Journal of Composites Science | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complexities" > Complexities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="cmtr" > Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction (CMTR) </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs 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</option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="eesp" > Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="greenhealth" > Green Health </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijom" > International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy (IJOM) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" selected='selected'> Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jemr" > Journal of Eye Movement Research (JEMR) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmms" > Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences (JMMS) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="multimedia" > Multimedia </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings 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value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> 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acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>Impact Factor:</strong> 3.0 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.3 (2023) </div> <div> <a href="/journal/jcs/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/jcs/jcs_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2504-477X </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 23944 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/137/pdf?version=1741963405" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Tribological Study of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Aluminum 7075 Using Response Surface Methodology and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/137">Tribological Study of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Aluminum 7075 Using Response Surface Methodology and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Endalkachew Mosisa Gutema</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mahesh Gopal</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hirpa G. Lemu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 137; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030137">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030137</a> - 14 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Aluminum metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) are widely employed in the aerospace and automotive industries due to their greater qualities in comparison to the base alloy. Adding nanocomposites like multi-walled carbon nanocomposites (MWCNTs) to aluminum enhances its mechanical properties. In the current research, aluminum <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/137/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Aluminum metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) are widely employed in the aerospace and automotive industries due to their greater qualities in comparison to the base alloy. Adding nanocomposites like multi-walled carbon nanocomposites (MWCNTs) to aluminum enhances its mechanical properties. In the current research, aluminum 7075 with MWCNT particles was prepared and characterized to study its tribological behaviors, such as its hardness and specific wear rate. The experiment was designed with varying weight percentages of MWCNTs of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, and these were fabricated using powder metallurgy, employing compacting pressures of 300, 400, and 500 MPa and sintering temperatures of 400, 450, and 500 °C. Further, the experimental setup was designed using Design-Expert V13 to examine the impact of influencing parameters. A second-order mathematical model was developed via central composite design (CCD) using a response surface methodology (RSM), and the performance characteristics were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The hardness (HV) and specific wear rate (SWR) were measured using a hardness tester and pin-on-disk apparatus. From the results thus obtained, it was observed that an increase in compacting pressure and sintering temperature tends to increase the hardness and specific wear rate. An increasing weight percentage of MWCNTs increased their hardness, while the SWR was less between the weight percentages 0.9 and 1.3. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was trained and evaluated to provide the best feasible solutions. The MOGA suggested sixteen sets of non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions that had the best and lowest predicted values. The confirmatory analytical results and predicted characteristics were found to be excellent and consistent with the experiential values. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/137">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/JB96U9UMVH ">Characterization and Modeling of Composites, 4th Edition</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 6563 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/136/pdf?version=1741947783" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Controlling Terahertz Dielectric Responses in Polymer Composites by Engineering α-Al2O3 Whisker Filler Distribution" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/136">Controlling Terahertz Dielectric Responses in Polymer Composites by Engineering α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Whisker Filler Distribution</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gang Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chengzhe Gao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jin Leng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yang Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liying Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ran Jing</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pengshu Xie</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hua Deng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiwu Shi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 136; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030136">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030136</a> - 14 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> As the communication band gradually approaches the terahertz (THz) range, there is an urgent need to explore materials with ideal dielectric properties for THz communication devices. Nevertheless, most polymers present a low dielectric constant (<i>Dk</i>), and the regulation of their dielectric <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/136/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> As the communication band gradually approaches the terahertz (THz) range, there is an urgent need to explore materials with ideal dielectric properties for THz communication devices. Nevertheless, most polymers present a low dielectric constant (<i>Dk</i>), and the regulation of their dielectric properties in the THz range has rarely been reported. In this work, the isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> whisker composites were synthesized and their THz dielectric parameters were optimized. The <i>Dk</i> values increased from 2.23 to 3.13 with filler (α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> whisker) concentration, ranging from 0 to 20 vol%, but were almost independent of the test frequency. The loss tangent (<i>Df</i>) values presented an increasing tendency along with both filler concentrations and test frequency. All composites exhibited <i>Df</i> values of less than 4.0 × 10<sup>−3</sup>. Particularly, the dielectric properties of composites can be further regulated by adjusting the orientation direction of the whisker fillers. The orientation of the whisker fillers was adjusted via the injection molding method. Along the direction of the whisker orientation distribution, the composites exhibit higher <i>Dk</i> values and lower <i>Df</i> values. This work presented a schematic to design polymer composites with higher <i>Dk</i> but controlled <i>Df</i> in the THz range and is significant for the development of advanced materials-based THz devices. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/136">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/0362ZGH23Q ">Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/136/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1612338"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1612338"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1612338" data-cycle-prev="#prev1612338" data-cycle-progressive="#images1612338" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1612338-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g001-550.jpg?1741947906" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1612338" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1612338-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g002-550.jpg?1741947909'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1612338-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g003-550.jpg?1741947914'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1612338-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g004-550.jpg?1741947915'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1612338-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g005-550.jpg?1741947916'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1612338-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g006-550.jpg?1741947918'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1612338-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g007-550.jpg?1741947920'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1612338-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g008-550.jpg?1741947921'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1612338-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g001-550.jpg?1741947906" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern of α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> whiskers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g002-550.jpg?1741947909" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM morphology of (<b>a</b>) ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) and (<b>b</b>) α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> whiskers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g003-550.jpg?1741947914" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM morphologies of isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> whisker composites with (<b>a</b>) 5 vol%, (<b>b</b>) 10 vol%, and (<b>c</b>) 20 vol% fillers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g004-550.jpg?1741947915" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Composition and frequency-dependent behavior of (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Dk</span> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">Df</span> of iPP/α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> whisker composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g005-550.jpg?1741947916" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>SEM morphologies of injection-molded samples with 20 vol% α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> whiskers: (<b>a</b>) in parallel injection molding direction and (<b>b</b>) partial enlargement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g006-550.jpg?1741947918" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the test method for dielectric properties of injection-molded composites parallel and perpendicular to the injection direction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g007-550.jpg?1741947920" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">Dk</span> vs. filler content for parallel (<span class="html-italic">Dk</span> ∥ c) and perpendicular (<span class="html-italic">Dk</span> ⊥ c) orientations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00136/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00136-g008-550.jpg?1741947921" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Composition and frequency dependent <span class="html-italic">Df</span> for (<b>a</b>) perpendicular and (<b>b</b>) parallel orientations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/136'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 15226 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/135/pdf?version=1741881418" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effect of Yarn-Level Fibre Hybridisation on Thermomechanical Behaviour of 3D Woven Orthogonal Flax/E-Glass Composite Laminae" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/135">Effect of Yarn-Level Fibre Hybridisation on Thermomechanical Behaviour of 3D Woven Orthogonal Flax/E-Glass Composite Laminae</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nenglong Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhenmin Zou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Constantinos Soutis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Prasad Potluri</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kali Babu Katnam</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 135; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030135">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030135</a> - 13 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates the novel role of yarn-level fibre hybridisation in tailoring thermomechanical properties and thermal residual stress (TRS) fields in the resin at both micro- and meso-scales of 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composites. Unlike previous studies, which primarily focus on macro-scale composite <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/135/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates the novel role of yarn-level fibre hybridisation in tailoring thermomechanical properties and thermal residual stress (TRS) fields in the resin at both micro- and meso-scales of 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composites. Unlike previous studies, which primarily focus on macro-scale composite behaviour, this work integrates a two-scale homogenisation scheme. It combines microscale <i>representative volume element</i> (RVE) models and mesoscale <i>repeating unit cell</i> (RUC) models to capture the effects of hybridisation from the fibre to lamina scale. The analysis specifically examines the cooling phase from a curing temperature of 100 °C down to 20 °C, where TRS develops due to thermal expansion mismatches. Microstructures are generated employing a random sequential expansion algorithm for RVE models, while weave architecture is generated using the open-source software <i>TexGen 3.13.1</i> for RUC models. Results demonstrate that yarn-level hybridisation provides a powerful strategy to balance mechanical performance, thermal stability, and residual stress control, revealing its potential for optimising composite design. Stress analysis indicates that under in-plane tensile loading, stress levels in matrix-rich regions remain below 1 MPa, while binder yarns exhibit significant stress concentration, reaching up to 8.71 MPa under shear loading. The study quantifies how varying fibre hybridisation ratios influence stiffness, thermal expansion, and stress concentrations—bridging the gap between microstructural design and macroscopic composite performance. These findings highlight the potential of yarn-level fibre hybridisation in tailoring thermomechanical properties of yarns and laminae. The study also demonstrates its effectiveness in reducing TRS in composite laminae post-manufacturing. Additionally, hybridisation allows for adjusting density requirements, making it suitable for applications where weight and thermal properties are critical. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/135">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/fiber_composites">Fiber Composites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/135/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1611873"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1611873"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1611873" data-cycle-prev="#prev1611873" data-cycle-progressive="#images1611873" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g001-550.jpg?1741881554" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1611873" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g002-550.jpg?1741881555'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g003-550.jpg?1741881556'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g004-550.jpg?1741881558'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g005-550.jpg?1741881560'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g006-550.jpg?1741881561'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g007-550.jpg?1741881564'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g008-550.jpg?1741881565'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g009-550.jpg?1741881567'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g010-550.jpg?1741881571'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g011-550.jpg?1741881572'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g012-550.jpg?1741881576'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1611873-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g013-550.jpg?1741881577'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1611873-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g001-550.jpg?1741881554" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Typical microstructures for the RVE model with different constituents (i.e., volume fraction of flax fibre, E-glass fibre and matrix <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>): (<b>a</b>) (0.60, 0, 0.4), (<b>b</b>) (0.48, 0.12, 0.4), (<b>c</b>) (0.36, 0.24, 0.4), (<b>d</b>) (0.24, 0.36, 0.4), (<b>e</b>) (0.12, 0.48, 0.4), and (<b>f</b>) (0, 0.60, 0.4).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g002-550.jpg?1741881555" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mesoscale RUC model—3D orthogonal weave (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mo>:</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g003-550.jpg?1741881556" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Homogenised thermomechanical properties for (<b>a</b>) E-glass yarn and (<b>b</b>) flax yarn, using microscale RVE model and various analytical models [<a href="#B36-jcs-09-00135" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-jcs-09-00135" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B38-jcs-09-00135" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B53-jcs-09-00135" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B54-jcs-09-00135" class="html-bibr">54</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g004-550.jpg?1741881558" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Specific mesoscopic homogenised properties: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>22</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>23</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>e</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>f</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>22</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> of impregnated hybrid yarn versus volume fraction of E-glass fibre (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) using verified microscale RVE model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g005-550.jpg?1741881560" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Flax/epoxy lamina von Mises matrix stress distribution for a volume fraction of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo>=</mo> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mn>0.48</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>0.12</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>, under various mechanical loading cases (unit: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>): (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">ˆ</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">ˆ</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>22</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">ˆ</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math> and (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">ˆ</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>23</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g006-550.jpg?1741881561" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The reversed cumulative matrix volume percentage as a function of the von Mises stress amplification factor (SAF), with varying yarn constituents, for four loading cases: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">ˆ</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">ˆ</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>22</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">ˆ</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">ˆ</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>23</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g007-550.jpg?1741881564" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The thermal residual von Mises matrix stress distributions (unit: MPa) of the flax/E-glass/epoxy laminae under thermal loading (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>80</mn> </mrow> <mo> </mo> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>) with volume fraction <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>: (<b>a</b>) (0.48, 0.12, 0.4), (<b>b</b>) (0.36, 0.24, 0.4), (<b>c</b>) (0.24, 0.36, 0.4), and (<b>d</b>) (0.12, 0.48, 0.4).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g008-550.jpg?1741881565" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The reverse cumulative matrix volume percentage as a function of thermal residual von Mises stress for yarns with different constituents under thermal loading (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>80</mn> </mrow> <mo> </mo> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g009-550.jpg?1741881567" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Specific macroscopic homogenised properties: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>e</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>f</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>g</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>h</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>i</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> of 3D orthogonal-woven hybrid composite laminae versus volume fraction of E-glass fibre (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>) within the hybrid yarn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g010-550.jpg?1741881571" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of von Mises stress fields in the matrix-rich region (<b>top</b>) and yarns (<b>bottom</b>) for the mesomechanical RUC model of 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composite laminae with yarn volume fraction ratio <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfenced> <mo> </mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo> </mo> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <mn>0.48,0.12</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <mn>0.4</mn> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>, under: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>e</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo> </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>f</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g011-550.jpg?1741881572" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Relationship between the reversed cumulative volume percentage of the matrix-rich region and the von Mises stress amplification factor (SAF) in 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composite laminae with different yarn-level fibre hybridisation under four loading cases (unit: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">M</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>): (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>d</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>σ</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">^</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g012-550.jpg?1741881576" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Thermal residual von Mises stress fields (unit: MPa) in the matrix-rich regions (<b>top</b>) and yarns (<b>bottom</b>) of the mesomechanical RUC model for 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composite laminae under thermal loading (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mn>80</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>), with varying yarn-level fibre hybridisation <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mfenced separators="|"> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo> </mo> <msub> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfenced> </mrow> </semantics></math>: (<b>a</b>) (0.60, 0, 0.4), (<b>b</b>) (0.48, 0.12, 0.4), (<b>c</b>) (0.36, 0.24, 0.4), (<b>d</b>) (0.24, 0.36, 0.4), (<b>e</b>) (0.12, 0.48, 0.4), and (<b>f</b>) (0, 0.60, 0.4).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00135/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00135-g013-550.jpg?1741881577" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Reversed cumulative volume percentage of the matrix-rich region plotted against thermal residual von Mises stress for 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composites with different yarn-level fibre hybridisation, under thermal loading (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>80</mn> </mrow> <mo> </mo> <mrow> <mo>°</mo> </mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/135'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 4300 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/134/pdf?version=1741916989" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/134">Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sumanta Das</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miroslav Gašparík</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anil Kumar Sethy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Niemz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manaswini Mahapatra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rastislav Lagaňa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nadežda Langová</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomáš Kytka</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 134; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030134">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030134</a> - 13 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to traditional building materials. However, the decline of natural vegetation and the growth of plantation hardwoods has led the researchers to consider alternatives. This study presents a comparative analysis of bending and rolling <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/134/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to traditional building materials. However, the decline of natural vegetation and the growth of plantation hardwoods has led the researchers to consider alternatives. This study presents a comparative analysis of bending and rolling shear performance of homogenous poplar (<i>Populus nigra</i> L.) CLT and hybrid CLT, with maple (<i>Acer platanoides</i> L.), in the outer layer and poplar in the core, compared to spruce (<i>Picea abies</i> (L.), H. Karst.) CLT. The CLT panels were prepared using one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) and melamine adhesive (ME). Poplar CLT exhibited equal or better properties than spruce CLT. The outer maple layer in the hybrid CLT enhanced the global bending modulus (<i>E<sub>mg</sub></i>) and bending strength (<i>f<sub>m</sub></i>) by 74% and 37%, respectively, due to its higher modulus of elasticity better shear resistance by reducing the cross-layer stress concentrations and rolling shear failure. Additionally, both the adhesive types and wood species significantly influenced the <i>f<sub>m</sub></i>, <i>E<sub>mg</sub></i>, and rolling shear strength (<i>f<sub>r</sub></i>) independently, while their interaction effect was found to be non-significant. The experimental bending stiffness was higher than the theoretical values. The shear analogy method provided the most accurate results for bending and shear strengths, while bending stiffness was best predicted by the modified gamma method, with minor variations. The finite-element models (FEMs) also produced results with a deviation of only 10%. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/134">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/fiber_composites">Fiber Composites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/134/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1611508"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1611508"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1611508" data-cycle-prev="#prev1611508" data-cycle-progressive="#images1611508" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g001-550.jpg?1741917082" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1611508" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g002-550.jpg?1741917084'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g003-550.jpg?1741917085'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g004-550.jpg?1741917086'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g005-550.jpg?1741917087'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g006-550.jpg?1741917088'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g007-550.jpg?1741917090'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g008-550.jpg?1741917093'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g009-550.jpg?1741917094'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g010-550.jpg?1741917095'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g011-550.jpg?1741917096'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1611508-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g012-550.jpg?1741917097'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1611508-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g001-550.jpg?1741917082" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Preparation of the CLT panels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g002-550.jpg?1741917084" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>4-point bending test CLT panels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g003-550.jpg?1741917085" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Rolling shear test of CLT panels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g004-550.jpg?1741917086" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Finite element models for CLT panels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g005-550.jpg?1741917087" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Mean load–displacement curves from bending test with P representing poplar, S representing spruce, and H indicating hybrid.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g006-550.jpg?1741917088" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Wood species and adhesive type interaction on <span class="html-italic">E<sub>mg</sub></span> and <span class="html-italic">f<sub>m</sub></span> of the CLT panels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g007-550.jpg?1741917090" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Statistical analysis of wood species and adhesive interaction on <span class="html-italic">f<sub>r</sub></span> of CLT panels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g008-550.jpg?1741917093" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Failures observed during the bending and rolling shear test with (<b>a</b>) Rolling shear failure, (<b>b</b>) tensile failure and (<b>c</b>) Rolling shear failure at the width end.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g009-550.jpg?1741917094" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between experimental bending stiffness to their theoretical values.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g010-550.jpg?1741917095" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between experimental values to their theoretical values.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g011-550.jpg?1741917096" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Load vs. displacement curves of CLT panels observed from FEM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00134/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00134-g012-550.jpg?1741917097" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Stress distribution observed in CLT panels from FEM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/134'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 37 pages, 2985 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/133/pdf?version=1741860675" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hydrogels for Wound Dressings: Applications in Burn Treatment and Chronic Wound Care" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/133">Hydrogels for Wound Dressings: Applications in Burn Treatment and Chronic Wound Care</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adina Alberts</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elena-Theodora Moldoveanu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 133; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030133">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030133</a> - 13 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Severe skin injuries such as burns and chronic wounds are a subject of interest in the medical field, as they require much attention. These types of wounds are susceptible to serious complications, which can worsen the health of patients and reduce their quality <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/133/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Severe skin injuries such as burns and chronic wounds are a subject of interest in the medical field, as they require much attention. These types of wounds are susceptible to serious complications, which can worsen the health of patients and reduce their quality of life. Hydrogels have emerged as innovative wound dressings for treating acute and chronic wounds, including burns, diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers. These polymeric networks provide a moist wound environment, promote cellular migration, and offer antimicrobial properties, being recognized as superior to conventional dressings. This review aims to explore recent advancements in hydrogel-based wound dressings, emphasizing the state-of-the-art technologies used for this purpose and the trend of achieving personalized therapeutic approaches. Despite the promising in vitro and in vivo findings described in this review, further clinical validation and large-scale manufacturing optimizations are required for widespread clinical adoption. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/133">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/composites_applications">Composites Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/133/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1611430"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1611430"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1611430" data-cycle-prev="#prev1611430" data-cycle-progressive="#images1611430" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1611430-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g001-550.jpg?1741860785" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1611430" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1611430-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g002-550.jpg?1741860787'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1611430-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g003-550.jpg?1741860789'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1611430-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g004-550.jpg?1741860792'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1611430-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g005-550.jpg?1741860794'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1611430-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g001-550.jpg?1741860785" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Wound dressing characteristics. Created based on the information from [<a href="#B10-jcs-09-00133" class="html-bibr">10</a>,<a href="#B11-jcs-09-00133" class="html-bibr">11</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/133'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g002-550.jpg?1741860787" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Functionalities of hydrogel-based wound dressings. Created based on the information from [<a href="#B29-jcs-09-00133" class="html-bibr">29</a>] Abbreviations: ROS—reactive oxygen species.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/133'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g003-550.jpg?1741860789" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Overview of antioxidant compounds that, when incorporated in hydrogels, lead to an improved wound healing process. Created based on information from [<a href="#B108-jcs-09-00133" class="html-bibr">108</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/133'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g004-550.jpg?1741860792" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Burn classification and their implications for wound management. Created based on information from [<a href="#B7-jcs-09-00133" class="html-bibr">7</a>,<a href="#B112-jcs-09-00133" class="html-bibr">112</a>,<a href="#B113-jcs-09-00133" class="html-bibr">113</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/133'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00133/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00133-g005-550.jpg?1741860794" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Overview of advanced 3D printing methods for manufacturing hydrogel dressings. Adapted from an open-access source [<a href="#B29-jcs-09-00133" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/133'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 37 pages, 14291 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/132/pdf?version=1741847118" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Advancements in EBSD Techniques: A Comprehensive Review on Characterization of Composites and Metals, Sample Preparation, and Operational Parameters" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/132">Advancements in EBSD Techniques: A Comprehensive Review on Characterization of Composites and Metals, Sample Preparation, and Operational Parameters</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Srinivas Doddapaneni</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sathish Kumar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sathyashankara Sharma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gowri Shankar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manjunath Shettar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nitesh Kumar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ganesha Aroor</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Syed Mansoor Ahmad</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 132; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030132">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030132</a> - 13 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This comprehensive review focuses on the most recent advances in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods in the context of materials science and includes a thorough evaluation of the sample preparation procedures unique to EBSD as well as a complete examination of the important <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/132/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This comprehensive review focuses on the most recent advances in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods in the context of materials science and includes a thorough evaluation of the sample preparation procedures unique to EBSD as well as a complete examination of the important operational parameters inherent in EBSD setups. This review highlights the importance of customizing EBSD parameters for precise microstructural imaging and enhancing understanding of material behavior. While some studies have explored grain boundary characterization, stored energy, and crystallographic orientation using EBSD, there is a clear need for more comprehensive investigations to fully leverage its capabilities. Additionally, there is a significant gap in understanding the optimal choice of the reference plane in EBSD analysis, indicating the necessity for further research to improve EBSD analyses’ accuracy and efficacy. The review seeks to present a detailed and contemporary viewpoint on the many applications, sample preparation techniques, and optimal operational considerations that jointly increase the adaptability and efficacy of EBSD in materials science research by relying on the relevant literature. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/132">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/L02YMO8440 ">Metal Composites, Volume II</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/132/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1611131"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1611131"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1611131" data-cycle-prev="#prev1611131" data-cycle-progressive="#images1611131" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g001-550.jpg?1741847314" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1611131" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g002-550.jpg?1741847316'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g003-550.jpg?1741847318'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g004-550.jpg?1741847320'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g005-550.jpg?1741847323'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g006-550.jpg?1741847326'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g007-550.jpg?1741847327'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g008-550.jpg?1741847329'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g009-550.jpg?1741847331'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g010-550.jpg?1741847333'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g011-550.jpg?1741847339'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1611131-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g012-550.jpg?1741847342'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1611131-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g001-550.jpg?1741847314" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) EBSD detector, (<b>b</b>) electron beam interaction with the SEM specimen [<a href="#B6-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">6</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g002-550.jpg?1741847316" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Reconstructed 3D microstructure—crack is shown in black [<a href="#B29-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g003-550.jpg?1741847318" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>IPF showing orientations and loading direction [<a href="#B32-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">32</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g004-550.jpg?1741847320" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) IPF of samples (1–4 wt.% of Sm) subjected to the extrusion process [<a href="#B35-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g005-550.jpg?1741847323" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>OIM images of AA6061-T6 alloy (<b>a</b>) BM, (<b>b</b>) HAZ, (<b>c</b>) TMAZ, (<b>d</b>) NZ [<a href="#B36-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">36</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g006-550.jpg?1741847326" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) IPF and (<b>a<sub>1</sub></b>–<b>c<sub>1</sub></b>) GBCD maps of 3% cold rolled specimens at different heating durations [<a href="#B37-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g007-550.jpg?1741847327" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Orientation mapping of EBSD analysis displaying (<b>a</b>) band contrast image, (<b>b</b>) phase map showing the presence of M23C6 (blue) and ferrite (red) phases [<a href="#B39-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">39</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g008-550.jpg?1741847329" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>IPF map of SRA (<b>left</b>) and SARA (<b>right</b>) subjected to aging at 460 °C for 5 h [<a href="#B40-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">40</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g009-550.jpg?1741847331" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Grain boundary maps SARA subjected to aging at 460 °C for different periods of 2 h (<b>left</b>) and 5 h (<b>right</b>) [<a href="#B40-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">40</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g010-550.jpg?1741847333" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>IPF mapping of (<b>a</b>) annealed aluminum, (<b>b</b>) aluminum sample subjected to ARB (6 cycles), (<b>c</b>) AA1050 + CuO composite subjected to ARB (6 cycles) [<a href="#B43-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">43</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g011-550.jpg?1741847339" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Kikuchi pattern quality at loaded configuration. (<b>b</b>) Kikuchi pattern quality at undeformed state (taken from a different grain) [<a href="#B49-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">49</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00132/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00132-g012-550.jpg?1741847342" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>IPF, KAM, and GROD maps for (<b>a</b>) nonirradiated and (<b>b</b>) irradiated steel specimens at a comparable strain level [<a href="#B66-jcs-09-00132" class="html-bibr">66</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/132'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 3264 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/131/pdf?version=1741766608" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Year-Long Comparison of Dentin Bond Strength Using the Co-Curing Technique and Conventional Adhesive Application" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/131">A Year-Long Comparison of Dentin Bond Strength Using the Co-Curing Technique and Conventional Adhesive Application</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Josipa Vukelja Bosnić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eva Klarić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ivan Sever</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zrinka Tarle</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 131; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030131">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030131</a> - 12 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Objective: One of the suggested methods for lowering polymerization shrinkage and improving the marginal sealing of restorations is the simultaneous light polymerization of the adhesive system and the first layer of the composite material, i.e., the co-curing method. This study investigates how different <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/131/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Objective: One of the suggested methods for lowering polymerization shrinkage and improving the marginal sealing of restorations is the simultaneous light polymerization of the adhesive system and the first layer of the composite material, i.e., the co-curing method. This study investigates how different adhesive polymerization techniques, adhesive systems, tooth section depths, tooth types, and sample aging affect dentin bond strength. Methodology: This experiment tests three adhesive systems, G-Premio Bond (GC), Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray), and Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), using two polymerization techniques, namely, separate composite polymerization and simultaneous curing of the composite (“co-curing”). A total of 480 dentin samples are prepared and assigned to 24 groups (3 adhesives × 2 curing methods × 4 aging times). The shear bond strength is measured after one month, three months, six months, and one year, using an UltraTester. The statistical analyses include an ANOVA and Weibull analysis. Results: The separate polymerization of the adhesive and composite shows a significantly higher bond strength than that achieved through co-curing. Significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.001) exist among adhesives, with Clearfil SE Bond 2 showing the highest bond strength. The bond strength decreases over time. Occlusal dentin has a higher bond strength than radicular dentin. There is no statistically significant difference in the bond strength between the maxillary and mandibular third molars. After one and three months of aging, the experimental groups with the highest average bond strength do not show the highest level of material reliability. Conclusion: The co-curing technique consistently results in a lower bond strength across all the adhesive systems compared to conventional separate polymerization. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/131">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/composites_applications">Composites Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/131/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1610366"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1610366"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1610366" data-cycle-prev="#prev1610366" data-cycle-progressive="#images1610366" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g001-550.jpg?1741766694" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1610366" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g002-550.jpg?1741766696'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g003-550.jpg?1741766698'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g004-550.jpg?1741766701'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g005-550.jpg?1741766703'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g006-550.jpg?1741766704'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g007-550.jpg?1741766705'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g008-550.jpg?1741766707'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1610366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g009-550.jpg?1741766708'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1610366-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g001-550.jpg?1741766694" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart showing the distribution of samples into test groups.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g002-550.jpg?1741766696" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Dentin slice with a composite cylinder before shear bond strength testing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g003-550.jpg?1741766698" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Broken composite cylinder after shear bond strength testing. Arrow shows the dentin bond area.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g004-550.jpg?1741766701" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Graphic representation of mean values and 95% confidence intervals of the bond strength obtained by the shear test. GPB co-curing: G-Premio Bond co-curing, GPB conv: G-Premio Bond conventional, CSB co-curing: Clearfil SE Bond 2 co-curing, CSB conv: Clearfil SE Bond 2 conventional, ASB co-curing: Adper Single Bond 2 co-curing, ASB conv: Adper Single Bond 2 conventional.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g005-550.jpg?1741766703" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Weibull diagram of bond strength measurements after 1 month of aging. GPB co-curing: G-Premio Bond co-curing, GPB conv: G-Premio Bond conventional, CSB co-curing: Clearfil SE Bond 2 co-curing, CSB conv: Clearfil SE Bond 2 conventional, ASB co-curing: Adper Single Bond 2 co-curing, ASB conv: Adper Single Bond 2 conventional.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g006-550.jpg?1741766704" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Weibull diagram of bond strength measurements after 3 months of aging. GPB co-curing: G-Premio Bond co-curing, GPB conv: G-Premio Bond conventional, CSB co-curing: Clearfil SE Bond 2 co-curing, CSB conv: Clearfil SE Bond 2 conventional, ASB co-curing: Adper Single Bond 2 co-curing, ASB conv: Adper Single Bond 2 conventional.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g007-550.jpg?1741766705" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Weibull diagram of bond strength measurements after 6 months of aging. GPB co-curing: G-Premio Bond co-curing, GPB conv: G-Premio Bond conventional, CSB co-curing: Clearfil SE Bond 2 co-curing, CSB conv: Clearfil SE Bond 2 conventional, ASB co-curing: Adper Single Bond 2 co-curing, ASB conv: Adper Single Bond 2 conventional.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g008-550.jpg?1741766707" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Weibull diagram of bond strength measurements after 12 months of aging. GPB co-curing: G-Premio Bond co-curing, GPB conv: G-Premio Bond conventional, CSB co-curing: Clearfil SE Bond 2 co-curing, CSB conv: Clearfil SE Bond 2 conventional, ASB co-curing: Adper Single Bond 2 co-curing, ASB conv: Adper Single Bond 2 conventional.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00131/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00131-g009-550.jpg?1741766708" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Weibull modulus as a function of different methods of application of the adhesive system and aging time. GPB co-curing: G-Premio Bond co-curing, GPB conv: G-Premio Bond conventional, CSB co-curing: Clearfil SE Bond 2 co-curing, CSB conv: Clearfil SE Bond 2 conventional, ASB co-curing: Adper Single Bond 2 co-curing, ASB conv: Adper Single Bond 2 conventional.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/131'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1609973" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1609973" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1609973" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/130/s1?version=1741697566"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 304 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 5200 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/130/pdf?version=1741762625" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Proving Partial Miscibility in Poly(L-lactic acid)/Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Blends Using the Spherulite Observation Method" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/130">Proving Partial Miscibility in Poly(L-lactic acid)/Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Blends Using the Spherulite Observation Method</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rokibul Hasan Rumon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chisato Nara</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kai Xu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Atsuhiro Fujimori</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 130; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030130">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030130</a> - 11 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was blended with an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, which is generally recognized as a phase-separated system. The interactions between these polymer species were examined via spherulite observation. The PLLA/EVA blend was concluded to be a partially miscible system. The onset <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/130/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was blended with an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, which is generally recognized as a phase-separated system. The interactions between these polymer species were examined via spherulite observation. The PLLA/EVA blend was concluded to be a partially miscible system. The onset temperature for the crystallization of PLLA, as the crystalline polymer, systematically changed when PLLA was blended with EVA at various ratios. The glass transition behavior of EVA was almost absent in the thermogram when the PLLA:EVA blend ratio was greater than 2:1. The spherulite size distribution of PLLA became finer as the PLLA:EVA ratio was changed from 3:1 to 2:1 to 1:1, and observing spherulites was difficult when the blend ratio was 1:2. Because the nucleation position was different each time during the repeated melting/crystallization of spherulites, this system exhibited homogeneous nucleation. In addition, in a plot of the spherulite size versus the crystallization time, the inclination angle changed between the PLLA/EVA = 3:1 and 2:1 blends, and the critical ratio at which the crystallization behavior changed was estimated. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/130">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/polymer_composites">Polymer Composites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/130/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1609973"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1609973"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1609973" data-cycle-prev="#prev1609973" data-cycle-progressive="#images1609973" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-ag-550.jpg?1741771075" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1609973" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g001-550.jpg?1741771055'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g002-550.jpg?1741771057'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g003-550.jpg?1741771059'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g004-550.jpg?1741771063'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g005-550.jpg?1741771066'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g006-550.jpg?1741771070'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g007-550.jpg?1741771071'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1609973-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g008-550.jpg?1741771073'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1609973-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-ag-550.jpg?1741771075" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g001-550.jpg?1741771055" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Background and research strategy of this study: schematic illustrations of (<b>a</b>) material properties that were previously expected for the PLLA:EVA system, (<b>b</b>) a conventional method for determining miscible/immiscible systems using DSC thermograms, and (<b>c</b>) the research strategy used in this study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g002-550.jpg?1741771057" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Materials and experimental methods used in this study: chemical formulas and 3D models of (<b>a</b>) PLLA and EVA; (<b>b</b>) method of preparing polymer blends using melt-compounding method.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g003-550.jpg?1741771059" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>DSC thermograms of neat PLLA, neat EVA, and PLLA/EVA blends with various ratios (scanning rate is 10 °C·min<sup>−1</sup>; first heating and cooling process).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g004-550.jpg?1741771063" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>POM observation of spherulites for (<b>a</b>) neat PLLA, (<b>b</b>) PLLA:EVA = 3:1, (<b>c</b>) PLLA:EVA = 2:1, (<b>d</b>) PLLA:EVA = 1:1, and (<b>e</b>) PLLA:EVA = 1:2 blends.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g005-550.jpg?1741771066" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of spherulite size for neat PLLA and PLLA:EVA = 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 blends. The red numbers denote the most abundant spherulite radius and the red arrows indicate changes in diameter.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g006-550.jpg?1741771070" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of the nucleation process of each spherulite using POM images for the heat-melting, cooling, and isothermal crystallization process (<b>a</b>) neat PLLA, (<b>b</b>) PLLA:EVA = 3:1, (<b>c</b>) PLLA:EVA = 2:1, (<b>d</b>) PLLA:EVA = 1:1. The red dashed lines indicate changes in the position of spherulite formation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g007-550.jpg?1741771071" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Plot of spherulite radius versus crystallization time for neat PLLA and PLLA:EVA = 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1 blends.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00130/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00130-g008-550.jpg?1741771073" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Overall conclusions and discussion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/130'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 27 pages, 3177 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/129/pdf?version=1741684447" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Computational Approach for Optimizing Resin Flow Behavior in Resin Transfer Molding with Variations in Injection Pressure, Fiber Permeability, and Resin Sorption" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/129">Computational Approach for Optimizing Resin Flow Behavior in Resin Transfer Molding with Variations in Injection Pressure, Fiber Permeability, and Resin Sorption</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pavan Hiremath</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Krishnamurthy D. Ambiger</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>P. K. Jayashree</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>G. Divya Deepak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>B. R. N. Murthy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suhas Kowshik</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nithesh Naik</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 129; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030129">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030129</a> - 11 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a key process for manufacturing high-performance fiber-reinforced composites, in which resin infiltration dynamics play a critical role in process efficiency and defect minimization. This study presents a numerical and experimental analysis of resin flow in biaxial noncrimp carbon <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/129/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a key process for manufacturing high-performance fiber-reinforced composites, in which resin infiltration dynamics play a critical role in process efficiency and defect minimization. This study presents a numerical and experimental analysis of resin flow in biaxial noncrimp carbon fiber reinforcement using FormuLITE 2500A/2401B epoxy. A model based on Darcy’s law and resin sorption effects was developed to investigate the influence of injection pressure (15–25 kPa), permeability (350 × 10<sup>−12</sup> m<sup>2</sup> to 0.035 × 10<sup>−12</sup> m<sup>2</sup>), porosity (0.78–0.58), viscosity (0.28–0.48 Pa·s), and injection radius (0.001–0.003 m) on flow-front progression. The results show that a higher injection pressure increased the infiltration depth by 30% at 250 s, while a 100× reduction in permeability reduced infiltration by 75%. The increased viscosity slowed the resin flow by ~18%, and the lower porosity reduced the flow-front progression by 15%. The experimental validation demonstrated a relative error of <5% between the numerical predictions and the measured data. This study provides critical insights into RTM process optimization for uniform fiber impregnation and defect minimization. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/129">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/462AJL735E ">Theoretical and Computational Investigation on Composite Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/129/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1609671"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1609671"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1609671" data-cycle-prev="#prev1609671" data-cycle-progressive="#images1609671" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g001-550.jpg?1741684517" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1609671" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g002-550.jpg?1741684519'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g003-550.jpg?1741684520'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g004-550.jpg?1741684521'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g005-550.jpg?1741684522'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g006-550.jpg?1741684524'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g007-550.jpg?1741684525'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g008-550.jpg?1741684526'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g009-550.jpg?1741684527'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g010-550.jpg?1741684528'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g011-550.jpg?1741684529'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g012-550.jpg?1741684531'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1609671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g013-550.jpg?1741684532'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1609671-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g001-550.jpg?1741684517" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of resin flow-front propagation in a porous fiber medium during resin transfer molding.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g002-550.jpg?1741684519" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Pressure distribution and resin flow-front evolution for <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span>: (<b>a</b>) condition 1, 15 kPa; (<b>b</b>) condition 2, 20 kPa; and (<b>c</b>) condition 3, 25 kPa, showing progressive infiltration, increasing flow speed, and optimized impregnation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g003-550.jpg?1741684520" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Flow-front progression over time for <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span> = 15 kPa, 20 kPa, and 25 kPa. (<b>b</b>) Velocity of resin flow for condition 1, 2, and 3 from <a href="#jcs-09-00129-t003" class="html-table">Table 3</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g004-550.jpg?1741684521" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Time-dependent pressure distribution inside the mold: (<b>a</b>) condition 4, <span class="html-italic">r<sub>inj</sub></span> = 0.002; (<b>b</b>) condition 5, <span class="html-italic">r<sub>inj</sub></span> = 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g005-550.jpg?1741684522" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Transition phase characteristics: (<b>a</b>) resin flow-front position; (<b>b</b>) velocity evolution for different injection radii (<span class="html-italic">r<sub>inj</sub></span> = 0.001 m, 0.002 m, and 0.003 m) at <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span> = 20 kPa (conditions 2, 4, and 5).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g006-550.jpg?1741684524" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Transient pressure evolution inside the mold for different permeabilities: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">k</span> = 3.5 × 10<sup>−12</sup> m<sup>2</sup>, condition 6; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">k</span> = 0.035 × 10<sup>−12</sup> m<sup>2</sup>, condition 7.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g007-550.jpg?1741684525" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Transition phase characteristics: (<b>a</b>) resin flow-front position; (<b>b</b>) velocity evolution for different permeabilities (conditions 2, 6, and 7) at <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span> = 20 kPa.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g008-550.jpg?1741684526" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Transient pressure evolution for different sorption rates: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">S</span> = 5 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, condition 8; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">S</span> = 10 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, condition 9.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g009-550.jpg?1741684527" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Transition phase characteristics: (<b>a</b>) resin flow-front position; (<b>b</b>) velocity evolution for different sorption rates (<span class="html-italic">S</span> = 0, <span class="html-italic">S</span> = 5 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup> and <span class="html-italic">S</span> = 10 × 10<sup>−4</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>), i.e., conditions 2, 8, and 9 at <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span> = 20 kPa.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g010-550.jpg?1741684528" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Transient pressure evolution for different porosities at <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span> = 20 kPa: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">ε</span> = 0.68, condition 10; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">ε</span> = 0.58, condition 11.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g011-550.jpg?1741684529" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Transition phase characteristics: (<b>a</b>) resin flow-front position; (<b>b</b>) velocity evolution for different porosities (<span class="html-italic">ε</span> = 0.78, <span class="html-italic">ε</span> = 0.68, and <span class="html-italic">ε</span> = 0.58); conditions 2, 10, and 11 at <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span> = 20 kPa.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g012-550.jpg?1741684531" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Transient pressure evolution for different resin viscosities at <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span> = 20 kPa: (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">µ</span> = 0.38 Pa·s, condition 12; (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">µ</span> = 0.48 Pa·s, condition 13.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00129/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00129-g013-550.jpg?1741684532" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Transition phase characteristics: (<b>a</b>) resin flow-front position (<b>b</b>) velocity evolution for different viscosities (<span class="html-italic">µ</span> = 0.28 Pa·s, <span class="html-italic">µ</span> = 0.38 Pa·s, and <span class="html-italic">µ</span> = 0.48 Pa·s); conditions 2, 12, and 13 at <span class="html-italic">P<sub>inj</sub></span> = 20 kPa.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/129'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 9732 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/128/pdf?version=1741619623" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Development and Validation of a Desktop 3D Printing System with Thermo-Mechanical In Situ Consolidation for Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/128">Development and Validation of a Desktop 3D Printing System with Thermo-Mechanical In Situ Consolidation for Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hannes Oberlercher</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marius Laux</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sergio T. Amancio-Filho</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 128; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030128">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030128</a> - 10 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A controlled laminate consolidation is one of the most essential approaches in the production of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics components. With the use of specific consolidation models, almost the entire strength potential of the material can be exploited. However, a controlled thermo-mechanical in situ consolidation <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/128/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A controlled laminate consolidation is one of the most essential approaches in the production of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics components. With the use of specific consolidation models, almost the entire strength potential of the material can be exploited. However, a controlled thermo-mechanical in situ consolidation (TMIC) strategy in the fused filament fabricated (FFF) process of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPC) has not been considered so far and leads to deconsolidation defects in the 3D-printed material. These defects in terms of micro and macro volumetric flaws in the joining zone indicate a poor process parameter selection and inadequate thermo-mechanical consolidation. These imperfections lead to a reduction in the fiber volume content and a significant deterioration in the mechanical properties. In this work, a self-developed test rig is presented, which is able to influence and monitor the consolidation during the additive manufacturing (AM) process with a TMIC unit in a controlled manner. To evaluate the test rig, the mechanical construction and the implemented sensors were tested for full functionality. Subsequently, test specimens were fabricated for mechanical characterization using three-point bending (3PB) tests and microstructural analysis. Based on these results, the influence of TMIC, with its dependent process parameters (consolidation force, temperature, printing speed), is presented. A perspective on the future development of controlled consolidation in AM of CFRPC is shown. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/128">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/1I676Q1282 ">Polymer Composites and Fibers, 3rd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/128/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1609294"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1609294"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1609294" data-cycle-prev="#prev1609294" data-cycle-progressive="#images1609294" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-ag-550.jpg?1741619833" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1609294" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g001-550.jpg?1741619808'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g002-550.jpg?1741619810'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g003-550.jpg?1741619811'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g004-550.jpg?1741619812'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g005-550.jpg?1741619814'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g006-550.jpg?1741619815'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g007-550.jpg?1741619817'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g008-550.jpg?1741619819'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g009-550.jpg?1741619820'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g010-550.jpg?1741619821'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g011-550.jpg?1741619822'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g012-550.jpg?1741619824'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g013-550.jpg?1741619825'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g014-550.jpg?1741619825'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g015-550.jpg?1741619827'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g016-550.jpg?1741619829'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g017-550.jpg?1741619831'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1609294-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g018-550.jpg?1741619833'><p>Figure 18</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1609294-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-ag-550.jpg?1741619833" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g001-550.jpg?1741619808" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The temperature and pressure profile during the processing of semi-crystalline thermoplastic fiber composites, along with the molecular penetration and consolidation mechanisms driven by the diffusion of polymer chains, as illustrated from (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g002-550.jpg?1741619810" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Principles of the thermoplastic taping process with in situ consolidation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g003-550.jpg?1741619811" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Two different 3D printing extrusion processes for CFRPC printing. (<b>a</b>) represents a co-extrusion process, where the polymer is melted and combined with continuous fibers directly within the nozzle before deposition; (<b>b</b>) shows a process using Prepreg fibers, where the fibers are already coated with the polymer matrix.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g004-550.jpg?1741619812" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Nozzle design with PTFE isolation to prevent premature matrix melting in CFRPC 3D printing. (<b>b</b>) Shows the microscopic view of the consolidation area of a Markforged nozzle. (<b>c</b>) Illustrates the dimensions of the consolidation surface and the corresponding exit radius of the filament from the nozzle in cross-section.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g005-550.jpg?1741619814" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Microscopy of Markforged Inc. filament cross-section (<b>a</b>) and a laminate printed with a Mark Two printer (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g006-550.jpg?1741619815" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the effects of the applied force <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> and reduced layer height: (<b>a</b>) shows how the force <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> reduces the layer height, (<b>b</b>) illustrates the filament being flattened in width by <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>c</b>) shows the mechanical stress <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> arising between the nozzle and the filament, potentially damaging reinforcement fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g007-550.jpg?1741619817" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The basic structure of the TMIC test rig with its reinforced frame construction, the drives for the axes in the X, Y, and Z directions, and the enclosure of the entire test stand. (<b>a</b>) aluminum profile, (<b>b</b>) stepper motors, (<b>c</b>) glass plate, (<b>d</b>) trapezoidal spindle in the z-direction, (<b>e</b>) linear axis, (<b>f</b>) polymethylmethacrylate plates, (<b>g</b>) trapezoidal spindle in the X and Y-directions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g008-550.jpg?1741619819" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the TMIC print head with the applied consolidation forces on the CFRPC material. (<b>a</b>) filament feeder, (<b>b</b>) aluminum carrier plate, (<b>c</b>) damping unit, (<b>d</b>) Print head fans, (<b>e</b>) load cell, (<b>f</b>) filament cutter, (<b>g</b>) leveling sensor, (<b>h</b>) hotend, (<b>i</b>) TMIC roller and (<b>j</b>) print bed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g009-550.jpg?1741619820" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Overview of the sensors installed in the consolidation test rig: (<b>a</b>) the side view and (<b>b</b>) the front view of the test rig.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g010-550.jpg?1741619821" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Temperature reference measurements for the 3D-printing nozzle and the TMIC unit: (<b>a</b>) illustrates the nozzle tip temperature, and (<b>b</b>) shows the surface temperature of the TMIC unit. In both cases, the black bars represent the target temperatures, while the gray bars indicate the actual measured temperatures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g011-550.jpg?1741619822" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Calibration of the consolidation force using a precision scale, showing a measurement of 5.07 N. (<b>b</b>) Calibration curve validating the load cell’s accuracy. (<b>c</b>) Nozzle height adjustment using a feeler gauge and adjustment screws to ensure correct layer height under the applied force.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g012-550.jpg?1741619824" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of the consolidation process for the fabrication of test specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g013-550.jpg?1741619825" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Schematic process flow of the entire printing process along the X- and Y-axes of the consolidation test rig.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g014-550.jpg?1741619825" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation and overview of the extracted test samples from a test series.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g015-550.jpg?1741619827" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional images of CFRPC laminate samples with different process parameters—(<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>—showing the individual paths perpendicular to the fiber direction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g016-550.jpg?1741619829" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional micrographs of CFRPC laminate samples processed under different conditions: (<b>a</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, (<b>b</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and (<b>c</b>) <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>. The blue areas represent voids in the laminate structure. The bar chart (<b>e</b>) compares the quantified void content for each sample, based on three representative regions (red squares on (<b>d</b>)), demonstrating the influence of different process parameters on consolidation quality.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g017-550.jpg?1741619831" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Presentation of the ultimate bending strength and bending modulus for different consolidation conditions of the CFRPC laminates: <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>M</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00128/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00128-g018-550.jpg?1741619833" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Thermographic images and temperature–time diagrams (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) for printing without consolidation (C₀) and (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) with consolidation (C₁). Without consolidation, the bonding zone temperature drops to approximately 90 °C, over a distance of <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msub> <mrow> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </semantics></math> 18 mm. With consolidation at 180 °C and 15 N, the temperature rises to 149 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/128'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 46 pages, 5391 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/127/pdf?version=1741618870" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Polymer Nanocomposite Ablatives—Part III" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/127">Polymer Nanocomposite Ablatives—Part III</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joseph H. Koo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kaelyn Wagner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Louis A. Pilato</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hao Wu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 127; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030127">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030127</a> - 10 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Previous reviews by authors indicate the continuing development and improvement of thermal protective systems through the introduction of polymer nanocomposites into polymer matrix composites. These materials perform as thermal protective systems for a variety of aerospace applications, such as thermal protection systems (TPSs), <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/127/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Previous reviews by authors indicate the continuing development and improvement of thermal protective systems through the introduction of polymer nanocomposites into polymer matrix composites. These materials perform as thermal protective systems for a variety of aerospace applications, such as thermal protection systems (TPSs), solid rocket motor (SRM) nozzles, internal insulation of SRMs, leading edges of hypersonic vehicles, and missile launch structures. A summary of the most recent global technical research is presented. Polymeric resin systems continue to emphasize phenolic resins and other materials. New high-temperature organic resins based on phthalonitrile and polysiloxane are described and extend the increased temperature range of resin matrix systems. An important technical development relates to the transformation of the resin matrix, primarily phenolic resin, into an aerogel or a nanoporous material that penetrates uniformly within the reinforcing fiber configuration with a corresponding particle size of <100 nm. Furthermore, many of the current papers consider the use of low-density carbon fiber or quartz fiber in the use of low-density felts with high porosity to mimic NASA’s successful use of rigid low-density carbon/phenolic known as phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA). The resulting aerogel composition with low-density non-wovens or felts possesses durability and low density and is extremely effective in providing insulation and preventing heat transfer with low thermal conductivity within the aerogel-modified thermal protective system, resulting in multiple features, such as low-density TPSs, increased thermal stability, improved mechanical properties, especially compressive strength, lower thermal conductivity, improved thermal insulation, reduced ablation recession rate and mass loss, and lower backside temperature. The utility of these TPS materials is being expanded by considering them for infrastructures and ballistics besides aerospace applications. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/127">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/polymer_composites">Polymer Composites</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 4756 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/126/pdf?version=1741613906" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Carbon Composite Derived from Spent Bleaching Earth for Rubbery Wastewater Treatment" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/126">Carbon Composite Derived from Spent Bleaching Earth for Rubbery Wastewater Treatment</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nur Fatihah Binti Tamin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yin Fong Yeong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joni Agustian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lilis Hermida</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lih Xuan Liew</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 126; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030126">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030126</a> - 10 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The industrial production of palm oil generates substantial amounts of Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), a waste byproduct from the bleaching process. In Malaysia and Indonesia, SBE is typically landfilled, causing environmental risks such as greenhouse gas emissions and contamination. Wastewater from the rubber <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/126/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The industrial production of palm oil generates substantial amounts of Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), a waste byproduct from the bleaching process. In Malaysia and Indonesia, SBE is typically landfilled, causing environmental risks such as greenhouse gas emissions and contamination. Wastewater from the rubber industry also contains harmful pollutants that require effective treatment. This study proposes a sustainable solution by converting SBE into carbon composites (CCs) for treating rubber industry wastewater. Characterization of CCs using XRD, BET, FESEM, and FTIR revealed its porous structure, high surface area, and functional groups, contributing to excellent adsorption properties. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized treatment conditions, determining 90.56 min of contact time and 0.75 g of adsorbent weight as optimal for maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removal. Quadratic models showed R<sup>2</sup> values of 0.8828 for COD removal and 0.8336 for turbidity reduction, with numerical optimization achieving 90.30% COD reduction and 49.02% turbidity removal. Verification experiments confirmed model reliability with minimal deviation (0.37%). These findings demonstrate the potential of SBE-derived CCs as an eco-friendly solution for environmental challenges in the palm oil and rubber industries. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/126">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/carbon_composites">Carbon Composites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/126/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1609163"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1609163"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1609163" data-cycle-prev="#prev1609163" data-cycle-progressive="#images1609163" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1609163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g001-550.jpg?1741614039" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1609163" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1609163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g002-550.jpg?1741614039'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1609163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g003-550.jpg?1741614045'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1609163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g004-550.jpg?1741614046'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1609163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g005-550.jpg?1741614048'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1609163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g006-550.jpg?1741614049'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1609163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g007-550.jpg?1741614050'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1609163-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g001-550.jpg?1741614039" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>XRD pattern for carbon composite (CC) sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g002-550.jpg?1741614039" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>N<sub>2</sub> adsorption–desorption isotherms of the CC sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g003-550.jpg?1741614045" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FESEM images of carbon composite (CC) at magnification of (<b>a</b>) 2.0 kx and (<b>b</b>) 3.0 kx.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g004-550.jpg?1741614046" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectral of carbon composite (CC) sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g005-550.jpg?1741614048" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Mixture of rubber wastewater and CC (before filtration); (<b>b</b>) comparison between untreated and treated rubber wastewater (after filtration).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g006-550.jpg?1741614049" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional surface plot for COD removal efficiency.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00126/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00126-g007-550.jpg?1741614050" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional surface plot for turbidity removal efficiency.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/126'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1608751" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1608751" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1608751" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/125/s1?version=1741589819"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 288 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 2792 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/125/pdf?version=1741589976" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of Nickel-Cobalt-Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Carbon Nanofibers for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/125">Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of Nickel-Cobalt-Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Carbon Nanofibers for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wael M. Mohammed</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mahmoud A. Mohamed</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mohamed O. Abdel-Hamed</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Esam E. Abdel-Hady</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 125; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030125">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030125</a> - 10 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study focuses on making non-precious electrocatalysts for improving the performance of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs). Specifically, it examines the oxidation of ethanol and methanol. Conventional platinum-based catalysts are expensive and suffer from problems such as degradation and poisoning. To overcome these <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/125/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study focuses on making non-precious electrocatalysts for improving the performance of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs). Specifically, it examines the oxidation of ethanol and methanol. Conventional platinum-based catalysts are expensive and suffer from problems such as degradation and poisoning. To overcome these challenges, we fabricated tri-metallic catalysts composed of nickel, cobalt, and titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) embedded in carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The synthesis included electrospinning and subsequent carbonization as well as optimization of parameters to achieve uniform nanofiber morphology and high surface area. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the incorporation of TiO<sub>2</sub> significantly improved electrocatalytic activity for ethanol and methanol oxidation, with current densities increasing from 57.8 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> to 74.2 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> for ethanol and from 38.69 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> to 60.39 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> for methanol as the TiO<sub>2</sub> content increased. The catalysts showed excellent stability, with the TiO<sub>2</sub>-enriched sample (T2) showing superior performance during longer cycling tests. Chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to examine the stability of the catalysts and the dynamics of the charge carriers. Impedance spectroscopy indicated reduced charge transfer resistance, confirming enhanced activities. These findings suggest that the synthesized non-precious electrocatalysts can serve as effective alternatives to platinum-based materials, offering a promising pathway for the development of cost-efficient and durable fuel cells. Research highlights non-precious metal catalysts for sustainable fuel cell technologies. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/125">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/nanocomposites">Nanocomposites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/125/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1608751"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1608751"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1608751" data-cycle-prev="#prev1608751" data-cycle-progressive="#images1608751" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-ag-550.jpg?1741658508" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1608751" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g001-550.jpg?1741590096'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g002-550.jpg?1741590101'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g003a-550.jpg?1741590102'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g003b-550.jpg?1741590104'><p>Figure 3 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g004-550.jpg?1741590106'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g005-550.jpg?1741590108'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g006a-550.jpg?1741590108'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g006b-550.jpg?1741590109'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g007-550.jpg?1741590113'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g008-550.jpg?1741590116'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g009-550.jpg?1741590118'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g010-550.jpg?1741590120'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1608751-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g011-550.jpg?1741590123'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1608751-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-ag-550.jpg?1741658508" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g001-550.jpg?1741590096" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Scanning electron microscope images with different magnifications for sample T2 after the carbonization process. (<b>B</b>) three-dimensional topographical representation of a surface. (<b>C</b>) Abbott–Firestone curve and sample depth histogram. (<b>D</b>) TEM micrograph and (<b>E</b>) the histogram of the size distribution for the sample T2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g002-550.jpg?1741590101" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM matched with mappings of elements Ni<sub>(12)</sub>Co<sub>(5)</sub>TiO<sub>2(3</sub>) NPs/CNFs. EDX spectrum for Ni-Co- TiO<sub>2</sub> Sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g003a-550.jpg?1741590102" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>XPS spectra of NiCoTiO<sub>2</sub>/CNF: (<b>A</b>) Survey, (<b>B</b>) Carbon, (<b>C</b>) Nickel, (<b>D</b>) Cobalt, (<b>E</b>) Titanium, and (<b>F</b>) Oxygen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g003b-550.jpg?1741590104" title=" <strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>XPS spectra of NiCoTiO<sub>2</sub>/CNF: (<b>A</b>) Survey, (<b>B</b>) Carbon, (<b>C</b>) Nickel, (<b>D</b>) Cobalt, (<b>E</b>) Titanium, and (<b>F</b>) Oxygen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g004-550.jpg?1741590106" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns for the two fabricated samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g005-550.jpg?1741590108" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Consecutive cyclic voltammogram (T2) in 1.0 M KOH solution (100 mV/s SR). Electric potential dependence of current density for T1, T2 prepared electrodes in (<b>B</b>) ethanol and (<b>C</b>) methanol fuels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g006a-550.jpg?1741590108" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Catalysts T1 (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and T2 (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) exhibit electrocatalytic activity in 1.0 M KOH when 0.5, 1.0, and 2 M ethanol and methanol are present, with SR 100 mVs<sup>−1</sup>. The correlation between JPE and methanol and ethanol concentrations is shown in the inset.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g006b-550.jpg?1741590109" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Catalysts T1 (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and T2 (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) exhibit electrocatalytic activity in 1.0 M KOH when 0.5, 1.0, and 2 M ethanol and methanol are present, with SR 100 mVs<sup>−1</sup>. The correlation between JPE and methanol and ethanol concentrations is shown in the inset.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g007-550.jpg?1741590113" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>CVs of Sample T1 in (<b>A</b>) 2 M ethanol and (<b>B</b>) 2 M methanol, and Sample T2 in (<b>C</b>) 0.5 M ethanol and (<b>D</b>) 0.5 M methanol at various scan rates (10−100 mV/s).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g008-550.jpg?1741590116" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The dependency of the current density on scan rate<sup>1/2</sup> in (<b>A</b>) ethanol and (<b>B</b>) methanol. The log scan rate dependency of the anodic peak potential in (<b>C</b>) ethanol and (<b>D</b>) methanol.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g009-550.jpg?1741590118" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>LSV plots of the produced NFs (T1, T2) in KOH solution (1.0 M concentration) containing ethanol (<b>A</b>) and methanol (<b>B</b>) at ambient temperature with SR 100 mV/s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g010-550.jpg?1741590120" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Chronoamperometry measurements of the current density variation over time for the electrodes T1 and T2 in (<b>A</b>) ethanol and (<b>B</b>) methanol.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00125/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00125-g011-550.jpg?1741590123" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Nyquist plots for the T1 electrode in (<b>a</b>) methanol and (<b>b</b>) ethanol and the T2 electrode in (<b>c</b>) methanol and (<b>d</b>) ethanol.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/125'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 28 pages, 4274 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/124/pdf?version=1741309892" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Sustainable Composites from Sugarcane Bagasse Fibers and Bio-Based Epoxy with Insights into Wear Performance, Thermal Stability, and Machine Learning Predictive Modeling" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/124">Sustainable Composites from Sugarcane Bagasse Fibers and Bio-Based Epoxy with Insights into Wear Performance, Thermal Stability, and Machine Learning Predictive Modeling</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mahima Samanth</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pavan Hiremath</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>G. Divya Deepak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nithesh Naik</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arunkumar H S</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>R. C. Shivamurthy</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 124; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030124">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030124</a> - 6 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The global push for sustainable materials has intensified the research on natural fiber-reinforced composites. This study investigates the potential of sugarcane bagasse fibers, combined with a bio-based epoxy matrix, as a sustainable alternative for high-performance composites. A comprehensive approach was adopted, including wear <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/124/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The global push for sustainable materials has intensified the research on natural fiber-reinforced composites. This study investigates the potential of sugarcane bagasse fibers, combined with a bio-based epoxy matrix, as a sustainable alternative for high-performance composites. A comprehensive approach was adopted, including wear testing, thermal and structural characterization, and machine learning predictive modeling. Ethylene dichloride-treated fibers exhibited the lowest wear rate (0.245 mg/m) and the highest thermal stability (T20% = 260 °C, char yield = 1.3 mg), highlighting the role of optimized surface modifications. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis revealed that pre-treated fibers achieved the highest crystallinity index of 62%, underscoring the importance of structural alignment in fiber-matrix bonding. Machine learning insights using a Random Forest model identified fiber treatment as the most significant parameter influencing wear performance, with accurate predictions validated through experimental results. This work demonstrates the transformative potential of sugarcane bagasse fibers in sustainable polymer composites, offering a pathway for environmentally friendly, lightweight, and durable material solutions. These findings integrate experimental rigor with computational insights, paving the way for advancements in natural fiber-based composite technologies. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/124">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/JB96U9UMVH ">Characterization and Modeling of Composites, 4th Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/124/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1606849"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1606849"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1606849" data-cycle-prev="#prev1606849" data-cycle-progressive="#images1606849" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g001-550.jpg?1741310025" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1606849" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g002-550.jpg?1741310027'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g003-550.jpg?1741310030'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g004a-550.jpg?1741310033'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g004b-550.jpg?1741310036'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g005a-550.jpg?1741310039'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g005b-550.jpg?1741310041'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g006a-550.jpg?1741310044'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g006b-550.jpg?1741310049'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g007-550.jpg?1741310053'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g008-550.jpg?1741310054'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g009-550.jpg?1741310058'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g010-550.jpg?1741310059'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1606849-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g011-550.jpg?1741310059'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1606849-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g001-550.jpg?1741310025" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Bagasse soaked in distilled water.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g002-550.jpg?1741310027" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Sugarcane bagasse fibers soaked in NaOH solution during alkaline treatment. (<b>b</b>) Air-dried alkaline-treated sugarcane bagasse fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g003-550.jpg?1741310030" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Chemical treatment of bagasse fibers. (<b>a</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fibers. (<b>b</b>) Oxalic acid-rinsed fibers. (<b>c</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-refluxed fibers. (<b>d</b>) Dried benzene–sulfonyl chloride refluxed fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g004a-550.jpg?1741310033" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>FTIR images. (<b>a</b>) Untreated bagasse fiber. (<b>b</b>) Pre-treated bagasse fiber. (<b>c</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fibers. (<b>d</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-refluxed fibers. (<b>e</b>) 10% Benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers. (<b>f</b>) The 20% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers. (<b>g</b>) Ethylene dichloride-treated fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g004b-550.jpg?1741310036" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>FTIR images. (<b>a</b>) Untreated bagasse fiber. (<b>b</b>) Pre-treated bagasse fiber. (<b>c</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fibers. (<b>d</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-refluxed fibers. (<b>e</b>) 10% Benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers. (<b>f</b>) The 20% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers. (<b>g</b>) Ethylene dichloride-treated fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g005a-550.jpg?1741310039" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD images. (<b>a</b>) Untreated bagasse fiber. (<b>b</b>) Pre-treated bagasse fiber. (<b>c</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fibers. (<b>d</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-refluxed fibers. (<b>e</b>) The 10% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers. (<b>f</b>) The 20% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers. (<b>g</b>) Ethylene dichloride-treated fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g005b-550.jpg?1741310041" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>XRD images. (<b>a</b>) Untreated bagasse fiber. (<b>b</b>) Pre-treated bagasse fiber. (<b>c</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fibers. (<b>d</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-refluxed fibers. (<b>e</b>) The 10% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers. (<b>f</b>) The 20% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers. (<b>g</b>) Ethylene dichloride-treated fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g006a-550.jpg?1741310044" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>SEM images: (<b>a</b>) untreated bagasse fiber; (<b>b</b>) pre-treated bagasse fiber; (<b>c</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fibers; (<b>d</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-refluxed fibers; (<b>e</b>) 10% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers; (<b>f</b>) 20% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers; (<b>g</b>) ethylene dichloride-treated fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g006b-550.jpg?1741310049" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>SEM images: (<b>a</b>) untreated bagasse fiber; (<b>b</b>) pre-treated bagasse fiber; (<b>c</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fibers; (<b>d</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-refluxed fibers; (<b>e</b>) 10% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers; (<b>f</b>) 20% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers; (<b>g</b>) ethylene dichloride-treated fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g007-550.jpg?1741310053" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>TGA curves: (<b>a</b>) untreated bagasse fiber; (<b>b</b>) pre-treated bagasse fiber; (<b>c</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fibers; (<b>d</b>) KMnO<sub>4</sub>-refluxed fibers; (<b>e</b>) 10% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers; (<b>f</b>) 20% benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fibers; (<b>g</b>) ethylene dichloride-treated fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g008-550.jpg?1741310054" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Main effect plots for means based on Taguchi’s design (Note: For simplification, the following abbreviations are used: Raw (untreated fiber), Pre (alkali pre-treated fiber), KMn (KMnO<sub>4</sub>-soaked fiber), Benz (benzene sulfonyl chloride-treated fiber), and Ethy (ethylene dichloride-treated fiber).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g009-550.jpg?1741310058" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Contour plots showing the influence of parameters on wear rate and friction coefficient. (<b>a</b>) Contour plot of wear rate (mg/m) vs. load (N) and sliding speed (m/s), (<b>b</b>) contour plot of wear rate (mg/m) vs. load (N) and sliding distance (m), (<b>c</b>) contour plot of wear rate (mg/m) vs. sliding speed (m/s) and sliding distance (m), (<b>d</b>) contour plot of friction coefficient vs. load (N) and sliding speed (m/s), (<b>e</b>) contour plot of friction coefficient vs. load (N) and sliding distance (m), (<b>f</b>) contour plot of friction coefficient vs. sliding speed (m/s) and sliding distance (m).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g010-550.jpg?1741310059" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Feature significance plot showing the influence of parameters on wear rate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00124/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00124-g011-550.jpg?1741310059" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Scatter plot of actual vs. predicted wear rates using the Random Forest model.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/124'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1606639" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1606639" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1606639" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/123/s1?version=1741253791"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 526 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 2652 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/123/pdf?version=1741253789" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Rapid and Highly Selective Dopamine Sensing with CuInSe2-Modified Nanocomposite" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/123">Rapid and Highly Selective Dopamine Sensing with CuInSe2-Modified Nanocomposite</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jing Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guangzhong Xie</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luwei Dai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Min Yang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuanjie Su</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 123; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030123">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030123</a> - 6 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> As an important neurotransmitter, the concentration of dopamine (DA) reflects certain physiological conditions and DA-related diseases. Rapid monitoring of DA levels is of great significance in regulating body health. However, regular electrochemical DA sensors suffer from poor sensitivity, low selectivity and interference immunity, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/123/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> As an important neurotransmitter, the concentration of dopamine (DA) reflects certain physiological conditions and DA-related diseases. Rapid monitoring of DA levels is of great significance in regulating body health. However, regular electrochemical DA sensors suffer from poor sensitivity, low selectivity and interference immunity, as well as a complex preparation process. Herein, we developed an accessible and cost-effective electrochemical sensor with a copper indium selenide (CuInSe2 or CIS)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for DA discrimination. This DA sensor was developed using a facile one-step hydrothermal method without high-temperature quenching. Benefitting from the inherent merits of CIS and the conversion of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and Cu<sup>+</sup> during the catalytic reaction, the sensor attained both excellent sensitivity (2.511 μA·µM<sup>−1</sup>·cm<sup>−1</sup>) and selectivity among multiple substances interfering with DA. This work demonstrates the potential to improve the analytical performance of traditional electrochemical sensors. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/123">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/081V955911 ">Effect of Processing Techniques on the Characterization of Alloys Composites and Hybrids</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/123/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1606639"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1606639"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1606639" data-cycle-prev="#prev1606639" data-cycle-progressive="#images1606639" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1606639-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-ag-550.jpg?1741253916" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1606639" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1606639-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g001-550.jpg?1741253905'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1606639-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g002-550.jpg?1741253909'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1606639-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g003-550.jpg?1741253912'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1606639-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g004-550.jpg?1741253914'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1606639-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g005-550.jpg?1741253915'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1606639-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-ag-550.jpg?1741253916" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g001-550.jpg?1741253905" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Preparation of CIS. (<b>a</b>) Schematic of the preparation process; (<b>b</b>) SEM, scale bar: 2 μm; (<b>c</b>) XRD pattern; (<b>d</b>) diffraction pattern from the selected area, scale bar: 10 nm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g002-550.jpg?1741253909" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Characterization of CIS. (<b>a</b>) TEM, scale bar: 5 nm and HR-TEM, scale bar: 1 nm; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) EDS elemental maps, scale bar: 2 μm; (<b>d</b>) FT-IR; (<b>e</b>) Raman patterns of CIS. High-resolution XPS spectra of (<b>f</b>) In 3d, (<b>g</b>) Se 3d and (<b>h</b>) Cu 2P for CIS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g003-550.jpg?1741253912" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of electrochemical properties of bare SPCE and CIS-SPCE. (<b>a</b>) Before bending, (<b>b</b>) outward bending, (<b>c</b>) inward bending and (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) the corresponding amperometric responses of CIS-SPCE in 0.1 M PBS with and without 0.3 mM DA, respectively. (<b>g</b>) CV and (<b>h</b>) EIS curves of bare SPCE and CIS-modified SPCE in 0.1 M KCl solution containing 1.0 mM K<sub>3</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>. (<b>i</b>) DPV responses of CIS-SPCE to different electrocatalytic dosages in 0.5 mM DA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g004-550.jpg?1741253914" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Electrochemical performance analysis of CIS-SPCE for DA detection. (<b>a</b>) DPV and (<b>b</b>) amperometric responses of CIS-SPCE to different concentrations of DA (0.1–1 mM for DA test and 0–1 mM, respectively). Inset are the corresponding calibration plots of current response versus DA concentration. (<b>c</b>) CV curves of the CIS-SPCE at various scan rates (20–200 mV/s) in PBS with 0.5 mM DA. Inset is the linear relationship curve of the anodic peak current versus the scan rates. Effects of (<b>d</b>) bias, and (<b>e</b>) PH values of CIS-SPCE on detection of DA (PBS with 1 mM DA) (inset: peak current versus PH value). (<b>f</b>) Selectivity test of CIS-SPCE to 1 mM DA, 0.1 mM UA, 10 mM AA, LA, Glu and NaCl under a constant voltage of 0.3 V. (<b>g</b>) CV curves of CIS-SPCE in PBS with 0.5 mM DA for 50 cycles. (<b>h</b>) Reproducibility of five independently fabricated CIS-SPCE sensors toward 0.5 mM DA under the same conditions. (<b>i</b>) Repeatability during repeated daily recordings over 50 days.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00123/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00123-g005-550.jpg?1741253915" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of possible electrochemical catalytic mechanism of DA with CIS−SPCE (“*” represent the free radical).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/123'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 3336 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/122/pdf?version=1741245814" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Alumina–Nano-Nickel Composite Coatings on Al6061 Substrate Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/122">Alumina–Nano-Nickel Composite Coatings on Al6061 Substrate Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Souaad Hamoudi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nacer Bezzi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Farid Bensebaa</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Philippe Delaporte</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 122; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030122">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030122</a> - 6 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Ceramic–nano-metallic composite coatings of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–nano-Ni on an aluminum substrate (Al6061) were obtained using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Three composite coatings with different ratios of nano-Ni, i.e., 25, 50, and 75%, were obtained. The phase composition of the resulting composite coatings <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/122/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Ceramic–nano-metallic composite coatings of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–nano-Ni on an aluminum substrate (Al6061) were obtained using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Three composite coatings with different ratios of nano-Ni, i.e., 25, 50, and 75%, were obtained. The phase composition of the resulting composite coatings was examined using XRD; this confirmed the existence of alumina and nickel in the composite coatings. The surface morphology and microstructure of the composite coatings were analyzed with SEM, while the chemical composition and phase content were determined through energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness indenter results revealed a high hardness 420 HV for the Ni 25% composite coating However the hardness decreased with an increase in the Ni nanoparticle ratio, reaching a value of 360 HV for the Ni 75% composite coating. Reflectance measurements were conducted using a UV–visible spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere (UV2600), and the composite coating with a Ni ratio of 75% exhibited the lowest reflectance of UV–visible light at <0.035. These results are promising for subsequent investigations into the absorbance of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–nano-Ni composite coatings within the sunlight irradiation wavelength range. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/122">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/metal_composites">Metal Composites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/122/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1606426"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1606426"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1606426" data-cycle-prev="#prev1606426" data-cycle-progressive="#images1606426" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1606426-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g001-550.jpg?1741245911" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1606426" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1606426-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g002-550.jpg?1741245912'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1606426-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g003-550.jpg?1741245913'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1606426-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g004-550.jpg?1741245915'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1606426-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g005-550.jpg?1741245917'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1606426-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g006-550.jpg?1741245918'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1606426-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g007-550.jpg?1741245919'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1606426-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g001-550.jpg?1741245911" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the experiment process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g002-550.jpg?1741245912" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Effect of the time duration on the thicknesses of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–nano-Ni composite coatings at different ratios of nano- Ni: 25, 50, 75%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g003-550.jpg?1741245913" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction patterns of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Ni nanoparticles, and Ni-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite coatings at different ratios of Ni. (N: nickel; A: alumina; Al: aluminium).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g004-550.jpg?1741245915" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrographs and EDS spectra of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–nano-Ni composite coatings at different nano-Ni ratios.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g005-550.jpg?1741245917" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Vickers hardness (HV) and error bars of the standard deviation of the Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–nano-Ni composite coatings at different ratios of nanometallic Ni: 25, 50 A 75%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g006-550.jpg?1741245918" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of hardness enhancement in Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–nano-Ni composite coatings.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00122/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00122-g007-550.jpg?1741245919" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Reflectance UV–visible spectra of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>–nano-Ni composite coatings at different ratios of nanometallic Ni: 25, 50, and 75%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/122'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 8887 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/121/pdf?version=1741244899" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Metal–Organic Framework-Based Composites for Dual Functionalities: Advances in Microwave Absorption and Flame Retardancy" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/121">Metal–Organic Framework-Based Composites for Dual Functionalities: Advances in Microwave Absorption and Flame Retardancy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinhu Hu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jialin Jiang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qianlong Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jin Cao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiuhong Sun</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Siqi Huo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ye-Tang Pan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mingliang Ma</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 121; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030121">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030121</a> - 6 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> With the rapid expansion of electronic information technology and rising material safety needs, the creation of composite materials that perform both electromagnetic microwave absorption (EMA) and flame retardancy has arisen as a materials science research hotspot. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/121/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> With the rapid expansion of electronic information technology and rising material safety needs, the creation of composite materials that perform both electromagnetic microwave absorption (EMA) and flame retardancy has arisen as a materials science research hotspot. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for developing novel multifunctional composite materials due to their unique structural characteristics and customizable functions. This work presents a comprehensive assessment of the most recent research findings on MOF-based EMA-flame retardant dual-functional composites. The fundamental mechanisms of EMA and flame retardancy are covered, including dielectric loss, magnetic loss, and both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. The development of composites based on Fe-MOF, Co-MOF, Ni-MOF, and polymetallic MOF in terms of EMA and flame retardancy is highlighted. These materials offer exceptional EMA performance and strong flame retardancy effects thanks to their unique structural designs and component regulations. In addition, some materials have great infrared stealth, thermal insulation, hydrophobic, and mechanical qualities. Ultimately, the problems of MOF-based dual-functional composites and their development possibilities are reviewed, giving valuable references for the development of new multifunctional composite materials. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/121">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jcs/sections/composites_applications">Composites Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/121/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1606415"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1606415"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1606415" data-cycle-prev="#prev1606415" data-cycle-progressive="#images1606415" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-ag-550.jpg?1741660297" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1606415" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g001-550.jpg?1741244972'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g002-550.jpg?1741244974'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g003-550.jpg?1741244976'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g004-550.jpg?1741244979'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g005-550.jpg?1741244982'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g006-550.jpg?1741244984'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g007-550.jpg?1741244986'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g008-550.jpg?1741244988'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g009-550.jpg?1741244990'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g010-550.jpg?1741244993'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g011-550.jpg?1741244995'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g012-550.jpg?1741244998'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g013-550.jpg?1741244999'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1606415-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g014-550.jpg?1741245001'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1606415-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-ag-550.jpg?1741660297" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g001-550.jpg?1741244972" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Development of MOF-based dual-functional composites with EMA and flame retardant in recent years (until January 2025).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g002-550.jpg?1741244974" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Fe/C/CF: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of synthesis process, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>c</b>) RL–f curve, (<b>d</b>) thermal infrared image of hand, (<b>e</b>) infrared stealth diagram, and (<b>f</b>) thermal infrared image at 120 °C (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B81-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">81</a>] © 2023 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g003-550.jpg?1741244976" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>MZT hybrid foam: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of the synthesis process, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>c</b>) RL-f curve, (<b>d</b>) thermal infrared image at 70 °C (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B85-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">85</a>] © 2020 American Chemical Society).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g004-550.jpg?1741244979" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Co/CNTs/EG: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of the synthesis process, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, and (<b>c</b>) RL–f curve; EP (<b>d<sub>1</sub></b>) and Co/CNTs/EG/EP (<b>d<sub>2</sub></b>) alcohol lamp combustion test; (<b>e<sub>1</sub></b>–<b>e<sub>4</sub></b>) thermal infrared images at 63.5 °C (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B86-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">86</a>] © 2021 Royal Society of Chemistry).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g005-550.jpg?1741244982" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>CoM@CoNiC-F: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of the synthesis process, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>c</b>) 2D RCS diagram, (<b>d</b>,<b>e</b>) 3D RCS diagram, (<b>f</b>) vertical combustion test, (<b>g</b>) HRR, (<b>h</b>) THR, (<b>i</b>) SPR, and (<b>j</b>) COP (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B87-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">87</a>] © 2024 Royal Society of Chemistry).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g006-550.jpg?1741244984" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>PW-CMF@Co/NC: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of the synthesis process, (<b>b</b>) RL–f curve, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) thermal infrared images, (<b>e</b>) HRR and THR, (<b>f</b>) SPR and TSR, and (<b>g</b>) alcohol lamp vertical combustion test (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B88-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">88</a>] © 2024 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g007-550.jpg?1741244986" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Ti<sub>3</sub>CNT<sub>x</sub>/Ni@C: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of the synthesis process, (<b>b</b>) alcohol lamp combustion test, (<b>c</b>) thermal infrared image at 62.0 °C, (<b>d</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>e</b>) 2D impedance matching plane map, and (<b>f</b>) RL–f curve (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B90-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">90</a>] © 2022 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g008-550.jpg?1741244988" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>CoC@FeNiG-F: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of synthesis process, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>c</b>) vertical combustion test, (<b>d</b>) HRR, (<b>e</b>) THR, (<b>f</b>) SPR, and (<b>g</b>) COP ([<a href="#B94-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">94</a>] free © 2023 Wiley).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g009-550.jpg?1741244990" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>CCNT-FeCoNi/C: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of synthesis process and SEM diagram, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>c</b>) 2D RL plane map, (<b>d</b>) RL–f curve, (<b>e</b>) thermal infrared image at 100 °C, and (<b>f</b>) alcohol lamp combustion test (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B95-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">95</a>] © 2024 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g010-550.jpg?1741244993" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>CNT-rGO-Co/Ni-MOF: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of synthesis process and SEM diagram, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>c</b>) 2D RL plane map, (<b>d</b>) RL–f curve, (<b>e</b>) alcohol lamp combustion test, and (<b>f</b>) HRR (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B96-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">96</a>] © 2024 American Chemical Society).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g011-550.jpg?1741244995" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>MMSW: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of synthesis process and SEM diagram, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>c</b>) RL–f curve, and (<b>d</b>–<b>g</b>) alcohol lamp combustion test (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B97-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">97</a>] © 2024 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g012-550.jpg?1741244998" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>MoC-C: (<b>a</b>) schematic diagram of synthesis process, (<b>b</b>) 3D RL diagram, (<b>c</b>) 2D impedance matching plane map, (<b>d</b>) 3D RCS diagram, (<b>e</b>) 2D RCS diagram, (<b>f</b>) alcohol lamp combustion test, and (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) thermal infrared image (reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B98-jcs-09-00121" class="html-bibr">98</a>] © 2024 Wiley).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g013-550.jpg?1741244999" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Radar chart of EMA–flame retardancy levels of all MOF-based dual-functional composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00121/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00121-g014-550.jpg?1741245001" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Perspective view of MOF-based dual-functional composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/121'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 3074 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/120/pdf?version=1741093838" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhancing Phase Change Characteristics of Hybrid Nanocomposites for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/120">Enhancing Phase Change Characteristics of Hybrid Nanocomposites for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jidhesh Perumalsamy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Swami B. M. Punniakodi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chandrasekaran Selvam</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ramalingam Senthil</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 120; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030120">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030120</a> - 4 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Thermal energy storage systems store intermittent solar energy to supply heat during non-solar hours. However, they often exhibit poor thermal conductivity, hindering efficient energy storage and release. The purpose of this study is to enhance the phase change characteristics of a paraffin wax-based <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/120/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Thermal energy storage systems store intermittent solar energy to supply heat during non-solar hours. However, they often exhibit poor thermal conductivity, hindering efficient energy storage and release. The purpose of this study is to enhance the phase change characteristics of a paraffin wax-based latent heat energy storage system using a hybrid nanocomposite while increasing its thermal conductivity. Present heat storage systems integrate nanomaterials into a phase change material (paraffin wax) for faster energy storage and release in the form of heat. Steatite and copper oxide are chosen as nanomaterial additives in this experimental investigation. The charging and discharging characteristics of latent heat energy storage systems are studied using four different cases involving pure paraffin wax (case 1), paraffin wax with 10 wt% steatite (case 2), paraffin wax with 10 wt% copper oxide (case 3), and 5 wt% steatite with 5 wt% copper oxide (case 4). The charging and discharging rates were studied. The solidification rate of the nanocomposite improved with the addition of nanomaterials. The paraffin wax with 10 wt% copper oxide (case 3) outperformed the other cases, showing the best heat transfer ability and achieving an overall fusion time of 90 min. Case 3 was found to be the most thermally effective among the other cases. A significant finding of this study is the enhanced thermal performance of paraffin wax-based LHS systems using CuO and steatite nanocomposites, which hold great potential for practical applications. These include solar thermal systems, where efficient energy storage is critical, and industrial heat recovery systems, where optimizing heat transfer and storage can significantly improve energy utilization and sustainability. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/120">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/I01MUN0CIY ">Composite Materials for Energy Management, Storage or Transportation</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/120/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1605236"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1605236"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1605236" data-cycle-prev="#prev1605236" data-cycle-progressive="#images1605236" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1605236-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g001-550.jpg?1741093958" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1605236" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1605236-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g002-550.jpg?1741093960'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1605236-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g003-550.jpg?1741093961'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1605236-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g004-550.jpg?1741093962'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1605236-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g005-550.jpg?1741093963'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1605236-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g006-550.jpg?1741093964'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1605236-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g007-550.jpg?1741093966'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1605236-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g001-550.jpg?1741093958" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Experimental setup: (<b>a</b>) Actual view. (<b>b</b>) Schematic layout.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g002-550.jpg?1741093960" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Liquification process: (<b>a</b>) paraffin wax, (<b>b</b>) paraffin wax + steatite, (<b>c</b>) paraffin wax + CuO, (<b>d</b>) paraffin wax + steatite + CuO.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g003-550.jpg?1741093961" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Effect of HTF flow rate on melting and freezing of PCM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g004-550.jpg?1741093962" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Fusion in a container. PCM temperature variation at different locations (T1–T12).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g005-550.jpg?1741093963" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Heat stored in and released from PCM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g006-550.jpg?1741093964" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Rate of heat storage and release.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00120/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00120-g007-550.jpg?1741093966" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Heat storage effectiveness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/120'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 6652 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/119/pdf?version=1741075205" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Tensile Strength Predictive Modeling of Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Explainable Gradient Boosting Models" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/119">Tensile Strength Predictive Modeling of Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Explainable Gradient Boosting Models</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Celal Cakiroglu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Farnaz Ahadian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gebrail Bekdaş</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zong Woo Geem</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 119; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030119">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030119</a> - 4 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Natural fiber composites have gained significant attention in recent years due to their environmental benefits and unique mechanical properties. These materials combine natural fibers with polymer matrices to create sustainable alternatives to traditional synthetic composites. In addition to natural fiber reinforcement, the usage <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/119/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Natural fiber composites have gained significant attention in recent years due to their environmental benefits and unique mechanical properties. These materials combine natural fibers with polymer matrices to create sustainable alternatives to traditional synthetic composites. In addition to natural fiber reinforcement, the usage of recycled aggregates in concrete has been proposed as a remedy to combat the rapidly increasing amount of construction and demolition waste in recent years. However, the accurate prediction of the structural performance metrics, such as tensile strength, remains a challenge for concrete composites reinforced with natural fibers and containing recycled aggregates. This study aims to develop predictive models of natural-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete based on experimental results collected from the literature. The models have been trained on a dataset consisting of 482 data points. Each data point consists of the amounts of cement, fine and coarse aggregate, water-to-binder ratio, percentages of recycled coarse aggregate and natural fiber, and the fiber length. The output feature of the dataset is the splitting tensile strength of the concrete. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) and extra trees regressor models were trained to predict the tensile strength of the specimens. For optimum performance, the hyperparameters of these models were optimized using the blended search strategy (BlendSearch) and cost-related frugal optimization (CFO). The tensile strength could be predicted with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.95 by the XGBoost model. To make the predictive models accessible, an online graphical user interface was also made available on the Streamlit platform. A feature importance analysis was carried out using the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) approach. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/119">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/KTRGY9I06C ">Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/119/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1604870"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1604870"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1604870" data-cycle-prev="#prev1604870" data-cycle-progressive="#images1604870" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g001-550.jpg?1741075303" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1604870" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g002-550.jpg?1741075306'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g003-550.jpg?1741075308'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g004-550.jpg?1741075309'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g005-550.jpg?1741075310'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g006-550.jpg?1741075310'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g007-550.jpg?1741075312'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g008-550.jpg?1741075313'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g009-550.jpg?1741075313'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g010-550.jpg?1741075315'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g011-550.jpg?1741075317'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g012-550.jpg?1741075318'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g013-550.jpg?1741075319'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g014-550.jpg?1741075320'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1604870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g015-550.jpg?1741075321'><p>Figure 15</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1604870-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g001-550.jpg?1741075303" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Coir [<a href="#B30-jcs-09-00119" class="html-bibr">30</a>], (<b>b</b>) ramie [<a href="#B16-jcs-09-00119" class="html-bibr">16</a>], (<b>c</b>) jute [<a href="#B31-jcs-09-00119" class="html-bibr">31</a>] fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g002-550.jpg?1741075306" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of the input and output features.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g003-550.jpg?1741075308" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Parallel coordinates’ plot of the dataset.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g004-550.jpg?1741075309" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Isolation of data points.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g005-550.jpg?1741075310" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Predictive model development and interpretation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g006-550.jpg?1741075310" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Explained variance ratios.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g007-550.jpg?1741075312" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Outliers for (<b>a</b>) contamination = 0.1, (<b>b</b>) contamination = 0.06, (<b>c</b>) contamination = 0.02, (<b>d</b>) contamination = 0.01.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g008-550.jpg?1741075313" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Model performances with respect to contamination.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g009-550.jpg?1741075313" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Extra trees model performance fluctuations on the test set.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g010-550.jpg?1741075315" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Hyperparameter optimization steps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g011-550.jpg?1741075317" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Predicted and true values for (<b>a</b>) extra trees, (<b>b</b>) LightGBM, (<b>c</b>) XGBoost.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g012-550.jpg?1741075318" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Online graphical user interface.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g013-550.jpg?1741075319" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>SHAP feature importances.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g014-550.jpg?1741075320" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>SHAP summary plot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00119/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00119-g015-550.jpg?1741075321" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>SHAP heatmap plot.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/119'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 4374 KiB   </span> <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/118/pdf?version=1741062161" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation of Short Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites Blades for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines: Mechanical Strength and Energy Efficiency of Fused Filament Fabrication-Printed Blades" data-journal="jcs"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2504-477X/9/3/118">Investigation of Short Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites Blades for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines: Mechanical Strength and Energy Efficiency of Fused Filament Fabrication-Printed Blades</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lotfi Ben Said</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sarhan Karray</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wissem Zghal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hamdi Hentati</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Badreddine Ayadi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alaa Chabir</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Muapper Alhadri</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Compos. Sci.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>9</em>(3), 118; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030118">https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030118</a> - 4 Mar 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The use of 3D printing is expanding in manufacturing wind turbine blades for renewable energy. This study examines the relationship between geometric parameters, mechanical strength, and aerodynamic performance in blades made from short carbon fiber-reinforced PLA (SCFR-PLA) composites. To achieve this, it includes <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/118/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The use of 3D printing is expanding in manufacturing wind turbine blades for renewable energy. This study examines the relationship between geometric parameters, mechanical strength, and aerodynamic performance in blades made from short carbon fiber-reinforced PLA (SCFR-PLA) composites. To achieve this, it includes a comparative evaluation of innovative blade designs and materials, aiming to enhance both the energy efficiency and mechanical durability of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). The numerical model of the wind turbine blade is validated against experimental results, which employed a NACA geometry and ABS polymer. Building upon this validation, a design of experiments (DOE) analysis is employed to explore the influence of fused filament fabrication (FFF) parameters on the mechanical properties of SCFR-PLA composites. A novel blade design, referred to as HAWTSav, is numerically evaluated using 3D-printed SCFR-PLA composites. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the energy efficiency and structural integrity of the HAWTSav blade. A comparative analysis is then performed, contrasting the performance of the conventional NACA blade in ABS with the HAWTSav blade in SCFR-PLA composites. The findings highlight the potential of SCFR-PLA composites in the development of efficient and durable wind turbine blades, highlighting their applicability, particularly in small-scale wind energy systems. <a href="/2504-477X/9/3/118">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jcs/special_issues/GI6TAH9RK4 ">Application of Composite Materials in Additive Manufacturing</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/3/118/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1604705"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1604705"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1604705" data-cycle-prev="#prev1604705" data-cycle-progressive="#images1604705" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g001-550.jpg?1741062237" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1604705" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g002-550.jpg?1741062239'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g003-550.jpg?1741062240'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g004-550.jpg?1741062241'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g005-550.jpg?1741062243'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g006-550.jpg?1741062245'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g007-550.jpg?1741062247'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g008-550.jpg?1741062248'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g009-550.jpg?1741062251'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g010-550.jpg?1741062251'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g011-550.jpg?1741062253'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1604705-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g012-550.jpg?1741062255'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1604705-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g001-550.jpg?1741062237" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Numerical model details: (<b>a</b>) dimensions of the structure and (<b>b</b>) dimensions of the blade zone.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g002-550.jpg?1741062239" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart outlining the diverse steps for experimental and numerical studies.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g003-550.jpg?1741062240" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Validation of the numerical model [<a href="#B10-jcs-09-00118" class="html-bibr">10</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g004-550.jpg?1741062241" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Tensile curves of printed SCFR-PLA with different FDM parameters.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g005-550.jpg?1741062243" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Influence of carbon percentage on mechanical properties: (<b>a</b>) Elastic modulus, (<b>b</b>) Yield strength, (<b>c</b>) Ultimate tensile strength.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g006-550.jpg?1741062245" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Influence of printing speed on mechanical properties: (<b>a</b>) Elastic modulus, (<b>b</b>) Yield strength, (<b>c</b>) Ultimate tensile strength.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g007-550.jpg?1741062247" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Influence of raster angle on mechanical properties: (<b>a</b>) Elastic modulus, (<b>b</b>) Yield strength, (<b>c</b>) Ultimate tensile strength.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g008-550.jpg?1741062248" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Computational meshing of HAWTSav.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g009-550.jpg?1741062251" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Technical characteristics of the wind turbine HAWTSav.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g010-550.jpg?1741062251" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>C<sub>P</sub> for NACA and HAWTSav blades.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g011-550.jpg?1741062253" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Pressure distribution (z = 0.012 m): (<b>a</b>) HAWT with NACA profile and (<b>b</b>) HAWTSav.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2504-477X/9/3/118'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jcs/jcs-09-00118/article_deploy/html/images/jcs-09-00118-g012-550.jpg?1741062255" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Kinetic energy: (<b>a</b>) HAWT with NACA profile and (<b>b</b>) HAWTSav.</p> <strong style='display: block; 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