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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Long scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scale_naming_American_English_vs_European_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale_naming_American_English_vs_European_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Scale naming American English vs European English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale_naming_American_English_vs_European_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Current usage </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Current usage subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Current_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_scale_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_scale_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Short scale users </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_scale_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English-speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English-speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 English-speaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic-speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic-speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Arabic-speaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_short_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_short_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Other short scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_short_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_scale_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_scale_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Long scale users </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_scale_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch-speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch-speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Dutch-speaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch-speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French-speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French-speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 French-speaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French-speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 German-speaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese-speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese-speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Portuguese-speaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish-speaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish-speaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Spanish-speaking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-speaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_long_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_long_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Other long scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_long_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_both" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_both"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Using both </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_both-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_neither" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_neither"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Using neither </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_neither-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_continent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_continent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 By continent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_continent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_on_current_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_on_current_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Notes on current usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_on_current_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_scale_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_scale_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Short scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_scale_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_scale_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_scale_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Long scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_scale_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Both_long_and_short_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Both_long_and_short_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.3 Both long and short scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Both_long_and_short_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neither_long_nor_short_scale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neither_long_nor_short_scale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.4 Neither long nor short scale </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neither_long_nor_short_scale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Alternative approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Long and short scales</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kort_en_lang_skaalverdeling" title="Kort en lang skaalverdeling – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kort en lang skaalverdeling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escales_numb%C3%A9riques_llarga_y_curtia" title="Escales numbériques llarga y curtia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escales numbériques llarga y curtia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duga_i_kratka_skala" title="Duga i kratka skala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Duga i kratka skala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escales_curta_i_llarga" title="Escales curta i llarga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escales curta i llarga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1tk%C3%A1_a_dlouh%C3%A1_%C5%A1k%C3%A1la" title="Krátká a dlouhá škála – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krátká a dlouhá škála" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_lange_og_den_korte_skala_for_store_tal" title="Den lange og den korte skala for store tal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den lange og den korte skala for store tal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lange_und_kurze_Skala" title="Lange und kurze Skala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lange und kurze Skala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalas_num%C3%A9ricas_larga_y_corta" title="Escalas numéricas larga y corta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escalas numéricas larga y corta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortoj_por_grandegaj_nombroj" title="Vortoj por grandegaj nombroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vortoj por grandegaj nombroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF)" title="مقیاس‌های بزرگ و کوچک (سیستم نامگذاری اعداد بزرگ) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقیاس‌های بزرگ و کوچک (سیستم نامگذاری اعداد بزرگ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langi_og_stutti_talstigin_fyri_st%C3%B3r_t%C3%B8l" title="Langi og stutti talstigin fyri stór tøl – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Langi og stutti talstigin fyri stór tøl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89chelles_longue_et_courte" title="Échelles longue et courte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Échelles longue et courte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թվերի անվանման համակարգեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թվերի անվանման համակարգեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_panjang_dan_skala_pendek" title="Skala panjang dan skala pendek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skala panjang dan skala pendek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scala_lunga_e_scala_corta" title="Scala lunga e scala corta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scala lunga e scala corta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalae_longae_et_breves" title="Scalae longae et breves – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scalae longae et breves" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpoji_ir_ilgoji_skal%C4%97s" title="Trumpoji ir ilgoji skalės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trumpoji ir ilgoji skalės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalas_corta_e_longa" title="Scalas corta e longa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scalas corta e longa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6vid_%C3%A9s_hossz%C3%BA_sk%C3%A1la" title="Rövid és hosszú skála – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rövid és hosszú skála" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala_panjang_dan_pendek" title="Skala panjang dan pendek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skala panjang dan pendek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalas_curta_e_longa" title="Escalas curta e longa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Escalas curta e longa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korte_en_lange_schaal" title="Korte en lange schaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Korte en lange schaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%91%BD%E6%95%B0%E6%B3%95" title="西洋の命数法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西洋の命数法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_korte_og_den_lange_skalaen_for_store_tall" title="Den korte og den lange skalaen for store tall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den korte og den lange skalaen for store tall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Шот радам-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шот радам-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalas_curta_e_longa" title="Escalas curta e longa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escalas curta e longa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Системы наименования чисел – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Системы наименования чисел" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Long and short scales" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5nga_och_korta_skalan_f%C3%B6r_stora_tal" title="Långa och korta skalan för stora tal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Långa och korta skalan för stora tal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_ve_k%C4%B1sa_%C3%B6l%C3%A7ekler" title="Uzun ve kısa ölçekler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzun ve kısa ölçekler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Системи найменувань чисел – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Системи найменувань чисел" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy_m%C3%B4_d%C3%A0i_v%C3%A0_ng%E1%BA%AFn" title="Quy mô dài và ngắn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quy mô dài và ngắn" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Two meanings of "billion" and "trillion"</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the concept related to musical instruments, see <a href="/wiki/Scale_length_(string_instruments)" title="Scale length (string instruments)">Scale length (string instruments)</a>.</div> The long and short scales are two of several naming systems for integer <a href="/wiki/Power_of_10" title="Power of 10">powers of ten</a> which use some of the same terms for different magnitudes.<a href="#cite_note-Guitel1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guitel2-2">[2]</a> Some languages, particularly in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, have large number naming systems that are different from both the long and short scales, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals#Powers_of_10" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean numerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guitel1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guitel2-2">[2]</a> Much of the remainder of the world adopted either the short scale or the long scale for everyday counting powers of ten. Countries with the usage of the long scale include most countries in continental Europe and most that are <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">French-speaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">German-speaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Spanish-speaking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Usage of the short scale is found in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and in most <a href="/wiki/Anglophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone">English-speaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking countries. For whole numbers smaller than 1,000,000,000 (109), such as one thousand or one million, the two scales are identical. For larger numbers, starting with 109, the two systems differ. For identical names, the long scale proceeds by powers of one million, whereas the short scale proceeds by powers of one thousand. For example, the short scale "one billion" (in many languages other than English called "one milliard", even on the short scale) means one thousand million (1,000,000,000), whereas in the long scale, "one billion" always means one million million (1,000,000,000,000). The long scale system employs additional terms for interleaved values, typically replacing the word ending "-ion" by "-iard". For numbers from 1012 and up, all the names in the short scale have different meanings than they have in the long scale. To avoid confusion resulting from the coexistence of the two scales, the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) recommends using the <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">metric prefix</a> to indicate orders of magnitude, associated with <a href="/wiki/Physical_quantity" title="Physical quantity">physical quantities</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scales">Scales</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scales">edit</a>]</div> In both short and long scale naming, names are given each multiplication step for increments of the base-10 exponent of three, i.e. for each integer n in the sequence of multipliers 103n. Both systems use the same names for certain multipliers, including those for all numbers smaller than 109. The differences arise from the assignment of identical names to specific values of n, for numbers starting with 109, for which n=3. In the short scale system, the identical names are for n=3, 4, 5, ..., while the long scale places them at n=4, 6, 8, etc. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_scale">Short scale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Short scale">edit</a>]</div> In the short scale, a <a href="/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a> (in many countries called a "milliard") means a thousand millions (1,000,000,000, which is 109), a <a href="/wiki/Trillion" title="Trillion">trillion</a> means one thousand billions (1012), and so on. Thus, a short scale n-illion equals 103n+3.<a href="#cite_note-pilatol1-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_scale">Long scale</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Long scale">edit</a>]</div> In the long scale, a billion means one million millions (1012) and a trillion means one million billions (1018), and so on. Therefore, a long scale n-illion equals 106n.<a href="#cite_note-Guitel1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guitel2-2">[2]</a> In some languages, the long scale uses additional names for the intermediate multipliers, replacing the ending -ion with -iard; for example, the next multiplier after million is milliard (109); after a billion it is billiard (1015). Hence, a long scale n-iard equals 106n+3. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scale_naming_American_English_vs_European_English">Scale naming American English vs European English</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scale naming American English vs European English">edit</a>]</div> This table displays the naming conventions in the two English numbering systems, with conflicting terms shown in bold. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Power of 10 </th> <th>American English (Short Scale) </th> <th>European English (Long Scale) </th></tr> <tr> <td>10^9 </td> <td>Billion </td> <td>Milliard </td></tr> <tr> <td>10^12 </td> <td>Trillion </td> <td>Billion </td></tr> <tr> <td>10^15 </td> <td>Quadrillion </td> <td>Billiard </td></tr> <tr> <td>10^18 </td> <td>Quintillion </td> <td>Trillion </td></tr> <tr> <td>10^21 </td> <td>Sextillion </td> <td>Trilliard </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison">Comparison</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison">edit</a>]</div> The relationship between the numeric values and the corresponding names in the two scales can be described as: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:left;"> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> Value in <a href="/wiki/Positional_notation" title="Positional notation">positional notation</a>  </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> Value in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">scientific notation</a>  </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Metric_prefix" title="Metric prefix">Metric prefix</a>  </th> <th colspan="2"> Short scale  </th> <th colspan="3"> Long scale  </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;">Prefix </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Symbol </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Name </th> <th>Logic </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Name </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Alternative name </th> <th>Logic </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">  </td> <td>one </td> <td> </td> <td>one </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">101 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">deca </td> <td style="text-align:center;">da </td> <td>ten </td> <td> </td> <td>ten </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">100 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">hecto </td> <td style="text-align:center;">h </td> <td>hundred </td> <td> </td> <td>hundred </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">103 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">kilo </td> <td style="text-align:center;">k </td> <td>thousand </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td>thousand </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">106 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">mega </td> <td style="text-align:center;">M </td> <td>million </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0001 </td> <td>million </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,0001 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">109 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">giga </td> <td style="text-align:center;">G </td> <td>billion or milliard </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0002 </td> <td>thousand million </td> <td>milliard </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,000,0001 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1012 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">tera </td> <td style="text-align:center;">T </td> <td>trillion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0003 </td> <td>billion </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,0002 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1015 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">peta </td> <td style="text-align:center;">P </td> <td>quadrillion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0004 </td> <td>thousand billion </td> <td>billiard </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,000,0002 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1018 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">exa </td> <td style="text-align:center;">E </td> <td>quintillion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0005 </td> <td>trillion </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,0003 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1021 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">zetta </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Z </td> <td>sextillion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0006 </td> <td>thousand trillion </td> <td>trilliard </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,000,0003 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1024 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yotta </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Y </td> <td>septillion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0007 </td> <td>quadrillion </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,0004 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1027 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ronna </td> <td style="text-align:center;">R </td> <td>octillion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0008 </td> <td>thousand quadrillion </td> <td>quadrilliard </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,000,0004 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1030 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">quetta </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Q </td> <td>nonillion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 × 1,0009 </td> <td>quintillion </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,0005 </td></tr></tbody></table> The relationship between the names and the corresponding numeric values in the two scales can be described as: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:left;"> <th rowspan="3"> Name  </th> <th colspan="4"> Short scale  </th> <th colspan="4"> Long scale  </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> Value in scientific notation  </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> Metric prefix </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> Logic  </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> Value in scientific notation  </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> Metric prefix </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"> Logic  </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"> Prefix </th> <th style="text-align:center;"> Symbol </th> <th style="text-align:center;"> Prefix </th> <th style="text-align:center;"> Symbol </th></tr> <tr> <td>million</td> <td style="text-align:center;">106</td> <td style="text-align:center;">mega</td> <td style="text-align:center;">M</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000 × 1,0001</td> <td style="text-align:center;">106</td> <td style="text-align:center;">mega</td> <td style="text-align:center;">M</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000,0001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>billion</td> <td style="text-align:center;">109</td> <td style="text-align:center;">giga</td> <td style="text-align:center;">G</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000 × 1,0002</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1012</td> <td style="text-align:center;">tera</td> <td style="text-align:center;">T</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000,0002 </td></tr> <tr> <td>trillion</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1012</td> <td style="text-align:center;">tera</td> <td style="text-align:center;">T</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000 × 1,0003</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1018</td> <td style="text-align:center;">exa</td> <td style="text-align:center;">E</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000,0003 </td></tr> <tr> <td>quadrillion</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1015</td> <td style="text-align:center;">peta</td> <td style="text-align:center;">P</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000 × 1,0004</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1024</td> <td style="text-align:center;">yotta</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Y</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000,0004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>quintillion</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1018</td> <td style="text-align:center;">exa</td> <td style="text-align:center;">E</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000 × 1,0005</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1030</td> <td style="text-align:center;">quetta</td> <td style="text-align:center;">Q</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000,0005 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>etc.</td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">For the next <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a>, multiply by 1,000</td> <td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">For the next <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a>, multiply by 1,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> The root mil in million does not refer to the numeral, 1. The word, million, derives from the Old French, milion, from the earlier Old Italian, milione, an intensification of the Latin word, mille, a thousand. That is, a million is a big thousand, much as a <a href="/wiki/Great_gross" class="mw-redirect" title="Great gross">great gross</a> is a dozen gross or 12 × 144 = <a href="/wiki/1728_(number)" title="1728 (number)">1728</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> The word milliard, or its translation, is found in many European languages and is used in those languages for 109. However, it is not found in American English, which uses billion, and not used in British English, which preferred to use thousand million before the current usage of billion. The financial term yard, which derives from milliard, is used on financial markets, as, unlike the term billion, it is internationally unambiguous and phonetically distinct from million. Likewise, many long scale countries use the word billiard (or similar) for one thousand long scale billions (i.e., 1015), and the word trilliard (or similar) for one thousand long scale trillions (i.e., 1021), etc.<a href="#cite_note-wortschatz_milliarde-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-wortschatz_billion-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-wortschatz_billiarde-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-wortschatz_trilliarde-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-it_gov-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Although this situation has been developing since the 1200s, the first recorded use of the terms short scale (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: échelle courte) and long scale (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: échelle longue) was by the French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Guitel" title="Geneviève Guitel">Geneviève Guitel</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Guitel1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guitel2-2">[2]</a> The short scale was never widespread before its universal adoption in the United States. It has been taught in American schools since the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> It has since become common in other <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking</a> nations and several other countries. For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> largely used the long scale,<a href="#cite_note-pilatol1-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-fowler-11">[11]</a> whereas the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> used the short scale,<a href="#cite_note-fowler-11">[11]</a> so that the two systems were often referred to as British and American in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. After several decades of increasing informal British usage of the short scale, in 1974 the government of the UK adopted it,<a href="#cite_note-haroldwilson-12">[12]</a> and it is used for all official purposes.<a href="#cite_note-odonnell-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-comrie-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford2-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-nielsen-18">[18]</a> The British usage and American usage are now identical. The existence of the different scales means that care must be taken when comparing large numbers between languages or countries, or when interpreting old documents in countries where the dominant scale has changed over time. For example, British English, French, and Italian historical documents can refer to either the short or long scale, depending on the date of the document, since each of the three countries has used both systems at various times in its history. Today, the United Kingdom officially uses the short scale, but <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> use the long scale. The pre-1974 former British English word billion, post-1961 current French word billion, post-1994 current Italian word bilione, Spanish billón, German Billion, Dutch biljoen, Danish billion, Swedish biljon, Finnish biljoona, Slovenian bilijon, Polish bilion, and European Portuguese word bilião (with a different spelling to the Brazilian Portuguese variant, but in Brazil referring to short scale) all refer to 1012, being long-scale terms. Therefore, each of these words translates to the American English or post-1974 British English word: trillion (1012 in the short scale), and not billion (109 in the short scale). On the other hand, the pre-1961 former French word billion, pre-1994 former Italian word bilione, Brazilian Portuguese word bilhão, and Welsh word biliwn all refer to 109, being short scale terms. Each of these words translates to the American English or post-1974 British English word billion (109 in the short scale). The term billion originally meant 1012 when introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> <ul><li>In long scale countries, milliard was defined to its current value of 109, leaving billion at its original 1012 value and so on for the larger numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> Some of these countries, but not all, introduced new words billiard, trilliard, etc. as intermediate terms.<a href="#cite_note-wortschatz_milliarde-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-wortschatz_billion-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-wortschatz_billiarde-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-wortschatz_trilliarde-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-it_gov-10">[10]</a></li> <li>In some short scale countries, milliard was defined to 109 and billion dropped altogether, with trillion redefined down to 1012 and so on for the larger numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a></li> <li>In many short scale countries, milliard was dropped altogether and billion was redefined down to 109, adjusting downwards the value of trillion and all the larger numbers.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Timeline</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%; vertical-align:top;"> Date </th> <th style="width:94%; vertical-align:top;"> Event </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">13th century </td> <td>The word million was not used in any language before the 13th century. The monk and polymath <a href="/wiki/Maximus_Planudes" title="Maximus Planudes">Maximus Planudes</a> (c. 1260–1305) was among the first recorded users of the word to document Mediterranean trade between Constantinople and Italian states.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> Over the next two centuries, the term became widely accepted and was adopted by other Italian states, France and other European countries. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Late 14th century </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piers_Plowman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Piers_Plowman.jpg/170px-Piers_Plowman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Piers_Plowman.jpg/255px-Piers_Plowman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Piers_Plowman.jpg/340px-Piers_Plowman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Piers_Plowman" title="Piers Plowman">Piers Plowman</a>, a 17th-century copy of the original 14th-century allegorical narrative poem by <a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">William Langland</a></div></figcaption></figure> The word million entered the English language. One of the earliest references is <a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">William Langland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Piers_Plowman" title="Piers Plowman">Piers Plowman</a> (written c. 1360–1387 in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> with <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Coueyte not his goodes For millions of moneye</blockquote> Translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Covet not his goods for millions of money</blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1475 </td> <td>French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> <a href="/wiki/Jehan_Adam" title="Jehan Adam">Jehan Adam</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a>, recorded the words bymillion and trimillion as meaning 1012 and 1018 respectively in a manuscript Traicté en arismetique pour la practique par gectouers, now held in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève">Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-traicte-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-bsg-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... item noctes que le premier greton dembas vault ung, le second vault dix, le trois vault cent, le quart vult [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] mille, le Ve vault dix M, le VIe vault cent M, le VIIe vault Milion, Le VIIIe vault dix Million, Le IXe vault cent Millions, Le Xe vault Mil Millions, Le XIe vault dix mil Millions, Le XIIe vault Cent mil Millions, Le XIIIe vault bymillion, Le XIIIIe vault dix bymillions, Le XVe vault cent mil [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] bymillions, Le XVIe vault mil bymillions, Le XVIIe vault dix Mil bymillions, Le XVIIIe vault cent mil bymillions, Le XIXe vault trimillion, Le XXe vault dix trimillions ...</blockquote> Translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... Likewise, note that the first counter from the bottom is worth one, the 2nd is worth ten, the 3rd is worth one hundred, the 4th is worth one thousand, the 5th is worth ten thousand, the 6th is worth one hundred thousand, the 7th is worth a million, the 8th is worth ten millions, the 9th is worth one hundred millions, the 10th is worth one thousand millions, the 11th is worth ten thousand millions, the 12th is worth one hundred thousand million, the 13th is worth a bymillion, the 14th is worth ten bymillions, the 15th is worth one [hundred] bymillions, the 16th is worth one thousand bymillions, the 17th is worth ten thousand bymillions, the 18th is worth hundred thousand bymillions, the 19th is worth a trimillion, the 20th is worth ten trimillions ...</blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1484 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chuquet.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chuquet.gif/220px-Chuquet.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chuquet.gif/330px-Chuquet.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chuquet.gif/440px-Chuquet.gif 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres par Maistre Nicolas Chuquet Parisien an extract from Chuquet's original 1484 manuscript</div></figcaption></figure> French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chuquet" title="Nicolas Chuquet">Nicolas Chuquet</a>, in his article Le Triparty en la Science des Nombres par Maistre Nicolas Chuquet Parisien,<a href="#cite_note-Chuquet1-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chuquet2-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flegg-24">[24]</a> used the words byllion, tryllion, quadrillion, quyllion, sixlion, septyllion, ottyllion, and nonyllion to refer to 1012, 1018, ... 1054. Most of the work was copied without attribution by <a href="/wiki/Estienne_de_La_Roche" title="Estienne de La Roche">Estienne de La Roche</a> and published in his 1520 book, <a href="/wiki/L%27arismetique" class="mw-redirect" title="L'arismetique">L'arismetique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chuquet1-22">[22]</a> Chuquet's original article was rediscovered in the 1870s and then published for the first time in 1880. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...[preder s'] Item l'on doit savoir que ung million vault mille milliers de unitez, et ung byllion vault mille milliers de millions, et [ung] tryllion vault mille milliers de byllions, et ung quadrillion vault mille milliers de tryllions et ainsi des aultres : Et de ce en est pose ung exemple nombre divise et punctoye ainsi que devant est dit, tout lequel nombre monte 745324 tryllions 804300 byllions 700023 millions 654321. Exemple : 745324'8043000'700023'654321 ... [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]</blockquote> Translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...likewise, one should know that a million is worth a thousand thousand units, and a byllion is worth a thousand thousand millions, and tryllion is worth a thousand thousand byllions, and a quadrillion is worth a thousand thousand tryllions, and so on for the others. And an example of this follows, a number divided up and punctuated as previously described, the whole number being 745324 tryllions, 804300 byllions 700023 millions 654321. Example: 745324'8043000'700023'654321 ... [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]</blockquote> The extract from Chuquet's manuscript, the transcription and translation provided here all contain an original mistake: one too many zeros in the 804300 portion of the fully written out example: 745324'8043000 '700023'654321 ... </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1516 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9,_by_Jean_Clouet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9%2C_by_Jean_Clouet.jpg/170px-Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9%2C_by_Jean_Clouet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9%2C_by_Jean_Clouet.jpg/255px-Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9%2C_by_Jean_Clouet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9%2C_by_Jean_Clouet.jpg/340px-Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9%2C_by_Jean_Clouet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4595" data-file-height="5301" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guilielmus Budaeus or Guillaume Budé</a> (1467–1540)</div></figcaption></figure> French mathematician Budaeus (<a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a>), writing in Latin, used the term milliart to mean "ten myriad myriad" or 109 in his book De Asse et partibus eius Libri quinque.<a href="#cite_note-Bude-25">[25]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">.. hoc est decem myriadum myriadas:quod vno verbo nostrates abaci studiosi Milliartum appellant:quasi millionum millionem</blockquote> Translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">.. this is ten <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> myriads, which in one word our students of numbers call Milliart, as if a million millions</blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1549 </td> <td>The influential French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pelletier_du_Mans" title="Jacques Pelletier du Mans">Jacques Pelletier du Mans</a> used the name milliard (or milliart) to mean 1012, attributing the term to the earlier usage by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Bud%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Budé">Guillaume Budé</a><a href="#cite_note-Bude-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">17th century </td> <td>With the increased usage of large numbers, the traditional punctuation of large numbers into six-digit groups evolved into three-digit group punctuation. In some places, the large number names were then applied to the smaller numbers, following the new punctuation scheme. Thus, in France and Italy, some scientists then began using billion to mean 109, trillion to mean 1012, etc.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This usage formed the origins of the later short scale. The majority of scientists either continued to say thousand million or changed the meaning of the Pelletier term, milliard, from "million of millions" down to "thousand million".<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> This meaning of milliard has been occasionally used in England,<a href="#cite_note-fowler-11">[11]</a> but was widely adopted in France, Germany, Italy and the rest of Europe, for those keeping the original long scale billion from Adam, Chuquet and Pelletier. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1676 </td> <td>The first published use of milliard as 109 occurred in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-houck-27">[27]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">.. milliart/ofte duysent millioenen..</blockquote> Translation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">..milliart / also thousand millions..</blockquote> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1729 </td> <td>The short-scale meaning of the term billion had already been brought to the British American colonies. The first American appearance of the short scale value of billion as 109 was published in the <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Book">Greenwood Book</a> of 1729, written anonymously by Prof. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Greenwood" title="Isaac Greenwood">Isaac Greenwood</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Late 18th century </td> <td>As early as 1762 (and through at least the early 20th century), the dictionary of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> defined billion as a term of arithmetic meaning a thousand millions.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Early 19th century </td> <td>France widely converted to the short scale, and was followed by the U.S., which began teaching it in schools. Many French encyclopedias of the 19th century either omitted the long scale system or called it "désormais obsolète", a now obsolete system. Nevertheless, by the mid 20th century France would officially convert back to the long scale. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1926 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FowlersModernEnglishUsageFrontispiece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/FowlersModernEnglishUsageFrontispiece.jpg/170px-FowlersModernEnglishUsageFrontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/FowlersModernEnglishUsageFrontispiece.jpg/255px-FowlersModernEnglishUsageFrontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/FowlersModernEnglishUsageFrontispiece.jpg/340px-FowlersModernEnglishUsageFrontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">A Dictionary of Modern English Usage</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">H. W. Fowler</a></div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">H. W. Fowler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">A Dictionary of Modern English Usage</a><a href="#cite_note-fowler-11">[11]</a> noted <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It should be remembered that "billion" does not mean in American use (which follows the French) what it means in British. For to us it means the second power of a million, i.e. a million millions (<a href="/wiki/1000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000 (number)">1,000,000,000,000</a>); for Americans it means a thousand multiplied by itself twice, or a thousand millions (<a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">1,000,000,000</a>), what we call a milliard. Since billion in our sense is useless except to astronomers, it is a pity that we do not conform.</blockquote> Although American English usage did not change, within the next 50 years French usage changed from short scale to long and British English usage changed from long scale to short. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1948 </td> <td>The 9th <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> received requests to establish an International System of Units. One such request was accompanied by a draft French Government discussion paper, which included a suggestion of universal use of the long scale, inviting the short-scale countries to return or convert.<a href="#cite_note-si1948-32">[32]</a> This paper was widely distributed as the basis for further discussion. The matter of the International System of Units was eventually resolved at the 11th General Conference in 1960. The question of long scale versus short scale was not resolved and does not appear in the list of any conference resolutions.<a href="#cite_note-si1948-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-si1954-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1960 </td> <td>The 11th <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_on_Weights_and_Measures" title="General Conference on Weights and Measures">General Conference on Weights and Measures</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI), with its own set of numeric prefixes.<a href="#cite_note-si-34">[34]</a> SI is therefore independent of the number scale being used. SI also notes the language-dependence of some larger-number names and advises against using ambiguous terms such as billion, trillion, etc.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> within the US also considers that it is best that they be avoided entirely.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1961 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of France">French Government</a> confirmed their official usage of the long scale in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_officiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal officiel">Journal officiel</a> (the official French Government gazette).<a href="#cite_note-fr_gov-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1974 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Harold_Wilson_Allan_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lord_Harold_Wilson_Allan_Warren.jpg/170px-Lord_Harold_Wilson_Allan_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lord_Harold_Wilson_Allan_Warren.jpg/255px-Lord_Harold_Wilson_Allan_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lord_Harold_Wilson_Allan_Warren.jpg/340px-Lord_Harold_Wilson_Allan_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> (1916–1995)</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/British_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British prime minister">British prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> explained in a written answer to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> that UK government <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> would from then on use the short scale,<a href="#cite_note-odonnell-13">[13]</a> reported in <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> for 20 December 1974:<a href="#cite_note-haroldwilson-12">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Maxwell-Hyslop" title="Robin Maxwell-Hyslop">Mr. Maxwell-Hyslop</a> asked the Prime Minister whether he would make it the practice of his administration that when Ministers employ the word 'billion' in any official speeches, documents, or answers to <a href="/wiki/UK_Parliamentary_questions#Parliamentary_Questions" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Parliamentary questions">Parliamentary Questions</a>, they will, to avoid confusion, only do so in its British meaning of 1 million million and not in the sense in which it is used in the United States of America, which uses the term 'billion' to mean 1,000 million. The Prime Minister: No. The word 'billion' is now used internationally to mean 1,000 million and it would be confusing if British Ministers were to use it in any other sense. I accept that it could still be interpreted in this country as 1 million million and I shall ask my colleagues to ensure that, if they do use it, there should be no ambiguity as to its meaning.</blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and other UK mass media quickly followed the government's lead within the UK. During the last quarter of the 20th century, most other English-speaking countries (Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe, etc.) either also followed this lead or independently switched to the short scale use. However, in most of these countries, some limited long scale use persists and the official status of the short scale use is not clear. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1975 </td> <td>French mathematician <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Guitel" title="Geneviève Guitel">Geneviève Guitel</a> introduced the terms long scale (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: échelle longue) and short scale (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: échelle courte) to refer to the two numbering systems.<a href="#cite_note-Guitel1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guitel2-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1994 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Government">Italian Government</a> confirmed their official usage of the long scale.<a href="#cite_note-it_gov-10">[10]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> As large numbers in natural sciences are usually represented by metric prefixes, scientific notation or otherwise, the most commonplace occurrence of large numbers represented by long or short scale terms is in finance. The following table includes some historic examples related to hyper-inflation and other financial incidents. <dl><dt>Timeline</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:6%; vertical-align:top;"> Date </th> <th style="width:94%; vertical-align:top;"> Event </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1923 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:582px;max-width:582px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1923_Deutsches_Reich_10milliardenMk_Mi328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="10 Milliarden Mark (1010 mark) stamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1923_Deutsches_Reich_10milliardenMk_Mi328.jpg/150px-1923_Deutsches_Reich_10milliardenMk_Mi328.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1923_Deutsches_Reich_10milliardenMk_Mi328.jpg/225px-1923_Deutsches_Reich_10milliardenMk_Mi328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/1923_Deutsches_Reich_10milliardenMk_Mi328.jpg/300px-1923_Deutsches_Reich_10milliardenMk_Mi328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="700" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">10 Milliarden <a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">Mark</a> (1010 mark) stamp</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Billionmarks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1000 Mark German banknote, over-stamped in red with "Eine Milliarde Mark" (109 mark)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Billionmarks.jpg/250px-Billionmarks.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Billionmarks.jpg/375px-Billionmarks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Billionmarks.jpg/500px-Billionmarks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="562" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1000 <a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">Mark</a> German banknote, over-stamped in red with "Eine Milliarde Mark" (109 mark)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00104,_Inflation,_Tapezieren_mit_Geldscheinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Using German banknotes as wallpaper following the 1923 hyperinflation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00104%2C_Inflation%2C_Tapezieren_mit_Geldscheinen.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00104%2C_Inflation%2C_Tapezieren_mit_Geldscheinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00104%2C_Inflation%2C_Tapezieren_mit_Geldscheinen.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00104%2C_Inflation%2C_Tapezieren_mit_Geldscheinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00104%2C_Inflation%2C_Tapezieren_mit_Geldscheinen.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00104%2C_Inflation%2C_Tapezieren_mit_Geldscheinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="783" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Using German banknotes as wallpaper following the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">German hyperinflation in the 1920s</a> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> caused 'Eintausend Mark' (1000 <a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">Mark</a> = 103 Mark) German banknotes to be over-stamped as 'Eine Milliarde Mark' (109 Mark). This introduced large-number names to the German populace. The Mark or Papiermark was replaced at the end of 1923 by the <a href="/wiki/German_Rentenmark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Rentenmark">Rentenmark</a> at an exchange rate of 1 Rentenmark = 1 billion (long scale) Papiermark = 1012 Papiermark = 1 trillion (short scale) Papiermark </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1946 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:HUP_100MB_1946_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1020 Hungarian pengő banknote issued in 1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HUP_100MB_1946_obverse.jpg/250px-HUP_100MB_1946_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/HUP_100MB_1946_obverse.jpg/375px-HUP_100MB_1946_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/HUP_100MB_1946_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="232" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">1020 <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91" title="Hungarian pengő">Hungarian pengő</a> banknote issued in 1946</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91_hyperinflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian pengő hyperinflation">Hyperinflation in Hungary</a> in 1946 led to the introduction of the 1020 <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_peng%C5%91" title="Hungarian pengő">pengő</a> banknote. 100 million b-pengő (long scale) = 100 trillion (long scale) pengő = 1020 pengő = 100 quintillion (short scale) pengő. On 1 August 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">forint</a> was introduced at a rate of 1 forint = 400 quadrilliard (long scale) pengő = 4 × 1029 pengő = 400 octillion (short scale) pengő. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">1993 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:500000000000_dinars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/500000000000_dinars.jpg/220px-500000000000_dinars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/500000000000_dinars.jpg/330px-500000000000_dinars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/500000000000_dinars.jpg/440px-500000000000_dinars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5 × 1011 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">Yugoslav dinar</a> banknotes from 1993</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in Yugoslavia</a> led to the introduction of 5 × 1011 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">dinar</a> banknotes. 500 thousand million (long scale) dinars = 5 × 1011 <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_dinar" title="Yugoslav dinar">dinar</a> banknotes = 500 billion (short scale) dinars. The later introduction of the new dinar came at an exchange rate of 1 new dinar = 1 × 1027 dinars = ~1.3 × 1027 pre 1990 dinars. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">2009 </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_$100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zimbabwe_%24100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg/220px-Zimbabwe_%24100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zimbabwe_%24100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg/330px-Zimbabwe_%24100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Zimbabwe_%24100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg/440px-Zimbabwe_%24100_trillion_2009_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">1014 (100 trillion) <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Zimbabwean dollar</a> banknote from 2009</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_Zimbabwe" title="Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe">Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe</a> led to banknotes of 1014 <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_dollar" title="Zimbabwean dollar">Zimbabwean dollars</a>, marked "One Hundred Trillion Dollars" (short scale), being issued in 2009, shortly ahead of the currency being abandoned<a href="#cite_note-zimbabwe1-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-zimbabwe2-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-zimbabwe3-40">[40]</a> after a final <a href="/wiki/Redenomination" title="Redenomination">redenomination</a> to the 'fourth dollar'. From 2013 to 2019 when the <a href="/wiki/RTGS_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="RTGS Dollar">RTGS Dollar</a> entered use, no new currency was announced, and so foreign currencies were used instead. 100 trillion (short scale) Zimbabwean dollars = 1014 Zimbabwean dollars = 100 billion (long scale) Zimbabwean dollars = 1027 pre-2006 Zimbabwean dollars = 1 quadrilliard (long scale) pre-2006 Zimbabwean dollars. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">2022 </td> <td>As of 24 November 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">combined total public debt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> stood at <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>31.299 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-DebtToThePenny-41">[41]</a> 31 trillion (short scale) US Dollars = 3.1 × 1013 US Dollars = 31 billion (long scale) US Dollars </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current usage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EScalas_corta_y_larga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/EScalas_corta_y_larga.svg/650px-EScalas_corta_y_larga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/EScalas_corta_y_larga.svg/975px-EScalas_corta_y_larga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/EScalas_corta_y_larga.svg/1300px-EScalas_corta_y_larga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Short and long scale usage throughout the world<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Long scale</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Short scale</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Short scale with milliard instead of billion</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Both scales</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other naming system</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No data</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_scale_users">Short scale users</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Short scale users">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English-speaking">English-speaking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English-speaking">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">106, one million; 109, one billion; 1012, one trillion; etc.</div> Most English-language countries and regions use the short scale with 109 being billion. For example:<a href="#cite_note-42">[shortscale note 1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[shortscale note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-rba-43">[42]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (English-speaking) see <a href="#Using_both">Using both</a> below</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> (English-speaking, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: billiún, trilliún)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[shortscale note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-haroldwilson-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-odonnell-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-blastland-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-comrie-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-oxford-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[shortscale note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-billion-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-trillion-48">[45]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabic-speaking">Arabic-speaking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arabic-speaking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:مليون">مَلْيُوْن</a> malyoon; 109, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:مليار">مِلْيَار</a> milyar; 1012, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:ترليون">تِرِلْيُوْن</a> tirilyoon; etc.</div> Most <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic-language</a> countries and regions use the short scale with 109 being مليار milyar, except for a few countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE which use the word بليون billion for 109. For example:<a href="#cite_note-52">[shortscale note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_milyar-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_trillion-51">[47]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_short_scale">Other short scale</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other short scale">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, one million; 109, one milliard or one billion; 1012, one trillion; etc.</div> Other countries also use a word similar to trillion to mean 1012, etc. Whilst a few of these countries like English use a word similar to billion to mean 109, most like Arabic have kept a traditionally long scale word similar to milliard for 109. Some examples of short scale use, and the words used for 109 and 1012, are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>: <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/bilh%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:bilhão">bilhão</a>, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/trilh%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:trilhão">trilhão</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliar" class="extiw" title="id:Miliar">miliar</a>, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triliun" class="extiw" title="id:Triliun">triliun</a>)<a href="#cite_note-54">[shortscale note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-indonesia-53">[48]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" class="extiw" title="he:מיליארד">מיליארד</a> milyard, <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" class="extiw" title="he:טריליון">טריליון</a> trilyon)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Миллиард">миллиард</a> milliard, <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Триллион">триллион</a> trillion)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/milyar" class="extiw" title="tr:milyar">milyar</a>, <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/trilyon" class="extiw" title="tr:trilyon">trilyon</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_scale_users">Long scale users</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long scale users">edit</a>]</div> The long scale is used by most <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental European</a> countries and by most other countries whose languages derive from Continental Europe (with the notable exceptions of Albania, Greece, Romania,<a href="#cite_note-romanian-55">[49]</a> and Brazil). These countries use a word similar to billion to mean 1012. Some use a word similar to milliard to mean 109, while others use a word or phrase equivalent to thousand millions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch-speaking">Dutch-speaking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dutch-speaking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/miljoen" class="extiw" title="nl:miljoen">miljoen</a>; 109, <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/miljard" class="extiw" title="nl:miljard">miljard</a>; 1012, <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/biljoen" class="extiw" title="nl:biljoen">biljoen</a>; etc.</div> Most <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch-language</a> countries and regions use the long scale with 109 = miljard.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French-speaking">French-speaking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French-speaking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/million" class="extiw" title="fr:million">million</a>; 109, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/milliard" class="extiw" title="fr:milliard">milliard</a>; 1012, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/billion" class="extiw" title="fr:billion">billion</a>; etc.</div> Most <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French-language</a> countries and regions use the long scale with 109 = milliard, for example:<a href="#cite_note-61">[longscale note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-larousse-milliard-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-larousse-billion-59">[53]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>) see <a href="#Using_both">Using both</a> below</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German-speaking">German-speaking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: German-speaking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, Million; 109, Milliarde; 1012, Billion; etc.</div> German-language countries and regions use the long scale with 109 = Milliarde. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese-speaking">Portuguese-speaking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Portuguese-speaking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/milh%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:milhão">milhão</a>; 109, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/mil_milh%C3%B5es" class="extiw" title="pt:mil milhões">mil milhões</a> or milhar de milhões; 1012, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/bili%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:bilião">bilião</a></div> With the notable exception of Brazil, a short scale country, most <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese-language</a> countries and regions use the long scale with 109 = mil milhões or milhar de milhões. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish-speaking">Spanish-speaking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spanish-speaking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/mill%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:millón">millón</a>; 109, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/mil_millones" class="extiw" title="es:mil millones">mil millones</a> or <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/millardo" class="extiw" title="es:millardo">millardo</a>; 1012, <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/bill%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:billón">billón</a>; etc.</div> Most <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish-language</a> countries and regions use the long scale, for example:<a href="#cite_note-65">[longscale note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-dudas-millardo-62">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-real1-63">[56]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (mil millones or millardo)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (millardo or typ. mil millones)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_long_scale">Other long scale</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other long scale">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, one million; 109, one milliard or one thousand million; 1012, one billion; etc.</div> Some examples of long scale use, and the words used for 109 and 1012, are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="fa:میلیارد">میلیارد</a> miliyard, <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" class="extiw" title="fa:بیلیون">بیلیون</a> billion, <a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" class="extiw" title="fa:تریلیون">تریلیون</a> trillion) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/miliardo" class="extiw" title="it:miliardo">miliardo</a>, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/bilione" class="extiw" title="it:bilione">bilione</a>) <a href="#cite_note-67">[longscale note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-it_gov-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-larousse-billione-66">[58]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/miliard" class="extiw" title="pl:miliard">miliard</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/bilion" class="extiw" title="pl:bilion">bilion</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (French: milliard, billion; <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a>: Milliarde, Billion; Italian: miliardo, bilione; <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>: milliarda, billiun<a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_both">Using both</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Using both">edit</a>]</div> Some countries use either the short or long scales, depending on the internal language being used or the context. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">106, one million; 109, either one billion (short scale) or one milliard / thousand million (long scale); 1012, either one trillion (short scale) or one billion (long scale), etc.</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country or territory </th> <th>Short scale usage </th> <th>Long scale usage </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[shortscale longscale note 1]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> (109 = billion, 1012 = trillion) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a> (109 = <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/milliard" class="extiw" title="fr:milliard">milliard</a>, 1012 = <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/billion" class="extiw" title="fr:billion">billion</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[61]</a> or <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/mille_milliards" class="extiw" title="fr:mille milliards">mille milliards</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/23px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/35px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Seychelles.svg/46px-Flag_of_Seychelles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td>English (109 = billion, 1012 = trillion) </td> <td>French (109 = milliard, 1012 = billion) </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <a href="#cite_note-74">[shortscale longscale note 2]</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a> (109 = billion, 1012 = trillion) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a> (109 = <a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/miljard" class="extiw" title="af:miljard">miljard</a>, 1012 = <a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/biljoen" class="extiw" title="af:biljoen">biljoen</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>Economic and technical (109 = billón, 1012 = trillón) </td> <td>Latin American export publications (109 = millardo or mil millones, 1012 = billón) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_neither">Using neither</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Using neither">edit</a>]</div> The following countries use naming systems for large numbers that are not etymologically related to the short and long scales: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Number system </th> <th>Naming of large numbers </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a></td> <td>Traditional system for everyday use, but short or long scale may also be in use <a href="#cite_note-76">[other scale note 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_numerals" title="Dzongkha numerals">Dzongkha numerals</a></td> <td>Traditional system </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khmer_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer numbers">Khmer numerals</a></td> <td>Traditional system </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>East Asian numbering system: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals#Large_numbers" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese numerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Korean numerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals#Powers_of_10" title="Japanese numerals">Japanese numerals</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> system for the larger numbers; special words and symbols up to 1068 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>Calque of the short scale</td> <td>Names of the short scale have not been loaned but <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a> into <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, based on the native Greek word for million, εκατομμύριο ekatommyrio ("hundred-<a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a>", i.e. 100 × 10,000): <ul><li>δισεκατομμύριο disekatommyrio "bi+hundred-myriad" = 109 (short scale billion)</li> <li>τρισεκατομμύριο trisekatommyrio "tri+hundred-myriad" = 1012 (short scale trillion)</li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" class="extiw" title="el:τετράκις εκατομμύριο">τετράκις εκατομμύριο</a> tetrakis ekatommyrio "quadri+hundred-myriad" = 1015 (short scale quadrillion), and so on.<a href="#cite_note-Foundalis-77">[65]</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lao_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao numerals">Lao numerals</a></td> <td>Traditional system </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_numerals" title="Mongolian numerals">Mongolian numerals</a></td> <td>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> system for the larger numbers; special words up to 1067 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Sinhala numerals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_numerals" title="Tamil numerals">Tamil numerals</a></li></ul></div></td> <td>Traditional systems </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thai_numerals" title="Thai numerals">Thai numerals</a></td> <td>Traditional system based on millions </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_numerals" title="Vietnamese numerals">Vietnamese numerals</a></td> <td>Traditional system(s) based on thousands </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_continent">By continent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: By continent">edit</a>]</div> The long and short scales are both present on most continents, with usage dependent on the language used. Examples include: <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:10%; text-align:center;">Continent </th> <th style="width:40%; text-align:center;">Short scale usage </th> <th style="width:40%; text-align:center;">Long scale usage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </td> <td>Arabic (Egypt, Libya), South African English </td> <td>French (Benin, Guinea), Portuguese (Mozambique) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </td> <td>American English, Canadian English </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_United_States" title="Spanish language in the United States">U.S. Spanish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </td> <td>Brazilian Portuguese, English (<a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">American Spanish</a>, Dutch (<a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>), French (<a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarctica#Territorial_claims" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, British English, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a>, Russian </td> <td>American Spanish (Argentina, Chile), French (France), Norwegian (Norway) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </td> <td>Hebrew (Israel), <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (Iran), <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (East Timor, Macau) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </td> <td>British English, Russian, Turkish </td> <td>Dutch, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </td> <td>Australian English, New Zealand English </td> <td>French (<a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_on_current_usage">Notes on current usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes on current usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_scale_2">Short scale</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Short scale">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> English language countries: Apart from the United States, the long scale was used for centuries in many English language countries before being superseded in recent times by short scale usage. Because of this history, some long scale use persists<a href="#cite_note-nielsen-18">[18]</a> and the official status of the short scale in anglophone countries other than the UK and US is sometimes obscure.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Australian usage: In Australia, education, media outlets, and literature all use the short scale in line with other English-speaking countries. The current recommendation by the Australian Government Department of Finance and Deregulation (formerly known as AusInfo), and the legal definition, is the short scale.<a href="#cite_note-rba-43">[42]</a> As recently as 1999, the same department did not consider short scale to be standard, but only used it occasionally. Some documents use the term thousand million for 109 in cases where two amounts are being compared using a common unit of one 'million'. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> British usage: Billion has meant 109 in most sectors of official published writing for many years now. The <a href="/wiki/UK_government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK government">UK government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, and most other broadcast or published <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, have used the short scale in all contexts since the mid-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-haroldwilson-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-odonnell-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-blastland-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-comrie-15">[15]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Before the widespread use of billion for 109, UK usage generally referred to thousand million rather than milliard.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-16">[16]</a> The long scale term milliard, for 109, is obsolete in British English, though its derivative, yard, is still used as slang in the London money, foreign exchange, and bond markets. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> American usage: In the United States, the short scale has been taught in school since the early 19th century. It is therefore used exclusively.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge-billion-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-trillion-48">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Arabic language countries: Most Arabic-language countries use: 106, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:مليون">مليون</a> million; 109, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:مليار">مليار</a> milyar; 1012, <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:ترليون">ترليون</a> trilyon; etc.<a href="#cite_note-Arabic_milyar-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arabic_trillion-51">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Indonesian usage: Large numbers are common in Indonesia, in part because its currency (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">rupiah</a>) is generally expressed in large numbers (the lowest common circulating denomination is Rp100 with Rp1000 is considered as base unit). The term juta, equivalent to million (106), is generally common in daily life. Indonesia officially employs the term miliar (derived from the long scale Dutch word miljard) for the number 109, with no exception. For 1012 and greater, Indonesia follows the short scale, thus 1012 is named triliun. The term seribu miliar (a thousand milliards) or more rarely sejuta juta (a million millions) or sejuta berkali-kali (a millions after a million or a millions over a million) are also used for 1012 less often. Terms greater than triliun are not very familiar to Indonesians.<a href="#cite_note-indonesia-53">[48]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_scale_2">Long scale</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Long scale">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> French usage: France, with Italy, was one of two European countries which converted from the long scale to the short scale during the 19th century, but returned to the original long scale during the 20th century. In 1961, the French Government confirmed their long scale status.<a href="#cite_note-fr_gov-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-larousse-milliard-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-larousse-billion-59">[53]</a> However the 9th edition of the dictionary of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> describes billion as an outdated synonym of milliard, and says that the new meaning of 1012 was decreed in 1961, but never caught on.<a href="#cite_note-AF9-billion-60">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Spanish language countries: Spanish-speaking countries sometimes use millardo (milliard)<a href="#cite_note-dudas-millardo-62">[55]</a> for 109, but mil millones (thousand millions) is used more frequently. The word billón is sometimes used in the short scale sense in those countries more influenced by the United States, where "billion" means "one thousand millions". The usage of billón to mean "one thousand millions", controversial from the start, was denounced by the Royal Spanish Academy as recently as 2010,<a href="#cite_note-real1-63">[56]</a> but was finally accepted in a later version of the official dictionary as standard usage among educated Spanish speakers in the United States (including Puerto Rico).<a href="#cite_note-real2-64">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Italian usage: Italy, with France, was one of the two European countries which partially converted from the long scale to the short scale during the 19th century, but returned to the original long scale in the 20th century. In 1994, the Italian Government confirmed its long scale status.<a href="#cite_note-it_gov-10">[10]</a> In Italian, the word bilione officially means 1012, trilione means 1018, etc.. Colloquially, bilione<a href="#cite_note-larousse-billione-66">[58]</a> can mean both 109 and 1012; trilione [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] can mean both 1012 and (rarer) 1018 and so on. Therefore, in order to avoid ambiguity, they are seldom used. Forms such as miliardo (milliard) for 109, mille miliardi (a thousand milliards) for 1012, un milione di miliardi (a million milliards) for 1015, un miliardo di miliardi (a milliard of milliards) for 1018, mille miliardi di miliardi (a thousand milliard of milliards) for 1021 are more common.<a href="#cite_note-it_gov-10">[10]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Both_long_and_short_scale">Both long and short scale</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Both long and short scale">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Canadian usage: Both scales are in use currently in Canada. English-speaking regions use the short scale exclusively, while French-speaking regions use the long scale, though the Canadian government standards website recommends that in French billion and trillion be avoided, recommending milliard for 109, and mille milliards (a thousand milliards) for 1012.<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> South African usage: South Africa uses both the long scale (in Afrikaans and sometimes English) and the short scale (in English). Unlike the 1974 UK switch, the switch from long scale to short scale took time. As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit">[update]</a> most English language publications use the short scale. Some Afrikaans publications briefly attempted usage of the "American System" but that has led to comment in the papers<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> and has been disparaged by the "<a href="/wiki/Die_Taalkommissie" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Taalkommissie">Taalkommissie</a>" (The Afrikaans Language Commission of the South African Academy of Science and Art)<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> and has thus, to most appearances, been abandoned. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neither_long_nor_short_scale">Neither long nor short scale</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Neither long nor short scale">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi usage: Outside of financial media, the use of billion by Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani English speakers highly depends on their educational background. Some may continue to use the traditional British long scale. In everyday life, Bangladeshis, Indians and Pakistanis largely use their own common number system, commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a> – for instance, Bangladeshi, Pakistani, and <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a> commonly use the words <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> to denote 100 thousand, <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> to denote ten million (i.e. 100 lakhs) and <a href="/wiki/Arab_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (number)">arab</a> to denote thousand million.<a href="#cite_note-75">[64]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_approaches">Alternative approaches</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Alternative approaches">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In written communications, the simplest solution for moderately large numbers is to write the full amount, for example 1,000,000,000,000 rather than 1 trillion (short scale) or 1 billion (long scale).</li> <li>Combinations of the unambiguous word million, for example: 109 = "one thousand million"; 1012 = "one million million".<a href="#cite_note-78">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">Scientific notation</a> (also known as standard form or exponential notation, for example 1×109, 1×1010, 1×1011, 1×1012, etc.), or its <a href="/wiki/Engineering_notation" title="Engineering notation">engineering notation</a> variant (for example 1×109, 10×109, 100×109, 1×1012, etc.), or the computing variant <a href="/wiki/E_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="E notation">E notation</a> (for example <code>1e9</code>, <code>1e10</code>, <code>1e11</code>, <code>1e12</code>, etc.). This is the most common practice among scientists and mathematicians, and is both unambiguous and convenient.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_prefix" class="mw-redirect" title="SI prefix">SI prefixes</a> in combination with <a href="/wiki/SI_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="SI unit">SI units</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Giga-" title="Giga-">giga</a> for 109 and <a href="/wiki/Tera-" class="mw-redirect" title="Tera-">tera</a> for 1012 can give <a href="/wiki/Gigawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigawatt">gigawatt</a> (=109 W) and <a href="/wiki/Terawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terawatt">terawatt</a> (=1012 W). The <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) is independent of whichever scale is being used.<a href="#cite_note-si-34">[34]</a> Use with non-SI units (e.g. "giga-dollars", <a href="/wiki/Megabucks_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Megabucks (disambiguation)">"megabucks"</a>) is possible. k€ and M€ is frequently encountered.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Googol" title="Googol">Googol</a> (number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googolplex" title="Googolplex">Googolplex</a> (number)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers" title="Names of large numbers">Names of large numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_small_numbers" title="Names of small numbers">Names of small numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Orders of magnitude (numbers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> which displays some similar issues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guitel1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel1_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel1_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel1_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel1_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuitel1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Guitel" title="Geneviève Guitel">Guitel, Geneviève</a> (1975). Histoire comparée des numérations écrites (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion" title="Groupe Flammarion">Flammarion</a>. pp. 51–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-211104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-08-211104-1"><bdi>978-2-08-211104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+compar%C3%A9e+des+num%C3%A9rations+%C3%A9crites&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=51-52&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-2-08-211104-1&rft.aulast=Guitel&rft.aufirst=Genevi%C3%A8ve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guitel2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel2_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel2_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel2_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guitel2_2-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuitel1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Guitel" title="Geneviève Guitel">Guitel, Geneviève</a> (1975). ""Les grands nombres en numération parlée (État actuel de la question)", i.e. "The large numbers in oral numeration (Present state of the question)"". Histoire comparée des numérations écrites (in French). Paris: Flammarion. pp. 566–574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-211104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-08-211104-1"><bdi>978-2-08-211104-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Les+grands+nombres+en+num%C3%A9ration+parl%C3%A9e+%28%C3%89tat+actuel+de+la+question%29%22%2C+i.e.+%22The+large+numbers+in+oral+numeration+%28Present+state+of+the+question%29%22&rft.btitle=Histoire+compar%C3%A9e+des+num%C3%A9rations+%C3%A9crites&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=566-574&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-2-08-211104-1&rft.aulast=Guitel&rft.aufirst=Genevi%C3%A8ve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104145435/http://lema.rae.es/drae/">"Authoritative Real Academia Española (RAE) dictionary: billón"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lema.rae.es/drae/">the original</a> on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Authoritative+Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola+%28RAE%29+dictionary%3A+bill%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flema.rae.es%2Fdrae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pilatol1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pilatol1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pilatol1_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=billion%2Cthousand+million%2Cmilliard&year_start=1808&year_end=1967&corpus=18&smoothing=3&share=">British-English usage of 'Billion vs Thousand million vs Milliard'</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> Inc. 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Retrieved 13 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+News%3A+Zimbabweans+play+the+zero+game&rft.date=2008-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F7516874.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimbabwe2-39"><a href="#cite_ref-zimbabwe2_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7832601.stm">"BBC News: Zimbabwe rolls out Z$100tr note"</a>. BBC. 16 January 2009. Retrieved 24 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+News%3A+Zimbabwe+rolls+out+Z%24100tr+note&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F7832601.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zimbabwe3-40"><a href="#cite_ref-zimbabwe3_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7859033.stm">"BBC News: Zimbabwe abandons its currency"</a>. BBC. 29 January 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+News%3A+Zimbabwe+abandons+its+currency&rft.date=2009-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F7859033.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DebtToThePenny-41"><a href="#cite_ref-DebtToThePenny_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usdebtclock.org/">"US National Debt Clock"</a>. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+National+Debt+Clock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusdebtclock.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rba-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rba_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rba_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rba.gov.au/glossary/index.html?search=billion">"RBA: Definition of billion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank of Australia</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RBA%3A+Definition+of+billion&rft.pub=Reserve+Bank+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rba.gov.au%2Fglossary%2Findex.html%3Fsearch%3Dbillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blastland-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blastland_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blastland_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/more_or_less/6625545.stm">"BBC News: Who wants to be a trillionaire?"</a>. BBC. 7 May 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+News%3A+Who+wants+to+be+a+trillionaire%3F&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Fmore_or_less%2F6625545.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-billion-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge-billion_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge-billion_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionaries.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=billion*1+0&dict=A">"billion"</a>. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=billion&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionaries+Online&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionaries.cambridge.org%2Fdefine.asp%3Fkey%3Dbillion%2A1%2B0%26amp%3Bdict%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-trillion-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge-trillion_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge-trillion_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionaries.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=trillion*1+0&dict=A">"trillion"</a>. Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 21 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionaries+Online&rft.atitle=trillion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionaries.cambridge.org%2Fdefine.asp%3Fkey%3Dtrillion%2A1%2B0%26amp%3Bdict%3DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabic_milyar-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_milyar_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_milyar_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazem.com/en/billion">"Al Jazem English-Arabic online dictionary: Billion"</a>. Al Jazem English-Arabic online dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazem+English-Arabic+online+dictionary&rft.atitle=Al+Jazem+English-Arabic+online+dictionary%3A+Billion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazem.com%2Fen%2Fbillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arabic_trillion-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_trillion_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arabic_trillion_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazem.com/en/trillion">"Al Jazem English-Arabic online dictionary:Trillion"</a>. Al Jazem English-Arabic online dictionary. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazem+English-Arabic+online+dictionary&rft.atitle=Al+Jazem+English-Arabic+online+dictionary%3ATrillion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazem.com%2Fen%2Ftrillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indonesia-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indonesia_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indonesia_53-1">b</a> Robson S. O. (Stuart O.), Singgih Wibisono, Yacinta Kurniasih. Javanese English dictionary Tuttle Publishing: 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7946-0000-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7946-0000-X">0-7946-0000-X</a>, 821 pages </li> <li id="cite_note-romanian-55"><a href="#cite_ref-romanian_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvramSala2000" class="citation cs2">Avram, Mioara; Sala, Marius (2000), May We Introduce the Romanian Language to You?, Editura Fundatiei Culturale Române, p. 151, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789735772246" title="Special:BookSources/9789735772246"><bdi>9789735772246</bdi></a>, <q>the numeral miliard "billion"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+We+Introduce+the+Romanian+Language+to+You%3F&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Editura+Fundatiei+Culturale+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789735772246&rft.aulast=Avram&rft.aufirst=Mioara&rft.au=Sala%2C+Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnt.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WFT&id=63043&lemmodern=miljard">"De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank: miljard"</a> (in Dutch). Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Ge%C3%AFntegreerde+Taal-Bank%3A+miljard&rft.pub=Instituut+voor+Nederlandse+Lexicologie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnt.inl.nl%2FiWDB%2Fsearch%3Factie%3Darticle%26wdb%3DWFT%26id%3D63043%26lemmodern%3Dmiljard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gtb.inl.nl/iWDB/search?actie=article&wdb=WFT&id=8253&lemmodern=biljoen">"De Geïntegreerde Taal-Bank: biljoen"</a> (in Dutch). Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Ge%C3%AFntegreerde+Taal-Bank%3A+biljoen&rft.pub=Instituut+voor+Nederlandse+Lexicologie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgtb.inl.nl%2FiWDB%2Fsearch%3Factie%3Darticle%26wdb%3DWFT%26id%3D8253%26lemmodern%3Dbiljoen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-larousse-milliard-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larousse-milliard_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-larousse-milliard_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318130447/http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionaries/french/milliard">"French Larousse: milliard"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Larousse" title="Éditions Larousse">Éditions Larousse</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionaries/french/milliard">the original</a> on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Larousse%3A+milliard&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Larousse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.com%2Fen%2Fdictionaries%2Ffrench%2Fmilliard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-larousse-billion-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larousse-billion_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-larousse-billion_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318130500/http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionaries/french/billion">"French Larousse: billion"</a> (in French). Éditions Larousse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionaries/french/billion">the original</a> on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Larousse%3A+billion&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Larousse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larousse.com%2Fen%2Fdictionaries%2Ffrench%2Fbillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AF9-billion-60"><a href="#cite_ref-AF9-billion_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atilf.atilf.fr/dendien/scripts/generic/cherche.exe?15;s=802200930;;">"billion"</a>. Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (in French) (9th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a>. 1992. Retrieved 17 January 2016. <q>BILLION (les deux l se prononcent sans mouillure) n. m. XVe siècle, byllion, « un million de millions »; XVIe siècle, « mille millions ». Altération arbitraire de l'initiale de million, d'après la particule latine bi-, « deux fois ». Rare. Mille millions. Syn. vieilli de Milliard. Selon un décret de 1961, le mot Billion a reçu une nouvelle valeur, à savoir un million de millions (1012), qui n'est pas entrée dans l'usage.</q> [BILLION (the two Ls are pronounced without palatalisation) masculine noun. Spelled byllion in the 15th century when it meant a million millions; in the 16th century it meant a thousand millions. It is an arbitrary alteration of the start of million by inserting the Latin prefix bi-, meaning twice. Now rarely used. It means a thousand millions. It is an outdated synonym of Milliard. According to a decree of 1961, the word Billion received a new value, to wit a million millions (1012), which has not come into common usage.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=billion&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A9mie+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.date=1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatilf.atilf.fr%2Fdendien%2Fscripts%2Fgeneric%2Fcherche.exe%3F15%3Bs%3D802200930%3B%3B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-dudas-millardo-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dudas-millardo_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dudas-millardo_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=millardo">"Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas: millardo"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Panhisp%C3%A1nico+de+Dudas%3A+millardo&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscon.rae.es%2FdpdI%2FSrvltConsulta%3Flema%3Dmillardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-real1-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-real1_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-real1_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=billon">"Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas: billon"</a> (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. Retrieved 24 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+Panhisp%C3%A1nico+de+Dudas%3A+billon&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscon.rae.es%2FdpdI%2FSrvltConsulta%3Flema%3Dbillon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-real2-64"><a href="#cite_ref-real2_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dle.rae.es/?id=5WQzD1r">"Diccionario de la lengua española"</a> (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 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Retrieved 15 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+government+standards+website&rft.pub=Canadian+Government&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbtb.termiumplus.gc.ca%2Ftpv2alpha%2Falpha-eng.html%3Flang%3Deng%26i%3D%26index%3Dfrt%26__index%3Dfrt%26srchtxt%3Dbillion%26comencsrch.x%3D12%26comencsrch.y%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granddictionnaire.com/ficheOqlf.aspx?Id_Fiche=8872290">"billion"</a>. Granddictionnaire.com. 13 May 2013. Retrieved 24 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=billion&rft.pub=Granddictionnaire.com&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.granddictionnaire.com%2FficheOqlf.aspx%3FId_Fiche%3D8872290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714224334/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/02/20/B1/14/01milbiltril.html">"Taalkommissie se reaksie op biljoen, triljoen"</a> (in Afrikaans). <a href="/wiki/Naspers" title="Naspers">Naspers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Media24" title="Media24">Media24</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/02/20/B1/14/01milbiltril.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taalkommissie+se+reaksie+op+biljoen%2C+triljoen&rft.pub=Naspers%3A+Media24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2008%2F02%2F20%2FB1%2F14%2F01milbiltril.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714134302/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2009/07/13/SK/9/BBfpistorAWS.html">"'Groen boek': mooiste, beste, gebruikersvriendelikste"</a> (in Afrikaans). Naspers:Media24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2009/07/13/SK/9/BBfpistorAWS.html">the original</a> on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Groen+boek%27%3A+mooiste%2C+beste%2C+gebruikersvriendelikste&rft.pub=Naspers%3AMedia24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.87%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fdieburger%2F2009%2F07%2F13%2FSK%2F9%2FBBfpistorAWS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2010" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, S.V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHiKycrLmEQC&q=crore%20lakh%20arab&pg=PA12">Units of measurement: past, present and future: international system of units</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 12 (Section 1.2.8 Numeration). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642007385" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642007385"><bdi>978-3642007385</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Units+of+measurement%3A+past%2C+present+and+future%3A+international+system+of+units&rft.pages=12+%28Section+1.2.8+Numeration%29&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3642007385&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHiKycrLmEQC%26q%3Dcrore%2520lakh%2520arab%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foundalis-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Foundalis_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoundalis" class="citation web cs1">Foundalis, Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foundalis.com/lan/grknum.htm">"Greek Numbers and Numerals (Ancient and Modern)"</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Numbers+and+Numerals+%28Ancient+and+Modern%29&rft.aulast=Foundalis&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foundalis.com%2Flan%2Fgrknum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel/space/theoriginsoftheuniverserev1.shtml">"BBC: GCSE Bitesize – The origins of the universe"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC%3A+GCSE+Bitesize+%E2%80%93+The+origins+of+the+universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fscience%2Fedexcel%2Fspace%2Ftheoriginsoftheuniverserev1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALong+and+short+scales" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_and_short_scales&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15478580">BBC News article: "Is trillion the new billion?"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.live-counter.com/large-numbers/">Live-Counter.com: How to visualize large numbers:"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Large_numbers" title="Template:Large numbers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Large_numbers" title="Template talk:Large numbers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Large_numbers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Large numbers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Large_numbers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Large_numbers" title="Large numbers">Large numbers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples in numerical order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100" title="100">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1000_(number)" title="1000 (number)">Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10,000" title="10,000">Ten thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100,000" title="100,000">Hundred thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,000,000" title="1,000,000">Million</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">Billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion" title="Trillion">Trillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1015" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Quadrillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1018" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Quintillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1021" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Sextillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1024" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Septillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1027" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Octillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1030" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Nonillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)#1033" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Decillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_number" title="Eddington number">Eddington number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googol" title="Googol">Googol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_number" title="Shannon number">Shannon number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googolplex" title="Googolplex">Googolplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skewes%27s_number" title="Skewes's number">Skewes's number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinhaus%E2%80%93Moser_notation" title="Steinhaus–Moser notation">Moser's number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham%27s_number" title="Graham's number">Graham's number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruskal%27s_tree_theorem" title="Kruskal's tree theorem">TREE(3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedman%27s_SSCG_function" title="Friedman's SSCG function">SSCG(3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchholz_hydra#BH(n)" title="Buchholz hydra">BH(3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayo%27s_number" title="Rayo's number">Rayo's number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">Infinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expression methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">Scientific notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuth%27s_up-arrow_notation" title="Knuth's up-arrow notation">Knuth's up-arrow notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_chained_arrow_notation" title="Conway chained arrow notation">Conway chained arrow notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinhaus%E2%80%93Moser_notation" title="Steinhaus–Moser notation">Steinhaus–Moser notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoperation" title="Hyperoperation">Hyperoperation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetration" title="Tetration">Tetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentation" title="Pentation">Pentation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ackermann_function" title="Ackermann function">Ackermann function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorczyk_hierarchy" title="Grzegorczyk hierarchy">Grzegorczyk hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast-growing_hierarchy" title="Fast-growing hierarchy">Fast-growing hierarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles (alphabetical order) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busy_beaver" title="Busy beaver">Busy beaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_real_number_line" title="Extended real number line">Extended real number line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_and_fictitious_numbers" title="Indefinite and fictitious numbers">Indefinite and fictitious numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitesimal" title="Infinitesimal">Infinitesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_known_prime_number" title="Largest known prime number">Largest known prime number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbers" title="List of numbers">List of numbers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Long and short scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number" title="Number">Number systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">Number names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_two" title="Power of two">Power of two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_three" title="Power of three">Power of three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_of_10" title="Power of 10">Power of 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan#Sagan_units" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers" title="Names of large numbers">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_large_numbers" title="History of large numbers">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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