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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_Yoruba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_Yoruba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literary Yoruba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_Yoruba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whistled_Yoruba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whistled_Yoruba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Whistled Yoruba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whistled_Yoruba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tonality_effects_and_computer-coded_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tonality_effects_and_computer-coded_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Tonality effects and computer-coded documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tonality_effects_and_computer-coded_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assimilation_and_elision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_and_elision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Assimilation and elision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_and_elision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Arabic influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arabic_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arabic influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arabic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Some_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Some loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spoken_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spoken_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Spoken literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spoken_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Written literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Written_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.2</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammars_and_sketches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammars_and_sketches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.3</span> <span>Grammars and sketches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammars_and_sketches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yoruba language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joroeba" title="Joroeba – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joroeba" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="لغة يوربا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة يوربا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_yoruba" title="Idioma yoruba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma yoruba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_dili" title="Yoruba dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yoruba dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ইয়োরুবা ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়োরুবা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba-g%C3%AD" title="Yoruba-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yoruba-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Ёруба (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ёруба (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Ёруба (мова) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёруба (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Йорубски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йорубски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoroubeg" title="Yoroubeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yoroubeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioruba" title="Ioruba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ioruba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5)" title="Йоруба (чĕлхе) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йоруба (чĕлхе)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorub%C5%A1tina" title="Jorubština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jorubština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iorwba_(iaith)" title="Iorwba (iaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iorwba (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(Sprache)" title="Yoruba (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yoruba (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruba_keel" title="Joruba keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joruba keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσα Γιορούμπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Γιορούμπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_yoruba" title="Idioma yoruba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma yoruba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruba_lingvo" title="Joruba lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joruba lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubera" title="Jorubera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jorubera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان یوروبایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان یوروبایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_bhasa" title="Yoruba bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Yoruba bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(langue)" title="Yoruba (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yoruba (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yoruba language" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%BAibis" title="An Iarúibis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iarúibis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_yoruba" title="Lingua yoruba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua yoruba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba-ng%C3%AE" title="Yoruba-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yoruba-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%A3%A8%EB%B0%94%EC%96%B4" title="요루바어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요루바어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarbanci" title="Yarbanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yarbanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="योरुबा भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योरुबा भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Yoruba" title="Asụsụ Yoruba – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Yoruba" title="Pagsasao a Yoruba – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yoruba" title="Bahasa Yoruba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_yoruba" title="Lingua yoruba – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua yoruba" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%C3%A6_(%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Йорубæ (æвзаг) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йорубæ (æвзаг)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiYoruba" title="IsiYoruba – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiYoruba" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_yoruba" title="Lingua yoruba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua yoruba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%CA%8Ar%CA%8Aba_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Yʊrʊba kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yʊrʊba kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="იორუბა (ენა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იორუბა (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoruba" title="Kiyoruba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiyoruba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Йоруба (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Йоруба (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubu_valoda" title="Jorubu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jorubu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorub%C5%B3_kalba" title="Jorubų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jorubų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorub%C3%A1" title="Yorubá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Yorubá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Јоруба (јазик) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јоруба (јазик)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_i%C3%B4roba" title="Fiteny iôroba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny iôroba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AC_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="യൊറൂബ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൊറൂബ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="योरुबा भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योरुबा भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="იორუბა (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იორუბა (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اليوروبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليوروبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="یوروبایی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یوروبایی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_Langwej" title="Yoruba Langwej – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Yoruba Langwej" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(taal)" title="Yoruba (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yoruba (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E8%AA%9E" title="ヨルバ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨルバ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruba_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Joruba (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joruba (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruba" title="Joruba – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Joruba" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioroba" title="Ioroba – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ioroba" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_tili" title="Yoruba tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoruba tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="یوروبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوروبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="يوروبايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يوروبايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Yoruba" title="Lenga Yoruba – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_joruba" title="Język joruba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język joruba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_iorub%C3%A1" title="Língua iorubá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua iorubá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_yoruba" title="Limba yoruba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba yoruba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_simi" title="Yoruba simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yoruba simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Йоруба (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йоруба (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱭᱳᱨᱩᱵᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱳᱨᱩᱵᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_leid" title="Yoruba leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yoruba leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yoruba language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="زمانی یۆروبا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی یۆروبا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Јоруба (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јоруба (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruba_jezik" title="Joruba jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joruba jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruban_kieli" title="Joruban kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joruban kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Yoruba (språk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yoruba (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Yoruba" title="Wikang Yoruba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="யொரூபா மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யொரூபா மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Йоруба теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йоруба теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubaca" title="Yorubaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yorubaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ghwangkpang_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="A̱ghwangkpang (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ghwangkpang (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Йоруба (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоруба (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یوربائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوربائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%95" title="يورۇباچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يورۇباچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Yoruba" title="Tiếng Yoruba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorouba" title="Yorouba – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Yorouba" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="约鲁巴语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约鲁巴语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1" title="Èdè Yorùbá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Yorùbá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E9%AD%AF%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%87" title="優魯巴文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="優魯巴文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="约鲁巴语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约鲁巴语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Yoruba</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">Èdè Yorùbá</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jōrùbá]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 45 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 2.0 million (no date)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Congo">Volta-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Edekiri_languages" title="Edekiri languages">Edekiri</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Yoruba</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_alphabet" title="Yoruba alphabet">Nigerian Yoruba alphabet, Beninese Yoruba alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba Braille">Yoruba Braille</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anjemi" title="Anjemi">Anjemi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oduduwa_script" title="Oduduwa script">Oduduwa script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=yo">yo</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=496">yor</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/yor" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:yor">yor</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/yoru1245">yoru1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=98-AAA-a">98-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Ọmọ Yorùbá</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Èdè Yorùbá</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Ilẹ̀ Yorùbá</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yoruba</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɒr/: 'or' in 'moral'">ɒr</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>Yor.</small> <span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">Èdè Yorùbá</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[jōrùbá]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> that is spoken in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/South_West_(Nigeria)" title="South West (Nigeria)">Southwestern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">Central</a> Nigeria. It is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a>. Yoruba speakers number roughly 47 million, including about 2 million second-language speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">pluricentric language</a>, it is primarily spoken in a dialectal area spanning <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> with smaller migrated communities in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>. </p><p>Yoruba vocabulary is also used in <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a> such as the Afro-Brazilian religion of <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>, the Caribbean religion of <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> in the form of the liturgical <a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí language</a>, and various Afro-American religions of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Most modern practitioners of these religions in the Americas are not fluent in the Yoruba language, yet they still use Yoruba words and phrases for songs or chants—rooted in cultural traditions. For such practitioners, the Yoruba <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> is especially common for ritual purposes, and these modern manifestations have taken new forms that don't depend on vernacular fluency.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the principal <a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid language</a>, Yoruba is most closely related to these languages <a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a> (spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a> (spoken in central Nigeria). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo languages</a></div> <p>Yoruba is classified among the <a href="/wiki/Edekiri_languages" title="Edekiri languages">Edekiri languages</a>, which is together with the <a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a> and isolate <a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a> group of languages within the <a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> family. The linguistic unity of the Niger–Congo family dates to deep pre-history, estimates ranging around 11,000 years ago (the end of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, it is estimated that there are around 50 million Yoruba primary and secondary language speakers, as well as several other millions of speakers outside Nigeria, making it the most widely spoken African language outside of the continent. There is a substantial body of literature in the Yoruba language, including books, newspapers, and pamphlets.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoruba is used in radio and television broadcasting and is taught at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yoruba <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> consists of several dialects. The various Yoruba dialects in <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a> can be classified into five major dialect areas: Northwest, Northeast, Central, Southwest, and Southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clear boundaries cannot be drawn, but peripheral areas of dialectal regions often have some similarities to adjoining dialects. </p> <ul><li><b>North-West Yoruba</b> (NWY) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Oyo">Ọyọ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos (Eko)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onko" title="Onko">Onko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibarapa_people" title="Ibarapa people">Ibarapa</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm/220px--A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="157" data-mwtitle="A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e4/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AA_short_oral_history_of_Egba_in_Egba_Language_by_its_native_speaker.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Egba dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/220px--Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="216" data-mwtitle="Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Okeho_in_Onko_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Onko" title="Onko">Onko</a> dialect, <a href="/wiki/Okeho" title="Okeho">Okeho</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/220px--Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="323" data-mwtitle="Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_Oral_history_of_Saki_in_Saki_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Oyo" title="Shaki, Oyo">Shaki</a> dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/220px--Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="325" data-mwtitle="Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Iwo_in_Iwo_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption> Oyo dialect from <a href="/wiki/Iwo,_Osun" title="Iwo, Osun">Iwo</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>North-East Yoruba</b> (NEY) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yagba_West" title="Yagba West">Yagba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabba" title="Kabba">Owe</a>, Ikiri, <a href="/wiki/Ijumu" title="Ijumu">Ijumu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oworo_dialect" title="Oworo dialect">Oworo</a>, Gbede, <a href="/wiki/Kabba/Bunu" title="Kabba/Bunu">Abunu</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Central Yoruba</b> (CY) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbomina" title="Igbomina">Igbomina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilesa" title="Ilesa">Ijesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ifẹ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Akure" title="Akure">Akurẹ</a>), <a href="/wiki/Efon" title="Efon">Ẹfọn</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Akoko" title="Akoko">Akoko</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_4" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/220px--Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="208" data-mwtitle="Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijan_Ekiti_in_Ijan_Ekiti_Language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti</a> dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_5" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/220px--Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="294" data-mwtitle="Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AShort_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AShort_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AShort_oral_history_of_Ile_Ife_in_Ile-Ife_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ifẹ</a> dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_6" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/220px--Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="307" data-mwtitle="Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ilesha_in_Ijesha_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ijesha" title="Ijesha">Ijesha</a> dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_7" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm/220px--A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="116" data-durationhint="319" data-mwtitle="A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="450" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="676" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1012" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="4096" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="136" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="224" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="338" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/39/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Irun_in_Irun_Akoko_dialect_by_native_speaker.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="338" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti</a> from Irun Akoko</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>South-West Yoruba</b> (SWY) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(Benin)" title="Ketu (Benin)">Ketu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awori_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Awori tribe">Awori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Sakété">Sakété</a>, <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè (Togo)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassa-Zoum%C3%A9" title="Dassa-Zoumé">Idasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipokia" title="Ipokia">Anago</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>South-East Yoruba</b> (SEY) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondo City">Ondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owo" title="Owo">Ọwọ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagamu" title="Sagamu">Remo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijẹbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okitipupa" title="Okitipupa">Ikale</a>, Eastern <a href="/wiki/Akoko" title="Akoko">Akoko (Akoko, Ào)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilaje" title="Ilaje">Ilaje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usen_people" title="Usen people">Usẹn</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_8" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/220px--Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="240" data-mwtitle="Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Owo_in_Owo_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Owo" title="Owo">Owo</a> dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_9" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/220px--Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="328" data-mwtitle="Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Idanre_in_Idanre_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Idanre" title="Idanre">Idanre</a> dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_10" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/220px--Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="307" data-mwtitle="Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ijebu_in_Ijebu_language_by_a_native_speaker.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu dialect</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_11" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/220px--Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="146" data-mwtitle="Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_(non-subtitled).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm/Short_oral_history_of_Ikale_in_Ikale_language_by_a_native_speaker_%28non-subtitled%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Okitipupa" title="Okitipupa">Ikale</a> dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_12" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm/220px--A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="116" data-durationhint="237" data-mwtitle="A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="450" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="676" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1012" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="4096" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="136" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="224" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="338" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm/A_short_oral_history_of_Isua_in_Ifira_dialect_by_a_native_speaker.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="338" /></video></span><figcaption>Ao dialect, <a href="/wiki/Akoko_South-East" title="Akoko South-East"> Ifira</a></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>North-West Yoruba was historically spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Ọyọ Empire</a>. In NWY dialects, Proto-Yoruba velar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> and labialized voiced velar /gʷ/ have merged into /w/; the upper vowels /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ were raised and merged with /i/ and /u/, just as their nasal counterparts, resulting in a vowel system with seven oral and three nasal vowels. </p><p>South-East Yoruba was most likely associated with the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin Empire</a> after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to NWY, lineage, and descent are largely <a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">multilineal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognatic">cognatic</a>, and the division of titles into war and civil is unknown. Linguistically, SEY has retained the /ɣ/ and /gw/ contrast, while it has lowered the nasal vowels /ĩ/ and /ʊ̃/ to /ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/, respectively. SEY has collapsed the second and third-person plural pronominal forms; thus, <i>àn án wá</i> can mean either 'you (pl.) came' or 'they came' in SEY dialects, whereas NWY for example has <i>ẹ wá</i> 'you (pl.) came' and <i>wọ́n wá</i> 'they came', respectively. The emergence of a plural of respect may have prevented the coalescence of the two in NWY dialects. </p><p>Central Yoruba forms a transitional area in that the lexicon has much in common with NWY and shares many ethnographical features with SEY. Its vowel system is the most traditional of the three dialect groups, retaining nine oral-vowel contrasts, six or seven nasal vowels, and an extensive vowel harmony system. Peculiar to Central and Eastern (NEY, SEY) Yoruba also is the ability to begin words with the vowel [ʊ:], which in Western Yoruba has been changed to [ɪ:] </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_Yoruba">Literary Yoruba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary Yoruba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_13" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Olaniyan_speaking_Yoruba.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Yoruba speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Literary Yoruba, also known as <i>Standard Yoruba</i>, <i>Yoruba koiné</i>, and <i>common Yoruba</i>, is a separate member of the dialect cluster. It is the written form of the language, the standard variety learned at school, and that is spoken by newsreaders on the radio. Standard Yoruba has its origin in the 1850s, when <a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Crowther" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel A. Crowther">Samuel A. Crowther</a>, the first native African Anglican bishop, published a Yoruba grammar and started his translation of the Bible. Though for a large part based on the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Ọyọ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a> dialects, Standard Yoruba incorporates several features from other dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has some features peculiar to itself, for example, the simplified <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> system, as well as foreign structures, such as <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a> from English that originated in early translations of religious works. </p><p>Because the use of Standard Yoruba did not result from some deliberate linguistic policy, much controversy exists as to what constitutes 'genuine Yoruba', with some writers holding the opinion that the Ọyọ dialect is the "pure" form, and others stating that there is no such thing as genuine Yoruba at all. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Standard Yoruba, the variety learned at school and used in the media, has nonetheless been a decisive consolidating factor in the emergence of a common Yoruba identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_alphabet" title="Yoruba alphabet">Yoruba alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oduduwa_script" title="Oduduwa script">Oduduwa script</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille#Yoruba_Braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian braille § Yoruba Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Visitation_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Church_of_the_Visitation_12.jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Visitation_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Church_of_the_Visitation_12.jpg/330px-Church_of_the_Visitation_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Church_of_the_Visitation_12.jpg/440px-Church_of_the_Visitation_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Yoruba hymn, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Visitation" title="Church of the Visitation">Church of the Visitation</a>, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence of the presence of Islam and literacy goes back to the 14th century. The earliest documented history of the people, traced to the latter part of the 17th century, was in the Yoruba but in the Arabic script called <a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami</a>. This makes Yoruba one of the oldest African languages with an attested history of Ajami (Cf. Mumin & Versteegh 2014; Hofheinz 2018). However, the oldest extant Yoruba Ajami exemplar is a 19th-century Islamic verse (waka) by Badamasi Agbaji (d. 1895- Hunwick 1995). There are several items of Yoruba Ajami in poetry, personal notes, and esoteric knowledge (Cf. Bang 2019). Nevertheless, Yoruba Ajami remained idiosyncratic and not socially diffused, as no standardized orthography existed. The plethora of dialects and the absence of a central promotional institution, among others, are responsible. </p><p>In the 17th century, Yoruba was written in the <a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still written in the Ajami writing script in some Islamic circles. Standard Yoruba <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> originated in the early work of <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> missionaries working among the <i>Aku</i> (Yoruba) of <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>. One of their <a href="/wiki/Informant_(linguistics)" title="Informant (linguistics)">informants</a> was Crowther, who later would proceed to work on his native language himself. In early grammar primers and translations of portions of the English Bible, Crowther used the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> largely without tone markings. The only diacritic used was a dot below certain vowels to signify their <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open</a> variants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, viz. <span class="nowrap">⟨ẹ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ọ⟩</span>. Over the years, the orthography was revised to represent tone, among other things. In 1875, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a> (CMS) organized a conference on Yoruba Orthography; the standard devised there was the basis for the orthography of the steady flow of religious and educational literature over the next seventy years. </p><p>The current orthography of Yoruba derives from a 1966 report of the Yoruba Orthography Committee, along with Ayọ Bamgboṣe's 1965 <i>Yoruba Orthography</i>, a study of the earlier orthographies and an attempt to bring Yoruba orthography in line with actual speech as much as possible. Still similar to the older orthography, it employs the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> modified by the use of the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨gb⟩</span> and certain <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Underdot" class="mw-redirect" title="Underdot">underdots</a> under the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨ẹ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ọ⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ṣ⟩</span>. Previously, the vertical line had been used to avoid the mark being fully covered by an <a href="/wiki/Underline" class="mw-redirect" title="Underline">underline</a>, as in ⟨e̩⟩, ⟨o̩⟩, ⟨s̩⟩; however, that usage is no longer common. </p> <table cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>Ẹ</td> <td>F</td> <td>G</td> <td>Gb</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>J</td> <td>K</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>O</td> <td>Ọ</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>Ṣ</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>W</td> <td>Y </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>ẹ</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>gb</td> <td>h</td> <td>I</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>ọ</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>w</td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Latin letters <span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨q⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span> are not used as part of the official orthography of Standard Yoruba. However, they exist in several Yoruba dialects. </p><p>The pronunciation of the letters without diacritics corresponds more or less to their <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> equivalents, except for the <a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">labial–velar consonant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͡p]</span> (written <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ͡b]</span> (written <span class="nowrap">⟨gb⟩</span>), in which both consonants are pronounced simultaneously rather than sequentially. The <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> underneath vowels indicates an <a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">open vowel</a>, pronounced with the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">root of the tongue retracted</a> (so <span class="nowrap">⟨ẹ⟩</span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ̙]</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ọ⟩</span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̙]</span>). <span class="nowrap">⟨ṣ⟩</span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar consonant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> like the English <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal approximant">palatal approximant</a> like English <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced palatal stop">voiced palatal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟ]</span>, as is common in many African orthographies. </p><p>In addition to the underdots, three further diacritics are used on vowels and syllabic <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal consonants</a> to indicate the language's tones: an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<b>´</b>⟩</span> for the high tone, a <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<b>`</b>⟩</span> for the low tone, and an optional <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<b>¯</b>⟩</span> for the middle tone. These are used in addition to the underdots in <span class="nowrap">⟨ẹ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ọ⟩</span>. When more than one tone is used in one syllable, the vowel can either be written once for each tone (for example, *<span class="nowrap">⟨òó⟩</span> for a vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> with tone rising from low to high) or, more rarely in current usage, combined into a single accent. In this case, a <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˇ⟩</span> is used for the rising tone (so the previous example would be written <span class="nowrap">⟨ǒ⟩</span>), and a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˆ⟩</span> for the falling tone. </p> <table cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td>Á</td> <td>À</td> <td>Ā</td> <td>É</td> <td>È</td> <td>Ē</td> <td>Ẹ</td> <td>Ẹ́</td> <td>Ẹ̀</td> <td>Ẹ̄</td> <td>Í</td> <td>Ì</td> <td>Ī </td> <td>Ń </td> <td>Ǹ </td> <td>N̄ </td> <td>Ḿ </td> <td>M̀ </td> <td>M̄ </td> <td>Ó</td> <td>Ò</td> <td>Ō</td> <td>Ọ</td> <td>Ọ́</td> <td>Ọ̀</td> <td>Ọ̄</td> <td>Ú</td> <td>Ù</td> <td>Ū</td> <td>Ṣ </td></tr> <tr> <td>á</td> <td>à</td> <td>ā</td> <td>é</td> <td>è</td> <td>ē</td> <td>ẹ</td> <td>ẹ́</td> <td>ẹ̀</td> <td>ẹ̄</td> <td>í</td> <td>ì</td> <td>ī </td> <td>ń </td> <td>ǹ </td> <td>n̄ </td> <td>ḿ </td> <td>m̀ </td> <td>m̄ </td> <td>ó</td> <td>ò</td> <td>ō</td> <td>ọ</td> <td>ọ́</td> <td>ọ̀</td> <td>ọ̄</td> <td>ú</td> <td>ù</td> <td>ū</td> <td>ṣ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, Yoruba uses a different orthography. The Yoruba alphabet was standardized along with other Benin languages in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Languages_Alphabet_(Benin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Languages Alphabet (Benin) (page does not exist)">National Languages Alphabet</a> by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Language_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Language Commission (page does not exist)">National Language Commission</a> in 1975, and revised in 1990 and 2008 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Center_for_Applied_Linguistics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Center for Applied Linguistics (page does not exist)">National Center for Applied Linguistics</a>. </p> <table cellpadding="3"> <caption>Benin alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>A</td> <td>B</td> <td>D</td> <td>E</td> <td>Ɛ</td> <td>F</td> <td>G</td> <td>Gb</td> <td>H</td> <td>I</td> <td>J</td> <td>K</td> <td>Kp</td> <td>L</td> <td>M</td> <td>N</td> <td>O</td> <td>Ɔ</td> <td>P</td> <td>R</td> <td>S</td> <td>Sh</td> <td>T</td> <td>U</td> <td>W</td> <td>Y </td></tr> <tr> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>gb</td> <td>h</td> <td>I</td> <td>j</td> <td>k</td> <td>kp</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>sh</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>w</td> <td>y </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2011, a Beninese priest-chief by the name of Tolúlàṣẹ Ògúntósìn devised a new script for Yoruba, based on a vision received in his sleep which he believed to have been granted by <a href="/wiki/Oduduwa" title="Oduduwa">Oduduwa</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Oduduwa_script" title="Oduduwa script">Oduduwa script</a> has also received support from other prominent chiefs in the <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a> region of both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The syllable structure of Yoruba is (C)V(N). Syllabic nasals are also possible. Every syllable bears one of the three tones: high <span class="nowrap">⟨◌́⟩</span>, mid <span class="nowrap">⟨◌̄⟩</span> (generally left unmarked), and low <span class="nowrap">⟨◌̀⟩</span>. The sentence <span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">n̄ ò lọ</i></span> (<i>I didn't go</i>) provides examples of three syllable types: </p> <ul><li><span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">n̄</i></span> — <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̄]</span> — <i>I</i></li> <li><span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">ò</i></span> — <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ò]</span> — <i>not</i> (negation)</li> <li><span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">lọ</i></span> — <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lɔ̄]</span> — <i>to go</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standard Yoruba has seven oral and five nasal vowels. There are no <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> in Yoruba; sequences of vowels are pronounced as separate syllables. <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialects</a> differ in the number of vowels they have; see <a href="#Varieties">above</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoruba_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yoruba_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Yoruba_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yoruba_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Yoruba_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yoruba_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Yoruba_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Yoruba <a href="/wiki/Vowel#Articulation" title="Vowel">vowel</a> diagram, adopted from Bamgboṣe (1969:166). Black dots mark oral vowels, while the colored regions indicate the ranges in possible quality of the nasal vowels.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2">Oral vowels </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In some cases, the phonetic realization of these vowels is noticeably different from what the symbol suggests: <ul><li>The oral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> is close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span>, and the nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĩ/</span> varies between close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">ĩ</a>]</span> and near-close front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ĩ̞</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bam166_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bam166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The oral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> is close back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span>, and the nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ũ/</span> varies between close near-back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">ũ̟</a>]</span>, close back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">ũ</a>]</span>, near-close near-back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ũ̟˕</a>]</span> and near-close back <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ũ̞</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bam166_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bam166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The oral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e,<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> are close-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span>, and do not have nasal counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-bam166_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bam166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The oral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> is open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span>, and the nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃/</span> varies between mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̝̃</a>]</span> and open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ̃</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bam166_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bam166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The oral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> is near-open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɔ̞</a>]</span>, and the nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ̃/</span> varies between open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ̃</a>]</span> and near-open <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̃</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bam166_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bam166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The oral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is central <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-bam166_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bam166-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Nasal vowels are by default written as a vowel letter followed by <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, thus: <span class="nowrap">⟨in⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨un⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ẹn⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ọn⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨an⟩</span>. These do not occur word-initially. In the standard language, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃/</span> occurs only in the single word <i>ìyẹn</i> ~ <i>yẹn</i> 'that'. The status of the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ã]</span> is controversial. Several authors have argued it is not phonemically contrastive.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, it is in free variation with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ̃]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthographically</a>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ọn⟩</span> is used after labial and labial-velar consonants, as in <i>ìbọn</i> 'gun', and <span class="nowrap">⟨an⟩</span> is used after non-labial consonants, as in <i>dán</i> 'to shine'. All vowels are nasalized after the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, and thus there is no additional <i>n</i> in writing (<i>mi, mu, mọ</i>). In addition, the consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> has a nasal allophone <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span> before a nasal vowel (see <a href="#Consonants">below</a>), and this is reflected in writing: <i>inú</i> 'inside, belly' (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/īlṹ/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[īnṹ]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>labial</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>  <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>  <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span>  <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">ŋ̍</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td>  </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The voiceless plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> are slightly aspirated; in some Yoruba varieties, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> are more dental. The <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a> is realized as a flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, in some varieties (notably Lagos Yoruba), as the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar and postalveolar approximants">alveolar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span> due to English influence. This is particularly common with Yoruba–English bilinguals. </p><p>Like many other languages of the region, Yoruba has the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless labial–velar stop">voiceless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labial–velar stop">voiced labial–velar stops</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k͡p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ͡b/</span>: <span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">pápá</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͡pák͡pá]</span> 'field', <i><span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">gbogbo</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ͡bōɡ͡bō]</span> 'all'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Notably, it lacks a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless bilabial stop">voiceless bilabial stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, apart from <a href="/wiki/Phonaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonaesthesia">phonaesthesia</a>, such as [pĩpĩ] for vehicle horn sounds, and <a href="/wiki/Marginal_phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal phonemes">marginal segments</a> found in recent loanwords, such as <pẹ́ńsù> [k͡pɛ́ńsù~pɛ́ńsù] for "pencil".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yoruba also lacks a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>; the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span> is used for the sound in the orthography, but strictly speaking, it refers to an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> immediately preceding a nasal vowel. </p><p>There is also a <a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">syllabic nasal</a>, which forms a <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Nucleus" title="Syllable">syllable nucleus</a> by itself. When it precedes a vowel, it is a velar nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span>: <span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">n ò lọ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ò<span class="wrap"> </span>lɔ̄]</span> 'I didn't go'. In other cases, its place of articulation is <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic consonants">homorganic</a> with the following consonant: <span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">ó ń lọ</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ó<span class="wrap"> </span>ń<span class="wrap"> </span>lɔ̄]</span> 'he is going', <span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">ó ń fò</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ó<span class="wrap"> </span>ḿ<span class="wrap"> </span>fò]</span> 'he is jumping'. </p><p>C, Q, V, X and Z only appear in words borrowed from English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yoruba is a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal language</a> with three-level tones and two or three contour tones. Every syllable must have at least one tone; a syllable containing a long vowel can have two tones. Tones are marked by use of the acute accent for high tone (<span class="nowrap">⟨á⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ń⟩</span>) and the grave accent for low tone (<span class="nowrap">⟨à⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ǹ⟩</span>); mid is unmarked, except on syllabic nasals where it is indicated using a macron (<span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨n̄⟩</span>). Examples: </p> <ul><li>H: ó bẹ́ [ó bɛ́] 'he jumped'; síbí [síbí] 'spoon'</li> <li>M: ó bẹ [ó bɛ̄] 'he is forward'; ara [āɾā] 'body'</li> <li>L: ó bẹ̀ [ó bɛ̀] 'he asks for pardon'; ọ̀kọ̀ [ɔ̀kɔ̀] 'spear'.</li></ul> <p>When teaching Yoruba literacy, <a href="/wiki/Solf%C3%A8ge" title="Solfège">solfège</a> names of musical notes are used to name the tones: low is <i>do</i>, mid is <i>re</i>, and high is <i>mi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whistled_Yoruba">Whistled Yoruba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Whistled Yoruba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoruba-whistle-language-fast.ogg" title="File:Yoruba-whistle-language-fast.ogg">A greeting in whistled Yoruba</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Yoruba-whistle-language-fast.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Yoruba-whistle-language-fast.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Yoruba-whistle-language-fast.ogg/Yoruba-whistle-language-fast.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><span title="Yoruba-language text"><i lang="yo">ará iwájú, ɛ kú iʃɛ́ o</i></span> "people who arrived for me, greetings at work"</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Apart from tone's lexical and grammatical use, it is also used in other contexts such as whistling and drumming. Whistled Yoruba is used to communicate over long distances. The language is transformed as speakers talk and whistle simultaneously: consonants are devoiced or turned to [h], and all vowels are changed to [u]. However, all tones are retained without any alteration. The retention of tones enables speakers to understand the meaning of the whistled language. The Yoruba <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drum</a>, the <i>dùndún</i> or <i>iya ilu</i>, which accompanies singing during festivals and important ceremonies, also uses tone.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tonality_effects_and_computer-coded_documents">Tonality effects and computer-coded documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tonality effects and computer-coded documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Written Yoruba includes <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritical marks</a> not available on conventional computer keyboards, requiring some adaptations. In particular, the use of the sub dots and tone marks are not represented, so many Yoruba documents simply omit them. Asubiaro Toluwase, in his 2014 paper,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> points out that the use of these diacritics can affect the retrieval of Yoruba documents by popular search engines. Therefore, their omission can have a significant impact on online research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilation_and_elision">Assimilation and elision</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assimilation and elision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a word precedes another word beginning with a vowel, assimilation, or deletion ('<a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>') of one of the vowels often takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since syllables in Yoruba normally end in a vowel, and most nouns start with one, it is a widespread phenomenon, and it is absent only in slow, unnatural speech. The orthography here follows speech in that word divisions are normally not indicated in words that are contracted due to assimilation or elision: <i>ra ẹja</i> → <i>rẹja</i> 'buy fish'. Sometimes, however, authors may choose to use an inverted comma to indicate an elided vowel as in <i>ní ilé</i> → <i>n'ílé</i> 'in the house'. </p><p>Long vowels within words usually signal that a consonant has been elided word-internally. In such cases, the tone of the elided vowel is retained: <i>àdìrò</i> → <i>ààrò</i> 'hearth'; <i>koríko</i> → <i>koóko</i> 'grass'; <i>òtító</i> → <i>òótó</i> 'truth'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots">Roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verbal" class="extiw" title="wikt:verbal">verbal</a> <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a> are <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">monosyllabic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Phonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological">phonological</a> shape CV(N), for example: <i>dá</i> 'to create', <i>dán</i> 'to polish', <i>pọ́n</i> 'to be red'. Verbal roots that do not seem to follow this pattern are mostly former compounds in which a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> has been elided. For example: <i>nlá</i> 'to be large', originally a compound of <i>ní</i> 'to have' + <i>lá</i> 'to be big' and <i>súfèé</i> 'to whistle', originally a compound of <i>sú</i> 'to eject wind' + <i>òfé or ìfé</i> 'a blowing'. Vowels serve as nominalizing prefixes that turn a verb into a noun form. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)" title="Nominal (linguistics)">Nominal</a> roots are mostly <a href="/wiki/Disyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Disyllabic">disyllabic</a>, for example: <i>abà</i> 'crib, barn', <i>ara</i> 'body', <i>ibà</i> 'fever'. <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">Monosyllabic</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Trisyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisyllabic">trisyllabic</a> roots do occur but they are less common.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Yoruba is a highly <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">isolating language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its basic constituent order is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RowlandsEvan_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RowlandsEvan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in <i>ó nà Adé</i> 'he beat Adé'. The bare verb stem denotes a completed action, often called perfect; tense and aspect are marked by preverbal particles such as <i>ń</i> 'imperfect/present continuous', <i>ti</i> 'past'. Negation is expressed by a preverbal particle <i>kò</i>. <a href="/wiki/Serial_verb_construction" title="Serial verb construction">Serial verb constructions</a> are common, as in many other languages of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. </p><p>Although Yoruba has no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has a distinction between human and non-human nouns when it comes to <a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">interrogative</a> particles: <i>ta ni</i> for human nouns ('who?') and <i>kí ni</i> for non-human nouns ('what?'). The associative construction (covering <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a>/genitive and related notions) consists of juxtaposing nouns in the order modified-modifier as in <i>inú àpótí</i> {inside box} 'the inside of the box', <i>fìlà Àkàndé</i> 'Akande's cap' or <i>àpótí aṣọ</i> 'box for clothes'.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than two nouns can be juxtaposed: <i>rélùweè abẹ́ ilẹ̀</i> (railway underground) 'underground railway',<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>inú àpótí aṣọ</i> 'the inside of the clothes box'. Disambiguation is left to context in the rare case that it results in two possible readings. Plural nouns are indicated by a plural word.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Plural particle or what? (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-RowlandsEvan_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RowlandsEvan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two 'prepositions': <i>ní</i> 'on, at, in' and <i>sí</i> 'onto, towards'. The former indicates location and absence of movement, and the latter encodes location/direction with movement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Position and direction are expressed by the prepositions in combination with spatial relational nouns like <i>orí</i> 'top', <i>apá</i> 'side', <i>inú</i> 'inside', <i>etí</i> 'edge', <i>abẹ́</i> 'under', <i>ilẹ̀</i> 'down', etc. Many of the spatial relational terms are historically related to body-part terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_numerals" title="Yoruba numerals">Yoruba numerals</a></div> <p>Yoruba uses a <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> (base-20) numbering system. </p> <ul><li>Ogún, 20, is a basic numeric block.</li> <li>Ogójì, 40, (Ogún-méjì) = 20 multiplied by 2 (èjì).</li> <li>Ọgọ́ta, 60, (Ogún-mẹ́ta) = 20 multiplied by 3 (ẹ̀ta).</li> <li>Ọgọ́rin, 80, (Ogún-mẹ́rin) = 20 multiplied by 4 (ẹ̀rin).</li> <li>Ọgọ́rùn-ún, 100, (Ogún-márùn-ún) = 20 multiplied by 5 (àrún).</li> <li>- 16 (Ẹẹ́rìndínlógún) = 4 less than 20.</li> <li>- 17 (Ẹẹ́tàdínlógún) = 3 less than 20.</li> <li>- 18 (Eéjìdínlógún) = 2 less than 20.</li> <li>- 19 (Oókàndínlógún) = 1 less than 20.</li> <li>- 21 (Oókànlélógún) = 1 increment on 20.</li> <li>- 22 (Eéjìlélógún) = 2 increment on 20.</li> <li>- 23 (Ẹẹ́tàlélógún) = 3 increment on 20.</li> <li>- 24 (Ẹẹ́rìnlélógún) = 4 increment on 20.</li> <li>- 25 (Aárùnlélógún) = 5 increment on 20.</li> <li>- 30 ( Ogbòn) = 10 increment on 20</li> <li>-50 (Aadota) = 10 less than 60</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic_influence">Arabic influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arabic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wide adoption of imported religions and civilizations such as Islam and Christianity has had an impact both on written and spoken Yoruba. In his <i>Arabic-English Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Quran and Sunnah</i>, Yoruba Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu-Abdullah_Adelabu" title="Abu-Abdullah Adelabu">Abu-Abdullah Adelabu</a> argued Islam has enriched African languages by providing them with technical and cultural augmentations with <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Turanci Hausa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a> in West Africa being the primary beneficiaries. <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Adelabu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Adelabu">Adelabu</a>, a Ph D graduate from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> cited—among many other common usages—the following words to be Yoruba's derivatives of Arabic vocabularies:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="No evidence that this magazine actually exists. (June 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_loanwords">Some loanwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Some loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Sanma</i>: Heaven or sky, from <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">السماء</span></span></li> <li><i>Alubarika</i>: blessing, from <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">البركة</span></span></li> <li><i>Alumaani</i>: wealth, money, resources, from <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المال</span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amen#Islam" title="Amen">Amin</a>:</i> Arabic form of the Hebrew religious term <a href="/wiki/Amen" title="Amen">Amen</a>, from <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">آمین‎</span></span></li></ul> <p>Some common Arabic words used in Yoruba are names of the days such as <i>Atalata</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الثلاثاء</span></span>) for Tuesday, <i>Alaruba</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الأربعاء</span></span>) for Wednesday, <i>Alamisi</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخميس</span></span>) for Thursday, and <i>Jimoh</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الجمعة</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumu'ah</a>) for Friday. By far, <i>Ọjọ́ Jimoh</i> is the most favourably used. This is because <i>eti</i>, the Yoruba word for Friday, means 'delay'. This is an unpleasant word for Friday, <i>Ẹtì</i>, which also implies failure, laziness, or abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="No evidence that this magazine exists. (June 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ultimately, the standard words for the days of the week are Àìkú, Ajé, Ìṣẹ́gun, Ọjọ́rú, Ọjọ́bọ, Ẹtì, Àbámẹ́ta, for Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday respectively. Friday remains Eti in the Yoruba language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_literature" title="Yoruba literature">Yoruba literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spoken_literature">Spoken literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spoken literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>•<a href="/wiki/Odu_Ifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odu Ifa">Odu Ifa</a>, •<a href="/wiki/Oriki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriki">Oriki</a>, •<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewi (page does not exist)">Ewi</a>, •Esa, •Àlọ́, •Rara, •Iremoje, •<a href="/wiki/Bolojo" title="Bolojo">Bolojo</a>, •Ijala, •Ajangbode, •Ijeke, Alámọ̀ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Written_literature">Written literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Written literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ajayi_Crowther" title="Samuel Ajayi Crowther">Samuel Ajayi Crowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wande_Abimbola" title="Wande Abimbola">Wande Abimbola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(Nigerian_historian)" title="Samuel Johnson (Nigerian historian)">Reverend Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemi_Elebuibon" title="Yemi Elebuibon">Yemi Elebuibon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Olorunfemi_Fagunwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa">Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adebayo_Faleti" title="Adebayo Faleti">Adebayo Faleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinwunmi_Isola" title="Akinwunmi Isola">Akinwunmi Isola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_Aba_Hisanjani" title="Obo Aba Hisanjani">Obo Aba Hisanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duro_Ladipo" title="Duro Ladipo">Duro Ladipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.F._Odunjo" class="mw-redirect" title="J.F. Odunjo">J.F. Odunjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afolabi_Olabimtan" title="Afolabi Olabimtan">Afolabi Olabimtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tutuola" title="Amos Tutuola">Amos Tutuola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1wuy%C3%AC_%C3%92g%C3%BAnn%C3%ADran" title="Láwuyì Ògúnníran">Lawuyi Ogunniran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_Tubosun" title="Kola Tubosun">Kola Tubosun</a></li></ul> <p>As of 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba Wikipedia">Yoruba Wikipedia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%E1%BA%B9%CC%81d%C3%AD%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9d%C3%A8_Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="yo:Wikipẹ́díà l'édè Yorùbá">yo</a>]</span> is the most visited website in Yoruba.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation_17_February_2024_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation_17_February_2024-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yoruba_language" title="Special:EditPage/Yoruba language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibeyi" title="Ibeyi">Ibeyi</a>, Cuban francophone sister duo, often sing in <a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí</a>, a liturgical variety of Yoruba used in <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakara_music" title="Sakara music">Sakara</a>, a Yoruba song originating from <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a>, Ogun Nigeria. One of the first performers of this type of music was in Lagos in the 1930s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apala" title="Apala">Apala</a>, Apala (or Akpala) is a percussion-based music genre originally developed by the Yoruba people of Nigeria during the country's history as a colony of the British Empire. It originated in the late 1970s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">Fuji</a>, a popular, contemporary Yoruba musical genre.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a>, a style of Nigerian popular music derived from traditional Yoruba percussion.</li> <li>Àpíìrì, a popular music common among Ido and Igbole Ekiti environs of Ekiti State. The musical instruments usually consist of beaded Calabash gourds and gongs supported with harmonic lyrics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a> creator</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_numerals" title="Yoruba numerals">Yoruba numerals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/yor">Yoruba</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Yoruba">"Yoruba"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Yoruba&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FYoruba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdés2015" class="citation journal cs1">Valdés, Vanessa K. (2015-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/576211">"Yoruba Traditions and African American Religious Nationalism by Tracey E. Hucks (review)"</a>. <i>Callaloo</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 234–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcal.2015.0025">10.1353/cal.2015.0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6512">1080-6512</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143058809">143058809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Callaloo&rft.atitle=Yoruba+Traditions+and+African+American+Religious+Nationalism+by+Tracey+E.+Hucks+%28review%29&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=234-237&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143058809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcal.2015.0025&rft.aulast=Vald%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Vanessa+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F576211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1971" class="citation journal cs1">Warner, Maureen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40653205">"Trinidad Yoruba — Notes on Survivals"</a>. <i>Caribbean Quarterly</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 40–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00086495.1971.11829073">10.1080/00086495.1971.11829073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-6495">0008-6495</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40653205">40653205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caribbean+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Trinidad+Yoruba+%E2%80%94+Notes+on+Survivals&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=40-49&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0008-6495&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40653205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00086495.1971.11829073&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40653205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oyotunji.org/oyotunji-history.html">"History of Oyotunji"</a>. <i>Oyotunji</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyotunji&rft.atitle=History+of+Oyotunji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyotunji.org%2Foyotunji-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigeria2017" class="citation web cs1">Nigeria, Know (2017-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspireafrika.com/en/the-oyotunji-village-a-mini-yoruba-empire-in-the-usa/">"The Oyotunji Village: a Mini Yoruba Empire in the USA"</a>. <i>Inspire Afrika</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inspire+Afrika&rft.atitle=The+Oyotunji+Village%3A+a+Mini+Yoruba+Empire+in+the+USA&rft.date=2017-04-13&rft.aulast=Nigeria&rft.aufirst=Know&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finspireafrika.com%2Fen%2Fthe-oyotunji-village-a-mini-yoruba-empire-in-the-usa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeineNurse2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Heine" title="Bernd Heine">Heine, Bernd</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derek_Nurse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derek Nurse (page does not exist)">Nurse, Derek</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7XhcYoFxaQC&pg=PA294"><i>African Languages: An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66629-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66629-9"><bdi>978-0-521-66629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Languages%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66629-9&rft.aulast=Heine&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Nurse%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7XhcYoFxaQC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yoruba-language">"Yoruba language | West African, Nigeria, Benin | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Yoruba+language+%7C+West+African%2C+Nigeria%2C+Benin+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FYoruba-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This widely followed classification is based on Adetugbọ's (1982) dialectological study; this classification originated in his 1967 Ph.D. thesis <i>The Yoruba Language in Western Nigeria: Its Major Dialect Areas</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/288034744">288034744</a>. See also Adetugbọ 1973:183-193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adetugbọ 1973:185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. for example the following remark by Adetugbọ (1967, as cited in Fagborun 1994:25): "While the orthography agreed upon by the missionaries represented to a very large degree the phonemes of the Abẹokuta dialect, the morpho-syntax reflected the Ọyọ-Ibadan dialects".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yoruba...written in a version of the Arabic script known as Ajami (or Ajamiyya)."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/amed/afs/NigerianSurveyTour2007/NigerianSurveyTour.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFALOLAAKINYEMI2016" class="citation book cs1">FALOLA, TOYIN; AKINYEMI, AKINTUNDE (2016-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jep3DAAAQBAJ&q=yoruba+ajami&pg=PA194"><i>Encyclopedia of the Yoruba</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253021564" title="Special:BookSources/9780253021564"><bdi>9780253021564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Yoruba&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.isbn=9780253021564&rft.aulast=FALOLA&rft.aufirst=TOYIN&rft.au=AKINYEMI%2C+AKINTUNDE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djep3DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyoruba%2Bajami%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdéṣínà_Ọmọ_Yoòbá2020" class="citation news cs1">Adéṣínà Ọmọ Yoòbá (10 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalvoices.org/2020/03/10/this-chief-hopes-yoruba-speakers-adopt-his-newly-invented-talking-alphabet/">"This chief hopes Yorùbá speakers adopt his newly invented 'talking alphabet'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Global Voices</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Voices&rft.atitle=This+chief+hopes+Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1+speakers+adopt+his+newly+invented+%27talking+alphabet%27&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.au=Ad%C3%A9%E1%B9%A3%C3%ADn%C3%A0+%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%8D+Yo%C3%B2b%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoices.org%2F2020%2F03%2F10%2Fthis-chief-hopes-yoruba-speakers-adopt-his-newly-invented-talking-alphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osundefender.com/yoruba-monarchs-commends-new-oduduwa-alphabets-hail-aregbesola/">"Yoruba Monarchs Commends New Oduduwa Alphabets, Hail Aregbesola"</a>. <i>OsunDefender</i>. 1 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OsunDefender&rft.atitle=Yoruba+Monarchs+Commends+New+Oduduwa+Alphabets%2C+Hail+Aregbesola&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osundefender.com%2Fyoruba-monarchs-commends-new-oduduwa-alphabets-hail-aregbesola%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bam166-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bam166_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bam166_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bam166_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bam166_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bam166_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bam166_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bamgboṣe (1969:166)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notably, Ayọ Bamgboṣe (1966:8).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham, in his <i>Dictionary of Modern Yoruba</i>, deviates from this by explicitly indicating the nasality of the vowel; thus, <i>inú</i> is found under <i>inún</i>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachnine Michka (1997) <i>Dictionnaire usuel yorùbá–français</i>. Paris – Ibadan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellCampbell1995" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, George L.; Campbell, George L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisecompendiu0000camp/page/588/mode/2up"><i>Concise compendium of the world's languages</i></a>. London; New York: Routledge. p. 588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11392-2"><bdi>978-0-415-11392-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+compendium+of+the+world%27s+languages&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=588&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11392-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+George+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisecompendiu0000camp%2Fpage%2F588%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUfomata1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ufomata, Titilayo (March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00135.x">"Englishization of Yoruba phonology"</a>. <i>World Englishes</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 33–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.1991.tb00135.x">10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00135.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-2919">0883-2919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=Englishization+of+Yoruba+phonology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-51&rft.date=1991-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.1991.tb00135.x&rft.issn=0883-2919&rft.aulast=Ufomata&rft.aufirst=Titilayo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.1991.tb00135.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter-Ényì2018" class="citation journal cs1">Carter-Ényì, Aaron (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0001972017000912">"Hooked on Sol-Fa: the do-re-mi heuristic for Yorùbá speech tones"</a>. <i>Africa</i>. <b>88</b> (2): 267–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0001972017000912">10.1017/S0001972017000912</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9720">0001-9720</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149643136">149643136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=Hooked+on+Sol-Fa%3A+the+do-re-mi+heuristic+for+Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1+speech+tones&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=267-290&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149643136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-9720&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0001972017000912&rft.aulast=Carter-%C3%89ny%C3%AC&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0001972017000912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrie2013" class="citation book cs1">Orie, Ọlanikẹ Ọla (2013). "Yoruba and Yoruboid languages". <i>Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 1200–1204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786610156009" title="Special:BookSources/9786610156009"><bdi>9786610156009</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1109207232">1109207232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoruba+and+Yoruboid+languages&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=1200-1204&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1109207232&rft.isbn=9786610156009&rft.aulast=Orie&rft.aufirst=%E1%BB%8Clanik%E1%BA%B9+%E1%BB%8Cla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrie2012" class="citation book cs1">Orie, Ọlanikẹ Ọla (2012). <i>Acquisition reversal : the effects of postlingual deafness in Yoruba</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/836821267">836821267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acquisition+reversal+%3A+the+effects+of+postlingual+deafness+in+Yoruba&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F836821267&rft.aulast=Orie&rft.aufirst=%E1%BB%8Clanik%E1%BA%B9+%E1%BB%8Cla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsubiaro2014" class="citation journal cs1">Asubiaro, Toluwase V. (2014). "Effects of Diacritics on Web Search Engines' Performance for Retrieval of Yoruba Documents". <i>Journal of Library and Information Studies</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6182%2Fjlis.2014.12%281%29.001">10.6182/jlis.2014.12(1).001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Library+and+Information+Studies&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Diacritics+on+Web+Search+Engines%27+Performance+for+Retrieval+of+Yoruba+Documents&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6182%2Fjlis.2014.12%281%29.001&rft.aulast=Asubiaro&rft.aufirst=Toluwase+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Bamgboṣe 1965a for more details. See also Ward 1952:123–133 ('Chapter XI: Abbreviations and Elisions').</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1858" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Thomas Jefferson (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3pEAAAAcAAJ"><i>Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba Language: With an Introductory Description of the Country and People of Yoruba</i></a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-42696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-42696-3"><bdi>978-0-598-42696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammar+and+Dictionary+of+the+Yoruba+Language%3A+With+an+Introductory+Description+of+the+Country+and+People+of+Yoruba&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1858&rft.isbn=978-0-598-42696-3&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Jefferson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3pEAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karlsson, F. <i>Yleinen kielitiede.</i> ("General linguistics") Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RowlandsEvan-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RowlandsEvan_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RowlandsEvan_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowlands, Evan Colyn. (1969). Teach Yourself Yoruba. English Universities Press: London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogunbowale, P. O. (1970). The Essentials of the Yoruba Language. University of London Press: London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Bamgboṣe 1966:110, Rowlands 1969:45-6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Adetugbọ 1973:185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Sachnine 1997:19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>DELAB International Newsmagazine</i>, November 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1465-4814">1465-4814</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A lecture by Abu-Abdullah Adelabu of AWQAF Africa, London titled: "The History Of Islam in 'The Black History'" <i>DELAB International Newsmagazine</i>, April 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1465-4814">1465-4814</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation_17_February_2024-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation_17_February_2024_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenationonlineng.net/yoruba-wikipedia-hits-25-million-views-in-2023/">"Yoruba Wikipedia hits 25 million views in 2023"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Nigeria)" title="The Nation (Nigeria)">The Nation</a></i>. 17 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Yoruba+Wikipedia+hits+25+million+views+in+2023&rft.date=2024-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenationonlineng.net%2Fyoruba-wikipedia-hits-25-million-views-in-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdetugbọ,_Abiọdun1982" class="citation book cs1">Adetugbọ, Abiọdun (1982). "Towards a Yoruba Dialectology". In Afọlayan (ed.). <i>Yoruba Language and Literature</i>. pp. 207–224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Yoruba+Dialectology&rft.btitle=Yoruba+Language+and+Literature&rft.pages=207-224&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Adetugb%E1%BB%8D%2C+Abi%E1%BB%8Ddun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfọlayan,_Adebisi1982" class="citation book cs1">Afọlayan, Adebisi, ed. (1982). <i>Yoruba language and literature</i>. Ifẹ / Ibadan: University of Ifẹ Press / Ibadan University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba+language+and+literature&rft.place=If%E1%BA%B9+%2F+Ibadan&rft.pub=University+of+If%E1%BA%B9+Press+%2F+Ibadan+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjayi,_J.F._Ade1960" class="citation journal cs1">Ajayi, J.F. Ade (1960). "How Yoruba was Reduced to Writing". <i>Odu: A Journal of Yoruba, Ẹdo and Related Studies</i> (8): 49–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Odu%3A+A+Journal+of+Yoruba%2C+%E1%BA%B8do+and+Related+Studies&rft.atitle=How+Yoruba+was+Reduced+to+Writing&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=49-58&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Ajayi%2C+J.F.+Ade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamgboṣe,_Ayọ1965a" class="citation journal cs1">Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1965a). "Assimilation and contraction in Yoruba". <i>Journal of West African Languages</i> (2): 21–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+West+African+Languages&rft.atitle=Assimilation+and+contraction+in+Yoruba&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21-27&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Bamgbo%E1%B9%A3e%2C+Ay%E1%BB%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamgboṣe,_Ayọ1965b" class="citation book cs1">Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1965b). <i>Yoruba Orthography</i>. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba+Orthography&rft.place=Ibadan&rft.pub=Ibadan+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Bamgbo%E1%B9%A3e%2C+Ay%E1%BB%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamgboṣe,_Ayọ1969" class="citation book cs1">Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1969). "Yoruba". In Elizabeth Dunstan (ed.). <i>Twelve Nigerian Languages</i>. New York: Africana Publishing Corp. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8419-0031-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8419-0031-0"><bdi>0-8419-0031-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoruba&rft.btitle=Twelve+Nigerian+Languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Africana+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-8419-0031-0&rft.au=Bamgbo%E1%B9%A3e%2C+Ay%E1%BB%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagborun,_J._Gbenga1994" class="citation book cs1">Fagborun, J. Gbenga (1994). <i>The Yoruba Koiné – </i>Its History and Linguistic Innovations<i><span></span></i>. LINCOM Linguistic Edition vol. 6. München/Newcastle: LINCOM Europe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-929075-47-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-929075-47-4"><bdi>3-929075-47-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoruba+Koin%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+Its+History+and+Linguistic+Innovations&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen%2FNewcastle&rft.pub=LINCOM+Europe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-929075-47-4&rft.au=Fagborun%2C+J.+Gbenga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFresco,_Max1970" class="citation book cs1">Fresco, Max (1970). <i>Topics in Yoruba Dialect Phonology</i>. (Studies in African Linguistics Supplement Vol. 1). Los Angeles: University of California, Dept. of Linguistics/ASC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+in+Yoruba+Dialect+Phonology&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Dept.+of+Linguistics%2FASC&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Fresco%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadipọ,_Duro1972" class="citation book cs1">Ladipọ, Duro (1972). <i>Ọba kò so (The king did not hang) — Opera by Duro Ladipọ</i>. (Transcribed and translated by R.G. Armstrong, Robert L. Awujọọla and Val Ọlayẹmi from a tape recording by R. Curt Wittig). Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E1%BB%8Cba+k%C3%B2+so+%28The+king+did+not+hang%29+%26mdash%3B+Opera+by+Duro+Ladip%E1%BB%8D&rft.place=Ibadan&rft.pub=Institute+of+African+Studies%2C+University+of+Ibadan&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Ladip%E1%BB%8D%2C+Duro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Oyètádé, B. Akíntúndé & Buba, Malami (2000) 'Hausa Loan Words in Yorùbá', in Wolff & Gensler (eds.) <i>Proceedings of the 2nd WoCAL, Leipzig 1997</i>, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 241–260.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOyenuga,_Soji_www.YorubaForKidsAbroad.com2007" class="citation book cs1">Oyenuga, Soji www.YorubaForKidsAbroad.com (2007). "Yoruba". In Soji and Titi Oyenuga (ed.). <i>Yoruba For Kids Abroad – Learn Yoruba In 27 Days</i>. Saskatoon, Canada: Gaptel Innovative Solutions Inc. pp. 27 days.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoruba&rft.btitle=Yoruba+For+Kids+Abroad+%E2%80%93+Learn+Yoruba+In+27+Days&rft.place=Saskatoon%2C+Canada&rft.pages=27+days&rft.pub=Gaptel+Innovative+Solutions+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Oyenuga%2C+Soji+www.YorubaForKidsAbroad.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdetugbọ1973" class="citation book cs1">Adetugbọ, Abiọdun (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob">"The Yoruba Language in Yoruba History"</a></span>. In Biobaku, Saburi O. (ed.). <i>Sources of Yoruba History</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob/page/176">176–204</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821669-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821669-6"><bdi>0-19-821669-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yoruba+Language+in+Yoruba+History&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Yoruba+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=176-204&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-19-821669-6&rft.aulast=Adetugb%E1%BB%8D&rft.aufirst=Abi%E1%BB%8Ddun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofyorubah0000biob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHair,_P.E.H.1967" class="citation book cs1">Hair, P.E.H. (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlystudyofnige0000hair">"The Early Study of Yoruba, 1825-1850"</a></span>. <i>The Early Study of Nigerian Languages</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Study+of+Yoruba%2C+1825-1850&rft.btitle=The+Early+Study+of+Nigerian+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Hair%2C+P.E.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlystudyofnige0000hair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw,_R.C.C.1973a" class="citation book cs1">Law, R.C.C. (1973a). "Contemporary Written Sources". In Biobaku, S.O. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob"><i>Sources of Yoruba History</i></a></span>. Oxford, Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob/page/9">9</a>–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821669-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821669-8"><bdi>978-0-19-821669-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Written+Sources&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Yoruba+History&rft.pages=9-24&rft.pub=Oxford%2C+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821669-8&rft.au=Law%2C+R.C.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofyorubah0000biob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw,_R.C.C.1973b" class="citation book cs1">Law, R.C.C. (1973b). "Traditional History". In Biobaku, S.O. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob"><i>Sources of Yoruba History</i></a></span>. Oxford, Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob/page/25">25</a>–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821669-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821669-8"><bdi>978-0-19-821669-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Traditional+History&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Yoruba+History&rft.pages=25-40&rft.pub=Oxford%2C+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821669-8&rft.au=Law%2C+R.C.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofyorubah0000biob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham,_Roy_Clive1958" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Roy Clive (1958). <i>Dictionary of Modern Yoruba</i>. London: University of London Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Modern+Yoruba&rft.place=London&rft.pub=University+of+London+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Roy+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCMS_(Canon_C.W._Wakeman,_ed.)1950" class="citation book cs1">CMS (Canon C.W. Wakeman, ed.) (1950) [1937]. <i>A Dictionary of the Yoruba language</i>. Ibadan: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Yoruba+language&rft.place=Ibadan&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.au=CMS+%28Canon+C.W.+Wakeman%2C+ed.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelanọ,_Oloye_Isaac1958" class="citation book cs1">Delanọ, Oloye Isaac (1958). <i>Atúmọ̀ ede Yoruba [short dictionary and grammar of the Yoruba language]</i>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At%C3%BAm%E1%BB%8D%CC%80+ede+Yoruba+%5Bshort+dictionary+and+grammar+of+the+Yoruba+language%5D&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.au=Delan%E1%BB%8D%2C+Oloye+Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachnine,_Michka1997" class="citation book cs1">Sachnine, Michka (1997). <i>Dictionnaire yorùbá-français, suivi d'un index français-yorùbâ</i>. Paris: Karthala.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1-fran%C3%A7ais%2C+suivi+d%27un+index+fran%C3%A7ais-yor%C3%B9b%C3%A2&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Sachnine%2C+Michka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammars_and_sketches">Grammars and sketches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Grammars and sketches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afranaphproject.afranaphdatabase.com/images/stories/downloads/casefiles/YorubaGS.pdf">Adesola, Oluseye (2005). <i>Yoruba: A Grammar Sketch. Version 1.0.</i> The Afranaph Project.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdéwọlé,_L.O.2000" class="citation book cs1">Adéwọlé, L.O. (2000). <i>Beginning Yorùbá (Part I)</i>. Monograph Series no. 9. Cape Town: CASAS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1+%28Part+I%29&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=CASAS&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Ad%C3%A9w%E1%BB%8Dl%C3%A9%2C+L.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdéwọlé,_L.O.2001" class="citation book cs1">Adéwọlé, L.O. (2001). <i>Beginning Yorùbá (Part II)</i>. Monograph Series no. 10. Cape Town: CASAS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1+%28Part+II%29&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=CASAS&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Ad%C3%A9w%E1%BB%8Dl%C3%A9%2C+L.O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBamgboṣe,_Ayọ1966" class="citation book cs1">Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966). <i>A Grammar of Yoruba</i>. [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Yoruba&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Bamgbo%E1%B9%A3e%2C+Ay%E1%BB%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karin_Barber" title="Karin Barber">Barber, Karin</a> (1985). <i>Yorùbá Dùn ún So: a beginners' course in Yorùbá</i> (1st ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300029581" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300029581"><bdi>978-0300029581</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1+D%C3%B9n+%C3%BAn+So%3A+a+beginners%27+course+in+Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0300029581&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen,_Thomas_Jefferson1858" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, Thomas Jefferson (1858). <i>"Grammar and Dictionary of the Yoruba Language: With an Introductory Description of the Country and People of Yoruba"</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Grammar+and+Dictionary+of+the+Yoruba+Language%3A+With+an+Introductory+Description+of+the+Country+and+People+of+Yoruba%22&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Bowen%2C+Thomas+Jefferson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammardictionar00bowerich">Available at the Internet Archive.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther,_Samuel_Ajayi1852" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Samuel Ajayi (1852). <i>Yoruba Grammar</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba+Grammar&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Crowther%2C+Samuel+Ajayi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span> The first grammar of Yoruba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/agrammaryorubal00crowgoog">Available at the Internet Archive.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowlands,_E.C.1969" class="citation book cs1">Rowlands, E.C. (1969). <i>Teach Yourself Yoruba</i>. London: The English Universities Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Yoruba&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+English+Universities+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Rowlands%2C+E.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard,_Ida1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida Ward">Ward, Ida</a> (1952). <i>An introduction to the Yoruba language</i>. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+Yoruba+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=W.+Heffer+%26+Sons&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Ward%2C+Ida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYetunde,_AntoniaSchleicher,_Folarin2006" class="citation book cs1">Yetunde, Antonia & Schleicher, Folarin (2006). <i>Colloquial Yoruba</i>. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd (Routledge).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Yoruba&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Ltd+%28Routledge%29&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Yetunde%2C+Antonia&rft.au=Schleicher%2C+Folarin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yoruba_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Yoruba" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Yoruba">Yoruba</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yoruba_phrasebook#Q34311" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Yoruba phrasebook">Yoruba</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/">Yoruba Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yoruba.htm">Omniglot: Yoruba orthography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorubadictionary.com/">Yoruba dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woaka.com/all/yo">kasahorow Yoruba Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oroede.sourceforge.net/">Ọrọ èdè Yorùbá</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402182521/http://oroede.sourceforge.net/">Archived</a> 2012-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yoruba.xLingua.net/yo/">lingua: Yoruba-Online-Dictionary English-Yoruba / Yoruba-English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108095755/http://yoruba.xlingua.net/yo/">Archived</a> 2019-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712050138/http://media.revver.com/broadcast/28158/video.mov">Sabere d'owo Yoruba video drama series</a>. Radio Abeokuta (2006).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402092742/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Yoruba">Pan-African Localization</a> page for Yoruba</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302065000/http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/Yoruba.aspx">Journal of West African Languages: Yoruba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theyorubablog.com/">Yoruba blog (features bilingual texts in Yoruba and English, including folklore)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abibitumikasa.com/forums/forumdisplay.php/907-Yoruba-Language-Resources">Abibitumi Kasa Yorùbá Language Resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125046/https://www.abibitumikasa.com/forums/forumdisplay.php/907-Yoruba-Language-Resources">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coerll.utexas.edu/yemi/">Yorùbá Yé Mi – A Beginning Yorùbá Textbook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oXxBAAAAYAAJ">A Vocabulary of the Yoruba Language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Yoruba_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoruba_topics" title="Template:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoruba_topics" title="Template talk:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoruba_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yoruba_people" title="History of the Yoruba people">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ifẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_country" title="Yoruba country">Yoruba country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region, Nigeria">Western Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria#Ethnic_groups" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin#Demographics" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo#Ethnic_groups" title="Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijesha" title="Ijesha">Ijesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogu_people" title="Ogu people">Egun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yewa_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yewa clan">Egbado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbomina" title="Igbomina">Igbomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awori_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Awori tribe">Awori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akoko" title="Akoko">Akoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okun_people" title="Okun people">Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaje" title="Ilaje">Ilaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olukumi_people" title="Olukumi people">Olukumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ulukwumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokole_language_(Benin)" title="Mokole language (Benin)">Mokole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Dassa" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa">Rulers of Dassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Icha" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha">Rulers of Icha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Ketu" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu">Rulers of Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Sabe" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe">Rulers of Sabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olota_of_Ota" title="Olota of Ota">Olota of Ota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_Alake" class="mw-redirect" title="Egba Alake">Egba Alake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo_Kingdom" title="Iwo Kingdom">Iwo Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owu_Kingdom" title="Owu Kingdom">Owu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom" title="Ondo Kingdom">Ondo Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akure_Kingdom" title="Akure Kingdom">Akure Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oke_Ila" title="Oke Ila">Oke Ila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ila_Yara" title="Ila Yara">Ila Yara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ila_Orangun" title="Ila Orangun">Ila Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoani_Confederacy" title="Idoani Confederacy">Idoani Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region, Nigeria">Western Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography<br />(<a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precolonial state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_country" title="Yoruba country">Yoruba country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department" title="Ouémé Department">Ouémé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" title="Plateau Department">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collines_Department" title="Collines Department">Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" title="Borgou Department">Borgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibori_Department" title="Alibori Department">Alibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Department" title="Zou Department">Zou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donga_Department" title="Donga Department">Donga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" title="Plateau Department">Plateau (Kétou)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State" title="Oyo State">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osun_State" title="Osun State">Osun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_State" title="Ekiti State">Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara">Kwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogi">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilorin" title="Ilorin">Ilorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%E1%BA%B9okuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Abẹokuta">Abẹokuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Oyo">Ọyọ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ilé-Ifẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akure" title="Akure">Akure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbomosho" title="Ogbomosho">Ogbomosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Owo, Nigeria">Owo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ado-Ekiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado-Ekiti">Ado-Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwo, Nigeria">Iwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondo City">Ondo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Novo" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Novo">Porto Novo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people#Demographics" title="Yoruba people">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saros_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros (Nigeria)">Saros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian British">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba American">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucumi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucumi people">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_of_African_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaicans of African ancestry">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Brazilian">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_traditional_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba traditional art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music" title="Yoruba music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_numerals" title="Yoruba numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_literature" title="Yoruba literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education & philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_medicine" title="Yorùbá medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_architecture" title="Yoruba architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yoruba Wikipedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%BAew%C3%A9_%C3%80k%E1%BB%8D%CC%81k%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" class="extiw" title="yo:Ojúewé Àkọ́kọ́">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Nigeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Nigeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio-Efik_languages" title="Ibibio-Efik languages">Efik-Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_language" title="Tiv language">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e6e6ff;"><div id="Indigenous_languages_(grouped_by_Nigerian_state)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous languages <span style="font-size:85%;">(grouped by <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">Nigerian state</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacama_language" title="Bacama language">Bacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_language_(Adamawa)" title="Bali language (Adamawa)">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_language" title="Boga language">Boga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daka_language" title="Daka language">Daka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_language_(Nigeria)" title="Dong language (Nigeria)">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_of_Mubi" title="Fali of Mubi">Fali of Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27anda_language" title="Ga'anda language">Ga'anda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaa_language" title="Gaa language">Gaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudu_language" title="Gudu language">Gudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holma_language" title="Holma language">Holma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huba_language" title="Huba language">Huba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwana_language" title="Hwana language">Hwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirya-Konz%C9%99l_language" title="Kirya-Konzəl language">Kirya-Konzəl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofa language">Kofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpasam_language" title="Kpasam language">Kpasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugama_language" title="Kugama language">Kugama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumba_language" title="Kumba language">Kumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwaba_language" title="Ngwaba language">Ngwaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukur_language" title="Sukur language">Sukur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taram_language" title="Taram language">Taram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme_language" title="Teme language">Teme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wom_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wom language (Nigeria)">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_language" title="Anaang language">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekit language">Ekit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oron_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oron language">Oron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bure_language" title="Bure language">Bure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Dazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_language" title="Deno language">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulbu_language" title="Dulbu language">Dulbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jarawa language (Nigeria)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubi_language" title="Kubi language">Kubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushi language">Kushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusur%E2%80%93Myet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusur–Myet language">Kusur–Myet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labir_language" title="Labir language">Labir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangas language">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miya_language" title="Miya language">Miya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'a language">Pa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piya_language" title="Piya language">Piya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiki_language" title="Shiki language">Shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_language" title="Siri language">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ijo" title="Southeast Ijo">Southeast Ijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibak_language" title="Cibak language">Cibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineni_language" title="Cineni language">Cineni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dghwede_language" title="Dghwede language">Dghwede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduf-Gava_language" title="Guduf-Gava language">Guduf-Gava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilbe_language" title="Jilbe language">Jilbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggwahyi_language" title="Nggwahyi language">Nggwahyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putai_language" title="Putai language">Putai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandala_language" title="Wandala language">Wandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanyom_language" title="Abanyom language">Abanyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbe_language" title="Mbe language">Mbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbembe_language" title="Mbembe language">Mbembe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Uhrobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishan language">Ishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bini_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bini language">Bini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awak language">Awak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangwinji_language" title="Bangwinji language">Bangwinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamo_language" title="Kamo language">Kamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_language" title="Pero language">Pero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_language" title="Tula language">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adara_language" title="Adara language">Adara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwai_language" title="Ahwai language">Ahwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanufi_language" title="Kanufi language">Anib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsam_language" title="Atsam language">Atsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayu_language" title="Ayu language">Ayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_language" title="Bu language">Bu-Ninkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_language" title="Bina language">Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piti_language" title="Piti language">Bishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cori language">Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doka_language" title="Doka language">Doka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungu_language" title="Dungu language">Dungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duya language">Duya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku_language" title="Iku language">Ekhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbagyi language">Gbagyi-Gbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyong_language" title="Gyong language">Gyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_language" title="Hyam language">Hyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_language" title="Kulu language">Ikulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivi_language" title="Kaivi language">Kaivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinuku_language" title="Kinuku language">Kinuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kono_language_(Nigeria)" title="Kono language (Nigeria)">Koonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuwa-Zamani_language" title="Shuwa-Zamani language">Kuzamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mada_language" title="Mada language">Mada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_language" title="Mala language">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghan language">Nghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikyob-Nindem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikyob-Nindem language">Nikyob-Nindem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninzo_language" title="Ninzo language">Ninzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numana_language" title="Numana language">Numana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungu_language" title="Nungu language">Nungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyankpa_language" title="Nyankpa language">Nyankpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruma_language" title="Ruma language">Ruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambe_language" title="Sambe language">Sambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamang_language" title="Shamang language">Shamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">T'kurmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_language" title="Map language">Timap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheni-Ziriya_language" title="Sheni-Ziriya language">TiSeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vori_language" title="Vori language">Tivori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbiri-Niragu_language" title="Gbiri-Niragu language">Tugbiri-Niragu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi_language" title="Tumi language">Tumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Fantswam, Gworog, Sholyio, Takad, Tyap Mabatado, Tyecharak, Tyuku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vono_language" title="Vono language">Vono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Wachi_language" title="Koro Wachi language">Wachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhire_language" title="Zhire language">Zhire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">Tikurmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damakawa_language" title="Damakawa language">Damakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Saare_language" title="Hun-Saare language">Hun-Saare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oworo_dialect" title="Oworo dialect">Oworo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_language" title="Kupa language">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ake_language" title="Ake language">Ake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumu_language" title="Alumu language">Alumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jili_language" title="Jili language">Jili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Asu language (Nigeria)">Asu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijili_language" title="Jijili language">Jijili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongu_language" title="Pongu language">Pongu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkul_language" title="Barkul language">Barkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Bogghom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyam language">Fyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyer_language" title="Fyer language">Fyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horom_language" title="Horom language">Horom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorto language">Jorto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofyar language">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngas_language" title="Ngas language">Ngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_language" title="Pe language">Pe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigwe_language" title="Rigwe language">Rigwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_language" title="Ron language">Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur language">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_language" title="Tal language">Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Takad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankam language">Yankam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abua_language" title="Abua language">Abua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baan_language" title="Baan language">Baan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biseni_language" title="Biseni language">Biseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_language" title="Eleme language">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokana_language" title="Gokana language">Gokana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_language" title="Kalabari language">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khana_language" title="Khana language">Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugbo_language" title="Kugbo language">Kugbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O’chi’chi’ language">O’chi’chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obulom_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Obulom language">Obulom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odual_language" title="Odual language">Odual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_language" title="Ogba language">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbogolo_language" title="Ogbogolo language">Ogbogolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbronuagum_language" title="Ogbronuagum language">Ogbronuagum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okodia_language" title="Okodia language">Okodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oruma_language" title="Oruma language">Oruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_language" title="Tee language">Tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baissa_Fali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baissa Fali language">Baissa Fali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bete_language_(Nigeria)" title="Bete language (Nigeria)">Bete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buru language (Nigeria)">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Donga language">Donga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpati_language" title="Kpati language">Kpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laka_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laka language (Nigeria)">Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufu_language" title="Lufu language">Lufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyam_language" title="Nyam language">Nyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangseng_language" title="Pangseng language">Pangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rang_language" title="Rang language">Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_language" title="Waka language">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoti_language" title="Yoti language">Yoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Nigerian_alphabet" title="Pan-Nigerian alphabet">Pan-Nigerian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Benin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Benin" title="Template:Languages of Benin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Benin" title="Template talk:Languages of Benin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Benin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Benin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Benin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Languages of Benin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguna_language" title="Aguna language">Aguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alada_language" title="Alada language">Alada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_language" title="Gun language">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pher%C3%A1_language" title="Pherá language">Pherá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phla_language" title="Phla language">Phla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofin_language" title="Tofin language">Tofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C9%94li_language" title="Tɔli language">Tɔli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waci_language" title="Waci language">Waci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berba_language" title="Berba language">Berba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_language" title="Lama language">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukpa_language" title="Lukpa language">Lukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelime_language" title="Mbelime language">Mbelime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateni_language" title="Nateni language">Nateni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngangam_language" title="Ngangam language">Ngangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammari_language" title="Tammari language">Tammari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waama_language" title="Waama language">Waama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_language" title="Yom language">Yom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodo_language" title="Foodo language">Foodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokole_language_(Benin)" title="Mokole language (Benin)">Mokole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_language" title="Dendi language">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volta–Niger_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Template:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Template talk:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volta-Niger_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volta-Niger languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volta–Niger_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ayere%E2%80%93Ahan_languages" title="Ayere–Ahan languages">Ayere-Ahan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayere_language" title="Ayere language">Ayere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahan_language" title="Ahan language">Ahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alada_language" title="Alada language">Alada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayizo_language" title="Ayizo language">Ayizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbesi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbesi language">Gbesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_language" title="Gun language">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C9%94li_language" title="Tɔli language">Tɔli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofin_language" title="Tofin language">Tofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pher%C3%A1_language" title="Pherá language">Pherá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phla_language" title="Phla language">Phla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxwe_language" title="Saxwe language">Saxwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezaa_language" title="Ezaa language">Ezaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwo_language" title="Ikwo language">Ikwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izi_language" title="Izi language">Izii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mgbo_language" title="Mgbo language">Mgbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_language" title="Ogba language">Ogba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Delta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North-Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enwan_language" title="Enwan language">Enwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esan_language" title="Esan language">Esan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghotuo_language" title="Ghotuo language">Ghotuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igwe_language" title="Igwe language">Igwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhin_language" title="Ikhin language">Ikhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpeshi_language" title="Ikpeshi language">Ikpeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivbiosakon_language" title="Ivbiosakon language">Ivbiosakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpela_language" title="Okpela language">Okpela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ososo_language" title="Ososo language">Ososo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaru_language" title="Sasaru language">Sasaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uneme_language" title="Uneme language">Uneme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuku_language" title="Akuku language">Akuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehueun_language" title="Ehueun language">Ehueun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyayu_language" title="Iyayu language">Iyayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpamheri_language" title="Okpamheri language">Okpamheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oloma_language" title="Oloma language">Oloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpe_language_(Northwestern_Edo)" title="Okpe language (Northwestern Edo)">NW Okpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhami_language" title="Uhami language">Uhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukue_language" title="Ukue language">Ukue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Southwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eruwa_language" title="Eruwa language">Eruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpe_language_(Southwestern_Edo)" title="Okpe language (Southwestern Edo)">SW Okpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvbie_language" title="Uvbie language">Uvbie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">Nupoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Asu language (Nigeria)">Asu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibo_language" title="Dibo language">Dibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gade_language" title="Gade language">Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupa-Abawa_language" title="Gupa-Abawa language">Gupa-Abawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_language" title="Kami language">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Zuba_language" title="Koro Zuba language">Koro Zuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_language" title="Kupa language">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatu_language" title="Agatu language">Agatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alago_language" title="Alago language">Alago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etulo_language" title="Etulo language">Etulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yace_language" title="Yace language">Yace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akpa_language" title="Akpa language">Akpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yala_language" title="Yala language">Yala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpes_language" title="Akpes language">Akpes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akoko_language" title="Akoko language">Akoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko_language" title="Oko language">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34311#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34311#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120403-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149236">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Yoruba (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945279q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Yoruba (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11945279q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574342">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jazyk joruba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph384520&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lengua yoruba"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX539835">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531987305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02740322X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&oldid=1259663112">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_language&oldid=1259663112</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoruba_language" title="Category:Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Analytic_languages" title="Category:Analytic languages">Analytic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Isolating_languages" title="Category:Isolating languages">Isolating languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Benin" title="Category:Languages of Benin">Languages of Benin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object_languages" title="Category:Subject–verb–object languages">Subject–verb–object languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Whistled_languages" title="Category:Whistled languages">Whistled languages</a></li><li><a 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