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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_history_of_Kaushambi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_history_of_Kaushambi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buddhist history of Kaushambi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhist_history_of_Kaushambi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhist history of Kaushambi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_history_of_Kaushambi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhist_monasteries_in_Kosambi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_monasteries_in_Kosambi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Buddhist monasteries in Kosambi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_monasteries_in_Kosambi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_schism_at_Kaushambi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_schism_at_Kaushambi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The schism at Kaushambi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_schism_at_Kaushambi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_legends_and_references_in_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_legends_and_references_in_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other legends and references in literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_legends_and_references_in_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kausambi_Palace_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kausambi_Palace_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kausambi Palace architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kausambi_Palace_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kausambi" title="Kausambi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kausambi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3samb%C3%AD" title="Kósambí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kósambí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kosambi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کوسامبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوسامبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kosambi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9A%B0%EC%83%B4%EB%B9%84" title="카우샴비 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카우샴비" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99" title="קוסמבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוסמבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80" title="कौशांबी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कौशांबी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushambi_(stad)" title="Kaushambi (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaushambi (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC" title="カウシャーンビー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カウシャーンビー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کوسامبی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوسامبی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Каусамби – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каусамби" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%92" title="කෝසම්බි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෝසම්බි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="கோசாம்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோசாம்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5" title="โกสัมพี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โกสัมพี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کوسامبی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوسامبی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%86%8D%E8%B3%9E%E5%BD%8C" title="憍賞彌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="憍賞彌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1194868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kosambi&params=25.338984_N_81.392899_E_type:city_region:IN-UP"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°20′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°23′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.338984°N 81.392899°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.338984; 81.392899</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Indian district, see <a href="/wiki/Kaushambi_district" title="Kaushambi district">Kaushambi district</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kosambi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kosambi (disambiguation)">Kosambi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Uttar Pradesh, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kosambi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">city</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KausambiCastCopperCoin1stCenturyBCEInscribedKosabi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kosambi cast copper coin. 1st century BCE. Inscribed 𑀓𑁄𑀲𑀩𑀺 Kosabi in the Tai Tham script at the top. British Museum."><img alt="Kosambi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/KausambiCastCopperCoin1stCenturyBCEInscribedKosabi.jpg/250px-KausambiCastCopperCoin1stCenturyBCEInscribedKosabi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/KausambiCastCopperCoin1stCenturyBCEInscribedKosabi.jpg/375px-KausambiCastCopperCoin1stCenturyBCEInscribedKosabi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/KausambiCastCopperCoin1stCenturyBCEInscribedKosabi.jpg/500px-KausambiCastCopperCoin1stCenturyBCEInscribedKosabi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="691" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Kosambi cast copper coin. 1st century BCE. Inscribed 𑀓𑁄𑀲𑀩𑀺 <i>Kosabi</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham script</a> at the top. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kosambi"><img alt="Kosambi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-India_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/India_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-India_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.419%;left:44.978%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kosambi"><img alt="Kosambi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of India</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kosambi"><img alt="Kosambi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/250px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/375px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg/500px-India_Uttar_Pradesh_relief_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="981" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:77.03%;left:57.051%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kosambi"><img alt="Kosambi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Uttar Pradesh</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kosambi&params=25.338984_N_81.392899_E_type:city_region:IN-UP"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°20′20″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°23′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.338984°N 81.392899°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.338984; 81.392899</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaushambi_district" title="Kaushambi district">Kaushambi district</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kosambi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>) or <b>Kaushambi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>) was an ancient city in India, characterized by its importance as a trading center along the Ganges Plain and its status as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a> Kingdom, one of the sixteen <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">mahajanapadas</a>. It was located on the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> River about 56 kilometres (35 mi) southwest of its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> at Prayaga (modern <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Prayagraj</a>), which made it a powerful center for trade and beneficial for the Vatsa Kingdom. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP702288_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MET_DP702288_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-MET_DP702288_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MET_DP702288_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-MET_DP702288_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/MET_DP702288_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-MET_DP702288_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption>Woman riding two bulls (bronze), from Kausambi, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000-1750 BCE</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 2nd millennium BCE <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a> spread in the region. </p><p> Kosambi was one of the greatest cities in India from the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> until the end of <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> with occupation continuing until the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. As a small town, it was established in the late Vedic period,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the rulers of Kuru Kingdom as their new capital. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></p><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background:#FFFEE9; border:3px solid #af4730"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#af4630; color:white"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Pilgrimage"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Pilgrimage to</span></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#af4630; color:white"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Pilgrimage"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Buddha's Holy Sites</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/80px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/120px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/160px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#af4630; color:white;color: var(--color-base)">The Four Main Sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#af4630; color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Four Additional Sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajgir" title="Rajgir">Rajgir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankissa" title="Sankissa">Sankissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Shravasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#af4630; color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Other Sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabar_Caves" title="Barabar Caves">Barabar Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandavaram_Buddhist_site" title="Chandavaram Buddhist site">Chandavaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdaha" title="Devdaha">Devdaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesaria_Stupa" title="Kesaria Stupa">Kesaria Stupa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitgiri" title="Lalitgiri">Lalitgiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasik_Caves" title="Nasik Caves">Nasik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81v%C4%81" title="Pāvā">Pāvā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piprahwa" title="Piprahwa">Piprahwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushpagiri_Vihara" title="Pushpagiri Vihara">Pushpagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramagrama_stupa" title="Ramagrama stupa">Ramagrama stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri,_Odisha" title="Ratnagiri, Odisha">Ratnagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayagiri,_Odisha" title="Udayagiri, Odisha">Udayagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaurakot" title="Tilaurakot">Tilaurakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BuddhasHolySites" title="Template:BuddhasHolySites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BuddhasHolySites" title="Template talk:BuddhasHolySites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BuddhasHolySites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BuddhasHolySites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>During the period prior the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, Kosambi was the capital of the independent kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Vatsa" title="Vatsa">Vatsa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">Mahajanapadas</a>. Kosambi was a very prosperous city by the time of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, where a large number of wealthy merchants resided. It was an important <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> of goods and passengers from north-west and south. It figures very prominently in the accounts of the life of Buddha. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DP252968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DP252968.jpg/220px-MET_DP252968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DP252968.jpg/330px-MET_DP252968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/MET_DP252968.jpg/440px-MET_DP252968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="3880" /></a><figcaption>Bronze <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Goddess</a> with Weapons in Her Hair, from Northern India (possibly Kausambi), 2nd century BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Kosambi remained a solid urban centre through the Mauryan period and during the Gupta period. <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a> are found both in Kosambi and in Prayagraj. The present location of the Kosambi pillar inside the ruins of the fort attests to the existence of Mauryan military presence in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad pillar</a> is an edict issued toward the Mahamattas of Kosambi, giving credence to the fact that it was originally located in Kosambi.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The schism edict of Kaushambi (Minor Pillar Edict 2) states that, "The King instructs the officials of Kausambi as follows: ..... The way of the Sangha must not be abandoned..... Whosoever shall break the unity of Sangha, whether monk or nun from this time forth, shall be compelled to wear white garments, and to dwell in a place outside the sangha."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribal_Kosambi_(Kaushambi)_damaru_coinage_from_the_Ganges_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tribal_Kosambi_%28Kaushambi%29_damaru_coinage_from_the_Ganges_Valley.jpg/220px-Tribal_Kosambi_%28Kaushambi%29_damaru_coinage_from_the_Ganges_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tribal_Kosambi_%28Kaushambi%29_damaru_coinage_from_the_Ganges_Valley.jpg/330px-Tribal_Kosambi_%28Kaushambi%29_damaru_coinage_from_the_Ganges_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Tribal_Kosambi_%28Kaushambi%29_damaru_coinage_from_the_Ganges_Valley.jpg/440px-Tribal_Kosambi_%28Kaushambi%29_damaru_coinage_from_the_Ganges_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Two Damaru-shaped coins from the Gangetic Valley.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the post-Mauryan period a tribal society at Kosambi (modern <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_district" title="Prayagraj district">Prayagraj district</a>) made cast copper coinage with and without punchmarks. Their coinage resemble the <a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a>-drum. All such coinage has been attributed to the Kosambi. Many Indian museums, such as the National Museum, have these coins in their collections.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that <a href="/wiki/Pushyamitra_Shunga" title="Pushyamitra Shunga">Pushyamitra Shunga</a> may have shifted his capital from <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> to Kaushambi. After his death, his empire was divided (perhaps amongst his sons), into several <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mitra dynasty (disambiguation)">Mitra dynasties</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)" title="Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)">The dynasty of Kaushambi</a> also established hegemony over a wide area including <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Bajpai2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bajpai2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All sources cite Kausambi as an important site during the period. More than three thousand stone sculptures have been recovered from Kausambi and its neighbouring ancient sites –7 Mainhai, Bhita, Mankunwar, and Deoria. These are currently housed in the Prof. G.R. Sharma Memorial Museum of the Department of Ancient History, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">University of Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Museum" title="Allahabad Museum">Allahabad Museum</a> and State Museum in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>. </p><p>The excavations of the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> of Kosambi was done by <a href="/wiki/G._R._Sharma" title="G. R. Sharma">G. R. Sharma</a> of Allahabad University in 1949 and again in 1951–1956 after it was authorized by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Mortimer_Wheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Mortimer Wheeler">Sir Mortimer Wheeler</a> in March 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excavations have suggested that the site may have been occupied as early as the 12th century BCE. Its strategic geographical location helped it emerge as an important trading center. According to James Heitzman, a large rampart of piled mud was constructed in the 7th to 5th centuries BCE, and was subsequently strengthened by brick walls and bastions, with numerous towers, battlements, and gateways<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but according to archaeologist G. R. Sharma, who led the archaeological excavation of the city, the rampart was built and provided with brick revetment between 1025 BC and 955 BC and the moat was excavated at the earliest between 855 and 815 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> of charcoal and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> have historically dated its continued occupation from 390 BC to 600 A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kosambi was a fortified town with an irregular oblong plan. Excavations of the ruins revealed the existence of gates on three sides-east, west and north. The location of the southern gate can not be precisely determined due to water erosion. Besides the bastions, gates and sub-gates, the city was encircled on three sides by a moat, which, though filled up at places, it still discernible on the northern side. At some points, however, there is evidence of more than one moat. The city extended to an area of approximately 6.5 km. The city shows a large extent of brickworks indicating the density of structures in the city. </p><p>The Buddhist commentarial scriptures give two reasons for the name Kausambi/Kosambī. The more favoured<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that the city was so called because it was founded in or near the site of the hermitage once occupied by the sage Kusumba (v.l. Kusumbha). Another explanation is<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that large and stately <a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">neem</a> trees or <i>Kosammarukkhā</i> grew in great numbers in and around the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_history_of_Kaushambi">Buddhist history of Kaushambi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buddhist history of Kaushambi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the time of the Buddha, its king was Parantapa, and after him reigned his son <a href="/wiki/Udayana_(king)" title="Udayana (king)">Udena</a> (Pali. Sanskrit: Udayana).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kosambī was evidently a city of great importance at the time of the Buddha for we find <a href="/wiki/Ananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda">Ananda</a> mentioning it as one of the places suitable for the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Parinibbana" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinibbana">Parinibbāna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the most important halt for traffic coming to <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> from the south and the west.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was thirty leagues by river from Benares (modern day <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>). (We are told that the fish which swallowed Bakkula travelled thirty leagues through the <a href="/wiki/Yamun%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamunā">Yamunā</a>, from Kosambī to Banares<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The usual route from Rājagaha to Kosambī was up the river (this was the route taken by Ananda when he went with five hundred others to inflict the higher punishment on Channa, Vin.ii.290), though there seems to have been a land route passing through Anupiya and Kosambī to Rājagaha<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In the Sutta Nipāta (vv.1010-13) the whole route is given from Mahissati to Rājagaha, passing through Kosambī, the halting-places mentioned being: <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjeni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonaddha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonaddha (page does not exist)">Gonaddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vedisa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanasavhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanasavhya (page does not exist)">Vanasavhya</a>, Kosambī, <a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Sāketa</a>, Sravasthi/<a href="/wiki/Savatthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Savatthi">Sāvatthi</a>, Setavyā, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapilavasthu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapilavasthu (page does not exist)">Kapilavasthu</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kapilavatthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapilavatthu">Kapilavatthu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kusinara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusinara">Kusinārā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pava">Pāvā</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhoganagara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhoganagara (page does not exist)">Bhoganagara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesāli</a>. </p><p>Near Kosambī, by the river, was Udayana/Udena's park, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Udakavana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Udakavana (page does not exist)">Udakavana</a>, where Ananda and <a href="/wiki/Pindola_Bharadvaja" title="Pindola Bharadvaja">Pindola Bharadvaja</a> preached to the women of Udena's palace on two occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha is mentioned as having once stayed in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simsipavana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simsipavana (page does not exist)">Simsapāvana</a> in Kosambī.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maha_Kaccana" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Kaccana">Mahā Kaccāna</a> lived in a woodland near Kosambī after the holding of the <a href="/wiki/First_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="First Buddhist Council">First Buddhist Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghoshitaram_monastery_in_Kosambi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ghoshitaram_monastery_in_Kosambi.jpg/220px-Ghoshitaram_monastery_in_Kosambi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ghoshitaram_monastery_in_Kosambi.jpg/330px-Ghoshitaram_monastery_in_Kosambi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ghoshitaram_monastery_in_Kosambi.jpg/440px-Ghoshitaram_monastery_in_Kosambi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Ghoshitaram monastery in Kosambi dating back to 6th century BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_monasteries_in_Kosambi">Buddhist monasteries in Kosambi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buddhist monasteries in Kosambi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Already in the Buddha's time there were four establishments of the Order in Kosambī – the <a href="/wiki/Kukkutarama" title="Kukkutarama">Kukkutārāma</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghositarama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghositarama (page does not exist)">Ghositārāma</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavarika-ambavana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavarika-ambavana (page does not exist)">Pāvārika-ambavana</a> (these being given by three of the most eminent citizens of Kosambī, named respectively, Kukkuta, Ghosita, and Pāvārika), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badarikarama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badarikarama (page does not exist)">Badarikārāma</a>. The Buddha visited Kosambī on several occasions, stopping at one or other of these residences, and several discourses delivered during these visits are recorded in the books. (Thomas, op. cit., 115, n.2, doubts the authenticity of the stories connected with the Buddha's visits to Kosambī, holding that these stories are of later invention). </p><p>The Buddha spent his ninth <a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">rainy season</a> at Kosambī, and it was on his way there on this occasion that he made a detour to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kammassadamma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kammassadamma (page does not exist)">Kammāssadamma</a> and was offered in marriage <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magandiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magandiya (page does not exist)">Māgandiyā</a>, daughter of the Brahmin Māgandiya. The circumstances are narrated in connection with the Māgandiya Sutta. Māgandiyā took the Buddha's refusal as an insult to herself, and, after her marriage to King Udena (of Kosambi), tried in various ways to take revenge on the Buddha, and also on Udena's wife Sāmavatī, who had been the Buddha's follower.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_schism_at_Kaushambi">The schism at Kaushambi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The schism at Kaushambi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A great schism once arose among the monks in Kosambī. Some monks charged one of their colleagues with having committed the offence of leaving water in the dipper in the bathroom (which would let mosquitoes breed in it), but he refused to acknowledge the charge and, being himself learned in the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>, argued his case and pleaded that the charge be dismissed. The rules were complicated; on the one hand, the monk had broken a rule and was treated as an offender, but on the other, he should not have been so treated if he could not see that he had done wrong. The monk was eventually excommunicated, and this brought about a great dissension. When the matter was reported to the Buddha, he admonished the partisans of both sides and urged them to give up their differences, but they paid no heed, and even blows were exchanged. The people of Kosambī, becoming angry at the monks' behaviour, the quarrel grew apace. The Buddha once more counselled concord, relating to the monks the story of King Dīghiti of Kosala, but his efforts at reconciliation were of no avail, one of the monks actually asking him to leave them to settle their differences without his interference. In disgust, the Buddha left Kosambī and, journeying through Bālakalonakāragāma and the Pācīnavamsadaya, retired alone to keep retreat in the Pārileyyaka forest. In the meantime the monks of both parties repented, partly owing to the pressure exerted by their lay followers in Kosambī, and, coming to the Buddha at Sāvatthi, they asked his pardon and settled their dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_legends_and_references_in_literature">Other legends and references in literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other legends and references in literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bakkula was the son of a banker in Kosambī.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Buddha's time there lived near the ferry at Kosambī a powerful <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a>-king, the reincarnation of a former ship's captain. The Nāga was converted by Sāgata, who thereby won great fame.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rujā was born in a banker's family in Kosambī.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citta-pandita was also born there.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A king, by name Kosambaka, once ruled there. </p><p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Vajjika_League" title="Vajjika League">Vajjian</a> heresy, when the Vajjian monks of <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vesāli</a> wished to excommunicate Yasa Kākandakaputta, he went by air to Kosambī, and from there sent messengers to the orthodox monks in the different centres (Vin.ii.298; Mhv.iv.17). </p><p>It was at Kosambī that the Buddha promulgated a rule forbidding the use of intoxicants by monks (Vin.ii.307). </p><p>Kosambī is mentioned in the Buddhist scripture <a href="/wiki/Samyutta_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyutta Nikaya">Samyutta Nikāya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kausambi_Palace_architecture">Kausambi Palace architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kausambi Palace architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabodhi_Palace_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mahabodhi_Palace_scene.jpg/220px-Mahabodhi_Palace_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mahabodhi_Palace_scene.jpg/330px-Mahabodhi_Palace_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mahabodhi_Palace_scene.jpg/440px-Mahabodhi_Palace_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>an Indian palace depiction in Mahabodhi railing medallion, showing vaulted underground chambers called ''suranga,'' as described by <a href="/wiki/Kautiliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautiliya">Kautiliya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a>; Shunga period, 2nd-1st BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The archaeological excavation conducted by <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI) at Kausambi revealed a palace with its foundations going back to 8th century BCE until 2nd century CE and built in six phases. The last phase dated to 1st - 2nd century CE featured an extensive structure which was divided into three blocks and enclosed two galleries. There was a central hall in the central block and presumably used as an audience hall surrounded by rooms which served as a residential place for the ruler. The entire structure was constructed using bricks and stones and two layers of lime were plastered on it. The palace had a vast network of underground chambers and the superstructure and the galleries were made on the principle of <a href="/wiki/True_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="True arch">true arch</a>. The four-centered pointed arch was used to span narrow passageways and segmental arch for wider areas. The superstructure of central and eastern block was examined to have formed part of a dome that adorned the building. The entire galleries and superstructure were found collapsed under 5 cm thick layer of ash which indicates destruction of the palace through conflagration.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFA._L._Basham2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Llewellyn_Basham" title="Arthur Llewellyn Basham">A. L. Basham</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonder_That_Was_India" title="The Wonder That Was India">The Wonder That Was India</a></i>. Rupa and Co. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99257-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-99257-3"><bdi>0-283-99257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wonder+That+Was+India&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Rupa+and+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-283-99257-3&rft.au=A.+L.+Basham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ariel Glucklich (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stridesvishnuhin00gluc"><i>The Strides of Vishnu</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stridesvishnuhin00gluc/page/n60">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2"><bdi>978-0-19-531405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531405-2&rft.au=Ariel+Glucklich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstridesvishnuhin00gluc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohan_L._Jayetilleke2007" class="citation news cs1">Rohan L. Jayetilleke (5 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604160714/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/12/05/fea06.asp">"The Ghositarama of Kaushambi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Daily News (Sri Lanka)">Daily News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/12/05/fea06.asp">the original</a> on 4 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=The+Ghositarama+of+Kaushambi&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.au=Rohan+L.+Jayetilleke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynews.lk%2F2007%2F12%2F05%2Ffea06.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.iv.28; vi.236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomila_Thapar1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Romila Thapar</a> (1997). <i>Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas</i>. Oxford University Press, New Delhi. pp. 290–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-564445-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-564445-X"><bdi>0-19-564445-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%C5%9Boka+and+the+Decline+of+the+Mauryas&rft.pages=290-291&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-564445-X&rft.au=Romila+Thapar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnaswamyGhosh1935" class="citation journal cs1">Krishnaswamy, C.S.; Ghosh, Amalananda (October 1935). "A Note on the Allahabad Pillar of Aśoka". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>4</b> (4): 697–706. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25201233">25201233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Allahabad+Pillar+of+A%C5%9Boka&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=697-706&rft.date=1935-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25201233%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Krishnaswamy&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Amalananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_Smith1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Vincent Smith</a> (1992). <i>The Edicts of Aśoka</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edicts+of+A%C5%9Boka&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Vincent+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1981" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Savita (1981). "Damaru-shaped Coins from Kausambi". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6E0aAAAAIAAJ"><i>Numismatic Digest</i></a>. Vol. 5. Numismatic Society of Bombay. pp. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150424986">150424986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Damaru-shaped+Coins+from+Kausambi&rft.btitle=Numismatic+Digest&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Numismatic+Society+of+Bombay.&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150424986&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Savita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6E0aAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bajpai2004-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bajpai2004_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._D._Bajpai2004" class="citation book cs1">K. D. Bajpai (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA39"><i>Indian Numismatic Studies</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 37–39, 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-035-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-035-8"><bdi>978-81-7017-035-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Numismatic+Studies&rft.pages=37-39%2C+45&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2004-10&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-035-8&rft.au=K.+D.+Bajpai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchGrJUMarHoC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Heitzman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RdcnAgh_StUC"><i>The City in South Asia</i></a> (Routledge, 2008), pp.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlingloff2014" class="citation book cs1">Schlingloff, Dieter (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVeWBQAAQBAJ&q=koshambi&pg=PA22"><i>Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study</i></a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783083497" title="Special:BookSources/9781783083497"><bdi>9781783083497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortified+Cities+of+Ancient+India%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.isbn=9781783083497&rft.aulast=Schlingloff&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnVeWBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkoshambi%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Kusumgar_and_M._G._YadavaMunshi_Manoharlal_Publishers,_New_Delhi2002" class="citation book cs1">S. Kusumgar and M. G. YadavaMunshi Manoharlal Publishers, New Delhi (2002). K. Paddayya (ed.). <i>Recent Studies in Indian Archaeology</i>. pp. 445–451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0929-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0929-7"><bdi>81-215-0929-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Studies+in+Indian+Archaeology&rft.pages=445-451&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-215-0929-7&rft.au=S.+Kusumgar+and+M.+G.+YadavaMunshi+Manoharlal+Publishers%2C+New+Delhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., UdA.248; SNA.300; MA.i.535. Epic tradition ascribes the foundation of Kosambī to a Cedi prince, while the origin of the Vatsa people is traced to a king of Kāsī, see PHAI.83, 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g., MA i.539; PsA.413</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MA.ii.740f; DhA.i.164f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.ii.146,169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Vin.i.277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AA.i.170; PsA.491</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Vin.ii.184f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vin.ii.290f; SNA.ii.514; J.iv.375</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.v.437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PvA.141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DhA.i.199ff; iii.193ff; iv.1ff; Ud.vii.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vin.i.337-57; J.iii.486ff (cp.iii.211ff); DhA.i.44ff; SA.ii.222f. The story of the Buddha going into the forest is given in Ud.iv.5. and in S.iii.94, but the reason given in these texts is that he found Kosambī uncomfortable owing to the vast number of monks, lay people, and heretics. But see UdA.248f, and SA.ii.222f).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MA.ii.929; AA.i.170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AA.i.179; but see J.i.360, where the incident is given as happening at Bhaddavatikā</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.vi.237f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.iv.392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S.iv.179; but see AA.i.170; MA.ii.929; PsA.491, all of which indicate that the city was on the Yamunā) as being "Gangāya nadiyā tīre." This is either an error, or here the name Gangā refers not to the Ganges but to the Yamunī.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosh1964" class="citation book cs1">Gosh, A. (1964). <i>Indian Archaeology: A review 1961-62</i>. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India. pp. 50–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Archaeology%3A+A+review+1961-62&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=Archaeological+survey+of+India&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Gosh&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosambi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513183352/http://kaushambhi.nic.in/">Official website of Kaushambi district</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124355/http://dli.iiit.ac.in/cgi-bin/Browse/scripts/use_scripts/advnew/aui/bookreader_india/1.cgi?barcode=2020050016851">Early history of Kausambi, IIT Delhi archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/ku/kosambii.htm">Entry on <b>Kosambi</b> in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names</a></li> <li>Tripathi, Aruna; The Buddhist Art of Kausambi from 300 BC-AD 550, New Delhi, D.K. Printworld, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-246-0226-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-246-0226-3">81-246-0226-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosambi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/ku/kosambii.htm">Entry on <b>Kosambi</b> in the Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906130214/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/f/fa-hien/f15l/chapter34.html">Description of <b>Kausambi</b></a> by the Chinese pilgrim monk <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a> (399-414 AC)</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513183352/http://kaushambhi.nic.in/">UP Government Website on Kausambi</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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