 1) Use of bulk catalysts such as olivine and pyrochlore type materials. 2) Use of metal doped support materials, like spinel and clay type material. 3) Use of core-shell model catalyst. In this approach, a thin layer (shell) of redox metal oxide is deposited over the MgAl2O4 /Al2O3 based support material (core). For the core-shell approach, an active metal is been deposited on the surface of the shell. The shell structure formed is a doped metal oxide that can undergo reduction and oxidation reactions (redox), and the core is an alkaline earth aluminate having a high affinity towards carbon dioxide. In the case of metal-doped support catalyst, the enhanced redox properties of doped CeO2 oxide and CO2 affinity property of alkaline earth aluminates collectively helps to overcome coke formation. For all of the mentioned three strategies, a systematic screening of the metals is carried out to optimize the efficiency of the catalyst. To evaluate the performance of them, the activity and stability test were carried out under reaction conditions of temperature ranging from 650 to 850 ̊C and an operating pressure ranging from 1 to 20 bar. The result generated infers that the core-shell model catalyst showed high activity and better stable DR catalysts under atmospheric as well as high-pressure conditions. In this presentation, we will show the results related to the strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20dioxide" title="carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20reforming" title=" dry reforming"> dry reforming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supports" title=" supports"> supports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=core%20shell%20catalyst" title=" core shell catalyst"> core shell catalyst</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75448/dry-reforming-of-methane-using-metal-supported-and-core-shell-based-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> Experimental Study of Flow Effects of Solid Particles’ Size in Porous Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Akridiss">S. Akridiss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20El%20Tabach"> E. El Tabach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Chetehouna"> K. Chetehouna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Gascoin"> N. Gascoin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20S.%20Kadiri"> M. S. Kadiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transpiration cooling combined to regenerative cooling is a technique that could be used to cool the porous walls of the future ramjet combustion chambers; it consists of using fuel that will flow through the pores of the porous material consisting of the chamber walls, as coolant. However, at high temperature, the fuel is pyrolysed and generates solid coke particles inside the porous materials. This phenomenon can lead to a significant decrease of the material permeability and can affect the efficiency of the cooling system. In order to better understand this phenomenon, an experimental laboratory study was undertaken to determine the transport and deposition of particles in a sintered porous material subjected to steady state flow. The test bench composed of a high-pressure autoclave is used to study the transport of different particle size (35 <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20study" title="experimental study">experimental study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability" title=" permeability"> permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20material" title=" porous material"> porous material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suspended%20particles" title=" suspended particles"> suspended particles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91089/experimental-study-of-flow-effects-of-solid-particles-size-in-porous-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">275</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coke&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a 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