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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Samana</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>26 November 1709</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Samana,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Samana, Punjab">Samana</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagoo2001124_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagoo2001124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Sikh victory<sup id="cite_ref-sarsa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarsa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jacques_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacques-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Establishment of the First Sikh State</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/23px-Sikh_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/35px-Sikh_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/46px-Sikh_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryot" title="Ryot">Peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahiya_(surname)" title="Dahiya (surname)">Dahiyas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khanda,_Sonipat" title="Khanda, Sonipat">Khanda</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/23px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/35px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/46px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/23px-Sikh_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/35px-Sikh_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sikh_flag.jpg/46px-Sikh_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/23px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/35px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg/46px-Alam_of_the_Mughal_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Sirhind)" title="Wazir Khan (Sirhind)">Wazir Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Sowar" title="Sowar">Cavalry</a><br />5,000 Infantry<br />8,000 Total</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000+</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 10,000</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guler_(1696)" title="Battle of Guler (1696)">Guler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taragarh" title="Battle of Taragarh">Taragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1700)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1700)">Anandpur (1st, 1700)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1700)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1700)">Anandpur (2nd, 1700)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Chamkaur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Chamkaur">Chamkaur (1st)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur_(1704)" title="First Battle of Anandpur (1704)">Anandpur (1st, 1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Anandpur (1704)">Anandpur (2nd, 1704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur (2nd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajau" title="Battle of Jajau">Jajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1709)" title="Battle of Amritsar (1709)">Amritsar (1709)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kapuri" title="Battle of Kapuri">Kapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li>Ropar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li>Saharanpur</li> <li>Nanautu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" title="Siege of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kotla_Begum_(1710)" title="Siege of Kotla Begum (1710)">Kotla Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhilowal" title="Battle of Bhilowal">Bhilowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Second Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh (1712)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiri_Pathan_(1714)" title="Battle of Kiri Pathan (1714)">Kiri Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gurdaspur" title="Siege of Gurdaspur">Gurdaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wan_(1726)" title="Battle of Wan (1726)">Wan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thikriwala" title="Battle of Thikriwala">Thikriwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basarke" title="Battle of Basarke">Basarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amritsar_(1738)" title="Battle of Amritsar (1738)">Amritsar (1738)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samad_Khan%27s_Expedition_against_the_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Samad Khan's Expedition against the Sikhs">Samad Khan's Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarai_Nurdin" title="Battle of Sarai Nurdin">Sarai Nurdin</a></li> <li>Rorī Sahib</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sodhra_and_Badra" title="Battle of Sodhra and Badra">Sodhra and Badra (1748)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amritsar_(1748)" title="Siege of Amritsar (1748)">Amritsar (1748)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ram_Rauni" title="Siege of Ram Rauni">Ram Rauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan_(1749)" title="Battle of Multan (1749)">Multan (1749)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun_(1752)" title="Battle of Nadaun (1752)">Nadaun (1752)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1753)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1753)">Anandpur (1753)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patti" title="Battle of Patti">Patti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1764)" title="Battle of Delhi (1764)">Delhi (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_Panipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1770)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kunjpura_(1772)" title="Siege of Kunjpura (1772)">Kunjpura (1772)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jind_(1776)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jind (1776)">Jind</a></li> <li>Ghanaur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patiala_(1779)" title="Siege of Patiala (1779)">Patiala</a></li> <li>Shafi's Campaign</li> <li>Sirhind (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi (1783)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Samana</b> was fought between the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Government of <a href="/wiki/Samana,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Samana, Punjab">Samana</a> in 1709. Following the battle, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a> shook the administration of <a href="/wiki/Old_Delhi" title="Old Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samana was a town where executioners Sayyed Jalal-ud-din, Shashal Beg and Bashal Beg lived. Sayyed Jalal-ud-din was responsible for the execution of Sikh <a href="/wiki/Guru_Teg_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Teg Bahadur">Guru Teg Bahadur</a>, whereas, Shashal Beg and Bashal Beg were responsible for the execution of Guru Gobind Singh's <a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)">two</a> <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikhism)">children</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagoo2001125_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagoo2001125-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> had 3,000 horsemen and 5,000 foot-soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander of <a href="/wiki/Samana,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Samana, Punjab">Samana</a> had his town well defended. <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda</a> advanced with speed during the night and reached the gates of Samana by the dawn of November 26. Once the gate-keepers were killed the whole army charged into the town. The executioners of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikhism)">grand</a><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Sikhism)" title="Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)">children</a> were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ryot" title="Ryot">peasantry</a> of the neighborhood joined Banda Singh's army of 8,000, looking to wreak vengeance upon their expropriating <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a> (feudal lords) and together with Banda and his army entered the town from all sides, killed thousands of the city's inhabitants and razed the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagoo2001125_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagoo2001125-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jacques_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacques-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly 10,000 Muslims are said to have been massacred in the town and a great amount of wealth was obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the successful expedition against Samana, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a> established the First Sikh State and appointed <a href="/wiki/Fateh_Singh_(Sikh_warrior)" title="Fateh Singh (Sikh warrior)">Fateh Singh</a> as the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Samana,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Samana, Punjab">Samana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, some important towns on the way to Sirhind were plundered, especially as they could provide military assistance to Sirhind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi199928_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199928-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banda also forcibly took supplies from the villagers and plundered <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a> on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The villages of <a href="/wiki/Kunjpura" title="Kunjpura">Kunjpura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghuram" title="Ghuram">Ghuram</a> and Thaska were also destroyed by the Sikhs, which were inhabited by Muslim <a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar">Ranghars</a>, who committed atrocities against the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoon2017" class="citation journal cs1">Joon, Rs (2017-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0023">"Foreword to History: A Novel"</a>. <i>University of Illinois Press</i>. <b>1</b>: 179–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fillinois%2F9780252039003.003.0023">10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0023</a>. <q>While on his way to Punjab, Banda Bairagi broke his journey at Sehri - Khandaa a Jat village of Dahiya Gotra, 20 miles west of Delhi. From there he dispatched letters to all the Jathedars of the Panth to concentrate forthwith. He planned to attack and loot the Royal treasury by and by the Sikhs started arriving and the strength of the force rose to 14000. He attached Samana, overran Sadhora</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.atitle=Foreword+to+History%3A+A+Novel&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=179-180&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fillinois%2F9780252039003.003.0023&rft.aulast=Joon&rft.aufirst=Rs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5406%2Fillinois%2F9780252039003.003.0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagoo2001124-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagoo2001124_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagoo2001">Sagoo 2001</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarsa-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sarsa_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques,_Tony2007" class="citation book cs1">Jacques, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06k5ygAACAAJ"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 891. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33536-5"><bdi>978-0-313-33536-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges&rft.pages=891&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33536-5&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06k5ygAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacques-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jacques_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jacques_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques, p. 892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Mikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Alexander Mikaberidze</a> (31 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA120"><i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 120–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-337-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=120-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-337-8&rft.au=Alexander+Mikaberidze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBBYD2J2oE4C%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagoo2001125-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagoo2001125_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagoo2001125_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagoo2001">Sagoo 2001</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pat-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pat_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2007" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Patwant (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&pg=PT68"><i>The Sikhs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307429339" title="Special:BookSources/9780307429339"><bdi>9780307429339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780307429339&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Patwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27XYeylUzWwC%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh_and_Singh1997" class="citation book cs1">Singh and Singh, Daljeet and Kharak (1997). <i>Sikhism its Philosophy and History</i>. Nagar, Chandigarh: Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85815-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-85815-03-8"><bdi>81-85815-03-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism+its+Philosophy+and+History&rft.place=Nagar%2C+Chandigarh&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Institute+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-85815-03-8&rft.aulast=Singh+and+Singh&rft.aufirst=Daljeet+and+Kharak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDFuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA209"><i>Journal of Indian History</i></a>. Department of Modern Indian History, 1981. 1981. p. 209. <q>The peasantry joined hands with the Sikhs and did not hesitate to wreak vengeance upon their expropriating landlords.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Indian+History&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Department+of+Modern+Indian+History%2C+1981&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDFuAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1998" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1998-10-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA82"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998-10-08&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1944" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73329/page/n67/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab, 1707-1793</i></a>. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Later+Mughal+History+of+the+Panjab%2C+1707-1793&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.73329%2Fpage%2Fn67%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1950" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ganda (1950). <i>A Short History of the Sikhs</i>. Orient Longmans. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1999" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Surjit (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SikhsInTheEighteenthCentury/page/n28/mode/2up"><i>Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century</i></a>. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhs+In+The+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Surjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSikhsInTheEighteenthCentury%2Fpage%2Fn28%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi199928-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi199928_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGandhi1999">Gandhi 1999</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagoo2001" class="citation book cs1">Sagoo, Harbans Kaur (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty/page/n139/mode/1up"><i>Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty</i></a>. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176293006" title="Special:BookSources/9788176293006"><bdi>9788176293006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banda+Singh+Bahadur+and+Sikh+Sovereignty&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788176293006&rft.aulast=Sagoo&rft.aufirst=Harbans+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBandaSinghBahadurAndSikhSovereignty%2Fpage%2Fn139%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacauliffe2013" class="citation book cs1">Macauliffe, Max Arthur (2013-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMeclUzAh9sC&pg=PA247"><i>The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05547-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-05547-5"><bdi>978-1-108-05547-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Religion%3A+Its+Gurus%2C+Sacred+Writings+and+Authors&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.isbn=978-1-108-05547-5&rft.aulast=Macauliffe&rft.aufirst=Max+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMeclUzAh9sC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1999" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (1999) [1937]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnaorg.com/books/english/history-of-sikhs-v2/history-of-sikhs-v2.pdf"><i>History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121502481" title="Special:BookSources/9788121502481"><bdi>9788121502481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+Evolution+of+Sikh+Confederacies+%281708-69%29&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788121502481&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnaorg.com%2Fbooks%2Fenglish%2Fhistory-of-sikhs-v2%2Fhistory-of-sikhs-v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Samana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samana&oldid=1258733946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Samana&oldid=1258733946</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Sikhs" title="Category:Battles involving the Sikhs">Battles involving the Sikhs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles involving the Mughal Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1709" title="Category:Conflicts in 1709">Conflicts in 1709</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1709_in_India" title="Category:1709 in India">1709 in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1700s_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:1700s in the Mughal Empire">1700s in the Mughal Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Rajputs" title="Category:Battles involving the Rajputs">Battles involving the Rajputs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_February_2022" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from February 2022">Accuracy disputes from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 09:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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