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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="السلطة على الحياة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلطة على الحياة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="জৈবক্ষমতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জৈবক্ষমতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopoder" title="Biopoder – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biopoder" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomoc" title="Biomoc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biomoc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-Macht" title="Bio-Macht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bio-Macht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopoder" title="Biopoder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biopoder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopouvoir" title="Biopouvoir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biopouvoir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfvald" title="Lífvald – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífvald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biovara" title="Biovara – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biovara" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomacht" title="Biomacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biomacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जैविक क्षमता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जैविक क्षमता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biopoder" title="Biopoder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biopoder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomakt" title="Biomakt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biomakt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in the postmodern theory of social control</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Michel Foucault's social theory. For the <a href="/wiki/Saab_Automobile" title="Saab Automobile">Saab automobile</a> engine of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Saab_H_engine" title="Saab H engine">Saab H engine</a>. For transesterified lipids used as a fuel source, see <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>. For biomass used in electricity generation, see <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">bioenergy</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Biocontrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Biocontrol">biocontrol</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Biopower</b> (or <i>biopouvoir</i> in French), coined by French <a href="/wiki/Social_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social theorist">social theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to various means by which modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a> <a href="/wiki/Control_of_populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of populations">control their populations</a>. In Foucault's work, it has been used to refer to practices of public health, regulation of heredity, and risk regulation, among many other regulatory mechanisms often linked less directly with literal <a href="/wiki/Physical_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical health">physical health</a>. Foucault first used the term in his lecture courses at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term first appeared in print in <i>The Will to Knowledge</i>, Foucault's first volume of <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related to a term he uses much less frequently, but which subsequent thinkers have taken up independently, <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a>, which aligns more closely with the examination of the strategies and mechanisms through which human life processes are managed under regimes of authority over knowledge, power, and the processes of subjectivation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foucault's_conception"><span id="Foucault.27s_conception"></span>Foucault's conception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foucault's conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Foucault, biopower is a <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Power_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (sociology)">power</a> for managing <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a> in large groups; the distinctive quality of this political technology is that it allows for the control of entire populations. It refers to the control of human bodies through an <i>anatomo-politics of the human body</i> and <i>biopolitics of the population</i> through societal <i><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciplinary institutions">disciplinary institutions</a></i>. Modern power, according to Foucault's analysis, becomes <a href="/wiki/Encoded" class="mw-redirect" title="Encoded">encoded</a> into social practices as well as human behavior, as the human subject gradually acquiesces to subtle regulations and expectations of the social order. It is an integral feature and essential to the workings of—and makes possible the emergence of—the modern <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biopower is literally having power over bodies; it is "an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugation of bodies and the control of populations".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foucault elaborates further in his lecture courses on biopower entitled <i>Security, Territory, Population</i> delivered at the Collège de France between January and April 1978: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By this I mean a number of phenomena that seem to me to be quite significant, namely, the set of mechanisms through which the basic biological features of the human species became the object of a political strategy, of a general strategy of power, or, in other words, how, starting from the 18th century, modern Western societies took on board the fundamental biological fact that human beings are a species. This is what I have called biopower.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It relates to governmental concerns of fostering the life of the population, "an <i>anatomo-politics of the human body</i> a global mass that is affected by overall characteristics specific to life, like birth, death, production, illness, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It produces a generalized disciplinary society<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>regulatory controls</i> through <i>biopolitics of the population</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his lecture <i>Society Must Be Defended</i>, Foucault examines <i>biopolitical state racism</i>, and its accomplished rationale of myth-making and narrative. Here he states the fundamental difference between biopolitics<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and discipline: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Where discipline is the technology deployed to make individuals behave, to be efficient and productive workers, biopolitics is deployed to manage population; for example, to ensure a healthy workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Foucault argues that the previous <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> rule of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="Popes">popes</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> model of power and social control over the body was an individualising mode based on a singular individual, primarily the king, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman emperor</a>, pope and Roman emperor. However, after the emergence of the medieval metaphor <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a> which meant society as a whole with the ruler, in this case the king, as the head of society with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estates of the realm</a> and the Medieval <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> next to the monarch with the majority of the peasant population or feudal serfs at the bottom of the hierarchical pyramid. This meaning of the metaphor was then codified into medieval law for the offense of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> and if found guilty the sentence of <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">Hanged, drawn and quartered</a> was carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this was drastically altered in 18th century Europe with the advent and realignment of modern political power as opposed to the ancient world and Medieval version of <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a>. The mass democracy of the Liberal western world and the voting franchise was added to the mass population; <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a>; universal adult suffrage-exclusively male at this time, then extended to women in Europe from 1906 (Finland) - 1971 (Switzerland, see <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Women's suffrage in Switzerland</a>), and extending to people of African descent in America with the abolition of the infamous <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> in 1964 (see <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>). </p><p>The emergence of the human sciences and its subsequent direction, during the 16th and 18th centuries, primarily aimed at the modern Western man and the society he inhabits, aided the development of <i><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Disciplinary institutions">Disciplinary institution</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and furthermore, Foucault cites the human sciences, particularly the medical sciences, led to the advent of <i>anatomo-politics of the human body,</i> a biopolitics and bio-history of man.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A transition occurred through forcible removal of various European monarchs into a "scientific" state apparatus and the radical overhaul of judiciary practices coupled with the reinvention and division of those who were to be punished.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second mode for seizure of power was developed as a type of power that was <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> and "massifying" rather than "individualizing". By "massifying" Foucault means transforming into a population ("population state"),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an extra added impetus of a governing mechanism in the form of a scientific machinery and apparatus. This scientific mechanism which we now know as the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> "governs less" of the population and concentrates more on administrating external devices. Foucault then reminds us that this <i>anatomo-biopoltics</i> of the body (and human life) and the population correlates with the new founded knowledge of sciences and the 'new' politics of modern society, masquerading as liberal democracy, where life (biological life) itself became not only a deliberate political strategy but an economic, political and scientific problem, both for the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sciences" title="Mathematical sciences">mathematical sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biological_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological sciences">biological sciences</a>–coupled together with the nation state.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And I think that one of the greatest transformations political right underwent in the 19th century was precisely that, I wouldn't say exactly that sovereignty's old right—to take life or let live—was replaced, but it came to be complemented by a new right which does not erase the old right but which does penetrate it, permeate it. To say that power took possession of life in the nineteenth century, or to say that power at least takes life under its care in the nineteenth century, is to say that it has, thanks to the play of technologies of discipline on the one hand and technologies of regulation on the other, succeeded in covering the whole surface that lies between the organic and the biological, between body and population. We are, then, in a power that has taken control of both the body and life or that has, if you like, taken control of life in general – with the body as one pole and the population as the other. What we are dealing with in this new technology of power is not exactly society (or at least not the social body, as defined by the jurists), nor is it the individual body. It is a new body, a multiple body, a body with so many heads that, while they might not be infinite in number, cannot necessarily be counted. Biopolitics deals with the population, with the population as a political problem, as a problem that is at once scientific and political, as a biological problem and as power’s problem I would like in fact like to trace the transformation not at the level of political theory, but rather at the level of the mechanisms, techniques, and technologies of power. We saw the emergence of techniques of power that were essentially centered on the body, on the individual body. They included all devices that were used to ensure the spatial distribution of individuals bodies (their separation, their alignment, their serialization, and their surveillance)and the organization, around those individuals, of a whole field of visibility. They were also techniques that could be used to take control over bodies. Attempts were made to increase their productive force through exercise, drill, and so on. They were also techniques for rationalizing and strictly economizing on a power that had to be used in the least costly way possible, thanks to whole system of surveillance, hierarchies, inspections, book-keeping, and reports—all the technology of labor. It was established at the end of the seventeenth century, and in the course of the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Foucault argues that nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure their workings by hiding behind observation and scrutiny. Foucault insists social institutions such as governments, laws, religion, politics, social administration, monetary institutions, military institutions cannot have the same rigorous practices and procedure with claims to independent knowledge like those of the human and 'hard' sciences, such as mathematics, chemistry, astronomy, physics, genetics, and biology.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foucault sees these differences in techniques as nothing more than "behaviour control technologies", and modern biopower as nothing more than a series of webs and networks working its way around the societal body. </p><p>However, Foucault argues the exercise of power in the service of maximizing life carries a dark underside. When the state is invested in protecting the life of the population, when the stakes are life itself, anything can be justified. Groups identified as the threat to the existence of the life of the nation or of humanity can be eradicated with impunity. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> is indeed the dream of modern power, this is not because of the recent return to the ancient right to kill; it is because power is situated and exercised at the level of life, the species, the race, and the large-scale phenomena of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milieu_intérieur"><span id="Milieu_int.C3.A9rieur"></span><i>Milieu intérieur</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Milieu intérieur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foucault concentrates his attention on what he calls the major political and social project, namely the <a href="/wiki/Milieu_int%C3%A9rieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Milieu intérieur">Milieu</a>, or the environment within. Foucault takes as his starting point the 16th century, continuing to the 18th century, with the milieu culminating into the founding disciplines of science, mathematics,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political economy and statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foucault makes an explicit point on the value of secrecy of government (<i>arcana imperii,</i> from the Latin which means secrecy of power, secrets of the empire, which goes back to the time of the Roman empire in the age of Tacitus) coined by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a> and was incorporated into a politics of truth. Foucault insists, in referring to the term 'public opinion' ('politics of truth'), that the concept of truth refers to the term 'regimes of truth'. He mentions a group called <i>The Ideologues</i> where the term <i><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></i> first appears and is taken from.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foucault argues that it is through 'regimes of truth' that <a href="/wiki/Raison_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Raison d'état">raison d'état</a> achieves its political and biological success.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here the modern version of government is presented to the population in the national media—in the electronic media television and radio, and especially in the written press—as the modicum of efficiency, fiscal optimisation, political responsibility, and fiscal rigorousness. Thus, a public discourse of government solidarity emerges and social consensus is emphasised through these four points. This impression of joint solidarity is continuously reproduced through inherited political rationality, in turn giving the machine (Foucault uses the term <a href="/wiki/Dispositif" title="Dispositif">Dispositif</a>) of the State not only legitimacy but an air of invincibility from its main primary sources: reason, truth, freedom, and human existence. Foucault traces the first dynamics, the first historical dimensions, as belonging to the early Middle Ages. </p><p>One major thinker whose work forms a parallel with Foucault's own is the Medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Ernst Kantorowicz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kantorowicz mentions a Medieval device known as the <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a> (the king's two bodies). This Medieval device was so well received by legal theorists and lawyers of the day that it was incorporated and codified into Medieval society and institutions (Kantorowicz mentions the term <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a> which would later become known to us as <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, an economic category).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kantorowicz also refers to the <a href="/wiki/Glossator" title="Glossator">Glossators</a> who belonged to a well-known branch of legal schools in medieval Europe, experts in jurisprudence and law science, appeal of treason, The <a href="/wiki/Lords_Appellant" title="Lords Appellant">Lords Appellant</a> and the commentaries of jurist <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Plowden" title="Edmund Plowden">Edmund Plowden</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his Plowden Reports.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kantorowicz' analysis, a Medieval Political theology emerged throughout the Middle Ages which provided the modern basis for the democratisation of the <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary succession">hereditary succession</a> of a wealthy elite and for our own modern political hierarchical order (<a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">Politicians</a>) and their close association with the wealthy nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily, this is the democratisation of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a>, which is known in modern political terms as "<a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a>". Kantorowicz argues a Medieval triumvirate appears (with the support of the legal machine), a private enterprise of wealth and succession both supporting the fixed hierarchical order reserved exclusively for the nobility and their descendants, and the monarch and her/his heirs. Co-operation was needed by the three groups—the Monarchy, the Church, and the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a>—in an uneasy Medieval alliance and, at times, it appeared fractious.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What is the reasoning behind the whole population subservience with the worshiping of state emblems, symbols and related mechanisms with their associates who represent the institutional mechanism (democratization of sovereignty); where fierce loyalty from the population is presented, in modern times as universal admiration for the president, the monarch, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> and the prime minister? Foucault would argue that while all the cost benefits were met by the newly founded urban population in the form of production and <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">Political power</a>, it is precisely this type of behaviour which enables social cohesion, and supports the raison dêtre of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a> as well as its capacity to "govern less." </p><p>Foucault makes special note on the biological "naturalness" of the human species and the new founded scientific interest that was developing around not only with the species interaction with milieu and technology, but most importantly, technology operating as system not as so often portrayed by the political and social sciences which insisted on technology operating as social improvement. Both milieu, natural sciences and technology, allied with the characteristics surrounding social organization and increasingly the categorization of the sciences to help deal with this "naturalness" of milieu and of the inscription of truth onto nature. Due to Foucault's discussions with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Canguilhem" title="Georges Canguilhem">Georges Canguilhem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foucault notices that not only was milieu now a newly discovered scientific biological naturalness ever-present in Lamarckian Biology the notion (biological naturalness) was actually invented and imported from Newtonian mechanics (<a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a>) via <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon</a> due to Buffon mentorship and friendship with <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> and used by Biology in the middle of the 18th century borrowing from Newton the explanatory model of an organic reaction through the action of "milieu Newtonian" physics used by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and the Newtonians.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans (the species being mentioned in Marx) were now both the object of this newly discovered scientific and "natural" truth and new categorization, but subjected to it allied by laws, both scientific and <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> (scientific <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a>), the state's mode of governmental rationality to the will of its population. But, most importantly, interaction with the social environment and social interactions with others and the modern nation state's interest in the populations well-being and the destructive capability that the state possess in its armoury and it was with the group who called themselves the <i><a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">économistes</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Gournay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent de Gournay">Vincent de Gournay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_V%C3%A9ron_Duverger_de_Forbonnais" title="François Véron Duverger de Forbonnais">François Véron Duverger de Forbonnais</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anne-Robert-Jacques_Turgot" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot">Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who continued with the rationalization of this "naturalness". Foucault notices that this "naturalness" continues and is extended further with the advent of 18th century political society with the new founded implement "population" and their (political population) association with raison d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">Biopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_lectures_at_the_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France">Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">Governmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault <i>The History of Sexuality</i> Vol. 1 p. 140 (1976)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault: <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–1978</i> pp. 1–4; see notes on p. 24, notes 1–4 (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault: <i>Society Must Be Defended</i> Lectures at the Collège de France 1975–1976 p. 243 (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault, (1998) <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge. London: Penguin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthrobiopolitics.wordpress.com/2013/01/21/biopolitics-an-overview/">"Biopolitics: An Overview"</a>. <i>The Anthropology of Biopolitics</i>. 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Anthropology+of+Biopolitics&rft.atitle=Biopolitics%3A+An+Overview&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthrobiopolitics.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2F21%2Fbiopolitics-an-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolicante2010" class="citation journal cs1">Policante, Amedeo (2010). "War against Biopower - Timely Reflections on an Historicist Foucault". <i>Theory & Event</i>. <b>13</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftae.0.0123">10.1353/tae.0.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143924350">143924350</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/377396">377396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+%26+Event&rft.atitle=War+against+Biopower+-+Timely+Reflections+on+an+Historicist+Foucault&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftae.0.0123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143924350%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Policante&rft.aufirst=Amedeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1998" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1998) [1976]. <i>The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge</i>. London: Penguin. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality+Vol.+1%3A+The+Will+to+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78'<span></span></i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78%27&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nature Vol 490</i> p. 309, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. <span class="nowrap">377–</span>378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 378.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Security, Territory, Population’’, see also note 71, p. 397 2007</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1998" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1998) [1976]. <i>The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge</i>. London: Penguin. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality+Vol.+1%3A+The+Will+to+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 363, 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=363%2C+91&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2004" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2004) [1976]. <i>Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76</i>. London: Penguin. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+Must+Be+Defended%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1975-76&rft.place=London&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78'<span></span></i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 363, 401.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78%27&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=363%2C+401&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A declaration which offences shall be adjudged treason (25 Edw 3 St 5 c 2)</i> 1351 "When a man does compass or imagine the death of our lord the king, or of our lady his Queen, or their eldest son and heir."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an excellent account of this legislation see John Barrell <i>Imagining The King's Death Figurative Treason, Fantasies of Regicide, 1793-1796</i> (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. 55, 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=55%2C+86&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Foucault Bio-history and Biopolitics <i>Foucault Studies, No. 18, pp. 128-130, October 2014</i> Originally published in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> October 1976 which was written as a review essay in response to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jensen" title="Arthur Jensen">Arthur Jensen</a> overt racism and Foucault's great friend <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ruffi%C3%A9" title="Jacques Ruffié">Jacques Ruffié</a> response to Jensen's racist viewpoint, De la biologie à la culture [From biology to culture]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2007" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2007). <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security%2C+Territory%2C+Population%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1977-78&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault2003" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (2003) [1976]. <i>Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76</i>. London: Penguin. p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+Must+Be+Defended%3A+Lectures+at+the+Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France%2C+1975-76&rft.place=London&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Lang" title="Serge Lang">Serge Lang</a> Challenges pp. 1–222 See Chapter Academia, Journalism, and Politics: A Case Study: The Huntington Case (Serge Lang refers to his dispute with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>) (1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1998" class="citation book cs1">Foucault, Michel (1998) [1976]. <i>The History of Sexuality Vol. 1: The Will to Knowledge</i>. London: Penguin. p. 137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sexuality+Vol.+1%3A+The+Will+to+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Security, Territory, Population</i> p. 296 p. 308 Note 14 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Security, Territory, Population</i> pp. 29-49 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Security, Territory, Population, pp. 55–86 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter McCaffery <i>Who were the Ideologues? How Influential Were They?</i> 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Security, Territory, Population, pp. 55–86, pp. 83–84, note 27, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Security, Territory, Population</i> pp. 275–78, p. 283, notes 63–64 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i> pp. 25–29 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parrhesia:A Journal of Critical Philosophy</i> 5 pp. 9–18 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Discipline and Punish</i> p. 330 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Artur Golczewski <i>Sovereign Right, Democracy and the Rule of Law</i> Universitas 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernst Kantorowicz <i>The King's Two Bodies A Study In Mediaeval <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a></i> pp. 273–313 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The commentaries, or Reports of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Plowden" title="Edmund Plowden">Edmund Plowden</a> 1561</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duchy Of Lancaster (1561) 1 Plowden 212,213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The King's Two Bodies A Study In Mediaeval Political Theology</i> pp. 42–78 and pp. 87–107 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Sidney Madge, the King wasn't the major land owner in medieval Christendom; Madge quite clearly and brilliantly shows at least in one instance the king was only third in line and he had to share that right with others.<i>The Domesday Of Crown Lands</i>, pp. 20–21, 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Much of Madge's information comes from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Pearson" title="Charles Henry Pearson">Charles Henry Pearson</a> meticulous study of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesday">domesday</a> records.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Henry_Pearson" class="citation book cs1">Charles Henry Pearson. <i>History Of England During The Early Middles Ages Volume 1 1867</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+England+During+The+Early+Middles+Ages+Volume+1+1867&rft.au=Charles+Henry+Pearson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiopower" class="Z3988"></span>. Madge places the barons' majority ownership of all land at 50.5% in 1086 (in 1065 it was 50.7%). According to Madge's analysis of Pearson's work, by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a> the monarch of the day—the king—wasn't, by all accounts, the major land owner; his percentage share was just 20.5% in 1065, before the conquest, and dropped to 19.9% after the conquest in 1086. Moreover, the monarch had to share that right with the powerful <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church of the day (the church's share was 28.8% in 1065; at the end of the conquest in 1086 it was 29.6%). This necessitated an efficient accountancy and auditing system with the overall fiscal responsibility and liability of the Exchequer, Treasury and the entire kingdom of the realm (kingdom in this case meaning the Barons and the church who funded the King's expenditure) and its ruler the King, known as the <a href="/wiki/Barons_of_the_exchequer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons of the exchequer">Barons of the exchequer</a>, supervised and organized by the barons of the day.Sidney J Madge, The Domesday Of Crown Lands, pp. 20–21, 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Security, Territory, Population, pp. 26-27, see notes 37–38, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Security, Territory, Population, p. 20, pp. 26–27, see notes 33 and 37, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">officially known as the <a href="/wiki/Physiocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiocrats">Physiocrats</a>, see <i>Security, Territory, Population</i>, pp. 34–53, pp. 55-86, p. 52, note 17, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foucault makes mention of <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Gournay" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent de Gournay">Vincent de Gournay</a> in Security, Territory, Population, p. 51, note 15, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Security, Territory, Population</i>, pp. 333–61, pp. 348–49, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Security, Territory, Population</i>, pp. 55–86, p. 81, note 19, and pp. 285–86 2007</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michel Foucault, <i>Society Must Be Defended</i></li> <li>Michel Foucault, <i>Security, Territory, Population</i></li> <li>Giorgio Agamben, <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Sacer" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo Sacer">Homo Sacer</a></i></li> <li>Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Negri_and_Hardt_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire (Negri and Hardt book)">Empire</a></i></li> <li>Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, <i><a href="/wiki/Multitude:_War_and_Democracy_in_the_Age_of_Empire" title="Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire">Multitude</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biopower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ojakangas,_Mika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ojakangas, Mika (page does not exist)">Ojakangas, Mika</a> (2016). <i>On the Greek Origins of Biopolitics: A Reinterpretation of the History of Biopower.</i> Routledge</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roper,_Allen_G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roper, Allen G (page does not exist)">Roper, Allen G</a> (1913). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dn790007.ca.archive.org/0/items/ancienteugenicsa00ropeuoft/ancienteugenicsa00ropeuoft.pdf">Ancient eugenics, the Arnold prize essay for 1913</a></i> Oxford: Blackwell</li> <li>Bíos: Biopolitics and Philosophy By Roberto Esposito Bíos: Biopolitics and Philosophy Contains chapter on Thantopolitics By Roberto Esposito <small>24 August 2011</small></li> <li>Research In Biopolitics: Volume 9: Biology and Political Behavior: The Brain, Genes and Politics - the Cutting Edge (2011) edited by Steven A. Peterson, Albert Somit Research In Biopolitics: Volume 9: Biology and Political Behavior: The Brain, Genes and Politics - the Cutting Edge <small>Accessed 11 August 2011</small></li> <li>Nicolas Delamare Traité de la police: où l'on trouvera l'histoire de son établissement <i>Treaty of the police</i> (1707) <small>Accessed 11 August 2011</small></li> <li>Nicolas Delamare: A Brief Biography Nicolas Delamare: A Brief Biography<small> Accessed 1 November 2011</small></li> <li>Policante, A. "War against Biopower: Timely Reflections on an Historicist Foucault" <i>Theory & Event</i>, 13. 1 March 2010</li> <li>Walter Bagehot <i>Physics and Politics</i> (1872) <small>Accessed 3 January 2011</small></li> <li>Albion Small The Cameralists The Pioneers of German Social Policy 1909<small>Accessed 13 November 2011</small></li> <li><i>Communication Power</i> Manuel Castells (2009) <small>Accessed 3 March 2011</small></li> <li>Biopolitics encyclopedia entry from Generation-Online <small>Accessed 22 October 2010 </small></li> <li><i>The New Age</i> Volume 10, Number 9 Biopolitics p. 197 London: The New Age Press, Ltd., 29 December 1911</li> <li>"Biopower. Foucault" on Philosophy.com: Gary Sauer-Thompson's Weblog <small>Accessed 13 September 2009 </small></li> <li>Rabinow, Paul & Rose, Nikolas (2006) "Biopower Today", <i>BioSocieties</i> 1, 195–217 (London School of Economics and Political Science) <small>Accessed 13 September 2009 </small></li> <li><i>Culture Machine</i> eJournal Volume 7 (2005): Special edition on Biopolitics Edited by <a href="/wiki/Melinda_Cooper_(scholar)" title="Melinda Cooper (scholar)">Melinda Cooper</a>, Andrew Goffey and Anna Munster</li> <li><i>Foucault Studies</i>: Number 10: November 2010: Foucault and Agamben <small>Accessed 2 March 2011</small></li> <li><i>Foucault Studies</i>: Number 11: February 2011: Foucault and Pragmatism <small>Accessed 22 April 2011</small></li> <li><i>Foucault Studies</i>: Number 7, September 2009: Review article By Marius Gudmand-Høyer and Thomas Lopdrup Hjorth <i>The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978-1979</i> <small>Accessed 25 July 2011</small></li> <li><i>Foucault Studies</i>: Number 5, January 2008, Review Article By Thomas F. Tierney <i>Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977-1978</i><small>Accessed 25 July 2011</small></li> <li><i>Foucault Studies</i>: Number 12, October 2011 Review Article By Thomas Biebricher The Biopolitics of Ordoliberalism Thomas Biebricher The Biopolitics Of Ordoliberalism <small> Accessed 22 February 2012</small></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michel_Foucault111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michel_Foucault" title="Template talk:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michel_Foucault111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Illness_and_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental Illness and Psychology">Mental Illness and Psychology</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Clinic" title="The Birth of the Clinic">The Birth of the Clinic</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Death and the Labyrinth</i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Things" title="The Order of Things">The Order of Things</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i>This Is Not a Pipe</i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Archaeology_of_Knowledge" title="The Archaeology of Knowledge">The Archaeology of Knowledge</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> (1976–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays, lectures,<br /> dialogues and<br />anthologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Kant%27s_Anthropology" title="Introduction to Kant's Anthropology">Introduction to Kant's Anthropology</a></i> (1964)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_an_Author%3F" title="What Is an Author?">What Is an Author?</a>" (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_lectures_at_the_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France">Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France</a></li> <li><i>I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother</i> (1973)</li> <li><i>Language, Counter-Memory, Practice</i> (1977)</li> <li><i>Herculine Barbin</i> (1978)</li> <li><i>Power/Knowledge</i> (1980)</li> <li><i>Remarks on Marx</i> (1980)</li> <li><i>Le Désordre des familles</i> (1982)</li> <li><i>The Foucault Reader</i> (1984)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Enlightenment%3F_(Foucault)" title="What Is Enlightenment? (Foucault)">What Is Enlightenment?</a>" (1984)</li> <li><i>Politics, Philosophy, Culture</i> (1988)</li> <li><i>Foucault Live</i> (1996)</li> <li><i>The Politics of Truth</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>Society Must Be Defended</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)</i> (1997)</li> <li><i>Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)</i> (1998)</li> <li><i>Abnormal</i> (1999)</li> <li><i>Power (Essential Works Volume 3)</i> (2000)</li> <li><i>Fearless Speech</i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermeneutics_of_the_Subject" title="The Hermeneutics of the Subject">The Hermeneutics of the Subject</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i>The Essential Foucault</i> (2003)</li> <li><i>Psychiatric Power</i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Security,_Territory,_Population" title="Security, Territory, Population">Security, Territory, Population</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Biopolitics" title="The Birth of Biopolitics">The Birth of Biopolitics</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i>The Government of Self and Others</i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courage_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courage of Truth">The Courage of Truth</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i>Lectures on the Will to Know</i> (2011)</li> <li><i>On the Government of the Living</i> (2012)</li> <li><i>Subjectivity and Truth</i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wrong-Doing,_Truth-Telling" title="Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling">Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i>On the Punitive Society</i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_function" title="Author function">Author function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">Biopolitics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biopower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_archipelago" title="Carceral archipelago">Carceral archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_institution" title="Disciplinary institution">Disciplinary institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discontinuity_(Postmodernism)" title="Discontinuity (Postmodernism)">Discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispositif" title="Dispositif">Dispositif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">Governmentality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecogovernmentality" title="Ecogovernmentality">Ecogovernmentality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiscourse" title="Interdiscourse">Interdiscourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit-experience" title="Limit-experience">Limit-experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrhesia" title="Parrhesia">Parrhesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power (social and political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsexualism" title="Postsexualism">Postsexualism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness" title="Cogito and the History of Madness">Cogito and the History of Madness</a>" (Derrida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucauldian_discourse_analysis" title="Foucauldian discourse analysis">Foucauldian discourse analysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_(Deleuze_book)" title="Foucault (Deleuze book)">Foucault</a></i> (Deleuze)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Michel_Foucault" title="The Passion of Michel Foucault">The Passion of Michel Foucault</a></i> (Miller)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gutting" title="Gary Gutting">Gary Gutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemke_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Lemke (sociologist)">Thomas Lemke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Miller_(academic)" title="James Miller (academic)">James Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rabinow" title="Paul Rabinow">Paul Rabinow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Raffestin" title="Claude Raffestin">Claude Raffestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Rose" title="Nikolas Rose">Nikolas Rose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_in_Iran" title="Foucault in Iran">Foucault in Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault_bibliography" title="Michel Foucault bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate" title="Foucault–Habermas debate">Foucault–Habermas debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate" title="Chomsky–Foucault debate">Chomsky–Foucault debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defert" title="Daniel Defert">Daniel Defert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ewald" title="François Ewald">François Ewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sheridan" title="Alan Sheridan">Alan Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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