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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Chloride process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chloride_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulfate_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulfate_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sulfate process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulfate_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Becher_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becher_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Becher process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becher_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Specialized methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pigment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pigment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pigment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pigment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_additive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_additive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Food additive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_additive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thin_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thin_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Thin films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thin_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunscreen_and_UV_blocking_pigments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunscreen_and_UV_blocking_pigments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Sunscreen and UV blocking pigments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunscreen_and_UV_blocking_pigments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_of_titanium_dioxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_of_titanium_dioxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Other uses of titanium dioxide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_of_titanium_dioxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patenting_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patenting_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Patenting activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patenting_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photocatalyst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photocatalyst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Photocatalyst </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photocatalyst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydroxyl_radical_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydroxyl_radical_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Hydroxyl radical formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydroxyl_radical_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanotubes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanotubes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Nanotubes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanotubes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solubility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solubility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Solubility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solubility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Health and safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health and safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_additive_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_additive_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Food additive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_additive_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Government policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Industry response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_as_an_ingestible_nanomaterial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_as_an_ingestible_nanomaterial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Research as an ingestible nanomaterial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_as_an_ingestible_nanomaterial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Inhalation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_waste_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_waste_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Environmental waste introduction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_waste_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Titanium dioxide</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaandioksied" title="Titaandioksied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Titaandioksied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ثنائي أكسيد التيتانيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائي أكسيد التيتانيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تیتانیوم دی اوکسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیتانیوم دی اوکسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83(IV)" title="Аксід тытану(IV) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аксід тытану(IV)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Титанов диоксид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Титанов диоксид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanij-dioksid" title="Titanij-dioksid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Titanij-dioksid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92xid_de_titani(IV)" title="Òxid de titani(IV) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òxid de titani(IV)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD(IV)_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%C4%95" title="Титан(IV) оксичĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Титан(IV) оксичĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid_titani%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid titaničitý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oxid titaničitý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titandioxid" title="Titandioxid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Titandioxid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan(IV)-oxid" title="Titan(IV)-oxid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Titan(IV)-oxid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaandioksiid" title="Titaandioksiid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Titaandioksiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διοξείδιο του τιτανίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διοξείδιο του τιτανίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93xido_de_titanio(IV)" title="Óxido de titanio(IV) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óxido de titanio(IV)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titana_dioksido" title="Titana dioksido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Titana dioksido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanio_oxido" title="Titanio oxido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Titanio oxido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="تیتانیوم دی‌اکسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیتانیوم دی‌اکسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxyde_de_titane" title="Dioxyde de titane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dioxyde de titane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%80%EB%8A%84" title="이산화 타이타늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이산화 타이타늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D6%85%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Տիտանի երկօքսիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիտանի երկօքսիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="टाइटानियम डाइऑक्साइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टाइटानियम डाइऑक्साइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanijev_dioksid" title="Titanijev dioksid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Titanijev dioksid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioksida" title="Titanium dioksida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Titanium dioksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADtand%C3%ADox%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Títandíoxíð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Títandíoxíð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biossido_di_titanio" title="Biossido di titanio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biossido di titanio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%99" title="טיטניום דו-חמצני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיטניום דו-חמצני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniyum_dioksida" title="Titaniyum dioksida – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Titaniyum dioksida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Титан оксиддери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Титан оксиддери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C4%81na_dioks%C4%ABds" title="Titāna dioksīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Titāna dioksīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titano_dioksidas" title="Titano dioksidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Titano dioksidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit%C3%A1n-dioxid" title="Titán-dioxid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Titán-dioxid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Титан диоксид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Титан диоксид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B4ksidana_titanina" title="Diôksidana titanina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Diôksidana titanina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ടൈറ്റാനിയം ഡൈഓക്സൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടൈറ്റാനിയം ഡൈഓക്സൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioksida" title="Titanium dioksida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Titanium dioksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium(IV)oxide" title="Titanium(IV)oxide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Titanium(IV)oxide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E3%83%81%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3(IV)" title="酸化チタン(IV) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酸化チタン(IV)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titandioksid" title="Titandioksid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Titandioksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titandioksid" title="Titandioksid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Titandioksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_dioksidi" title="Titan dioksidi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Titan dioksidi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlenek_tytanu(IV)" title="Tlenek tytanu(IV) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tlenek tytanu(IV)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3xido_de_tit%C3%A2nio" title="Dióxido de titânio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dióxido de titânio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxid_de_titan" title="Dioxid de titan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dioxid de titan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0(IV)" title="Оксид титана(IV) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оксид титана(IV)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ටයිටේනියම් ඩයොක්සයිඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටයිටේනියම් ඩයොක්සයිඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Titanium dioxide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxid_titani%C4%8Dit%C3%BD" title="Oxid titaničitý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oxid titaničitý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanov_dioksid" title="Titanov dioksid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Titanov dioksid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="دوانە ئۆکسیدی تیتانیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوانە ئۆکسیدی تیتانیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanijum_dioksid" title="Titanijum dioksid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Titanijum dioksid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanijum_dioksid" title="Titanijum dioksid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Titanijum dioksid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaanidioksidi" title="Titaanidioksidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Titaanidioksidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titandioxid" title="Titandioxid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Titandioxid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="தைட்டானியம் ஈராக்சைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தைட்டானியம் ஈராக்சைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanyum_dioksit" title="Titanyum dioksit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Titanyum dioksit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83(IV)" title="Оксид титану(IV) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оксид титану(IV)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titani(IV)_oxide" title="Titani(IV) oxide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Titani(IV) oxide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Titanium dioxide" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%9B" title="二氧化钛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="二氧化钛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%A6%E7%99%BD%E7%B2%89" title="鈦白粉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈦白粉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Titanium dioxide </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Titanium(IV) oxide"><img alt="Titanium(IV) oxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/220px-Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/330px-Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/440px-Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="784" /></a> <div style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">Unit cell</a> of titanium dioxide (rutile form) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Titanium <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Oxygen</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium(IV)_oxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The unit cell of rutile"><img alt="The unit cell of rutile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/220px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/330px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg/440px-Titanium%28IV%29_oxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="531" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC names</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Titanium dioxide Titanium(IV) oxide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Titania</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">Rutile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">Anatase</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brookite" title="Brookite">Brookite</a></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=13463-67-7">13463-67-7</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3D%5BTi%5D%3DO">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=32234">CHEBI:32234</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1201136">ChEMBL1201136</a> <img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.24256.html">24256</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.033.327">100.033.327</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193521#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> </td> <td>E171 <a href="/wiki/E_number#E100–E199" title="E number">(colours)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C13409">C13409</a> <img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/26042">26042</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>XR2775000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/15FIX9V2JP">15FIX9V2JP</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID3021352">DTXSID3021352</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193521#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/2O.Ti <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/2O.Ti/rO2Ti/c1-3-2</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-TYTSCOISAW</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=[Ti]=O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>TiO 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>79.866 g/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>White solid </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Odorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>4.23 g/cm3 (rutile)</li><li>3.78 g/cm3 (anatase)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>1,843 °C (3,349 °F; 2,116 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>2,972 °C (5,382 °F; 3,245 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>Insoluble </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">Band gap</a> </td> <td>3.21 eV (anatase)<a href="#cite_note-Zanatta-1">[1]</a> 3.15 eV (rutile)<a href="#cite_note-Zanatta-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>+5.9·10−6 cm3/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (nD)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>2.488 (anatase)</li><li>2.583 (brookite)</li><li>2.609 (rutile)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar entropy</a> (S⦵298)</div> </td> <td>50 J·mol−1·K−1<a href="#cite_note-b1-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of formation</a> (ΔfH⦵298)</div> </td> <td>−945 kJ·mol−1<a href="#cite_note-b1-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c" /><map name="ImageMap_e43abf6a22fcb96c"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a> </td> <td>not flammable </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 15 mg/m3<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>Ca<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>Ca [5000 mg/m3]<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0338.htm">ICSC 0338</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Hafnium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium dioxide">Hafnium dioxide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Titanium(III) oxide</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(III,IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(III,IV) oxide (page does not exist)">Titanium(III,IV) oxide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanic_acid" title="Titanic acid">Titanic acid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=476992554&page2=Titanium+dioxide">verify</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/taɪˈteɪniə/</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> with the chemical formula TiO 2. When used as a <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a>, it is called titanium white, Pigment White 6 (PW6), or <a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">CI 77891</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-4">[4]</a> It is a white solid that is insoluble in water, although mineral forms can appear black. As a pigment, it has a wide range of applications, including <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">food coloring</a>. When used as a food coloring, it has <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E171. World production in 2014 exceeded 9 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> It has been estimated that titanium dioxide is used in two-thirds of all pigments, and pigments based on the oxide have been valued at a price of $13.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> In all three of its main dioxides, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> exhibits <a href="/wiki/Octahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Octahedral molecular geometry">octahedral geometry</a>, being bonded to six oxide anions. The oxides in turn are bonded to three Ti centers. The overall crystal structures of <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a> are tetragonal in symmetry whereas <a href="/wiki/Brookite" title="Brookite">brookite</a> is orthorhombic. The oxygen substructures are all slight distortions of <a href="/wiki/Close_packing" class="mw-redirect" title="Close packing">close packing</a>: in rutile, the oxide anions are arranged in distorted hexagonal close-packing, whereas they are close to cubic close-packing in anatase and to "double hexagonal close-packing" for brookite. The <a href="/wiki/Rutile_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutile structure">rutile structure</a> is widespread for other metal dioxides and difluorides, e.g. RuO2 and ZnF2. Molten titanium dioxide has a local structure in which each Ti is coordinated to, on average, about 5 oxygen atoms.<a href="#cite_note-Ald-9">[9]</a> This is distinct from the crystalline forms in which Ti coordinates to 6 oxygen atoms. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatase_crystal_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ball-and-stick chemical model of an anatase crystal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Anatase_crystal_structure.png/220px-Anatase_crystal_structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Anatase_crystal_structure.png/330px-Anatase_crystal_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Anatase_crystal_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Structure of <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a>. Together with rutile and brookite, one of the three major <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorphs</a> of TiO2.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetic_and_geologic_occurrence">Synthetic and geologic occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synthetic and geologic occurrence">edit</a>]</div> Synthetic TiO2 is mainly produced from the mineral <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">Rutile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a>, naturally occurring TiO2, occur widely also, e.g. rutile as a 'heavy mineral' in beach sand. <a href="/wiki/Leucoxene" title="Leucoxene">Leucoxene</a>, fine-grained anatase formed by natural alteration of ilmenite, is yet another ore. <a href="/wiki/Star_sapphire_(jewel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Star sapphire (jewel)">Star sapphires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a> get their <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(gemology)" title="Asterism (gemology)">asterism</a> from oriented inclusions of rutile needles.<a href="#cite_note-BuildingBlocks451-3-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineralogy_and_uncommon_polymorphs">Mineralogy and uncommon polymorphs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mineralogy and uncommon polymorphs">edit</a>]</div> Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as the minerals <a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">rutile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a>. Additionally two high-pressure forms are known minerals: a <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoclinic</a> <a href="/wiki/Baddeleyite" title="Baddeleyite">baddeleyite</a>-like form known as <a href="/wiki/Akaogiite" title="Akaogiite">akaogiite</a>, and the other has a slight monoclinic distortion of the <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">α-PbO2</a> structure and is known as riesite. Both of which can be found at the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlinger_Ries" title="Nördlinger Ries">Ries crater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> It is mainly sourced from <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>, which is the most widespread titanium dioxide-bearing ore around the world. Rutile is the next most abundant and contains around 98% titanium dioxide in the ore. The metastable anatase and brookite phases convert irreversibly to the equilibrium rutile phase upon heating above temperatures in the range 600–800 °C (1,110–1,470 °F).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Titanium dioxide has twelve known polymorphs – in addition to rutile, anatase, brookite, akaogiite and riesite, three metastable phases can be produced synthetically (<a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">monoclinic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">tetragonal</a>, and orthorhombic ramsdellite-like), and four high-pressure forms (α-PbO2-like, <a href="/wiki/Cotunnite" title="Cotunnite">cotunnite</a>-like, orthorhombic OI, and cubic phases) also exist: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Form </th> <th>Crystal system </th> <th>Synthesis </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutile" title="Rutile">Rutile</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">Anatase</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brookite" title="Brookite">Brookite</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TiO2(B)<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a> </td> <td>Hydrolysis of K2Ti4O9 followed by heating </td></tr> <tr> <td>TiO2(H), <a href="/wiki/Hollandite" title="Hollandite">hollandite</a>-like form<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a> </td> <td>Oxidation of the related potassium titanate bronze, K0.25TiO2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>TiO2(R), <a href="/wiki/Ramsdellite" title="Ramsdellite">ramsdellite</a>-like form<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a> </td> <td>Oxidation of the related lithium titanate bronze Li0.5TiO2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>TiO2(II)-(<a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">α-PbO2</a>-like form)<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Akaogiite" title="Akaogiite">Akaogiite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baddeleyite" title="Baddeleyite">baddeleyite</a>-like form, 7 coordinated Ti)<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TiO2 -OI<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a> form<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a> </td> <td>P > 40 GPa, T > 1600 °C </td></tr> <tr> <td>TiO2 -OII, <a href="/wiki/Cotunnite" title="Cotunnite">cotunnite</a>(<a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_chloride" title="Lead(II) chloride">PbCl2</a>)-like<a href="#cite_note-du1-22">[22]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a> </td> <td>P > 40 GPa, T > 700 °C </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Cotunnite" title="Cotunnite">cotunnite</a>-type phase was claimed to be the hardest known oxide with the <a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickers hardness">Vickers hardness</a> of 38 GPa and the <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a> of 431 GPa (i.e. close to diamond's value of 446 GPa) at atmospheric pressure.<a href="#cite_note-du1-22">[22]</a> However, later studies came to different conclusions with much lower values for both the hardness (7–20 GPa, which makes it softer than common oxides like corundum Al2O3 and rutile TiO2)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and bulk modulus (~300 GPa).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Titanium dioxide (B) is found as a <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> in magmatic rocks and hydrothermal veins, as well as weathering rims on <a href="/wiki/Perovskite" title="Perovskite">perovskite</a>. TiO2 also forms <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(materials)" title="Lamella (materials)">lamellae</a> in other minerals.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrial_key_players_in_the_production_of_titanium_dioxide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Industrial_key_players_in_the_production_of_titanium_dioxide.png/220px-Industrial_key_players_in_the_production_of_titanium_dioxide.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Industrial_key_players_in_the_production_of_titanium_dioxide.png/330px-Industrial_key_players_in_the_production_of_titanium_dioxide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Industrial_key_players_in_the_production_of_titanium_dioxide.png/440px-Industrial_key_players_in_the_production_of_titanium_dioxide.png 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Industrial key players in the production of titanium dioxide - 2022</figcaption></figure> The largest TiO 2 pigment processors are <a href="/wiki/Chemours" title="Chemours">Chemours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venator_Materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Venator Materials">Venator</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronos_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kronos International (page does not exist)">Kronos</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronos_International" class="extiw" title="de:Kronos International">de</a>], and <a href="/wiki/Tronox" title="Tronox">Tronox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hayes_(2011)-28">[28]</a> Major paint and coating company end users for pigment grade titanium dioxide include <a href="/wiki/Akzo_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Akzo Nobel">Akzo Nobel</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">PPG Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherwin Williams">Sherwin Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansai_Paints" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansai Paints">Kansai Paints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valspar" title="Valspar">Valspar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hayes_2011,_p._3-29">[29]</a> Global TiO 2 pigment demand for 2010 was 5.3 Mt with annual growth expected to be about 3–4%.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Evolution_production_dioxyde_de_titane.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evolution_production_dioxyde_de_titane.svg/220px-Evolution_production_dioxyde_de_titane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evolution_production_dioxyde_de_titane.svg/330px-Evolution_production_dioxyde_de_titane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Evolution_production_dioxyde_de_titane.svg/440px-Evolution_production_dioxyde_de_titane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>Evolution of the global production of titanium dioxide according to process</figcaption></figure> The production method depends on the feedstock. In addition to ores, other feedstocks include upgraded <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>. Both the chloride process and the sulfate process (both described below) produce titanium dioxide pigment in the rutile crystal form, but the sulfate process can be adjusted to produce the <a href="/wiki/Anatase" title="Anatase">anatase</a> form. Anatase, being softer, is used in fiber and paper applications. The sulfate process is run as a <a href="/wiki/Batch_production" title="Batch production">batch process</a>; the chloride process is run as a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous process">continuous process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chloride_process">Chloride process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chloride process">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chloride_process" title="Chloride process">Chloride process</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Chloride_process" title="Chloride process">chloride process</a>, the ore is treated with chlorine and carbon to give <a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">titanium tetrachloride</a>, a volatile liquid that is further purified by distillation. The TiCl4 is treated with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to regenerate chlorine and produce the titanium dioxide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulfate_process">Sulfate process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sulfate process">edit</a>]</div> In the sulfate process, ilmenite is treated with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> to extract <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate pentahydrate</a>. This process requires concentrated ilmenite (45–60% TiO2) or pretreated feedstocks as a suitable source of titanium.<a href="#cite_note-jv-32">[32]</a> The resulting synthetic rutile is further processed according to the specifications of the end user, i.e. pigment grade or otherwise.<a href="#cite_note-Production-33">[33]</a> Examples of plants using the sulfate process are the <a href="/wiki/Sorel-Tracy" title="Sorel-Tracy">Sorel-Tracy</a> plant of <a href="/wiki/QIT-Fer_et_Titane" title="QIT-Fer et Titane">QIT-Fer et Titane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eramet_Titanium_%26_Iron" title="Eramet Titanium & Iron">Eramet Titanium & Iron</a> smelter in <a href="/wiki/Tyssedal" title="Tyssedal">Tyssedal</a> Norway.<a href="#cite_note-fc1-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becher_process">Becher process</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Becher process">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Becher_process" title="Becher process">Becher process</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Becher_process" title="Becher process">Becher process</a> is another method for the production of synthetic rutile from ilmenite. It first oxidizes the ilmenite as a means to separate the iron component. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_methods">Specialized methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specialized methods">edit</a>]</div> For specialty applications, TiO2 films are prepared by various specialized chemistries.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Sol-gel routes involve the hydrolysis of titanium <a href="/wiki/Alkoxide" title="Alkoxide">alkoxides</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Titanium_ethoxide" title="Titanium ethoxide">titanium ethoxide</a>: <dl><dd>Ti(OEt)4 + 2 H2O → TiO2 + 4 EtOH</dd></dl> A related approach that also relies on molecular precursors involves <a href="/wiki/Chemical_vapor_deposition" title="Chemical vapor deposition">chemical vapor deposition</a>. In this method, the alkoxide is volatilized and then decomposed on contact with a hot surface: <dl><dd>Ti(OEt)4 → TiO2 + 2 Et2O</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigment">Pigment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pigment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titanium_white" title="Titanium white">Titanium white</a></div> First mass-produced in 1916,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> titanium dioxide is the most widely used white pigment because of its brightness and very high <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a>, in which it is surpassed only by a few other materials (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_indices_of_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indices of refraction">list of indices of refraction</a>). Titanium dioxide crystal size is ideally around 220 nm (measured by electron microscope) to optimize the maximum reflection of visible light. However, <a href="/wiki/Abnormal_grain_growth" title="Abnormal grain growth">abnormal grain growth</a> is often observed in titanium dioxide, particularly in its rutile phase.<a href="#cite_note-ref1-37">[37]</a> The occurrence of abnormal grain growth brings about a deviation of a small number of crystallites from the mean crystal size and modifies the physical behaviour of TiO2. The optical properties of the finished pigment are highly sensitive to purity. As little as a few parts per million (ppm) of certain metals (Cr, V, Cu, Fe, Nb) can disturb the crystal lattice so much that the effect can be detected in quality control.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Approximately 4.6 million tons of pigmentary TiO2 are used annually worldwide, and this number is expected to increase as use continues to rise.<a href="#cite_note-Nano-scaled_titania-39">[39]</a> TiO2 is also an effective <a href="/wiki/Opacifier" title="Opacifier">opacifier</a> in powder form, where it is employed as a pigment to provide whiteness and <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opacity</a> to products such as <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">coatings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">supplements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicines</a> (i.e. pills and tablets), and most <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpastes</a>; in 2019 it was present in two-thirds of toothpastes on the French market.<a href="#cite_note-frouville-40">[40]</a> In paint, it is often referred to offhandedly as "brilliant white", "the perfect white", "the whitest white", or other similar terms. Opacity is improved by optimal sizing of the titanium dioxide particles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_additive">Food additive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Food additive">edit</a>]</div> In food, it is commonly found in ice creams, chocolates, all types of candy, creamers, desserts, marshmallows, chewing gum, pastries, spreads, dressings, cakes, some cheeses, and many other foods.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thin_films">Thin films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Thin films">edit</a>]</div> When deposited as a <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin film</a>, its refractive index and colour make it an excellent reflective optical coating for <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_mirror" title="Dielectric mirror">dielectric mirrors</a>; it is also used in generating decorative thin films such as found in "mystic fire topaz". Some grades of modified titanium based pigments as used in sparkly paints, plastics, finishes and cosmetics – these are man-made pigments whose particles have two or more layers of various oxides – often titanium dioxide, <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a> – in order to have glittering, <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a> and or <a href="/wiki/Pearlescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearlescent">pearlescent</a> effects similar to crushed <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a>-based products. In addition to these effects a limited colour change is possible in certain formulations depending on how and at which angle the finished product is illuminated and the thickness of the oxide layer in the pigment particle; one or more colours appear by reflection while the other tones appear due to interference of the transparent titanium dioxide layers.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In some products, the layer of titanium dioxide is grown in conjunction with iron oxide by calcination of titanium salts (sulfates, chlorates) around 800 °C<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> One example of a pearlescent pigment is Iriodin, based on mica coated with titanium dioxide or iron (III) oxide.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The iridescent effect in these titanium oxide particles is unlike the opaque effect obtained with usual ground titanium oxide pigment obtained by mining, in which case only a certain diameter of the particle is considered and the effect is due only to scattering. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunscreen_and_UV_blocking_pigments">Sunscreen and UV blocking pigments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sunscreen and UV blocking pigments">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin_care" title="Skin care">skin care</a> products, titanium dioxide is used as a pigment, sunscreen and a <a href="/wiki/Thickener" class="mw-redirect" title="Thickener">thickener</a>. As a sunscreen, ultrafine TiO2 is used, which is notable in that combined with <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide_nanoparticle" title="Zinc oxide nanoparticle">ultrafine zinc oxide</a>, it is considered to be an effective sunscreen that lowers the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">sun burns</a> and minimizes the premature <a href="/wiki/Photoaging" title="Photoaging">photoaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photocarcinogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photocarcinogenesis">photocarcinogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a> associated with long term excess sun exposure.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Sometimes these UV blockers are combined with iron oxide pigments in sunscreen to increase visible light protection.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are generally considered to be less harmful to <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> than sunscreens that include chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Oxybenzone" title="Oxybenzone">oxybenzone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octocrylene" title="Octocrylene">octocrylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octyl_methoxycinnamate" title="Octyl methoxycinnamate">octinoxate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Nanosized titanium dioxide is found in the majority of physical <a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">sunscreens</a> because of its strong UV light absorbing capabilities and its resistance to discolouration under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light. This advantage enhances its stability and ability to protect the skin from ultraviolet light. Nano-scaled (particle size of 20–40 nm)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> titanium dioxide particles are primarily used in sunscreen lotion because they scatter visible light much less than titanium dioxide pigments, and can give UV protection.<a href="#cite_note-Nano-scaled_titania-39">[39]</a> Sunscreens designed for infants or people with <a href="/wiki/Sensitive_skin_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive skin type">sensitive skin</a> are often based on titanium dioxide and/or <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a>, as these mineral UV blockers are believed to cause less skin irritation than other UV absorbing chemicals. Nano-TiO2, which blocks both UV-A and UV-B radiation, is used in sunscreens and other cosmetic products. The EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety considered nano sized titanium dioxide to be safe for skin applications, in concentrations of up to 25 percent based on animal testing. <a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The risk assessment of different titanium dioxide nanomaterials in sunscreen is currently evolving since nano-sized TiO2 is different from the well-known micronized form.<a href="#cite_note-:2-50">[50]</a> The rutile form is generally used in cosmetic and sunscreen products due to it not possessing any observed ability to damage the skin under normal conditions<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and having a higher <a href="/wiki/UV_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="UV protection">UV absorption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-52">[52]</a> In 2016 Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) tests concluded that the use of nano titanium dioxide (95–100% rutile, ≦5% anatase) as a UV filter can be considered to not pose any risk of adverse effects in humans post-application on healthy skin,<a href="#cite_note-Eur_Acad_Dermatol_Venereol-53">[53]</a> except in the case the application method would lead to substantial risk of inhalation (ie; powder or spray formulations). This safety opinion applied to nano TiO2 in concentrations of up to 25%.<a href="#cite_note-:4-54">[54]</a> Initial studies indicated that nano-TiO2 particles could penetrate the skin, causing concern over its use. These studies were later refuted, when it was discovered that the testing methodology couldn't differentiate between penetrated particles and particles simply trapped in hair follicles and that having a diseased or physically damaged dermis could be the true cause of insufficient barrier protection.<a href="#cite_note-:2-50">[50]</a> SCCS research found that when nanoparticles had certain photostable coatings (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>, cetyl phosphate, <a href="/wiki/Silicone#Personal_care" title="Silicone">triethoxycaprylylsilane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a>), the photocatalytic activity was attenuated and no notable skin penetration was observed; the sunscreen in this research was applied at amounts of 10 mg/cm2 for exposure periods of 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-:4-54">[54]</a> Coating TiO2 with alumina, silica, <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> or various <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a> can minimize <a href="/wiki/Avobenzone" title="Avobenzone">avobenzone</a> degradation<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and enhance UV absorption by adding an additional light diffraction mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-:3-52">[52]</a> TiO 2 is used extensively in plastics and other applications as a white pigment or an opacifier and for its UV resistant properties where the powder disperses light – unlike organic UV absorbers – and reduces UV damage, due mostly to the particle's high refractive index.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses_of_titanium_dioxide">Other uses of titanium dioxide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other uses of titanium dioxide">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">ceramic glazes</a>, titanium dioxide acts as an opacifier and seeds <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystal</a> formation. It is used as a <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a> pigment and in <a href="/wiki/Styptic_pencil" class="mw-redirect" title="Styptic pencil">styptic pencils</a>. Titanium dioxide is produced in varying particle sizes which are both oil and water dispersible, and in certain grades for the cosmetic industry. It is also a common ingredient in toothpaste. The exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket was painted with titanium dioxide; this later allowed astronomers to determine that <a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a> was likely the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stage from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> and not an <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jorgensen-57">[57]</a> Titanium dioxide is an <a href="/wiki/N-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-type semiconductor">n-type semiconductor</a> and is used in <a href="/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell" title="Dye-sensitized solar cell">dye-sensitized solar cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> It is also used in other electronics components such as <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> in batteries.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patenting_activities">Patenting activities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Patenting activities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relevant_patent_families_describing_titanium_dioxide_production_from_ilmenite,_2002%E2%80%932021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Relevant_patent_families_describing_titanium_dioxide_production_from_ilmenite%2C_2002%E2%80%932021.png/290px-Relevant_patent_families_describing_titanium_dioxide_production_from_ilmenite%2C_2002%E2%80%932021.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Relevant_patent_families_describing_titanium_dioxide_production_from_ilmenite%2C_2002%E2%80%932021.png/435px-Relevant_patent_families_describing_titanium_dioxide_production_from_ilmenite%2C_2002%E2%80%932021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Relevant_patent_families_describing_titanium_dioxide_production_from_ilmenite%2C_2002%E2%80%932021.png/580px-Relevant_patent_families_describing_titanium_dioxide_production_from_ilmenite%2C_2002%E2%80%932021.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>Relevant patent families describing titanium dioxide production from ilmenite, 2002–2021.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_Institutions_patent_activity_in_titanium_dioxide_production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Public_Institutions_patent_activity_in_titanium_dioxide_production.png/290px-Public_Institutions_patent_activity_in_titanium_dioxide_production.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Public_Institutions_patent_activity_in_titanium_dioxide_production.png/435px-Public_Institutions_patent_activity_in_titanium_dioxide_production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Public_Institutions_patent_activity_in_titanium_dioxide_production.png/580px-Public_Institutions_patent_activity_in_titanium_dioxide_production.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>Academic and public institutions having significant patent activity in titanium dioxide production, 2022.</figcaption></figure> Between 2002 and 2022, there were 459 <a href="/wiki/Patent_family" title="Patent family">patent families</a> that describe the production of titanium dioxide from <a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">ilmenite</a>. The majority of these patents describe pre-treatment processes, such as using smelting and magnetic separation to increase titanium concentration in low-grade ores, leading to titanium concentrates or slags. Other patents describe processes to obtain titanium dioxide, either by a direct hydrometallurgical process or through the main industrial production processes, the <a href="#Sulfate_process">sulfate process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chloride_process" title="Chloride process">chloride process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-60">[60]</a> The sulfate process represents 40% of the world’s titanium dioxide production and is protected in 23% of patent families. The chloride process is only mentioned in 8% of patent families, although it provides 60% of the worldwide industrial production of titanium dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-:6-60">[60]</a> Key contributors to patents on the production of titanium dioxide are companies from China, Australia and the United States, reflecting the major contribution of these countries to industrial production. Chinese companies <a href="/wiki/Pangang_Group_Vanadium_Titanium_%26_Resources" title="Pangang Group Vanadium Titanium & Resources">Pangang</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lomon_Billions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lomon Billions (page does not exist)">Lomon Billions</a> Groups hold major patent portfolios.<a href="#cite_note-:6-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photocatalyst">Photocatalyst</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Photocatalyst">edit</a>]</div> Nanosized titanium dioxide, particularly in the anatase form, exhibits <a href="/wiki/Photocatalysis" title="Photocatalysis">photocatalytic activity</a> under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. This photoactivity is reportedly most pronounced at the {001} planes of anatase,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> although the {101} planes are thermodynamically more stable and thus more prominent in most synthesised and natural anatase,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> as evident by the often observed tetragonal dipyramidal <a href="/wiki/Crystal_habit" title="Crystal habit">growth habit</a>. Interfaces between rutile and anatase are further considered to improve photocatalytic activity by facilitating charge carrier separation and as a result, biphasic titanium dioxide is often considered to possess enhanced functionality as a photocatalyst.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It has been reported that titanium dioxide, when doped with nitrogen ions or doped with metal oxide like tungsten trioxide, exhibits excitation also under visible light.<a href="#cite_note-Visible-65">[65]</a> The strong <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidative potential</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">positive holes</a> oxidizes <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a>. It can also oxidize oxygen or organic materials directly. Hence, in addition to its use as a pigment, titanium dioxide can be added to paints, cements, windows, tiles, or other products for its sterilizing, deodorizing, and anti-fouling properties, and is used as a <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye-sensitized solar cells">dye-sensitized solar cells</a>, which are a type of chemical solar cell (also known as a Graetzel cell). The photocatalytic properties of nanosized titanium dioxide were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Akira_Fujishima" title="Akira Fujishima">Akira Fujishima</a> in 1967<a href="#cite_note-fujishima-66">[66]</a> and published in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The process on the surface of the titanium dioxide was called the <a href="/wiki/Honda-Fujishima_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda-Fujishima effect">Honda-Fujishima effect</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%9A-%E8%97%A4%E5%B6%8B%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" class="extiw" title="ja:本多-藤嶋効果">ja</a>].<a href="#cite_note-fujishima-66">[66]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticle</a> form, titanium dioxide has the potential for use in energy production: As a photocatalyst, it can break water into hydrogen and oxygen. With the hydrogen collected, it could be used as a fuel. The efficiency of this process can be greatly improved by doping the oxide with carbon.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Further efficiency and durability has been obtained by introducing disorder to the lattice structure of the surface layer of titanium dioxide nanocrystals, permitting infrared absorption.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Visible-light-active nanosized anatase and rutile has been developed for photocatalytic applications.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 1995 Fujishima and his group discovered the <a href="/wiki/Superhydrophilicity" title="Superhydrophilicity">superhydrophilicity</a> phenomenon for titanium dioxide coated glass exposed to sun light.<a href="#cite_note-fujishima-66">[66]</a> This resulted in the development of <a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass" title="Self-cleaning glass">self-cleaning glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">anti-fogging</a> coatings. Nanosized TiO2 incorporated into outdoor building materials, such as paving stones in <a href="/wiki/Noxer_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Noxer block">noxer blocks</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> or paints, could reduce concentrations of airborne pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> A TiO2-containing cement has been produced.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Using TiO2 as a photocatalyst, attempts have been made to mineralize pollutants (to convert into CO2 and H2O) in waste water.<a href="#cite_note-Mineralize_Pollutants-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The photocatalytic destruction of organic matter could also be exploited in coatings with antimicrobial applications.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydroxyl_radical_formation">Hydroxyl radical formation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hydroxyl radical formation">edit</a>]</div> Although nanosized anatase TiO2 does not absorb visible light, it does strongly absorb <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet (UV) radiation</a> (hv), leading to the formation of hydroxyl radicals.<a href="#cite_note-:1-79">[79]</a> This occurs when photo-induced valence bond holes (h+vb) are trapped at the surface of TiO2 leading to the formation of trapped holes (h+tr) that cannot oxidize water.<a href="#cite_note-:8-80">[80]</a> <dl><dd>TiO2 + hv → e− + h+vb</dd> <dd>h+vb → h+tr</dd> <dd>O2 + e− → O2•−</dd> <dd>O2•− + O2•−+ 2 <a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H+</a> → H2O2 + O2</dd> <dd>O2•− + h+vb → O2</dd> <dd>O2•− + h+tr → O2</dd> <dd> <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">OH−</a> + h+vb → HO•</dd> <dd>e− + h+tr → recombination</dd> <dd>Note: Wavelength (λ)= 387 nm<a href="#cite_note-:8-80">[80]</a> This reaction has been found to mineralize and decompose undesirable compounds in the environment, specifically the air and in wastewater.<a href="#cite_note-:8-80">[80]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TiO2crystals.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TiO2crystals.JPG/220px-TiO2crystals.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TiO2crystals.JPG/330px-TiO2crystals.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/TiO2crystals.JPG/440px-TiO2crystals.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Synthetic single crystals of TiO2, ca. 2–3 mm in size, cut from a larger plate</figcaption></figure></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanotubes">Nanotubes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nanotubes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TiO2nanotube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TiO2nanotube.jpg/220px-TiO2nanotube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TiO2nanotube.jpg/330px-TiO2nanotube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TiO2nanotube.jpg/440px-TiO2nanotube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Titanium oxide nanotubes, <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a> image</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_army_of_titanium_dioxide_nanotubes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_army_of_titanium_dioxide_nanotubes.jpg/220px-The_army_of_titanium_dioxide_nanotubes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_army_of_titanium_dioxide_nanotubes.jpg/330px-The_army_of_titanium_dioxide_nanotubes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_army_of_titanium_dioxide_nanotubes.jpg/440px-The_army_of_titanium_dioxide_nanotubes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="3546" /></a><figcaption>Nanotubes of titanium dioxide (TiO2-Nt) obtained by electrochemical synthesis. The SEM image shows an array of vertical self-ordered TiO2-Nt with closed bottom ends of tubes.</figcaption></figure> Anatase can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Non-carbon_nanotube" title="Non-carbon nanotube">non-carbon nanotubes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanowire" title="Nanowire">nanowires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Hollow TiO2 nanofibers can be also prepared by coating <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanofiber" title="Carbon nanofiber">carbon nanofibers</a> by first applying <a href="/wiki/Titanium_butoxide" title="Titanium butoxide">titanium butoxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chiral-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solubility">Solubility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Solubility">edit</a>]</div> Titanium dioxide is insoluble in water, organic solvents, and inorganic acids. It is slightly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a>, soluble in saturated potassium acid carbonate, and can be completely dissolved in strong <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> after boiling for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiral_TiO2_nanofibers_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chiral_TiO2_nanofibers_2.jpg/220px-Chiral_TiO2_nanofibers_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chiral_TiO2_nanofibers_2.jpg/330px-Chiral_TiO2_nanofibers_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chiral_TiO2_nanofibers_2.jpg/440px-Chiral_TiO2_nanofibers_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron microscopy">SEM</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM</a> (bottom) images of <a href="/wiki/Optical_rotation" title="Optical rotation">chiral</a> TiO2 nanofibers<a href="#cite_note-chiral-82">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health and safety">edit</a>]</div> Widely-occurring minerals and even gemstones are composed of TiO2. All natural titanium, comprising more than 0.5% of the Earth's crust, exists as oxides.<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_additive_2">Food additive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Food additive">edit</a>]</div> As of 2006, titanium dioxide had been regarded as "completely nontoxic when orally administered".<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-4">[4]</a> However, concerns persist. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_policies">Government policies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Government policies">edit</a>]</div> TiO2 whitener in food was banned in France from 2020, due to uncertainty about safe quantities for human consumption.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) ruled that as a consequence of new understandings of <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a>, titanium dioxide could "no longer be considered safe as a food additive", and the EU health commissioner announced plans to ban its use across the EU, with discussions beginning in June 2021. EFSA concluded that <a href="/wiki/Genotoxicity" title="Genotoxicity">genotoxicity</a>—which could lead to <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a> effects—could not be ruled out, and that a "safe level for daily intake of the food additive could not be established".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 2022, the UK Food Standards Agency and Food Standards Scotland announced their disagreement with the EFSA ruling, and did not follow the EU in banning titanium dioxide as a food additive.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Health Canada similarly reviewed the available evidence in 2022 and decided not to change their position on titanium dioxide as a food additive.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The European Union removed the authorization to use titanium dioxide (E 171) in foods, effective 7 February 2022, with a six months grace period.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> As of May 2023, following the European Union 2022 ban, the U.S. states <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> were considering banning the use of titanium dioxide in foods.<a href="#cite_note-NJTimesMay2023-90">[90]</a> As of 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) in the United States permits titanium dioxide as a food additive. It may be used to increase whiteness and opacity in dairy products (some cheeses, ice cream, and yogurt), candies, frostings, fillings, and many other foods. The FDA regulates the labeling of products containing titanium dioxide, alllowing the product's ingredients list to identify titanium dioxide either as "color added" or "artificial colors" or "titanium dioxide;" it does not require that titanium dioxide be explicitly named<a href="#cite_note-WebM-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> despite growing scientific concerns.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Healthcare_Products_Association" title="Consumer Healthcare Products Association">Consumer Healthcare Products Association</a>, a manufacturer's trade group, defended the substance as safe at certain limits while allowing that additional studies could provide further insight, saying an immediate ban would be a "knee-jerk" reaction.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industry_response">Industry response</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Industry response">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Dunkin%27_Donuts" title="Dunkin' Donuts">Dunkin' Donuts</a> dropped titanium dioxide from their merchandise in 2015 after public pressure.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_as_an_ingestible_nanomaterial">Research as an ingestible nanomaterial</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Research as an ingestible nanomaterial">edit</a>]</div> Due to the potential that long-term ingestion of titanium dioxide may be toxic, particularly to cells and functions of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, preliminary research as of 2021 was assessing its possible role in disease development, such as <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bar-97">[97]</a> Size distribution analyses showed that batches of food-grade TiO₂, which is produced with a target particle size in the 200–300 nm range for optimal pigmentation qualities, always include a nanoparticle-sized fraction as inevitable byproduct of the manufacturing processes.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Andrew Maynard, director of Risk Science Center at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, rejected the supposed danger from use of titanium dioxide in food. He says that the titanium dioxide used by Dunkin' Brands and many other food producers is not a new material, and it is not a nanomaterial either. Nanoparticles are typically smaller than 100 nanometres in diameter, yet most of the particles in food-grade titanium dioxide are much larger.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhalation">Inhalation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Inhalation">edit</a>]</div> Titanium dioxide dust, when inhaled, has been classified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_IARC_Group_2B_carcinogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IARC Group 2B carcinogens">IARC Group 2B carcinogen</a>, meaning it is possibly carcinogenic to humans.<a href="#cite_note-IARC-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> recommends two separate exposure limits. NIOSH recommends that fine TiO 2 particles be set at an exposure limit of 2.4 mg/m3, while <a href="/wiki/Ultrafine_particle" title="Ultrafine particle">ultrafine</a> TiO 2 be set at an exposure limit of 0.3 mg/m3, as time-weighted average concentrations up to 10 hours a day for a 40-hour work week.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Although no evidence points to acute toxicity, recurring concerns have been expressed about nanophase forms of these materials. Studies of workers with high exposure to TiO2 particles indicate that even at high exposure there is no adverse effect to human health.<a href="#cite_note-auto-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_waste_introduction">Environmental waste introduction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Environmental waste introduction">edit</a>]</div> Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is mostly introduced into the environment as <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> via wastewater treatment plants.<a href="#cite_note-:5-103">[103]</a> Cosmetic pigments including titanium dioxide enter the wastewater when the product is washed off into sinks after cosmetic use. Once in the sewage treatment plants, pigments separate into sewage sludge which can then be released into the soil when injected into the soil or distributed on its surface. 99% of these nanoparticles wind up on land rather than in aquatic environments due to their retention in sewage sludge.<a href="#cite_note-:5-103">[103]</a> In the environment, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have low to negligible solubility and have been shown to be stable once particle aggregates are formed in soil and water surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-:5-103">[103]</a> In the process of dissolution, water-soluble ions typically dissociate from the nanoparticle into solution when thermodynamically unstable. TiO2 dissolution increases when there are higher levels of dissolved organic matter and clay in the soil. However, aggregation is promoted by pH at the isoelectric point of TiO2 (pH= 5.8) which renders it neutral and solution ion concentrations above 4.5 mM.<a href="#cite_note-:0-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delustrant" title="Delustrant">Delustrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell" title="Dye-sensitized solar cell">Dye-sensitized solar cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_pigments" title="List of inorganic pigments">List of inorganic pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noxer_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Noxer block">Noxer blocks</a>, TiO2-coated pavers that remove <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>NOx pollutants from the air</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboxide" title="Suboxide">Suboxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_properties_of_transition_metal_oxides" title="Surface properties of transition metal oxides">Surface properties of transition metal oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide_nanoparticle" title="Titanium dioxide nanoparticle">Titanium dioxide nanoparticle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-1077-23-en-patent-landscape-report-ilmenite.pdf">Production of titanium and titanium dioxide from ilmenite and related applications</a>, WIPO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_dioxide&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zanatta-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zanatta_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zanatta_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZanatta2024" class="citation journal cs1">Zanatta A (May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rinp.2024.107653">"Temperature-dependent optical bandgap of TiO2 under the Anatase and Rutile phases"</a>. 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/></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/titanium_suboxide" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:titanium suboxide">titanium suboxide</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070112210620/http://www.threebond.co.jp/en/technical/technicalnews/pdf/tech62.pdf">A description of TiO2 photocatalysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/centers/national-minerals-information-center/titanium-statistics-and-information">Titanium and titanium dioxide production data (US and World)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Titanium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Titanium_compounds" title="Template:Titanium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Titanium_compounds" title="Template talk:Titanium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Titanium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Titanium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Titanium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Titanium_compounds" title="Titanium compounds">Titanium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titanium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_chloride" title="Titanium(II) chloride">TiCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_hydride" title="Titanium hydride">TiH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_bromide" title="Titanium(II) bromide">TiBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_iodide" title="Titanium(II) iodide">TiI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">TiO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_sulfide" title="Titanium(II) sulfide">TiS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_disilicide" title="Titanium disilicide">TiSi2</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organotitanium(II)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organotitanium(II) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Titanocene_dicarbonyl" title="Titanocene dicarbonyl">[(C5H5)2Ti(CO)2]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titanium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_aluminide" title="Titanium aluminide">TiAl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_bromide" title="Titanium(III) bromide">TiBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_chloride" title="Titanium(III) chloride">TiCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_fluoride" title="Titanium(III) fluoride">TiF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_iodide" title="Titanium(III) iodide">TiI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">TiN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_phosphide" title="Titanium(III) phosphide">TiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Ti2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_sulfide" title="Titanium(III) sulfide">Ti2S3</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organotitanium(III)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organotitanium(III) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III)_chloride" title="Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) chloride">[(C5H5)2TiCl]2</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titanium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_diboride" title="Titanium diboride">TiB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrabromide" title="Titanium tetrabromide">TiBr4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_carbide" title="Titanium carbide">TiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_trisulfide" title="Titanium trisulfide">TiS(S2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrachloride" title="Titanium tetrachloride">TiCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_perchlorate" title="Titanium perchlorate">Ti(ClO4)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetrafluoride" title="Titanium tetrafluoride">TiF4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluorotitanic_acid" title="Hexafluorotitanic acid">H2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride" title="Titanium(IV) hydride">TiH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetraiodide" title="Titanium tetraiodide">TiI4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanyl_sulfate" title="Titanyl sulfate">TiOSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium" title="Tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium">Ti(NMe2)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium nitrate">Ti(NO3)4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TiO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_acid" title="Titanic acid">H4TiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_acetate" title="Titanium(IV) acetate">Ti(C2H3O2)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_ethoxide" title="Titanium ethoxide">Ti4(OCH2CH3)16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_isopropoxide" title="Titanium isopropoxide">Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_butoxide" title="Titanium butoxide">Ti(OCH2CH2CH2CH3)4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_titanyl_phosphate" title="Potassium titanyl phosphate">KTiOPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_yellow" title="Titanium yellow">NiO·Sb2O3·20TiO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_disulfide" title="Titanium disulfide">TiS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_diselenide" title="Titanium diselenide">TiSe2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_disilicide" title="Titanium disilicide">TiSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_tetralactate" title="Titanium tetralactate">Ti(C 3H 5O 3) 4</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titanate compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barium_titanate" title="Barium titanate">BaTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_orthotitanate" title="Barium orthotitanate">Ba2TiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_titanate" title="Bismuth titanate">Bi4Ti3O12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_titanate" title="Calcium titanate">CaTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_copper_titanate" title="Calcium copper titanate">CaCu3Ti4O12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconolite" title="Zirconolite">CaZrTi2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_titanate" title="Caesium titanate">Cs2TiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_titanate" title="Dysprosium titanate">Dy2Ti2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium_barium_titanate" title="Europium barium titanate">EuBaTiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmenite" title="Ilmenite">FeTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium_titanate" title="Holmium titanate">Ho2Ti2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_titanate" title="Lithium titanate">Li2TiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_titanate" title="Manganese(II) titanate">MnTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatitanate" title="Sodium metatitanate">Na2Ti3O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuth_titanate" title="Sodium bismuth titanate">Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Sodium hexafluorotitanate">Na2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Potassium hexafluorotitanate">K2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Lithium hexafluorotitanate">Li2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Rubidium hexafluorotitanate">Rb2TiF6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_titanate" title="Nickel(II) titanate">NiTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_titanate" title="Lead titanate">PbTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_zirconate_titanate" title="Lead zirconate titanate">Pb(Zr,Ti)O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_titanate" title="Strontium titanate">SrTiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_titanate" title="Zinc titanate">ZnTiO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organotitanium(IV) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titanocene_dichloride" title="Titanocene dichloride">[(C5H5)2TiCl2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petasis_reagent" title="Petasis reagent">[(C5H5)2Ti(CH3)2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanocene_pentasulfide" title="Titanocene pentasulfide">[(C5H5)2TiS5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebbe%27s_reagent" title="Tebbe's reagent">[(C5H5)2Ti(μ-Cl)(μ-CH2)Al(CH3)2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanocene_Y" title="Titanocene Y">[(η5-C5H4-CH2C6H4OCH3)2TiCl2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxides" title="Template:Oxides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxides" title="Template talk:Oxides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed oxidation states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_tetroxide" title="Antimony tetroxide">Antimony tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_suboxide" title="Boron suboxide">Boron suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>12O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">Carbon suboxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>3O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Chlorine perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloryl_perchlorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloryl perchlorate">Chloryl perchlorate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Cobalt(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_pentoxide" title="Dichlorine pentoxide">Dichlorine pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Iron(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II,IV)_oxide" title="Lead(II,IV) oxide">Lead(II,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II,III)_oxide" title="Manganese(II,III) oxide">Manganese(II,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>3O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellitic_anhydride" title="Mellitic anhydride">Mellitic anhydride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>12O9)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide">Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>6O11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Silver(I,III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III,IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(III,IV) oxide">Terbium(III,IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>4O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide">Tribromine octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>3O8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triuranium_octoxide" title="Triuranium octoxide">Triuranium octoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>3O8)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+1 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_oxide" title="Aluminium(I) oxide">Aluminium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_oxide" title="Copper(I) oxide">Copper(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_monoxide" title="Caesium monoxide">Caesium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_monoxide" title="Dibromine monoxide">Dibromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Dichlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Gallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine(I)_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine(I) oxide">Iodine(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Lithium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Mercury(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">Potassium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_oxide" title="Rubidium oxide">Rubidium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_oxide" title="Silver oxide">Silver oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_oxide" title="Thallium(I) oxide">Thallium(I) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Sodium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a>2O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">Water (hydrogen oxide)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>2O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+2 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">Barium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium monoxide">Berkelium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">Beryllium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monoxide" title="Boron monoxide">Boron monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine monoxide">Bromine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Calcium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_monoxide" title="Chlorine monoxide">Chlorine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_oxide" title="Chromium(II) oxide">Chromium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">Cobalt(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">Copper(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">Dinitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_oxide" title="Europium(II) oxide">Europium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">Germanium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">Iodine monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_oxide" title="Lead(II) oxide">Lead(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">Magnesium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">Manganese(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">Mercury(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_oxide" title="Nickel(II) oxide">Nickel(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">Niobium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium(II)_oxide" title="Palladium(II) oxide">Palladium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_monoxide" title="Polonium monoxide">Polonium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_monoxide" title="Protactinium monoxide">Protactinium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_oxide" title="Radium oxide">Radium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_oxide" title="Strontium oxide">Strontium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dioxide" title="Disulfur dioxide">Disulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>2O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_monoxide" title="Thorium monoxide">Thorium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_oxide" title="Tin(II) oxide">Tin(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide" title="Vanadium(II) oxide">Vanadium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(II)_oxide" title="Yttrium(II) oxide">Yttrium(II) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium monoxide">Zirconium monoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>O)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+3 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_oxide" title="Actinium(III) oxide">Actinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Aluminium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Americium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">Antimony trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">Arsenic trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(III)_oxide" title="Berkelium(III) oxide">Berkelium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bismuth(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">Boron trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Caesium sesquioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxide" title="Californium(III) oxide">Californium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Cerium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Chromium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Cobalt(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">Dinitrogen trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dysprosium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium(III)_oxide" title="Einsteinium(III) oxide">Einsteinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Erbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Europium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_oxide" title="Gadolinium(III) oxide">Gadolinium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Gallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Gold(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Holmium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">Indium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Iron(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">Lanthanum oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lutetium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Manganese(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Neodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel(III)_oxide" title="Nickel(III) oxide">Nickel(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide" title="Phosphorus trioxide">Phosphorus trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>4O6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(III) oxide">Praseodymium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_oxide" title="Promethium(III) oxide">Promethium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_oxide" title="Rhodium(III) oxide">Rhodium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_oxide" title="Samarium(III) oxide">Samarium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_oxide" title="Scandium oxide">Scandium oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_oxide" title="Terbium(III) oxide">Terbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thallium(III)_oxide" title="Thallium(III) oxide">Thallium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_oxide" title="Thulium(III) oxide">Thulium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(III)_oxide" title="Titanium(III) oxide">Titanium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_oxide" title="Tungsten(III) oxide">Tungsten(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_oxide" title="Vanadium(III) oxide">Vanadium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_oxide" title="Ytterbium(III) oxide">Ytterbium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a>2O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium(III)_oxide" title="Yttrium(III) oxide">Yttrium(III) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a>2O3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+4 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">Americium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkelium(IV)_oxide" title="Berkelium(IV) oxide">Berkelium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">Bromine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium dioxide">Californium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_trioxide" title="Carbon trioxide">Carbon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">Cerium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">Chlorine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Chromium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curium(IV)_oxide" title="Curium(IV) oxide">Curium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">Germanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_dioxide" title="Iodine dioxide">Iodine dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium dioxide">Iridium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">Hafnium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">Lead dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">Manganese dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">Molybdenum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(IV)_oxide" title="Neptunium(IV) oxide">Neptunium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">Niobium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_dioxide" title="Osmium dioxide">Osmium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum dioxide">Platinum dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium(IV)_oxide" title="Plutonium(IV) oxide">Plutonium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_dioxide" title="Polonium dioxide">Polonium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(IV)_oxide" title="Praseodymium(IV) oxide">Praseodymium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(IV)_oxide" title="Protactinium(IV) oxide">Protactinium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhenium(IV) oxide">Rhenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(IV)_oxide" title="Rhodium(IV) oxide">Rhodium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(IV)_oxide" title="Ruthenium(IV) oxide">Ruthenium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">Selenium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silicon dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(IV)_oxide" title="Technetium(IV) oxide">Technetium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_dioxide" title="Tellurium dioxide">Tellurium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terbium(IV)_oxide" title="Terbium(IV) oxide">Terbium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorium_dioxide" title="Thorium dioxide">Thorium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_oxide" title="Tin(IV) oxide">Tin dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a>O2)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titanium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_oxide" title="Tungsten(IV) oxide">Tungsten(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dioxide" title="Uranium dioxide">Uranium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(IV)_oxide" title="Vanadium(IV) oxide">Vanadium(IV) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>O2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">Zirconium dioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a>O2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+5 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimony_pentoxide" title="Antimony pentoxide">Antimony pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">Arsenic pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bismuth pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">Dinitrogen pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_pentoxide" title="Niobium pentoxide">Niobium pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentoxide" title="Phosphorus pentoxide">Phosphorus pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium(V)_oxide" title="Protactinium(V) oxide">Protactinium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_pentoxide" title="Tantalum pentoxide">Tantalum pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_pentoxide" title="Tungsten pentoxide">Tungsten pentoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>2O5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium(V) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a>2O5)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+6 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">Chromium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">Molybdenum trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_trioxide" title="Polonium trioxide">Polonium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium_trioxide" title="Rhenium trioxide">Rhenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_trioxide" title="Selenium trioxide">Selenium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">Sulfur trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_trioxide" title="Tellurium trioxide">Tellurium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide" title="Tungsten trioxide">Tungsten trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_trioxide" title="Uranium trioxide">Uranium trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a>O3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_trioxide" title="Xenon trioxide">Xenon trioxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+7 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Dichlorine heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Manganese heptoxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenium(VII)_oxide" title="Rhenium(VII) oxide">Rhenium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a>2O7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium(VII)_oxide" title="Technetium(VII) oxide">Technetium(VII) oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a>2O7)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">+8 oxidation state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_tetroxide" title="Iridium tetroxide">Iridium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">Xenon tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>O4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassium_tetroxide" title="Hassium tetroxide">Hassium tetroxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a>O4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxocarbon" title="Oxocarbon">Oxocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suboxide" title="Suboxide">Suboxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">Oxyanion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">Ozonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">Peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">Superoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxypnictide" title="Oxypnictide">Oxypnictide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Oxides are sorted by <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Category:Oxides" title="Category:Oxides">Category:Oxides</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2H+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten atoms or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a> molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2D+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H2NCO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/24px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunscreening_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunscreening agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sunscreening_agents_approved_by_the_US_FDA_or_other_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sunscreen" title="Sunscreen">Sunscreening agents</a> approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">US FDA</a> or other agencies</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a>A: 400–315 nm</li> <li>UVB: 315–290 nm</li> <li>Chemical agents unless otherwise noted</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UVA filters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avobenzone" title="Avobenzone">Avobenzone (Parsol 1789)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisdisulizole_disodium" title="Bisdisulizole disodium">Bisdisulizole disodium (Neo Heliopan AP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylamino_hydroxybenzoyl_hexyl_benzoate" title="Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate">Diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (Uvinul A Plus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecamsule" title="Ecamsule">Ecamsule (Mexoryl SX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthyl_anthranilate" title="Menthyl anthranilate">Menthyl anthranilate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UVB filters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiloxate" title="Amiloxate">Amiloxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminobenzoic_acid" title="4-Aminobenzoic acid">4-Aminobenzoic acid (PABA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinoxate" title="Cinoxate">Cinoxate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylhexyl_triazone" title="Ethylhexyl triazone">Ethylhexyl triazone (Uvinul T 150)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosalate" title="Homosalate">Homosalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzacamene" title="Enzacamene">4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (Enzacamene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octyl_methoxycinnamate" title="Octyl methoxycinnamate">Octyl methoxycinnamate (Octinoxate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octyl_salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Octyl salicylate">Octyl salicylate (Octisalate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padimate_O" title="Padimate O">Padimate O (Escalol 507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensulizole" title="Ensulizole">Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid (Ensulizole)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysilicone-15" title="Polysilicone-15">Polysilicone-15 (Parsol SLX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolamine_salicylate" title="Trolamine salicylate">Trolamine salicylate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UVA+UVB filters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemotrizinol" title="Bemotrizinol">Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzophenone-n" title="Benzophenone-n">Benzophenones 1–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxybenzone" title="Dioxybenzone">Dioxybenzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drometrizole_trisiloxane" title="Drometrizole trisiloxane">Drometrizole trisiloxane (Mexoryl XL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iscotrizinol" title="Iscotrizinol">Iscotrizinol (Uvasorb HEB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octocrylene" title="Octocrylene">Octocrylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxybenzone" title="Oxybenzone">Oxybenzone (Eusolex 4360)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulisobenzone" title="Sulisobenzone">Sulisobenzone</a></li> <li>Hybrid (chemical/physical): <a href="/wiki/Bisoctrizole" title="Bisoctrizole">Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M / Eversorb M)</a></li> <li>Physical: <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">Zinc oxide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Photoprotection" title="Photoprotection">Photoprotection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_protective_clothing" title="Sun protective clothing">Sun protective clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">Sun tanning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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