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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admixture_with_other_Canis_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture_with_other_Canis_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Admixture with other <i>Canis</i> species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture_with_other_Canis_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subspecies_and_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies_and_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Subspecies and populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies_and_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diseases and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foraging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foraging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Foraging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foraging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationships with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationships with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_folklore,_mythology_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_folklore,_mythology_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In folklore, mythology and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_folklore,_mythology_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Attacks on humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock,_game,_and_crop_predation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock,_game,_and_crop_predation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Livestock, game, and crop predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock,_game,_and_crop_predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fur_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fur_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Fur use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fur_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sulimov_dog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulimov_dog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Sulimov dog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulimov_dog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden jackal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="ابن آوى الذهبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن آوى الذهبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" title="Canis aureus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Canis aureus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="সোণালী শিয়াল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সোণালী শিয়াল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80" title="ГӀангур – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀангур" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_%C3%A7aqqal" title="Adi çaqqal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi çaqqal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84" title="عادی چاققال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عادی چاققال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Aala" title="Ŋala – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ŋala" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="পাতিশিয়াল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাতিশিয়াল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Сүл бүреһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сүл бүреһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шакал звычайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шакал звычайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Шакал звычайны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шакал звычайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Златист чакал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Златист чакал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aourgi_alaouret" title="Aourgi alaouret – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aourgi alaouret" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacal_com%C3%BA" title="Xacal comú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xacal comú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шакал – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шакал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" title="Canis aureus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Canis aureus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0akal_obecn%C3%BD" title="Šakal obecný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šakal obecný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldsjakal" title="Guldsjakal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guldsjakal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldschakal" title="Goldschakal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goldschakal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_w%C3%B3naan%C3%ADd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_m%C4%85%CA%BCii" title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ mąʼii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ mąʼii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aakal" title="Šaakal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šaakal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8C_%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Χρυσό τσακάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρυσό τσακάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" title="Canis aureus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canis aureus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_%C5%9Dakalo" title="Ora ŝakalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ora ŝakalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" title="Canis aureus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Canis aureus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شغال طلایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شغال طلایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacal_dor%C3%A9" title="Chacal doré – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chacal doré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudjakhals" title="Goudjakhals – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Goudjakhals" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seac%C3%A1l_%C3%B3rga" title="Seacál órga – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seacál órga" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacal_com%C3%BAn" title="Chacal común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chacal común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85" title="ЧхьагӀалкх – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЧхьагӀалкх" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3" title="શિયાળ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શિયાળ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EA%B8%88%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%BC" title="황금자칼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황금자칼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila" title="Dila – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dila" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC" title="Սովորական շնագայլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սովորական շնագայլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC" title="सुनहरा गीदड़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुनहरा गीदड़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatni_%C4%8Dagalj" title="Zlatni čagalj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zlatni čagalj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreatra_shakalo" title="Oreatra shakalo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oreatra shakalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakal_emas" title="Jakal emas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jakal emas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Хъæддаг куыдз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хъæддаг куыдз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" title="Canis aureus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canis aureus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%96%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91" title="תן זהוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תן זהוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82oc%C3%ABsti_szakal" title="Złocësti szakal – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Złocësti szakal" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%96" title="Шиебөрі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шиебөрі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopalol_(Canis_aureus)" title="Nopalol (Canis aureus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nopalol (Canis aureus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шакал – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шакал" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Чакъал – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чакъал" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeltainais_%C5%A1ak%C4%81lis" title="Zeltainais šakālis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zeltainais šakālis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldschakal" title="Goldschakal – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Goldschakal" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="ГьакӀан лелев – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ГьакӀан лелев" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastasis_%C5%A1akalas" title="Paprastasis šakalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastasis šakalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranysak%C3%A1l" title="Aranysakál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aranysakál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Обичен шакал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обичен шакал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="सोनेरी कोल्हा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोनेरी कोल्हा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ტურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%89" title="ابن آوى الذهبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن آوى الذهبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakal_keemasan" title="Jakal keemasan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jakal keemasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шакал – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шакал" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1" title="ရွှေရောင် ခွေးအ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွှေရောင် ခွေးအ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudjakhals" title="Goudjakhals – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goudjakhals" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2" title="सुनौलो स्याल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुनौलो स्याल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB" title="キンイロジャッカル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キンイロジャッカル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85" title="ЧагӀалкх – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЧагӀалкх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulschakaal" title="Gulschakaal – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gulschakaal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullsjakal" title="Gullsjakal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gullsjakal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullsjakal" title="Gullsjakal – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gullsjakal" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%86" title="ବିଲୁଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିଲୁଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyabo%CA%BBri" title="Chiyaboʻri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chiyaboʻri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szakal_z%C5%82ocisty" title="Szakal złocisty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szakal złocisty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacal-dourado" title="Chacal-dourado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chacal-dourado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98acal_auriu" title="Șacal auriu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șacal auriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Обыкновенный шакал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обыкновенный шакал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowden_jackal" title="Gowden jackal – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gowden jackal" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87akalli_i_art%C3%AB" title="Çakalli i artë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çakalli i artë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Golden jackal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0akal_zlat%C3%BD" title="Šakal zlatý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šakal zlatý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrazijski_%C5%A1akal" title="Evrazijski šakal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evrazijski šakal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Обични шакал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обични шакал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatni_%C5%A1akal" title="Zlatni šakal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zlatni šakal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultasakaali" title="Kultasakaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kultasakaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldschakal" title="Guldschakal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Guldschakal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="பொன்னிறக் குள்ளநரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொன்னிறக் குள்ளநரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="หมาจิ้งจอกทอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมาจิ้งจอกทอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n_%C3%A7akal" title="Altın çakal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altın çakal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Шакал – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Шакал" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Шакал звичайний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шакал звичайний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%DA%91" title="سنہری گیدڑ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنہری گیدڑ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3_r%E1%BB%ABng_l%C3%B4ng_v%C3%A0ng" title="Chó rừng lông vàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chó rừng lông vàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" title="Canis aureus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Canis aureus" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of mammal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the canid native to Eurasia. For the canid native to Africa, see <a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Golden jackal<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>—Recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_syriacus_114837596.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Canis_aureus_syriacus_114837596.jpg/220px-Canis_aureus_syriacus_114837596.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Canis_aureus_syriacus_114837596.jpg/330px-Canis_aureus_syriacus_114837596.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Canis_aureus_syriacus_114837596.jpg/440px-Canis_aureus_syriacus_114837596.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1539" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Golden jackal in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Jackal.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Jackal.ogg/Jackal.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Jackal.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Golden jackals howling </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Canis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis"><i>Canis</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. aureus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Canis aureus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a><sup id="cite_ref-linnaeus1758_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnaeus1758-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>C. a. aureus</i></li> <li><i>C. a. cruesemanni</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_jackal" title="Indian jackal">C. a. indicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/European_jackal" title="European jackal">C. a. moreoticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_jackal" title="Sri Lankan jackal">C. a. naria</a></i></li> <li><i>C. a. syriacus</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_range_(cropped)_black_sea_label.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to the section "Subspecies" and the column "Distribution"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Canis_aureus_range_%28cropped%29_black_sea_label.png/220px-Canis_aureus_range_%28cropped%29_black_sea_label.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Canis_aureus_range_%28cropped%29_black_sea_label.png/330px-Canis_aureus_range_%28cropped%29_black_sea_label.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Canis_aureus_range_%28cropped%29_black_sea_label.png/440px-Canis_aureus_range_%28cropped%29_black_sea_label.png 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1008" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range of the golden jackal (note: distribution north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> not mapped) </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>golden jackal</b> (<i><b>Canis aureus</b></i>), also called the <b>common jackal</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf#Wolf-like_canids" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolf-like canid</a> that is native to <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. The golden jackal's coat varies in color from a pale creamy yellow in summer to a dark tawny beige in winter. It is smaller and has shorter legs, a shorter tail, a more elongated torso, a less-prominent forehead, and a narrower and more pointed muzzle than the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf</a>. It is listed as <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> due to its widespread distribution and high density in areas with plenty of available food and optimum shelter. </p><p>Despite its name, the golden jackal is not closely related to the African <a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">black-backed jackal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">side-striped jackal</a>, which are part of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i>. It is instead closer to <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coyotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotes">coyotes</a>. The ancestor of the golden jackal is believed to be the extinct <a href="/wiki/Canis_arnensis" title="Canis arnensis">Arno river dog</a> that lived in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a> <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1.9">1.9</a> million years ago</span>. It is described as having been a small, jackal-like canine. Genetic studies indicate that the golden jackal expanded from India around 20,000 years ago, towards the end of the last <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>. The oldest golden jackal fossil, found at the <a href="/wiki/Ksar_Akil" title="Ksar Akil">Ksar Akil</a> rock shelter near <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon, is 7,600 years old. The oldest golden jackal fossils in Europe were found in Greece and are 7,000 years old. There are six <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the golden jackal. It is capable of producing fertile <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> with both the gray wolf and the African wolf. <a href="/wiki/Jackal%E2%80%93dog_hybrid" title="Jackal–dog hybrid">Jackal–dog hybrids</a> called <a href="/wiki/Sulimov_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulimov dogs">Sulimov dogs</a> are in service at the <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheremetyevo Airport">Sheremetyevo Airport</a> near Moscow, where they are deployed by the Russian airline <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> for scent-detection. </p><p>The golden jackal is abundant in valleys and beside rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores; however, the species is rare in foothills and low mountains. It is a social species, the basic social unit of which consists of a breeding pair and any young offspring. It is very adaptable, with the ability to exploit food ranging from fruit and insects to small <a href="/wiki/Ungulates" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungulates">ungulates</a>. It attacks domestic fowl and domestic mammals up to the size of domestic <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> calves. Its competitors are the <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe_wolf" title="Steppe wolf">steppe wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">jungle cat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_wildcat" title="Caucasian wildcat">Caucasian wildcat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a> in the Caucasus and in Central Asia, and the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_wildcat" title="Asiatic wildcat">Asiatic wildcat</a>. It is expanding beyond its native grounds in Southeast Europe into <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Northeast Europe</a> into areas where there are few or no wolves. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_naming">Etymology and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word 'jackal' appeared in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> around 1600. It derives from the Turkish word <i>çakal</i>, which originates from the Persian word <i>šagāl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as the <b>common jackal</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biological family <a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">South American canids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">fox-like canids</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf#Wolf-like_canids" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolf-like canids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wayne1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All species within the wolf-like canids share a similar morphology and possess 78<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a>, allowing them potentially to <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">interbreed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wayne1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the wolf-like canids is the jackal group, which includes the three jackals: the <a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">black-backed jackal</a> (<i>Lupulella<span class="nowrap"> </span>mesomela</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">side-striped jackal</a> (<i>Lupulella</i> <i>adusta</i>), and the golden jackal (<i>Canis aureus</i>). These three species are approximately the same size, possess similar dental and skeletal morphology, and are identified from each other primarily by their coat color. They were once thought to have different distributions across Africa with their ranges overlapping in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> (Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania).<sup id="cite_ref-wayne1989_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the jackal group has traditionally been considered as homogenous, genetic studies show that jackals are not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> (they do not share a common ancestor),<sup id="cite_ref-rueness2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rueness2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cherin2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cherin2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-valkenburgh1994_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valkenburgh1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are only distantly related.<sup id="cite_ref-valkenburgh1994_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valkenburgh1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accuracy of the colloquial name "jackal" to describe all jackals is therefore questionable.<sup id="cite_ref-rueness2011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rueness2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> (mDNA) passes along the maternal line and can date back thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-arora2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arora2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a> of mDNA sequences within a species provides a history of maternal lineages that can be represented as a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-avice1994_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avice1994-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wayne2006_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne2006-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 genetic study of the canids found that the <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">gray wolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a> are the most closely related on this tree. The next most closely related are the <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a> (<i>Canis latrans</i>), golden jackal, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf</a> (<i>Canis simensis</i>), which have all been shown to <a href="/wiki/Hybridisation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridisation (biology)">hybridize</a> with the dog in the wild. The next closest are the <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a> (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>) and <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a> (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>), which are not members of genus <i>Canis</i>. These are followed by the black-backed and side-striped jackals, members of the genus <i>Lupulella</i> and the most <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(genetic)#Basal_lineage" title="Lineage (genetic)">basal</a> members of this <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lindblad2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindblad2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Results from two recent studies of mDNA from golden jackals indicate that the specimens from Africa are genetically closer to the gray wolf than are the specimens from Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-rueness2011_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rueness2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gaubert2012_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaubert2012-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 a major DNA study of golden jackals concluded that the six <i>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>aureus</i> subspecies found in Africa should be reclassified under the new species <i>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>anthus</i> (African wolf),<sup id="cite_ref-koepfli2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koepfli2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zachos2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zachos2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-COL2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COL2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reducing the number of golden jackal subspecies to seven. The phylogenetic tree generated from this study shows the golden jackal diverging from the wolf/coyote lineage 1.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>million years ago and the African wolf diverging 1.3<span class="nowrap"> </span>million years ago. The study found that the golden jackal and the African wolf shared a very similar skull and body morphology and that this had confused taxonomists into regarding these as one species. The study proposes that the very similar skull and body morphology is due to both species having originated from a larger common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-koepfli2015_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koepfli2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">wolf-like canids</a> with timing in millions of years<sup id="cite_ref-mtdna_seq_desc_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtdna_seq_desc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:80%;width:400px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Caninae" title="Caninae">Caninae</a> 3.5 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">3.0 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">2.5 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">2.0 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">0.96 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">0.6 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">0.38 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog</a> <span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:202104_Dog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/50px-202104_Dog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/75px-202104_Dog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/202104_Dog.svg/100px-202104_Dog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Gray wolf</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="314" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_IX).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_IX%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="347" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="308" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Golden jackal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_X).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_X%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="287" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_VI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_VI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="310" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="302" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XLIV).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XLIV%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="277" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">2.6 </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XIII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XIII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="302" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.jpg/50px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.jpg/75px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.jpg/100px-Dogs%2C_jackals%2C_wolves%2C_and_foxes_%28Plate_XII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="290" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canis_arnensis" title="Canis arnensis">Arno river dog</a> (<i>Canis arnensis</i>) is an extinct species of <a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">canine</a> that was endemic to <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Europe">Mediterranean Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a> around 1.9<span class="nowrap"> </span>million years ago. It is described as a small jackal-like dog and probably the ancestor of modern jackals.<sup id="cite_ref-miklosi2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miklosi2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its anatomy and morphology relate it more to the modern golden jackal than to the two African jackal species,<sup id="cite_ref-lucenti2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenti2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jalvo2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jalvo2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the black-backed jackal and the side-striped jackal.<sup id="cite_ref-lucenti2016_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lucenti2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest golden jackal fossil was found at the <a href="/wiki/Ksar_Akil" title="Ksar Akil">Ksar Akil</a> rock shelter located 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, Lebanon. The fragment of a single tooth is dated approximately 7,600 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-kurten1965_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurten1965-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest golden jackal fossils found in Europe are from <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> and Kitsos in Greece and are dated 7,000–6,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-sommer2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sommer2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unusual fossil of a heel bone found in <a href="/wiki/Azykh_Cave" title="Azykh Cave">Azykh Cave</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, dates to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> and is described as probably belonging to the golden jackal, but its classification is not clear. The fossil is described as being slightly smaller and thinner than the <a href="/wiki/Cave_lynx" title="Cave lynx">cave lynx</a>, similar to the fox, but too large, and similar to the wolf, but too small. As the golden jackal falls between these two in size, the fossil possibly belongs to a golden jackal.<sup id="cite_ref-jalvo2016_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jalvo2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of clearly identified golden jackal fossils in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a>, areas where the species currently resides, indicates that the species is a relatively recent arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-lapini2003_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Haplotype" title="Haplotype">haplotype</a> is a group of <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a> found in an organism that is inherited from one of its parents.<sup id="cite_ref-cox2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cox2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-editorial2012_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editorial2012-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroup</a> is a group of similar haplotypes that share a single <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">mutation</a> inherited from their common ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-arora2015_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arora2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mDNA haplotypes of the golden jackal form two haplogroups: the oldest haplogroup is formed by golden jackals from India, and the other, younger, haplogroup diverging from this includes golden jackals from all of the other regions.<sup id="cite_ref-ibis2015_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibis2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian golden jackals exhibit the highest <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, and those from northern and western India are the most <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a>, which indicates that India was the center from which golden jackals spread. The extant golden jackal lineage commenced expanding its population in India 37,000 years ago. During the Last Glacial Maximum, 25,000 to 18,000 years ago, the warmer regions of India and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> provided a refuge from colder surrounding areas. At the end of the Last Glacial Maximum and the beginning of the warming cycles, the golden jackal lineage expanded out of India and into Eurasia to reach the Middle East and Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-negi2015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-negi2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of India, golden jackals in the Caucasus and Turkey demonstrate the next highest genetic diversity,<sup id="cite_ref-ibis2015_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibis2015-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those in Europe indicate low genetic diversity,<sup id="cite_ref-zachos2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zachos2009-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fabbri2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fabbri2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirming their more recent expansion into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-rutkowski2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rutkowski2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic data indicates that the golden jackals of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Peloponnese Peninsula">Peloponnese Peninsula</a> in Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian coast">Dalmatian coast</a> in Croatia may represent two ancient European populations from 6,000 years ago that have survived into modern times. Jackals were absent from most of Europe until the 19th century, when they started to expand slowly. Jackals were recorded in Hungary with the nearest population known at that time being found in Dalmatia, some 300 kilometers away. This was followed by rapid expansion of jackals towards the end of the 20th century. Golden jackals from both <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> and the Caucasus are expanding into the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a>. In the Middle East, golden jackals from Israel have a higher genetic diversity than European jackals. This is thought to be due to Israeli jackals having <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridized</a> with dogs, gray wolves, and African golden wolves,<sup id="cite_ref-rutkowski2015_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rutkowski2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_zone" title="Hybrid zone">hybrid zone</a> in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-koepfli2015_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koepfli2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture_with_other_Canis_species">Admixture with other <i>Canis</i> species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Admixture with other Canis species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Genetic analysis reveals that mating sometimes occurs between female jackals and gray wolves, producing jackal-wolf hybrids that experts cannot visually distinguish from wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-moura2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moura2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pilot2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pilot2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hybridization also occurs between female golden jackals and male dogs, which produces fertile offspring,<sup id="cite_ref-galov2015_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galov2015-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Jackal%E2%80%93dog_hybrid" title="Jackal–dog hybrid">jackal–dog hybrid</a>. There was 11–13% of ancient <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> into the golden jackal from the population that was ancestral to wolves and dogs, and an additional 3% from extant wolf populations.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman2014_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fan2016_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fan2016-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to 15% of the Israeli wolf <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> is derived from admixture with golden jackals in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-freedman2014_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedman2014-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a> was used to compare members of the genus <i>Canis</i>. The study supports the <a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf</a> being distinct from the golden jackal, and with the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf</a> being genetically <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> to both. There is evidence of gene flow between African golden wolves, golden jackals, and gray <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a>. One African wolf from the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> showed high admixture with the Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs, highlighting the role of the land bridge between the African and Eurasian continents in canid evolution. There was evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. The study proposes that the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-gopalakrishnan2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gopalakrishnan2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies_and_populations">Subspecies and populations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subspecies and populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The golden jackal was <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomically</a> subordinated to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in his 1758 publication <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-linnaeus1758_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnaeus1758-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 13 <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> were described since then.<sup id="cite_ref-wozencraft2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wozencraft2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Subspecies of <i>Canis aureus</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Subspecies </th> <th scope="col">Trinomial authority </th> <th>Trinomial authority (year) </th> <th scope="col">Description </th> <th scope="col">Distribution </th> <th scope="col">Synonyms </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th scope="row">Persian jackal <p><i>C. a. aureus</i><sup id="cite_ref-castello132_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castello132-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">Nominate subspecies</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_(1872)_Canis_aureus_aureus_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_aureus_mod.jpg/150px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_aureus_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_aureus_mod.jpg/225px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_aureus_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_aureus_mod.jpg/300px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_aureus_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="773" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> </td> <td>1758<sup id="cite_ref-linnaeus1758_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linnaeus1758-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Large, with soft, pale fur with predominantly sandy tones.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner140_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner140-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general color of the outer fur is usually black and white, while the underfur varies from pale brown to pale slate-grey. Occasionally, the nape and shoulders are of a buff color. The ears and front legs are buff, sometimes tan, while the feet are pale. The hind legs are more deeply tinted above the hocks. The chin and forethroat are usually whitish. Weight varies geographically, ranging around 8–10 kg (18–22 lb). In areas where it borders the range of the larger, more richly colored <a href="/wiki/Indian_jackal" title="Indian jackal">Indian jackal</a> (particularly the area of <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaun</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>), animals of intermediate size and color sometimes appear.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock1941c_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock1941c-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a> where its distribution overlaps with the Indian jackal to the north and the Sri Lankan/South Indian jackal to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock1941c_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock1941c-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <p><small><i>hadramauticus</i> (Noack, 1896)</small><br /> <small><i>kola</i> (Wroughton, 1916)</small><br /> <small><i>lanka</i> (Wroughton, 1916)</small><br /> <small><i>typicus</i> (Kolenati, 1858)</small><br /> <small><i>vulgaris</i> (Wagner, 1841)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th scope="row">Indochinese jackal <p><i>C. a. cruesemanni</i><sup id="cite_ref-castello142_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castello142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Jackal,_Canis_aureus_in_Huai_Kha_Khaeng.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Golden_Jackal%2C_Canis_aureus_in_Huai_Kha_Khaeng.jpg/150px-Golden_Jackal%2C_Canis_aureus_in_Huai_Kha_Khaeng.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Golden_Jackal%2C_Canis_aureus_in_Huai_Kha_Khaeng.jpg/225px-Golden_Jackal%2C_Canis_aureus_in_Huai_Kha_Khaeng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Golden_Jackal%2C_Canis_aureus_in_Huai_Kha_Khaeng.jpg/300px-Golden_Jackal%2C_Canis_aureus_in_Huai_Kha_Khaeng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Matschie" title="Paul Matschie">Matschie</a> </td> <td>1900<sup id="cite_ref-matschie1900_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matschie1900-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The Indochinese jackal (also known as the Siamese jackal and the Southeast Asian golden jackal)<sup id="cite_ref-castello142_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castello142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been disputed as a separate subspecies by some authors who state that its classification is based solely on observations of captive animals. In 2023, an mDNA study indicated that it was an early branching lineage of golden jackal which supports it being a subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-Sosale2023_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sosale2023-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is smaller than <i>C. a. indicus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-lekagul1988_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lekagul1988-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> weighing up to 8 kg (18 lb). Its fur closely resembles that of a <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>. It inhabits mountainous areas, near <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farms</a> or residential <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a>, and its prey include small animals like <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, besides occasionally eating fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Castello2018_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castello2018-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One seller of two trapped jackals claimed that they killed ten piglets on his farm.<sup id="cite_ref-pp1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be active in both <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">day</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">night</a>. Siamese jackals are solitary creatures, but a male and female will cooperate during mating season. It has few natural predators, though <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dholes</a> are a major source of mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Castello2018_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castello2018-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><sup id="cite_ref-moehlman2018_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moehlman2018-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Indian_jackal" title="Indian jackal">Indian jackal</a> <p><i>C. a. indicus</i><sup id="cite_ref-castello138_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castello138-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_(1872)_Canis_aureus_indicus_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_indicus_mod.jpg/150px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_indicus_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_indicus_mod.jpg/225px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_indicus_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_indicus_mod.jpg/300px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_indicus_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="773" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Hodgson</a> </td> <td>1833<sup id="cite_ref-hodgson1833_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hodgson1833-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Its fur is a mixture of black and white, with buff on the shoulders, ears and legs. The buff color is more pronounced in specimens from high altitudes. Black hairs predominate on the middle of the back and tail. The belly, chest and the sides of the legs are creamy white, while the face and lower flanks are grizzled with gray fur. Adults grow to a length of 100 cm (39 in), 35–45 cm (14–18 in) in height and 8–11 kg (18–24 lb) in weight.<sup id="cite_ref-shrestha1997_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrestha1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a><sup id="cite_ref-heptner140_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner140-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/European_jackal" title="European jackal">European jackal</a> <p><i>C. a. moreoticus</i><sup id="cite_ref-castello134_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castello134-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_(1872)_Canis_aureus_moreoticus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_moreoticus.jpg/150px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_moreoticus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_moreoticus.jpg/225px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_moreoticus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_moreoticus.jpg/300px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_moreoticus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="773" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" title="Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</a> </td> <td>1835<sup id="cite_ref-geoffroy1835_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geoffroy1835-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The largest golden jackal subspecies, animals of both sexes average 120–125 cm (47–49 in) in total length and 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) in body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-lapini2003_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fur is coarse, and is generally brightly colored with blackish tones on the back. The thighs, upper legs, ears and forehead are bright-reddish chestnut.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner140_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner140-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Southeastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, Asia Minor and the Caucasus<sup id="cite_ref-heptner140_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner140-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> <p><small><i>graecus</i> (Wagner, 1841)</small> <small><i>balcanicus</i> (Brusina, 1892)</small><br /> <small><i>caucasica</i> (Kolenati, 1858)</small><br /> <small><i>dalmatinus</i> (Wagner, 1841)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_jackal" title="Sri Lankan jackal">Sri Lankan jackal</a> <p><i>C. a. naria</i><sup id="cite_ref-castello140_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castello140-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_(1872)_Canis_aureus_naria_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_naria_mod.jpg/150px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_naria_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_naria_mod.jpg/225px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_naria_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_naria_mod.jpg/300px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_naria_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="686" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/R._C._Wroughton" class="mw-redirect" title="R. C. Wroughton">Wroughton</a> </td> <td>1916<sup id="cite_ref-wroughton1916_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wroughton1916-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Measures 67–74 cm (26–29 in) in length and weighs 5–8.6 kg (11–19 lb). The winter coat is shorter, smoother and not as shaggy as that of <i>indicus</i>. The coat is also darker on the back, being black and speckled with white. The underside is more pigmented on the chin, hind throat, chest and forebelly, while the limbs are rusty ochreous or a rich tan. Molting occurs earlier in the season than with <i>indicus</i>, and the pelt generally does not lighten in color.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock1941_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock1941-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coastal_South_West_India" title="Coastal South West India">Coastal South West India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-heptner140_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner140-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><small><i>lanka</i> (Wroughton, 1838)</small> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <th scope="row">Syrian jackal <p><i>C. a. syriacus</i><sup id="cite_ref-castello136_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castello136-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_(1872)_Canis_aureus_syriacus_mod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_syriacus_mod.jpg/150px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_syriacus_mod.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_syriacus_mod.jpg/225px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_syriacus_mod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_syriacus_mod.jpg/300px-La_vita_degli_animali_descrizione_generale_del_regno_animale_di_A._E._Brehm_Mammiferi_%281872%29_Canis_aureus_syriacus_mod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="773" /></a></span> </p> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hemprich" title="Wilhelm Hemprich">Hemprich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottfried_Ehrenberg" title="Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg">Ehrenberg</a> </td> <td>1833<sup id="cite_ref-hemprich1833_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hemprich1833-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Distinguished by its brown ears. The body fur is a yellow on the back, lighter on the sides, and whitish-yellow underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-smith1839_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith1839-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dark band runs from the nose to the end of the tail. Measures 60–90 cm (24–35 in) in body length, 20–30 cm (7.9–11.8 in) in tail length, 15–18 cm (5.9–7.1 in) in head length, and weighs 5–12 kg (11–26 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-qumsiyeh1996_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qumsiyeh1996-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-heptner140_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner140-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-qumsiyeh1996_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qumsiyeh1996-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><sup id="cite_ref-moehlman2018_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moehlman2018-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goud_jakhals_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Goud_jakhals_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Goud_jakhals_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Goud_jakhals_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Goud_jakhals_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Goud_jakhals_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Goud_jakhals_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="3309" /></a><figcaption>Golden jackal profile</figcaption></figure> <p>The golden jackal is similar to the gray wolf but is distinguished by its smaller size, lighter weight, more elongated torso, less-prominent forehead, shorter legs and tail, and a muzzle that is narrower and more pointed.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner129_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner129-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legs are long in relation to its body, and the feet are slender with small pads.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males measure 71–85 cm (28–33 in) in body length and females 69–73 cm (27–29 in). Males weigh 6–14 kg (13–31 lb) and females weigh 7–11 kg (15–24 lb). The shoulder height is 45–50 cm (18–20 in) for both.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner129_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner129-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, the smallest wolf is the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_wolf" title="Arabian wolf">Arabian wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus arabs</i>), which weighs on average 20 kg (44 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-lopez2004_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lopez2004-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_(Canis_aureus_skull).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Canis_aureus_skull%29.jpg/220px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Canis_aureus_skull%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Canis_aureus_skull%29.jpg/330px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Canis_aureus_skull%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Canis_aureus_skull%29.jpg/440px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Canis_aureus_skull%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Lateral and dorsal aspects of skull</figcaption></figure> <p>The skull is most like that of the <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingo</a>, and is closer to that of the coyote (<i>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>latrans</i>) and the gray wolf (<i>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>lupus</i>) than to that of the black-backed jackal (<i>L.<span class="nowrap"> </span>mesomalas</i>), the side-striped jackal (<i>L.<span class="nowrap"> </span>adustus</i>), and the Ethiopian wolf (<i>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>simensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-clutton1976_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clutton1976-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared with the wolf, the skull of the golden jackal is smaller and less massive, with a lower nasal region and shorter facial region; the projections of the skull are prominent but weaker than those of the wolf; the <a href="/wiki/Canine_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Canine teeth">canine teeth</a> are large and strong but relatively thinner; and its <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassial</a> teeth are weaker.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner129_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner129-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The golden jackal is a less specialized species than the gray wolf, and these skull features relate to the jackal's diet of small <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, small vertebrates, insects, carrion,<sup id="cite_ref-heptner132_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner132-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fruit, and some vegetable matter.<sup id="cite_ref-clutton1976_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clutton1976-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was once thought that golden jackals could develop a horny growth on the skull referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">jackal's horn</a>" which usually measured approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>13 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) in length and was concealed by fur.<sup id="cite_ref-tennent1861_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennent1861-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no evidence of its existence has been found, belief in it remains common in South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature was once associated with magical powers by the people of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tennent1861_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tennent1861-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jackal's fur is coarse and relatively short,<sup id="cite_ref-clutton1976_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clutton1976-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the base color golden, varying seasonally from a pale creamy yellow to a dark tawny. The fur on the back is composed of a mixture of black, brown, and white hairs, sometimes giving the appearance of the dark saddle like that seen on the black-backed jackal. The underparts are a light pale ginger to cream color. Individual specimens can be distinguished by their unique light markings on the throat and chest.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coats of jackals from high elevations tend to be more buff-colored than those of their lowland counterparts<sup id="cite_ref-shrestha1997_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrestha1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those of jackals in rocky, mountainous areas may exhibit a grayer shade. The bushy tail has a tan to black tip.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Melanism" title="Melanism">Melanism</a> can cause a dark-colored coat in some golden jackals, a coloring once fairly common in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-jerdon1874_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jerdon1874-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike melanistic wolves and coyotes that received their dark pigmentation from interbreeding with domestic dogs, melanism in golden jackals probably stems from an independent mutation that could be an adaptive trait.<sup id="cite_ref-ambarli2013_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ambarli2013-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is possibly an albino specimen was photographed in southeastern Iran during 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS2013_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS2013-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The jackal <a href="/wiki/Moulting" title="Moulting">moults</a> twice a year, in spring and in autumn. In Transcaucasia and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, the spring moult begins at the end of winter. If the winter has been warm, the spring moult starts in the middle of February; if the winter has been cold, it begins in the middle of March. The spring moult lasts for 60–65 days; if the animal is sick, it loses only half of its winter fur. The spring moult commences with the head and limbs, extends to the flanks, chest, belly and rump, and ends at the tail. Fur on the underparts is absent. The autumn moult occurs from mid-September with the growth of winter fur; the shedding of the summer fur occurs at the same time. The development of the autumn coat starts with the rump and tail and spreads to the back, flanks, belly, chest, limbs and head, with full winter fur being attained at the end of November.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner156_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner156-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg/220px-%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg/330px-%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg/440px-%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Syrian jackal (<i>C. a. syriacus</i>) hunting in reeds</figcaption></figure> <p>The golden jackal inhabits Europe and Southwest, Central, South, and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wozencraft2005_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wozencraft2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arnold2012_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnold2012-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trouwborst2015_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trouwborst2015-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krofel2017_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krofel2017-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The golden jackal's <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous diet</a> allows it to eat a large range of foods; this diet, together with its tolerance of dry conditions, enables it to live in different habitats. The jackal's long legs and lithe body allow it to trot over great distances in search of food. It is able to go without water for extended periods and has been observed on islands that have no fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackals are abundant in valleys and along rivers and their tributaries, canals, lakes, and seashores, but are rare in foothills and low mountains. In Central Asia they avoid waterless deserts and cannot be found in the <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_Desert" title="Kyzylkum Desert">Kyzylkum Desert</a>, but can be found at their edges or in <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner141_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner141-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in India they can be found living in the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are found in dense thickets of prickly bushes, reed flood-lands and forests. They have been known to ascend over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) up the slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>; they can withstand temperatures as low as −25 °C (−13 °F) and sometimes −35 °C (−31 °F). They are not adapted to snow, and in snow country they must travel along paths made by larger animals or humans. In India, they will occupy the surrounding foothills above arable areas,<sup id="cite_ref-heptner141_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner141-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> entering human settlements at night to feed on garbage, and have established themselves around hill stations at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) <a href="/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level" title="Height above mean sea level">height above mean sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They generally avoid mountainous forests, but may enter alpine and sub-alpine areas during dispersal. In Turkey, the Caucasus, and Transcaucasia they have been observed up to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above mean sea level, particularly in areas where the climate supports shrublands in high elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-lapini2003_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Estonian population, which marks the only population of this species adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_ecosystem" title="Boreal ecosystem">boreal</a> region, largely inhabits coastal <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alvar" title="Alvar">alvars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">reed beds</a>, habitats where wolves are seldom present.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg/220px-Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg/330px-Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg/440px-Canis_aureus_Pench_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Indian jackal (<i>C. a. indicus</i>) feeding on <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> carcass in <a href="/wiki/Pench_National_Park" title="Pench National Park">Pench National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The golden jackal fills much the same ecological niche in Eurasia as the <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a> does in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is both a predator and a scavenger,<sup id="cite_ref-heptner147_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner147-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an omnivorous and opportunistic forager with a diet that varies according to its habitat and the season. In <a href="/wiki/Keoladeo_National_Park" title="Keoladeo National Park">Keoladeo National Park</a>, India, over 60% of its diet was measured to consist of rodents, birds, and fruit. In the <a href="/wiki/Kanha_Tiger_Reserve" title="Kanha Tiger Reserve">Kanha Tiger Reserve</a>, 80% of its diet consists of rodents, <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> and fruit. Vegetable matter forms part of the jackal diet, and in India they feed intensively on the fruits of <a href="/wiki/Buckthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckthorn">buckthorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogbane" title="Dogbane">dogbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_plum" title="Java plum">Java plum</a>, and the pods of <a href="/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis juliflora">mesquite</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cassia_fistula" title="Cassia fistula">golden rain tree</a>. The jackal scavenges off the kills made by the lion, tiger, leopard, dhole, and gray wolf. In some regions of Bangladesh and India, golden jackals subsist by scavenging on carrion and garbage, and will <a href="/wiki/Cache_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache (biology)">cache</a> extra food by burying it.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish novelist, playwright and poet, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>, wrote about the golden jackal: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... Although the species of the wolf approaches very near to that of the dog, yet the jackal seems to be placed between them; to the savage fierceness of the wolf it adds the impudent familiarity of the dog ... It is more noisy in its pursuits even than the dog, and more voracious than the wolf.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Oliver Goldsmith<sup id="cite_ref-oliver1816_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliver1816-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, golden jackals primarily hunt <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a>-like rodents, and also <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francolin" title="Francolin">francolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coot" title="Coot">coots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorhen" title="Moorhen">moorhens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>. Vegetable matter eaten by Jackals in these areas includes fruits, such as <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">hawthorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwood">dogwood</a>, and the cones of <a href="/wiki/Common_medlar" class="mw-redirect" title="Common medlar">common medlars</a>. The jackal is implicated in the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumis_melo" title="Cucumis melo">muskmelon</a>, and nut crops. Near the <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhsh River">Vakhsh River</a>, their spring diet consists almost exclusively of plant bulbs and the roots of wild <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, while during winter they feed on <a href="/wiki/Elaeagnus_angustifolia" title="Elaeagnus angustifolia">wild stony olives</a>. Around the edges of the <a href="/wiki/Karakum_Desert" title="Karakum Desert">Karakum Desert</a>, jackals feed on <a href="/wiki/Gerbillinae" title="Gerbillinae">gerbils</a>, lizards, snakes, fish, <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a>, the fruits of wild stony olives, <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a>, dried <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, watermelons, muskmelons, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, and grapes.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner147_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner147-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, the golden jackal's diet consists of mammals, fruits, vegetables, insects, birds and their eggs, grasses and leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-radovic2010_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radovic2010-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golden jackals change their diet to more readily available foods. In Serbia, their diet is primarily livestock carcasses that are increasingly prevalent due to a lack of removal, and this may have led to the expansion of their population.<sup id="cite_ref-cirovic2014_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cirovic2014-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hungary, 55% of their diet is composed of <a href="/wiki/Common_vole" title="Common vole">common voles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_vole" title="Bank vole">bank voles</a>, and 41% is composed of <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> carcasses.<sup id="cite_ref-lanszki2002_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanszki2002-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information on the diet of the golden jackal in northeastern Italy is scant, but it is known to prey on small <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a> and hares.<sup id="cite_ref-lapini2003_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, golden jackals are significant predators of snakes; during a poisoning campaign against golden jackals there was an increase in human snakebite reports, but a decrease when the poisoning ceased.<sup id="cite_ref-alderton1998_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alderton1998-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition">Competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_(Canis_aureus)_and_red_fox_(Vulpes_vulpes)_(fig._1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png/220px-Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png/330px-Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png/440px-Interspecific_social_interaction_between_golden_jackal_%28Canis_aureus%29_and_red_fox_%28Vulpes_vulpes%29_%28fig._1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Male golden jackal interacting with a female <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a> and its kits in south-western Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>The jackal's competitors are the red fox, wolf, jungle cat, wildcat, and raccoon in the Caucasus, and the steppe wildcat in Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner156_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner156-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wolves dominate jackals, and jackals dominate foxes.<sup id="cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 in Iran, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Indian wolf</a> under study killed a golden jackal.<sup id="cite_ref-mohammadi2017_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohammadi2017-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, the range of wolves and jackals is mutually exclusive, with jackals abandoning their territory with the arrival of a wolf pack. One experiment used loudspeakers to broadcast the calls of jackals, and this attracted wolves at a trotting pace to chase away the perceived competitors. Dogs responded to these calls in the same way while barking aggressively. Unleashed dogs have been observed to immediately chase away jackals when the jackals were detected.<sup id="cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, there are an estimated 12,000 wolves. The jackal's recent expansion throughout eastern and western Europe has been attributed to the extermination of the local wolf populations. The present diffusion of the jackal into the northern Adriatic hinterland is in areas where the wolf is absent or very rare.<sup id="cite_ref-krofel2017_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krofel2017-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lapini2009_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2009-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, jackals competed with tigers and <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, feeding on the remains of their kills and, in one case, on a dead tiger. Leopards and tigers once hunted jackals, but today, the leopard is rare, and the tiger is extinct in the jackal's range.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner156_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner156-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynxes</a> have also been known to hunt jackals.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red foxes and golden jackals share similar diets. Red foxes fear jackals, which are three times bigger than them. Red foxes will avoid close proximity to jackals and fox populations decrease where jackals are abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-scheinin2006_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheinin2006-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foxes can be found only at the fringes of jackal territory.<sup id="cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is however one record of a male golden jackal interacting peacefully with multiple red foxes in southwestern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-bocker2024_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bocker2024-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyenas</a> prey on golden jackals, and three jackal carcasses were found in one hyena den.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2022 study indicated that the presence of golden jackals in portions of Eastern Europe leads to a decrease in the population of invasive <a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">raccoon dogs</a> (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>), indicating a potentially positive consequence of the jackal colonization of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_parasites">Diseases and parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diseases and parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dirofilaria_immitis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dirofilaria_immitis.png/220px-Dirofilaria_immitis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dirofilaria_immitis.png/330px-Dirofilaria_immitis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Dirofilaria_immitis.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Adult <a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">heartworm</a> in the right <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a> of the heart of a golden jackal</figcaption></figure> <p>Some golden jackals carry diseases and parasites harmful to human health. These include <a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leishmania_donovani" title="Leishmania donovani">Donovan's <i>Leishmania</i></a> that is harmless to jackals but may cause <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a> in people. Jackals in southwestern Tajikistan can carry up to 16 species of parasitic <a href="/wiki/Cestode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestode">cestodes</a> (flatworm), <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">roundworms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">acanthocephalans</a> (thorny-headed worms), these are: <i><a href="/wiki/Sparganosis" title="Sparganosis">Sparganum mansoni</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium_mansonoides" title="Diphyllobothrium mansonoides">Diphyllobothrium mansonoides</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_hydatigena" title="Taenia hydatigena">Taenia hydatigena</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_pisiformis" title="Taenia pisiformis">T.<span class="nowrap"> </span>pisiformis</a></i>, <i>T.<span class="nowrap"> </span>ovis</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hydatigera_taeniaeformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydatigera taeniaeformis">Hydatigera taeniaeformis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dipylidium_caninum" title="Dipylidium caninum">Dipylidium caninum</a></i>, <i>Mesocestoides lineatus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_caninum" title="Ancylostoma caninum">Ancylostoma caninum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Uncinaria_stenocephala" title="Uncinaria stenocephala">Uncinaria stenocephala</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dioctophyma_renale" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioctophyma renale">Dioctophyma renale</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Toxocara_canis" title="Toxocara canis">Toxocara canis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Toxascaris_leonina" title="Toxascaris leonina">Toxascaris leonina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i>, <i>Filariata</i> and <i>Macracanthorhynchus catulinum</i>. Jackals infected with <i><a href="/wiki/Dracunculus_medinensis" title="Dracunculus medinensis">Dracunculus medinensis</a></i> can infect bodies of water with their eggs, which cause <a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">dracunculiasis</a> in people who drink from them. Jackals may also play a large part in spreading <a href="/wiki/Coenurosis" title="Coenurosis">coenurosis</a> in sheep and cattle, and <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a> in dogs. In Tajikistan, jackals may carry up to 12 <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">tick</a> species (which include <i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes" title="Ixodes">Ixodes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhipicephalus" title="Rhipicephalus">Rhipicephalus</a> turanicus</i>, <i>R.<span class="nowrap"> </span>leporis</i>, <i>R.<span class="nowrap"> </span>rossicus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhipicephalus_sanguineus" title="Rhipicephalus sanguineus">R. sanguineus</a></i>, <i>R.<span class="nowrap"> </span>pumilio</i>, <i>R.<span class="nowrap"> </span>schulzei</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hyalomma" title="Hyalomma">Hyalomma</a> anatolicum</i>, <i>H.<span class="nowrap"> </span>scupense</i> and <i>H.<span class="nowrap"> </span>asiaticum</i>), four <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">flea</a> species (<i><a href="/wiki/Pulex_irritans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulex irritans">Pulex irritans</a></i>, <i>Xenopsylla nesokiae</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dog_flea" title="Dog flea">Ctenocephanlides canis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ctenocephalides_felis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenocephalides felis">C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>felis</a></i>), and one species of <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">louse</a> (<i>Trichodectes canis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-heptner158_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner158-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, some golden jackals carry intestinal worms (<a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">helminths</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-dalimi2006_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalimi2006-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_granulosus" title="Echinococcus granulosus">Echinococcus granulosus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dalimi2002_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalimi2002-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel, some jackals are infected with intestinal helminths<sup id="cite_ref-shamir2001_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shamir2001-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leishmania_tropica" title="Leishmania tropica">Leishmania tropica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-talmi1973_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmi1973-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Romania, a jackal was found to be carrying <i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_britovi" title="Trichinella britovi">Trichinella britovi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-blaga2008_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blaga2008-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In northeastern Italy, the jackal is a carrier of the tick species <i><a href="/wiki/Ixodes_ricinus" title="Ixodes ricinus">Ixodes ricinus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dermacentor_reticulatus" title="Dermacentor reticulatus">Dermacentor reticulatus</a></i>, and the smallest human fluke <i><a href="/wiki/Metagonimus_yokogawai" title="Metagonimus yokogawai">Metagonimus yokogawai</a></i> that can be caught from ingesting infected raw fish.<sup id="cite_ref-lapini2009b_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2009b-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hungary, some jackals carry dog heartworm <i><a href="/wiki/Dirofilaria_immitis" title="Dirofilaria immitis">Dirofilaria immitis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-tolnai2014_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolnai2014-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some have provided the first record in Hungary of <i><a href="/wiki/Trichinella_spiralis" title="Trichinella spiralis">Trichinella spiralis</a></i> and the first record in Europe of <i><a href="/wiki/Echinococcus_multilocularis" title="Echinococcus multilocularis">Echinococcus multilocularis</a></i>. A golden jackel from Iran was found to be a host of an intestinal <a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">acanthocephalan</a> worm, <i><a href="/wiki/Pachysentis_canicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachysentis canicola">Pachysentis canicola</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gherman2017_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gherman2017-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Canis_aureus_2.jpg/220px-Canis_aureus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Canis_aureus_2.jpg/330px-Canis_aureus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Canis_aureus_2.jpg/440px-Canis_aureus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Howling at the Szeged Zoo, Hungary</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Golden jackals exhibit flexible social organization depending on the availability of food. The <a href="/wiki/Breeding_pair" title="Breeding pair">breeding pair</a> is the basic social unit, and they are sometimes accompanied by their current litter of pups. In India, their distributions are a single jackal, 31%, two jackals, 35%, three jackals, 14%, and more than three jackals, 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family groups of up to 4–5 individuals have been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner151_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner151-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scent_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent marking">Scent marking</a> through urination and defecation is common around golden jackal den areas and on the trails they most often use. Scent marking is thought to assist in territorial defense. The hunting ranges of several jackals can overlap. Jackals can travel up to 12–15 km (7.5–9.3 mi) during a single night in search of either food or more suitable habitat. Non-breeding members of a pack may stay near a distant food source, such as a carcass, for up to several days before returning to their home range. Home range sizes can vary between 1–20 km<sup>2</sup> (0.39–7.72 sq mi), depending on the available food.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 212px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 210px; height: 200px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -70px; left: -340px; width: 700px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Use_Me_(393539335).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scent marking in Keoladeo National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Use_Me_%28393539335%29.jpg/700px-Use_Me_%28393539335%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Use_Me_%28393539335%29.jpg/1050px-Use_Me_%28393539335%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Use_Me_%28393539335%29.jpg/1400px-Use_Me_%28393539335%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Use_Me_(393539335).jpg" title="File:Use Me (393539335).jpg"> </a></div>Scent marking in Keoladeo National Park </div> </div> </div><p>Social interactions such as greetings, <a href="/wiki/Social_grooming" title="Social grooming">grooming</a>, and group <a href="/wiki/Howling" title="Howling">howling</a> are common in jackals. Howling is more frequent between December and April when <a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">pair bonds</a> are being formed and breeding occurs, which suggests howling has a role in the delineation of territory and for defense.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult jackals howl standing and the young or subordinate jackals howl sitting.<sup id="cite_ref-lapini2009_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2009-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackals are easily induced to howl and a single howl may solicit replies from several jackals in the vicinity. Howling begins with 2–3 low-pitched calls that rise to high-pitched calls.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The howl consists of a wail repeated 3–4 times on an ascending scale, followed by three short yelps.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock1941_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock1941-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackals typically howl at dawn and in the evening, and sometimes at midday. Adults may howl to accompany the ringing of church bells, with their young responding to sirens or the whistles of steam engines and boats.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner152_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner152-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social canids such as golden jackals, wolves, and coyotes respond to human imitations of their howls.<sup id="cite_ref-palacios2016_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palacios2016-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is a change in the weather, jackals will produce a long and continuous chorus.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner152_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner152-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant canids defend their territories against intruders with either a howl to warn them off, approach and confront them, or howl followed by an approach. Jackals, wolves and coyotes will always approach a source of howling.<sup id="cite_ref-jaeger1996_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaeger1996-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golden jackals give a warning call that is very different from their normal howling when they detect the presence of large carnivores such as wolves and tigers.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pocock1941_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock1941-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 212px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 210px; height: 130px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -100px; left: -375px; width: 700px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_day_of_Jackals_at_Pench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Golden jackals mating in Pench National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_day_of_Jackals_at_Pench.jpg/700px-The_day_of_Jackals_at_Pench.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="449" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_day_of_Jackals_at_Pench.jpg/1050px-The_day_of_Jackals_at_Pench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_day_of_Jackals_at_Pench.jpg/1400px-The_day_of_Jackals_at_Pench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="2187" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_day_of_Jackals_at_Pench.jpg" title="File:The day of Jackals at Pench.jpg"> </a></div>Golden jackals mating in Pench National Park </div> </div> </div> <p>Golden jackals are monogamous and will remain with the one partner until death.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner154_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner154-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female jackals have only one breeding cycle each year. Breeding occurs from October to March in Israel and from February to March in India, Turkmenistan,<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria, and Transcaucasia, with the mating period lasting up to 26–28 days. Females undergoing their first estrus are often pursued by several males that may quarrel among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner154_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner154-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mating results in a copulatory tie that lasts for several minutes, as it does with all other canids. Gestation lasts 63 days, and the timing of the births coincides with the annual abundance of food.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In India, the golden jackal will take over the dens of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_crested_porcupine" title="Indian crested porcupine">Indian crested porcupine</a>, and will use abandoned gray wolf dens.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most breeding pairs are spaced well apart and maintain a core territory around their dens. Den excavations commence from late April to May in India, with dens located in scrub areas. Rivulets, gullies, and road and check-dam embankments are prime denning habitats. Drainage pipes and culverts have been used as dens. Dens are 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) long and 0.5–1 m (1.6–3.3 ft) deep, with between 1–3 openings. Young pups can be moved between 2–4 dens.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male helps with digging the den and raising the pups.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner154_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner154-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the burrow is located either in thick shrub, on the slopes of gullies, or on flat surfaces. In <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, litters are sometimes located within the hollows of fallen trees, among tree roots, and under stones on river banks. In Central Asia, the golden jackal does not dig burrows but constructs lairs in dense <a href="/wiki/Tugai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tugai">tugai</a> thickets. Jackals in the tugais and cultivated lands of Tajikistan construct lairs in long grass, shrubs, and reed openings.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner151_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner151-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_jackal_cub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Golden_jackal_cub.jpg/220px-Golden_jackal_cub.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Golden_jackal_cub.jpg/330px-Golden_jackal_cub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Golden_jackal_cub.jpg/440px-Golden_jackal_cub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="2637" /></a><figcaption>Syrian jackal (<i>C. a. syriacus</i>) pup at the entrance to its den, <a href="/wiki/Yarkon_Park" title="Yarkon Park">Yarkon Park</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure><p>In Transcaucasia, golden jackal pups are born from late March to late April,<sup id="cite_ref-heptner154_106-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner154-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in northeastern Italy during late April;<sup id="cite_ref-lapini2003_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they can be born at any time of year in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-shrestha1997_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shrestha1997-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of pups born in a single litter varies geographically. Jackals in Transcaucasia give birth to 3–8 pups, Tajikistan 3–7 pups, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> 2–8 pups, and Bulgaria 4–7 pups; in India the average is four pups.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner154_106-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner154-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pups are born with closed eyes that open after 8–11 days, with the ears erecting after 10–13 days.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner156_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner156-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their teeth erupt at 11 days after birth,<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Adult_dentition" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult dentition">adult dentition</a> is completed after five months. Pups are born with soft fur that ranges in color from light gray to dark brown. At the age of one month, their fur is shed and replaced with a new reddish-colored pelt with black speckles. The pups have a fast growth rate and weigh 0.201–0.214 kg (0.44–0.47 lb) at two days of age, 0.560–0.726 kg (1.23–1.60 lb) at one month, and 2.700–3.250 kg (5.95–7.17 lb) at four months.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner156_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner156-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females possess four pairs of teats, and <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a> lasts for up to 8–10 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pups begin to eat meat at the age of 15–20 days.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner156_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner156-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dog pups show unrestrained fighting with their siblings from 2 weeks of age, with injury avoided only due to their undeveloped jaw muscles. This fighting gives way to play-chasing with the development of running skills at 4–5 weeks. Wolf pups possess more-developed jaw muscles from 2 weeks of age, when they first show signs of play-fighting with their siblings; serious fighting occurs during 4–6 weeks of age.<sup id="cite_ref-frank1982_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank1982-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to wolf and dog pups, golden jackal pups develop aggression at the age of 4–6 weeks, when play-fighting frequently escalates into uninhibited biting intended to harm. This aggression ceases by 10–12 weeks when a hierarchy has formed.<sup id="cite_ref-feddersen1991_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feddersen1991-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the lactation period concludes, the female drives off the pups. Pups born late remain with their mother until early autumn, at which time they leave either singly or in groups of two to four individuals. Females reach sexual maturity after 10–11 months and males at 21–22 months.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner156_75-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner156-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foraging">Foraging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foraging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg/220px-Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg/330px-Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg/440px-Canis_aureus_Uda_Walawe_NP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Pair of Sri Lankan jackals (<i>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>a. naria</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Udawalawe_National_Park" title="Udawalawe National Park">Udawalawe National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The golden jackal often hunts alone, and sometimes in pairs, but rarely hunts in a <a href="/wiki/Pack_(canine)" title="Pack (canine)">pack</a>. When hunting alone, it trots around an area and occasionally stops to sniff and listen. Once prey is located, the jackal conceals itself, quickly approaches its prey and then pounces on it.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner152_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner152-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single jackals hunt rodents, hares, and birds. They hunt rodents in grass by locating them with their hearing before leaping into the air and pouncing on them. In India, they can dig <a href="/wiki/Indian_gerbil" title="Indian gerbil">Indian gerbils</a> out from their burrows, and they can hunt young, old, and infirm ungulates up to 4–5 times their body weight. Jackals search for hiding <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">blackbuck</a> calves throughout the day during the calving period. The peak times for their searches are the early morning and the late evening. When hunting in pairs or packs, jackals run parallel to their prey and overtake it in unison. When hunting aquatic rodents or birds, they will run along both sides of narrow rivers or streams and drive their prey from one jackal to another.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner152_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner152-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pack-hunting of <a href="/wiki/Langurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Langurs">langurs</a> is recorded in India. Packs of between 5 and 18 jackals scavenging on the carcasses of large ungulates is recorded in India and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Packs of 8–12 jackals consisting of more than one family have been observed in the summer periods in Transcaucasia.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner152_103-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner152-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%27s_harrier" title="Montagu's harrier">Montagu's harrier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pallid_harrier" title="Pallid harrier">Pallid harrier</a> roost in their hundreds in grasslands during their winter migration. Jackals stalk close to these roosting harriers and then rush at them, attempting to catch one before the harriers can take off or gain sufficient height to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Southeastern Asia, golden jackals have been known to hunt alongside <a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">dhole</a> packs.<sup id="cite_ref-lekagul1988_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lekagul1988-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been observed in the <a href="/wiki/Blackbuck_National_Park,_Velavadar" title="Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar">Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar</a>, India, following <a href="/wiki/Indian_wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian wolves">Indian wolves</a> (<i>Canis lupus pallipes</i>) when these are on a hunt, and they will scavenge off wolf kills without any hostility shown from the wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, lone jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensal relationships</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a>. These solitary jackals, known as <i>kol-bahl</i>, will associate themselves with a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance to feed on the big cat's kills. A <i>kol-bahl</i> will even alert a tiger to prey with a loud "pheal". Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals, with one report describing how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together.<sup id="cite_ref-pocock1941b_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocock1941b-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-perry1965_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry1965-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golden jackals and <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> can occupy the same territory.<sup id="cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alone_Ranger_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alone_Ranger_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alone_Ranger_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alone_Ranger_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alone_Ranger_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Alone_Ranger_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alone_Ranger_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Indian jackal at Upper <a href="/wiki/Bhavani" title="Bhavani">Bhavani</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>The golden jackal is listed as <a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> due to its widespread distribution, with it being common throughout its range and with high densities in those areas where food and shelter are abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, golden jackals are not listed under the 1973 <i><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora</a></i> nor the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a>. Golden jackals in Europe fall under various international legal instruments. These include the 1979 <i><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats" title="Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats">Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/1992_Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Convention on Biological Diversity">1992 Convention on Biological Diversity</a></i>, and the 1992 European Union <i><a href="/wiki/Habitats_Directive" title="Habitats Directive">Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora</a></i>. The Council Directive provides both guidance and limits on what participating governments can do when responding to the arrival of expanding jackals. These legislative instruments aim to contribute to conserving native wildlife; some governments argue that the golden jackal is not native wildlife but an invading species.<sup id="cite_ref-trouwborst2015_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trouwborst2015-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Golden Jackal informal study Group in Europe (GOJAGE) is an organization that is formed by researchers from across Europe to collect and share information on the golden jackal in Europe. The group also has an interest in the golden jackal's relationship with its environment across Eurasia. Membership is open to anyone who has an interest in golden jackals.<sup id="cite_ref-gojage2017_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gojage2017-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, there are an estimated 70,000 golden jackals.<sup id="cite_ref-krofel2017_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krofel2017-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are fully protected in Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Italy, Poland and Switzerland. They are unprotected in Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina,<sup id="cite_ref-trbojević2018_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trbojević2018-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech Republic, Estonia, and Greece. They are hunted in Bosnia and Herzegovina,<sup id="cite_ref-trbojević2018_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trbojević2018-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine. Their protection in Austria and Turkey depends on the part of the country. Their status in Moldova is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-trouwborst2015_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trouwborst2015-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syrian jackal was common in Israel and Lebanon in the 1930s–40s, but their populations were reduced during an anti-<a href="/wiki/Rabies" title="Rabies">rabies</a> campaign. Its current status is difficult to ascertain, due to possible <a href="/wiki/Jackal-Dog_Hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackal-Dog Hybrid">hybridisation with pariah dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_golden_wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="African golden wolves">African golden wolves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-koepfli2015_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koepfli2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-qumsiyeh1996_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qumsiyeh1996-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jackal population for the Indian subcontinent is estimated to be over 80,000.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the golden jackal occurs in all of India's protected areas apart from those in the higher areas of the Himalayas. It is included in <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix<span class="nowrap"> </span>III, and is listed in the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_Protection_Act,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife Protection Act, 1972">Wildlife Protection Act, 1972</a>, under Schedule<span class="nowrap"> </span>III, thus receiving legal protection at the lowest level to help control the trade of pelts and tails in India.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_humans">Relationships with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Relationships with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_folklore,_mythology_and_literature"><span id="In_folklore.2C_mythology_and_literature"></span>In folklore, mythology and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In folklore, mythology and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you,_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you%2C_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG/220px-T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you%2C_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you%2C_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG/330px-T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you%2C_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you%2C_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG/440px-T2JB005_-_Good_luck_go_with_you%2C_O_chief_of_the_wolves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2234" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tabaqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabaqui">Tabaqui</a> (left) torments <a href="/wiki/Father_Wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Wolf">Father Wolf</a> and his family, as illustrated in the 1895 edition of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <i>The Two <a href="/wiki/Jungle_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Book">Jungle Books</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Golden jackals appear in <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_India" title="Folklore of India">Indian folklore</a> and in two ancient texts, the <i><a href="/wiki/Jakata" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakata">Jakatas</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i>, where they are portrayed as intelligent and wily creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Hindu text, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, tells the story of a learned jackal who sets his friends the tiger, wolf, <a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">mongoose</a>, and mouse against each other so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it. The <i>Panchatantra</i> tells the fable of a jackal who cheats a wolf and a lion out of their shares of a camel.<sup id="cite_ref-gubernatis1872_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gubernatis1872-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> tales, the jackal is regarded as being cunning in a way similar to the fox in European tales.<sup id="cite_ref-geer2008_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geer2008-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One popular Indian saying describes the jackal as "the sharpest among beasts, the crow among birds, and the barber among men". For a person embarking on an early morning journey, hearing a jackal howl was considered to be a sign of impending good fortune, as was seeing a jackal crossing a road from the left side.<sup id="cite_ref-kipling1904_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipling1904-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, the jackal is portrayed as the familiar of several deities with the most common being <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a>, the emaciated, devouring goddess of the cremation grounds. Another deity associated with jackals is <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, who inhabits the cremation ground and is surrounded by millions of jackals. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Tantrasara" title="Tantrasara">Tantrasara</a></i> scripture, when offered animal flesh, Kali appears in the form of a jackal. The goddess <a href="/wiki/Shivadooti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shivadooti">Shivaduti</a> is depicted with a jackal's head.<sup id="cite_ref-geer2008_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geer2008-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> was often linked to the jackal. Jackals are considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahanas</a> (vehicles) of various protective Hindu and Buddhist deities, particularly in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-werness2006_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werness2006-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myth</a> of the Kamar people in <a href="/wiki/Raipur_district" title="Raipur district">Raipur district</a>, India, the god Mahadeo (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>) caused a deluge to dispose of a jackal who had offended him.<sup id="cite_ref-russell1916_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russell1916-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mowgli" title="Mowgli">Mowgli</a> stories collected in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i>, the character <a href="/wiki/Tabaqui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabaqui">Tabaqui</a> is a jackal despised by the Seeonee wolf pack due to his mock cordiality, his scavenging habits, and his subservience to <a href="/wiki/Shere_Khan" title="Shere Khan">Shere Khan</a> the tiger.<sup id="cite_ref-kipling1920_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipling1920-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_humans">Attacks on humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Attacks on humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Marwahi forest division of the <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> state in eastern India, the jackal is of conservation value and there were no jackal attacks reported before 1997. During 1998–2005 there were 220 reported cases of jackal attacks on humans, although none were fatal. The majority of these attacks occurred in villages, followed by forests and crop fields. Jackals build their dens in the bouldery hillocks that surround flat areas, and these areas have been encroached by human agriculture and settlements. This encroachment has led to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a> and the need for jackals to enter agricultural areas and villages in search for food, resulting in conflict with humans. People in this region habitually chase jackals from their villages, which leads to the jackals becoming aggressive. Female jackals with pups respond with an attack more often than lone males. In comparison, over twice as many attacks were carried out by <a href="/wiki/Sloth_bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloth bears">sloth bears</a> over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-akhtar2009_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akhtar2009-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no known attacks on humans in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-rutkowski2015_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rutkowski2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock,_game,_and_crop_predation"><span id="Livestock.2C_game.2C_and_crop_predation"></span>Livestock, game, and crop predation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Livestock, game, and crop predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The golden jackal can be a harmful pest that attacks domestic animals such as <a href="/wiki/Domestic_turkey" title="Domestic turkey">turkeys</a>, lambs, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_water_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic water buffalo">domestic water buffalo</a> calves, and valuable game species like newborn <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coypu" class="mw-redirect" title="Coypu">coypu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francolin" title="Francolin">francolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">grey partridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">bustards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner160_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner160-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It destroys grape, coffee, maize, sugarcane,<sup id="cite_ref-jhala2004_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eats <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumis_melo" title="Cucumis melo">muskmelons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner160_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner160-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greece, golden jackals are not as damaging to livestock as wolves and red foxes but they can become a serious nuisance to small stock when in great numbers. In southern Bulgaria, over 1,000 attacks on sheep and lambs were recorded between 1982 and 1987, along with some damage to newborn deer in game farms. The damage by jackals in Bulgaria was minimal when compared to the livestock losses due to wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 1.5–1.9% of calves born in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> die due to predation, mainly by jackals.<sup id="cite_ref-yomtov1995_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yomtov1995-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high predation rate by jackals in both Bulgaria and Israel is attributable to the lack of preventative measures in those countries and the availability of food in illegal garbage dumps, leading to jackal population explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giannatos2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Golden jackals are extremely harmful to fur-bearing rodents, such as coypu and <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a>. Coypu can be completely extirpated in shallow water bodies. During 1948–1949 in the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a>, muskrats constituted 12.3% of jackal fecal contents, and 71% of muskrat houses were destroyed by jackals. Jackals also harm the fur industry by eating muskrats caught in traps or taking skins left out to dry.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner160_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner160-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting">Hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png/220px-Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png/330px-Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png/440px-Driven_Jackal_hunt_in_hunting_ground_Mramorak_8.png 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Jackals hunted in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During British rule in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">India</a>, sportsmen conducted golden jackal hunting on horseback with hounds, with <a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">jackal coursing</a> a substitute for the <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> of their native England. They were not considered as beautiful as English red foxes, but were esteemed for their endurance in the chase with one pursuit lasting <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> hours. India's weather and terrain added further challenges to jackal hunters that were not present in England: the hounds of India were rarely in as good condition as English hounds, and although the golden jackal has a strong odor, the terrain of northern India was not good in retaining scent.<sup id="cite_ref-dale1906_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale1906-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, unlike foxes, jackals sometimes <a href="/wiki/Thanatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanatosis">feigned death</a> when caught and could be ferociously protective of their captured packmates.<sup id="cite_ref-jerdon1874_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jerdon1874-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackals were hunted in three ways: with <a href="/wiki/Greyhound" title="Greyhound">greyhounds</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Foxhound" title="Foxhound">foxhounds</a>, and with mixed packs. Hunting jackals with greyhounds offered poor sport because greyhounds were too fast for jackals, and mixed packs were too difficult to control.<sup id="cite_ref-dale1906_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dale1906-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1946 in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, British diplomats and Iraqi riders conducted jackal coursing together. They distinguished three types of jackal: the "city scavenger", which was described as being slow and so smelly that dogs did not like to follow them; the "village jack", which was described as being faster, more alert, and less odorous; and the "open-country jack", which was described as being the fastest, cleanest, and providing the best sport of all three populations.<sup id="cite_ref-hatt1959_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatt1959-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some indigenous people of India, such as the <a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Kolis</a> and Vaghirs of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narikurava" title="Narikurava">Narikuravas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, hunt and eat golden jackals, but the majority of South Asian cultures consider the animal to be unclean. The orthodox <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> texts forbid the eating of jackals because they have five nails.<sup id="cite_ref-geer2008_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geer2008-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the area of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Soviet Union">former Soviet Union</a>, jackals are not actively hunted and are usually captured only incidentally during the hunting of other animals by means of traps or shooting during drives. In Transcaucasia, jackals are captured with large fishing hooks baited with meat and suspended 75–100 cm (30–39 in) from the ground with wire. The jackals can only reach the meat by jumping, and are then hooked by the lip or jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner160_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner160-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fur_use">Fur use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fur use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russia and the other nations of the former Soviet Union, golden jackals are considered furbearers of low quality because of their sparse, coarse, and monotonously colored fur.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner160_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner160-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackal hairs have very little fur fiber; therefore, their pelts have a flat appearance. The jackals of Asia and the Middle East produce the coarsest pelts, though this can be remedied during the <a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing#Processing_of_fur" title="Fur clothing">dressing</a> process. <a href="/wiki/Elburz" class="mw-redirect" title="Elburz">Elburz</a> in northern Iran produces the softest furs.<sup id="cite_ref-bachrach1953_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bachrach1953-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackal skins are not graded to a fur standard, and are made into collars, women's coats, and fur coats. During the 1880s, 200 jackals were captured annually in Mervsk and in the Zakatal area of the Transcaucasus, with 300 jackals being captured there during 1896. In this same period, a total of 10,000 jackals were taken within Russia and their furs sent exclusively to the <a href="/wiki/Nizhegorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhegorod">Nizhegorod</a> fair. In the early 1930s there were 20,000–25,000 jackal skins tanned annually in the Soviet Union, but these could not be utilized within the country, and so the majority were exported to the United States. Commencing from 1949, they were all used within the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-heptner160_120-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heptner160-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulimov_dog">Sulimov dog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sulimov dog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png/220px-Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png/330px-Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png/440px-Jackal_training_-_RBTHvideo_-_6.png 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>European jackal undergoing training at <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheremetyevo Airport">Sheremetyevo Airport</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>The golden jackal may have once been tamed in Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> 11,000 years ago, as there is a sculpture of a man cradling a jackal found in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bradshaw2011_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bradshaw2011-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French explorers during the 19th<span class="nowrap"> </span>century noted that people in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> kept golden jackals in their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-boitard1842_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boitard1842-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmyk people">Kalmyk people</a> near the Caspian Sea were known to frequently cross their dogs with jackals,<sup id="cite_ref-boitard1842_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boitard1842-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Balkan shepherds once crossed their sheepdogs with jackals.<sup id="cite_ref-lapini2003_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lapini2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Russian military established the Red Star kennels in 1924 to improve the performance of working dogs and to conduct military dog research. The Red Star kennel developed "Laikoid" dogs, which were a cross-breed of <a href="/wiki/Spitz" title="Spitz">Spitz</a>-type Russian <a href="/wiki/Laika_(dog_breed)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laika (dog breed)">Laikas</a> with <a href="/wiki/German_Shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="German Shepherds">German Shepherds</a>. By the 1980s, the ability of Russia's bomb and narcotic detection dogs were assessed as being inadequate. Klim Sulimov, a research scientist with the DS Likhachev Scientific Research Institute for Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection, began cross-breeding dogs with their wild relatives in an attempt to improve their scent-detection abilities. The researchers assumed that during domestication dogs had lost some of their scent-detection ability because they no longer had to detect prey. Sulimov crossed European jackals with Laikas, and also with <a href="/wiki/Fox_terriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox terriers">fox terriers</a> to add trainability and loyalty to the mix. He used the jackal because he believed that it was the wild ancestor of the dog, that it had superior scent-detecting ability, and, because it was smaller with more endurance than the dog, it could be housed outdoors in the Russian climate. Sulimov favored a mix of one quarter jackal and three-quarters dog. Sulimov's program continues today with the use of the hybrid <a href="/wiki/Sulimov_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulimov dog">Sulimov dogs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheremetyevo Airport">Sheremetyevo Airport</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> by the Russian airline <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hall2016_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall2016-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hybrid program has been criticized, with one of Sulimov's colleagues pointing out that in other tests the Laika performed just as well as the jackal hybrids. The assumption that dogs have lost some of their scent-detection ability may be incorrect, in that dogs need to be able to scent-detect and identify the many humans that they come into contact with in their domesticated environment. Another researcher crossed German Shepherds with wolves and claimed that this hybrid had superior scent-detection abilities. The scientific evidence to support the claims of hybrid researchers is minimal, and more research has been called for.<sup id="cite_ref-hall2016_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall2016-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mtdna_seq_desc-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mtdna_seq_desc_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a full set of supporting references refer to the note (a) in the phylotree at <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf#Wolf-like_canids" title="Evolution of the wolf">Evolution of the wolf#Wolf-like canids</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann,_M.Arnold,_J.Duckworth,_J._W.Jhala,_Y.2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffmann, M.; Arnold, J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Jhala, Y.; Kamler, J. F.; Krofel, M. (2020) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/118264161/163507876">"<i>Canis aureus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2018</b>: e.T118264161A163507876. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A163507876.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A163507876.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Canis+aureus&rft.volume=2018&rft.pages=e.T118264161A163507876&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T118264161A163507876.en&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+M.&rft.au=Arnold%2C+J.&rft.au=Duckworth%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Jhala%2C+Y.&rft.au=Kamler%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Krofel%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F118264161%2F163507876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linnaeus1758-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linnaeus1758_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linnaeus1758_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linnaeus1758_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnæus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Linnæus, C. (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/carolilinnisys00linn/page/40/mode/2up">"<i>Canis aureus</i>"</a>. <i>Systema naturæ</i> (in Latin). Vol. Regnum Animale (10 ed.). Holmiæ: Laurentius Salvius. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canis+aureus&rft.btitle=Systema+natur%C3%A6&rft.place=Holmi%C3%A6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.edition=10&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linn%C3%A6us&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcarolilinnisys00linn%2Fpage%2F40%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxford2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829165812/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jackal">"Jackal"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press. 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/jackal">the original</a> on August 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Jackal&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fjackal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jhala2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhala2004_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhalaMoehlman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yadvendradev_Vikramsinh_Jhala" title="Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala">Jhala, Y. V.</a>; Moehlman, P. D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf">"6.2 – Golden Jackal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffmann, Michael; Macdonald, David Whyte (eds.). <i>Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan</i>. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2831707860" title="Special:BookSources/978-2831707860"><bdi>978-2831707860</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923200655/http://www.carnivoreconservation.org/files/actionplans/canids.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.2+%E2%80%93+Golden+Jackal&rft.btitle=Canids%3A+Foxes%2C+Wolves%2C+Jackals%2C+and+Dogs%3AStatus+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.pub=IUCN-The+World+Conservation+Union&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2831707860&rft.aulast=Jhala&rft.aufirst=Y.+V.&rft.au=Moehlman%2C+P.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnivoreconservation.org%2Ffiles%2Factionplans%2Fcanids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wayne1993-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wayne1993_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne1993" class="citation journal cs1">Wayne, Robert K. (June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wooferhouse.net/Links/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily.htm">"Molecular evolution of the dog family"</a>. <i>Trends in Genetics</i>. <b>9</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">218–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0168-9525%2893%2990122-x">10.1016/0168-9525(93)90122-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8337763">8337763</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183706/http://wooferhouse.net/Links/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily/MolecularEvolutionOfTheDogFamily.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2015-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.060">"Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>25</b> (16): <span class="nowrap">2158–</span>2165. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25.2158K">2015CBio...25.2158K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.060">10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26234211">26234211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16379927">16379927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+Evidence+Reveals+that+African+and+Eurasian+Golden+Jackals+Are+Distinct+Species&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2158-%3C%2Fspan%3E2165&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16379927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26234211&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25.2158K&rft.aulast=Koepfli&rft.aufirst=K.-P.&rft.au=Pollinger%2C+J.&rft.au=Godinho%2C+R.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+J.&rft.au=Lea%2C+A.&rft.au=Hendricks%2C+S.&rft.au=Schweizer%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Thalmann%2C+O.&rft.au=Silva%2C+P.&rft.au=Fan%2C+Z.&rft.au=Yurchenko%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Dobrynin%2C+P.&rft.au=Makunin%2C+A.&rft.au=Cahill%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+B.&rft.au=%C3%81lvares%2C+F.&rft.au=Brito%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Geffen%2C+E.&rft.au=Leonard%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Helgen%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Van+Valkenburgh%2C+B.&rft.au=Wayne%2C+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.06.060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zachos2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zachos2016_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachos2016" class="citation book cs1">Zachos, Frank E. 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(20 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2017/details/species/id/cbc6668c8147b2292e3ab4b57696cc35">"<i>Canis anthus</i> F. Cuvier, 1820 (accepted name)"</a>. <i>Catalogue of Life: 2017 Annual Checklist</i>. Catalogue of Life. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065517/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2017/details/species/id/cbc6668c8147b2292e3ab4b57696cc35">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azokh+Cave+and+the+Transcaucasian+Corridor&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319249247&rft.aulast=Jalvo&rft.aufirst=Yolanda+Fernandez&rft.au=King%2C+Tania&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+Levon&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJPNDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurten1965-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kurten1965_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtén1965" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtén, B. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Zool.+Fenn.&rft.atitle=The+Carnivora+of+the+Palestine+Caves&rft.issue=107&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8%2C+42&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Kurt%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F37761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span> Golden jackal remains found in Level 1, post-glacial, at 7,600 carbon years</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sommer2005-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sommer2005_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerBenecke2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sommer, R.; Benecke, N. (2005). "Late-Pleistocene and early Holocene history of the canid fauna of Europe (Canidae)". <i>Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde</i>. <b>70</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005MamBi..70..227S">2005MamBi..70..227S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2004.12.001">10.1016/j.mambio.2004.12.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Biology+-+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+S%C3%A4ugetierkunde&rft.atitle=Late-Pleistocene+and+early+Holocene+history+of+the+canid+fauna+of+Europe+%28Canidae%29&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mambio.2004.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005MamBi..70..227S&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Benecke%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lapini2003-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lapini2003_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapini2003_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapini2003_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapini2003_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapini2003_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lapini2003_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapini2003" class="citation book cs1">Lapini, L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_9KAAAAYAAJ">"Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758)"</a>. In Boitani, L.; Lovari, S.; Vigna Taglianti, A. (eds.). <i>Fauna d'Italia – Mammalia III – Carnivora – Artiodactyla</i>. Vol. XXXVIII. Calderini. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8870191691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8870191691"><bdi>978-8870191691</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103325/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_9KAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Canis+aureus+%28Linnaeus%2C+1758%29&rft.btitle=Fauna+d%27Italia+%E2%80%93+Mammalia+III+%E2%80%93+Carnivora+%E2%80%93+Artiodactyla&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Calderini&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8870191691&rft.aulast=Lapini&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_9KAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cox2016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cox2016_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxMooreLadle2016" class="citation book cs1">Cox, C. B.; Moore, Peter D.; Ladle, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b6fQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-96858-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-96858-1"><bdi>978-1-118-96858-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biogeography%3A+An+Ecological+and+Evolutionary+Approach&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-118-96858-1&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Peter+D.&rft.au=Ladle%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db6fQCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-editorial2012-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-editorial2012_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Board2012" class="citation book cs1">Editorial Board (2012). <i>Concise Dictionary of Science</i>. V&S Publishers. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81588-64-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81588-64-2"><bdi>978-93-81588-64-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Dictionary+of+Science&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=V%26S+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-81588-64-2&rft.au=Editorial+Board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ibis2015-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ibis2015_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ibis2015_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİbişAksöyekÖzcanTez2015" class="citation journal cs1">İbiş, Osman; Aksöyek, Eren; Özcan, Servet; Tez, Coşkun (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fvz.65.e31532">"A preliminary phylogenetic analysis of golden jackals (<i>Canis aureus</i>) (Canidae: Carnivora: Mammalia) from Turkey based on mitochondrial D-loop sequences"</a>. <i>Vertebrate Zoology</i>. <b>65</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fvz.65.e31532">10.3897/vz.65.e31532</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13861746">13861746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vertebrate+Zoology&rft.atitle=A+preliminary+phylogenetic+analysis+of+golden+jackals+%28Canis+aureus%29+%28Canidae%3A+Carnivora%3A+Mammalia%29+from+Turkey+based+on+mitochondrial+D-loop+sequences&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E397&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fvz.65.e31532&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13861746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C4%B0bi%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Osman&rft.au=Aks%C3%B6yek%2C+Eren&rft.au=%C3%96zcan%2C+Servet&rft.au=Tez%2C+Co%C5%9Fkun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3897%252Fvz.65.e31532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-negi2015-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-negi2015_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYumnamNegiMaldonadoFleischer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Yumnam, Bibek; 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"Genetic Variability, Differentiation, and Founder Effect in Golden Jackals (<i>Canis aureus</i>) from Serbia as Revealed by Mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear Microsatellite Loci". <i>Biochemical Genetics</i>. <b>47</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10528-009-9221-y">10.1007/s10528-009-9221-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19169806">19169806</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14110950">14110950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemical+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+Variability%2C+Differentiation%2C+and+Founder+Effect+in+Golden+Jackals+%28Canis+aureus%29+from+Serbia+as+Revealed+by+Mitochondrial+DNA+and+Nuclear+Microsatellite+Loci&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14110950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19169806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10528-009-9221-y&rft.aulast=Zachos&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft.au=Cirovic%2C+Dusko&rft.au=Kirschning%2C+Julia&rft.au=Otto%2C+Marthe&rft.au=Hartl%2C+G%C3%BCnther+B.&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Britt&rft.au=Honnen%2C+Ann-Christin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fabbri2013-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fabbri2013_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabbriCanigliaGalovArbanasić2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fabbri, Elena; Caniglia, Romolo; Galov, Ana; Arbanasić, Haidi; Lapini, Luca; Bošković, Ivica; Florijančić, Tihomir; Vlasseva, Albena; Ahmed, Atidzhe; Mirchev, Rossen L.; Randi, Ettore (2013). 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6224481">"Interspecific Gene Flow Shaped the Evolution of the Genus Canis"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>28</b> (21): 3441–3449.e5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CBio...28E3441G">2018CBio...28E3441G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.08.041">10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6224481">6224481</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30344120">30344120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Interspecific+Gene+Flow+Shaped+the+Evolution+of+the+Genus+Canis&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=3441-3449.e5&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6224481%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30344120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2018.08.041&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018CBio...28E3441G&rft.aulast=Gopalakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Shyam&rft.au=Sinding%2C+Mikkel-Holger+S.&rft.au=Ramos-Madrigal%2C+Jazm%C3%ADn&rft.au=Niemann%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Samaniego+Castruita%2C+Jose+A.&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Filipe+G.&rft.au=Car%C3%B8e%2C+Christian&rft.au=Montero%2C+Marc+de+Manuel&rft.au=Kuderna%2C+Lukas&rft.au=Serres%2C+Aitor&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Basallote%2C+V%C3%ADctor+Manuel&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yan-Hu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guo-Dong&rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+Tomas&rft.au=Mirarab%2C+Siavash&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Gaubert%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Koepfli%2C+Klaus-Peter&rft.au=Budd%2C+Jane&rft.au=Rueness%2C+Eli+Knispel&rft.au=Heide-J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Mads+Peter&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Bent&rft.au=Sicheritz-Ponten%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Bachmann%2C+Lutz&rft.au=Wiig%2C+%C3%98ystein&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Anders+J.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+M.+Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6224481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wozencraft2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wozencraft2005_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wozencraft2005_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWozencraft2005" class="citation book cs1">Wozencraft, W. Christopher (2005). Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA574"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a>. Vol. 1 (3 ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">574–</span>575. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801882210" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801882210"><bdi>978-0801882210</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103327/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA574">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E574-%3C%2Fspan%3E575&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0801882210&rft.aulast=Wozencraft&rft.aufirst=W.+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgAMbNSt8ikC%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castello132-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-castello132_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castelló, J. R. (2018). <i>Canids of the World</i>, Princeton, pp. 132–133, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7">978-0-691-17685-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heptner140-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heptner140_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner140_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner140_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner140_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner140_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner140_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998">Heptner & Naumov 1998</a>, pp. 140–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pocock1941c-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pocock1941c_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pocock1941c_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock1941" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, R. I. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia2/pocock2#page96"><i>Fauna of British India: Mammals</i></a>. Vol. 2. Taylor Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">96–</span>100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fauna+of+British+India%3A+Mammals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=Taylor+Francis&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=R.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPocockMammalia2%2Fpocock2%23page96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castello142-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-castello142_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-castello142_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Castelló, J. R. (2018), <i>Canids of the World</i>, Princeton, pp. 142-143, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7">978-0-691-17685-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matschie1900-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matschie1900_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatschie1900" class="citation journal cs1">Matschie, P. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35603#page/156/mode/1up">"Herr Matschie sprach uber den Schakel des Menam-Gebietes in Siam"</a>. <i>Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin</i>. <b>1900</b>: <span class="nowrap">144–</span>145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916012959/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35603#page/156/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sitzungsberichte+der+Gesellschaft+Naturforschender+Freunde+zu+Berlin&rft.atitle=Herr+Matschie+sprach+uber+den+Schakel+des+Menam-Gebietes+in+Siam&rft.volume=1900&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Matschie&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F35603%23page%2F156%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span>[Mr. Matschie talked about the Menam area of Siam]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sosale2023-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sosale2023_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosale_M._S.2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sosale M. S. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2023.147303">"The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic characterization of two putative subspecies of golden jackal (Canis aureus cruesemanni and Canis aureus moreotica)"</a>. <i>Gene</i>. <b>866</b>: 147303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2023.147303">10.1016/j.gene.2023.147303</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36854348">36854348</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257224067">257224067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gene&rft.atitle=The+complete+mitochondrial+genome+and+phylogenetic+characterization+of+two+putative+subspecies+of+golden+jackal+%28Canis+aureus+cruesemanni+and+Canis+aureus+moreotica%29&rft.volume=866&rft.pages=147303&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257224067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36854348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gene.2023.147303&rft.au=Sosale+M.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gene.2023.147303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lekagul1988-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lekagul1988_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lekagul1988_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLekagulMcNeely1988" class="citation book cs1">Lekagul, B.; McNeely, J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxLcPwAACAAJ"><i>Mammals of Thailand</i></a> (2 ed.). Darnsutha Press. p. 520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-974-86806-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-974-86806-1-3"><bdi>978-974-86806-1-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103325/https://books.google.com/books?id=MxLcPwAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+Thailand&rft.pages=520&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Darnsutha+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-974-86806-1-3&rft.aulast=Lekagul&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=McNeely%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxLcPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castello2018-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castello2018_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castello2018_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelló2018" class="citation book cs1">Castelló, J.R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=islgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">"Ch.2 - Wolf-like Canids"</a>. <i>Canids of the World: Wolves, Wild Dogs, Foxes, Jackals, Coyotes, and Their Relatives</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">142–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18372-5"><bdi>978-0-691-18372-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103323/https://books.google.com/books?id=islgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.2+-+Wolf-like+Canids&rft.btitle=Canids+of+the+World%3A+Wolves%2C+Wild+Dogs%2C+Foxes%2C+Jackals%2C+Coyotes%2C+and+Their+Relatives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18372-5&rft.aulast=Castell%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DislgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pp1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhung_My_Trung" class="citation web cs1">Phung My Trung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vncreatures.net/e_focus/e_news_13.php">"Scottish Maria and the Golden Jackal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407145857/http://www.vncreatures.net/e_focus/e_news_13.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottish+Maria+and+the+Golden+Jackal&rft.au=Phung+My+Trung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vncreatures.net%2Fe_focus%2Fe_news_13.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moehlman2018-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moehlman2018_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moehlman2018_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoehlmanHayssen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Moehlman, 1Patricia D.; Hayssen, Virginia (17 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmspecies%2Fsey002">"<i>Canis aureus</i> (Carnivore: Canidae)"</a>. <i>Mammalian Species</i>. <b>50</b> (957): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmspecies%2Fsey002">10.1093/mspecies/sey002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&rft.atitle=Canis+aureus+%28Carnivore%3A+Canidae%29&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=957&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmspecies%2Fsey002&rft.aulast=Moehlman&rft.aufirst=1Patricia+D.&rft.au=Hayssen%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmspecies%252Fsey002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castello138-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-castello138_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castelló, J. R. (2018). <i>Canids of the World</i>, Princeton, pp. 138–139, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7">978-0-691-17685-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hodgson1833-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hodgson1833_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1833" class="citation journal cs1">Hodgson, B.H. (1833). "<i>Canis aureus indicus</i>". <i>Asiatic Researches</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatic+Researches&rft.atitle=Canis+aureus+indicus&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237&rft.date=1833&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=B.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shrestha1997-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shrestha1997_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrestha1997_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shrestha1997_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha1997" class="citation book cs1">Shrestha, Tej Kumar (1997). <i>Mammals of Nepal:with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan</i>. Steven Simpson Natural History Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0952439066" title="Special:BookSources/978-0952439066"><bdi>978-0952439066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+Nepal%3Awith+reference+to+those+of+India%2C+Bangladesh%2C+Bhutan+and+Pakistan&rft.pub=Steven+Simpson+Natural+History+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0952439066&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Tej+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castello134-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-castello134_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castelló, J. R. (2018). <i>Canids of the World</i>, Princeton, pp. 134–135, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7">978-0-691-17685-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geoffroy1835-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geoffroy1835_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffroy_Sai'nt-Hilaire1835" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Geoffroy Sai'nt-Hilaire, I. (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXf5lekvE84C&pg=PA10">"Mammiferes"</a>. <i>Mammiferes de l'expedition scientifique de Moree</i>. Vol. 3-Zoologie. F.G. Levrault. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103323/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXf5lekvE84C&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mammiferes&rft.btitle=Mammiferes+de+l%27expedition+scientifique+de+Moree&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=F.G.+Levrault&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Geoffroy+Sai%27nt-Hilaire&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXf5lekvE84C%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span>[Mammals of the Scientific Expedition of Morea]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giannatos2004-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giannatos2004_55-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiannatos2004" class="citation book cs1">Giannatos, G. 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(2018). <i>Canids of the World</i>, Princeton, pp. 136–137, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17685-7">978-0-691-17685-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hemprich1833-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hemprich1833_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemprichEhrenberg1833" class="citation journal cs1">Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. (1833). 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(1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87758#page/223/mode/1up"><i>The natural history of dogs : Canidae or genus Canis of authors; including also the genera Hyaena and Proteles</i></a>. Vol. 9. W.H. Lizars. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>216. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117174731/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/87758#page/223/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Legal+implications+of+range+expansions+in+a+terrestrial+carnivore%3A+The+case+of+the+golden+jackal+%28Canis+aureus%29+in+Europe&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2593&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16890568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10531-015-0948-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015BiCon..24.2593T&rft.aulast=Trouwborst&rft.aufirst=Arie&rft.au=Krofel%2C+Miha&rft.au=Linnell%2C+John+D.+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrage.nina.no%2Fnina-xmlui%2Fbitstream%2F11250%2F2396544%2F3%2FLinnell%252bLegal%252bimplications%252bBiodivCons%252b24%252b10%252b2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krofel2017-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krofel2017_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krofel2017_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krofel2017_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrofelGiannatosĆirovićStoyanov2017" class="citation journal cs1">Krofel, M.; Giannatos, G.; Ćirović, D.; Stoyanov, S.; Newsome, T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammal+Research&rft.atitle=Golden+jackal+%28Canis+aureus%29+in+Estonia%3A+development+of+a+thriving+population+in+the+boreal+ecoregion&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=2022-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245738736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2199-241X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13364-021-00615-1&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4nnil&rft.aufirst=Peep&rft.au=Ranc%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs13364-021-00615-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallSharp1978" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Robert L.; Sharp, H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolf+and+man%3A+Evolution+in+Parallel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3607816&rft.isbn=978-0-12-319250-9&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.au=Sharp%2C+H.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtj60BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heptner147-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heptner147_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner147_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998">Heptner & Naumov 1998</a>, pp. 147–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oliver1816-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oliver1816_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmithTurton1816" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith, O.; Turton, W. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Animals_in_Stone__Indian_Mammals_Sculptured_Through_Time__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_Handbuch_Der_Orientalistik_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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MacMillan & Co. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribes+and+Castes+of+the+Central+Provinces+of+India&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=MacMillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rft.au=Lal%2C+R.+B.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftribescastesofce03russ%2Ftribescastesofce03russ_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kipling1920-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kipling1920_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipling1920" class="citation book cs1">Kipling, Rudyard (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvJaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">"1-Mowgli's Brothers"</a>. <i>The Jungle Book</i>. The Century Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103326/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvJaAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1-Mowgli%27s+Brothers&rft.btitle=The+Jungle+Book&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=The+Century+Co&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Kipling&rft.aufirst=Rudyard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvJaAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span>First published by Macmillan in 1894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-akhtar2009-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-akhtar2009_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtarChauhan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Akhtar, N.; Chauhan, N.P.S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/572">"Food Habits and Human-jackal Interaction in Marwahi forest Division, Bilaspur Chhattisgarh"</a>. <i>The Indian Forester</i>. <b>10</b>: <span class="nowrap">1347–</span>1356. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620024837/http://www.indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/572">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Forester&rft.atitle=Food+Habits+and+Human-jackal+Interaction+in+Marwahi+forest+Division%2C+Bilaspur+Chhattisgarh&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1347-%3C%2Fspan%3E1356&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Chauhan%2C+N.P.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianforester.co.in%2Findex.php%2Findianforester%2Farticle%2Fview%2F572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heptner160-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heptner160_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner160_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner160_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner160_120-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner160_120-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heptner160_120-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998">Heptner & Naumov 1998</a>, pp. 160–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yomtov1995-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yomtov1995_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYom-TovAshkenaziViner1995" class="citation journal cs1">Yom-Tov, Yoram; Ashkenazi, Shoshana; Viner, Omer (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/yom-tov/articles/Cattle.pdf">"Cattle predation by the golden jackal Canis aureus in the Golan Heights, Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>73</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995BCons..73...19Y">1995BCons..73...19Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.580.6352">10.1.1.580.6352</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3207%2895%2990051-9">10.1016/0006-3207(95)90051-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054426/http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/yom-tov/articles/Cattle.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Cattle+predation+by+the+golden+jackal+Canis+aureus+in+the+Golan+Heights%2C+Israel&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.580.6352%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0006-3207%2895%2990051-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995BCons..73...19Y&rft.aulast=Yom-Tov&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft.au=Ashkenazi%2C+Shoshana&rft.au=Viner%2C+Omer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tau.ac.il%2Flifesci%2Fzoology%2Fmembers%2Fyom-tov%2Farticles%2FCattle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dale1906-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dale1906_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dale1906_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Dale" title="Thomas Francis Dale">Dale, T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fox+%28Fur%2C+Feather+and+Fin+Series%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E193&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=T.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwtf.ie%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatt1959-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hatt1959_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatt1959" class="citation book cs1">Hatt, R. T. (1959). "The Mammals". <i>The Mammals of Iraq</i>. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mammals&rft.btitle=The+Mammals+of+Iraq&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Museum+of+Zoology%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Hatt&rft.aufirst=R.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bachrach1953-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bachrach1953_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1953" class="citation book cs1">Bachrach, M. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=boz5pKTbgT0C&pg=PA214"><i>Fur: a practical treatise</i></a> (3 ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. <span class="nowrap">214–</span>217. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417162808/https://books.google.com/books?id=boz5pKTbgT0C&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fur%3A+a+practical+treatise&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E217&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dboz5pKTbgT0C%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bradshaw2011-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bradshaw2011_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Bradshaw, J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oWOaDOegs0AC&pg=PA10"><i>In Defence of Dogs: Why Dogs Need Our Understanding</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-295-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-295-6"><bdi>978-1-84614-295-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103323/https://books.google.com/books?id=oWOaDOegs0AC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Dogs%3A+Why+Dogs+Need+Our+Understanding&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-295-6&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoWOaDOegs0AC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boitard1842-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boitard1842_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boitard1842_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoitardJanin1842" class="citation book cs1">Boitard, M.; Janin, M. J. (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2we3DN1RP0C&pg=PA204">"Les Carnassiers Digitigrades"</a>. <i>Le jardin des plantes</i>. J.-J. Dubochet. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103323/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2we3DN1RP0C&pg=PA204">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+Carnassiers+Digitigrades&rft.btitle=Le+jardin+des+plantes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=J.-J.+Dubochet&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Boitard&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Janin%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2we3DN1RP0C%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hall2016-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hall2016_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall2016_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallProtopopovaWynne2016" class="citation book cs1">Hall, N. J.; Protopopova, A.; <a href="/wiki/Clive_Wynne" title="Clive Wynne">Wynne, C. D. L.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOsbDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">"6-Olfacation in Wild Canids and Russian Canid Hybrids"</a>. In Jezierski, T.; Ensminger, J.; Papet, L. E. (eds.). <i>Canine Olfaction Science and Law: Advances in Forensic Science, Medicine, Conservation, and Remedial Conservation</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482260274" title="Special:BookSources/9781482260274"><bdi>9781482260274</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210103324/https://books.google.com/books?id=VOsbDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6-Olfacation+in+Wild+Canids+and+Russian+Canid+Hybrids&rft.btitle=Canine+Olfaction+Science+and+Law%3A+Advances+in+Forensic+Science%2C+Medicine%2C+Conservation%2C+and+Remedial+Conservation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781482260274&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=N.+J.&rft.au=Protopopova%2C+A.&rft.au=Wynne%2C+C.+D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOsbDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" class="extiw" title="commons:Canis aureus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Canis aureus">Golden Jackal (Canis aureus)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalsofsov211998gept"><i>Mammals of the Soviet Union Vol. II Part 1a, Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea cows; Wolves and Bears)</i></a>. Science Publishers, Inc. USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886106-81-9"><bdi>978-1-886106-81-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammals+of+the+Soviet+Union+Vol.+II+Part+1a%2C+Sirenia+and+Carnivora+%28Sea+cows%3B+Wolves+and+Bears%29&rft.pub=Science+Publishers%2C+Inc.+USA.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-886106-81-9&rft.aulast=Heptner&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft.au=Naumov%2C+N.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalsofsov211998gept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+jackal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxqN39M7X4M">Golden jackal being trained for scent detection</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnivora" title="Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnivora" title="Template talk:Carnivora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Carnivora_species578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea107" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)126" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)184" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(cats)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx41" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">lineage</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae98" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Palm_civets173" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Palm_civet" title="Palm civet">Palm civets</a></span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato153" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Poiana(African_linsangs)127" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(genets)</span></small></a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Genetta</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Eugenetta</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Herpailuropoda</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Pardogale</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Prionailuropoda</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schouteden%27s_genet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schouteden's genet (page does not exist)">Schouteden's genet (<i>G. schoutedeni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Leptailuropoda</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Osbornictis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Malagasy civets)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(falanoucs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(vontsira)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"> <i>sensu stricto</i></span> <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">(mongooses)</a></span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata168" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(kusimanses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Asian mongooses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(slender mongooses)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)281" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(dogs)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Urocyon15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoon dogs)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(zorro)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(South American foxes)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(genus)" title="Lycaon (genus)">Lycaon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ursidae_(bears)183" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(bears)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Odobenidae14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(northern <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(southern <a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"> <a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals or true seals)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /> <a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)362" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ailuridae13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(mountain coatis)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae578" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae130" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Vormela" title="Vormela">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae <small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></small></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neogale(New_World_weasels)121" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(New World weasels)</span></small></a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></small></a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Mustela</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i>Lutreola</i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><i>(paraphyletic)</i></span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">subgenus</span></small> <i><a href="/wiki/Putorius" title="Putorius">Putorius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polecat" title="Polecat">Polecat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Canis aureus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128098" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q128098">Q128098</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Canis_aureus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Canis aureus">Canis aureus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Canis_aureus/">Canis_aureus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/golden-jackal/canis-aureus/">canis-aureus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1853">1853</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=174686">174686</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/QLX7">QLX7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328681">328681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CANIAU">CANIAU</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305288">305288</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/c8bb3e21-02e2-40ef-bfff-e325fbb0bdbc">c8bb3e21-02e2-40ef-bfff-e325fbb0bdbc</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219219">5219219</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/851014">851014</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10200773">10200773</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183817">183817</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/118264161">118264161</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1005939">1005939</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000704">14000704</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000376466">NHMSYS0000376466</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=68724">68724</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/80322/">80322</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=104156">104156</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/9412">9412</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=3354">3354</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Canis-aureus">Canis-aureus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/17C416CE-8BAC-4C6F-87B0-B693CD211CC9">17C416CE-8BAC-4C6F-87B0-B693CD211CC9</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85019603">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chacal commun"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12394588d">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chacal commun"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12394588d">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="šakal obecný"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph449179&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283360905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&oldid=1276166164">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_jackal&oldid=1276166164</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_least_concern_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List least concern species">IUCN Red List least concern species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Golden_jackal" title="Category:Golden jackal">Golden jackal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jackals" title="Category:Jackals">Jackals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carnivorans_of_Asia" title="Category:Carnivorans of Asia">Carnivorans of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carnivorans_of_Europe" title="Category:Carnivorans of Europe">Carnivorans of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia">Mammals of Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Mammals of West Asia">Mammals of West Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_South_Asia" title="Category:Mammals of South Asia">Mammals of South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Central_Asia" 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728.648 1 Template:Speciesbox"," 22.08% 709.676 1 Template:Taxobox/core"," 19.47% 625.831 12 Template:Clade"," 15.07% 484.169 59 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.50% 273.163 1 Template:Carnivora"," 7.46% 239.611 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 7.08% 227.683 42 Template:Cite_book"," 5.73% 184.063 1 Template:Geological_range"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.076","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24443157,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAkhtarChauhan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlderton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbarlıBilgin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnoldHumerHeltaiMurariu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAroraSinghSharmaBhaduria2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvise1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachrach1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlagaGhermanSeucomCozma2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoitardJanin1842\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradshaw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBöckerWeberArnoldCollet2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastelló2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChawlaSrivathsaSinghMajgaonkar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherinBertèRookSardella2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClutton-BrockCorbetHills1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxMooreLadle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalimiMotamediHosseiniMohammadian2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalimiSattariMotamedi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Gubernatis1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial_Board2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabbriCanigliaGalovArbanasić2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFanSilvaGronauWang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeddersen-Petersen,_D.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankFrank1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedmanGronauSchweizerOrtega-Del_Vecchyo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalovFabbriCanigliaArbanasić2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaubertBlochBenyacoubAbdelhamid2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffroy_Sai\u0026#039;nt-Hilaire1835\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhermanMihalca2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiannatos2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsmithTurton1816\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGopalakrishnanSindingRamos-MadrigalNiemann2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallProtopopovaWynne2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallSharp1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatt1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemprichEhrenberg1833\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeptnerNaumov1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson1833\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmann,_M.Arnold,_J.Duckworth,_J._W.Jhala,_Y.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaegerPanditHaque1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJalvoKingYepiskoposyanAndrews2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerdon1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJhalaMoehlman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipling1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipling1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoepfliPollingerGodinhoRobinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrofelGiannatosĆirovićStoyanov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtén1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanszkiHeltai2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapini2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLapiniMolinariDorigoAre2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLekagulMcNeely1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindblad-TohWadeMikkelsenKarlsson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnæus1758\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucentiRook2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatschie1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiklosi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoehlmanHayssen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammadiKaboliLópez-Bao2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouraTsingarskaDąbrowskiCzarnomska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMännilRanc2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrrell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalaciosLópez-BaoLlanezaFernández2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardikar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhung_My_Trung\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilotDąbrowskiHayrapetyanYavruyan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPocock1941\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFQumsiyeh1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadovićKovačić2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_K._WayneJennifer_A._LeonardCarles_Vila2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuenessAsmyhrSillero-ZubiriMacDonald2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussellLal1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutkowskiKrofelGiannatosĆirović2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheininYom-TovMotroGeffen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamirYakobsonBanethKing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaSinghSrinivasMadhanraj2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrestha1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithJardine1839\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSommerBenecke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSosale_M._S.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalmi-FrankKedem-VaanunuKingBar-Gal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennent1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolnaiSzéllSprochSzeredi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrbojevićTrbojevićMaleševićKrofel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrouwborstKrofelLinnell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_ValkenburghWayne1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne,_R.Ostrander,_Elaine_A.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayneVan_ValkenburghKatFuller1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerness2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWozencraft2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWroughton1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYom-TovAshkenaziViner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYumnamNegiMaldonadoFleischer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZachos2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZachosCirovicKirschningOtto2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Geer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFĆirovićPenezićMilenkovićPaunović2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİbişAksöyekÖzcanTez2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CSS image crop\"] = 2,\n [\"Carnivora\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite iucn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Clade\"] = 12,\n [\"Cladogram\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 27,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 7,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 11,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"MirrorH\"] = 1,\n [\"Mya\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 25,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PMID\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Speciesbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikispecies\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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