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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mission timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loss_of_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Loss of contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spacecraft overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spacecraft_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spacecraft overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scientific instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_complete_test_of_aerobraking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_complete_test_of_aerobraking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>First complete test of aerobraking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_complete_test_of_aerobraking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mission results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Lense–Thirring_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lense–Thirring_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The Lense–Thirring test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lense–Thirring_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_evidence_for_water_on_Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_evidence_for_water_on_Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Further evidence for water on Mars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_evidence_for_water_on_Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="الماسح الشامل للمريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الماسح الشامل للمريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Марс Глобъл Сървейър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марс Глобъл Сървейър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="نقشه‌بردار سراسر مریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقشه‌بردار سراسر مریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%8C_%EC%84%9C%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="마스 글로벌 서베이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마스 글로벌 서베이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="मार्स ग्लोबल सर्वेयर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्स ग्लोबल सर्वेयर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מארס גלובל סרוויור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מארס גלובל סרוויור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="マーズ・グローバル・サーベイヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーズ・グローバル・サーベイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Марсов глобални геометар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марсов глобални геометар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Mars Global Surveyor" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">NASA orbiter mission to Mars (1996–2006)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Mars Global Surveyor</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_global_surveyor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mars_global_surveyor.jpg/260px-Mars_global_surveyor.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mars_global_surveyor.jpg/390px-Mars_global_surveyor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mars_global_surveyor.jpg/520px-Mars_global_surveyor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="6958" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> orbiter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-062A">1996-062A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206300#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">24648<span style="float:right"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206300?uselang=en#P377" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-global-surveyor/">science.nasa.gov</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">9 years, 11 months and 26 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,030.5 kg (2,272 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">980 watts</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">7 November 1996, 17:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1996-11-07UTC17Z</span>)</span> UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925<br />D-239</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17">LC-17A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_IDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing IDS">Boeing IDS</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disposal</th><td class="infobox-data">Derelict</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Declared</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">2 November 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">2006-11-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decay date</th><td class="infobox-data">2050 (estimated)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Areocentric_orbit" title="Areocentric orbit">Areocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">Semi-major axis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,769 km (2,342 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-navhist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.008<sup id="cite_ref-navhist_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Periareion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">372.8 km (231.6 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-navhist_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apoareion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">436.5 km (271.2 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-navhist_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">92.9 degrees<sup id="cite_ref-navhist_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.95 hours<sup id="cite_ref-navhist_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navhist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 2004</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">11 September 1997, 01:17 UTC<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">MSD</a> 43972 16:29 <a href="/wiki/Airy_Mean_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy Mean Time">AMT</a></small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_patch_transparent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_patch_transparent.png/180px-Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_patch_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_patch_transparent.png/270px-Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_patch_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_patch_transparent.png/360px-Mars_Global_Surveyor_-_patch_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="527" /></a></span> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Mars Global Surveyor</b></i> (<b>MGS</b>) was an American <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probe</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> and launched November 1996. MGS was a global mapping mission that examined the entire planet, from the ionosphere down through the atmosphere to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a>, <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> performed atmospheric monitoring for sister <a href="/wiki/Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiter">orbiters</a> during <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a>, and helped <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rovers</a> and lander missions by identifying potential landing sites and relaying surface telemetry.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It completed its primary mission in January 2001 and was in its third extended mission phase when, on 2 November 2006, the spacecraft failed to respond to messages and commands. A faint signal was detected three days later which indicated that it had gone into <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe mode (spacecraft)">safe mode</a>. Attempts to recontact the spacecraft and resolve the problem failed, and NASA officially ended the mission in January 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-mgs_lost_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_lost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MGS remains in a stable near-polar circular orbit at about 450 km altitude and as of 1996, was expected to crash onto the surface of the planet in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> achieved the following science objectives during its primary mission:<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Characterize the surface features and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">geological processes on Mars</a>.</li> <li>Determine the composition, distribution and physical properties of surface minerals, rocks and ice.</li> <li>Determine the global topography, planet shape, and <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_field" title="Gravitational field">gravitational field</a>.</li> <li>Establish the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> and map the crustal remnant field.</li> <li>Monitor global <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">weather</a> and the thermal structure of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere</a>.</li> <li>Study interactions between Mars' surface and the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere</a> by monitoring surface features, <a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">polar caps</a> that expand and recede, the polar energy balance, and dust and clouds as they migrate over a seasonal cycle.</li></ol> <p><i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> also achieved the following goals of its extended mission:<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Continued weather monitoring to form a continuous set of observations with NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>, which reached Mars in March 2006.</li> <li>Imaging of possible landing sites for the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i> spacecraft</a>, and the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a>.</li> <li>Observation and analysis of key sites of scientific interest, such as sedimentary-rock outcrop sites.</li> <li>Continued monitoring of changes on the surface due to wind and ice.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_timeline">Mission timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mission timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>7 November 1996: Launch from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>.</li> <li>11 September 1997: Arrival at Mars, began orbit insertion.</li> <li>1 April 1999: Primary mapping phase began.</li> <li>1 February 2001: First extended mission phase began.</li> <li>1 February 2002: Second extended mission phase began.</li> <li>1 January 2003: Relay mission began.</li> <li>30 March 2004: MGS photographed the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)">Spirit</a></i> along with its wheel tracks showing its first 85 sols of travel.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cratere_Bonneville_Rover_Spirit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cratere_Bonneville_Rover_Spirit.gif/220px-Cratere_Bonneville_Rover_Spirit.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cratere_Bonneville_Rover_Spirit.gif/330px-Cratere_Bonneville_Rover_Spirit.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cratere_Bonneville_Rover_Spirit.gif/440px-Cratere_Bonneville_Rover_Spirit.gif 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The Mars rover <i>Spirit</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s landing site and tracks taken by MGS</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1 December 2004: Science and Support mission began.</li> <li>April 2005: MGS became the first spacecraft to photograph another spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth when it captured two images of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i> spacecraft and one image of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i> spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20050519_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20050519-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mgs_odyssey.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mgs_odyssey.gif/220px-Mgs_odyssey.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mgs_odyssey.gif/330px-Mgs_odyssey.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Mgs_odyssey.gif/440px-Mgs_odyssey.gif 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Mars Odyssey</i> spacecraft image taken by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg/220px-PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/PIA07944_Mars_Express_Seen_by_Mars_Global_Surveyor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="156" /></a><figcaption><i>Mars Express</i> Seen by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1 October 2006: Extended mission phase began for another two years.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2 November 2006: Spacecraft suffers an error while attempting to reorient a solar panel and communication was lost.</li> <li>5 November 2006: Weak signals were detected, indicating the spacecraft was awaiting instructions. The signal cut out later that day.<sup id="cite_ref-mgs_lost_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_lost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21 November 2006: NASA announces the spacecraft has likely finished its operating career.</li> <li>6 December 2006: NASA releases imagery taken by MGS of a newly found gully deposit, suggesting that water still flows on Mars.</li> <li>13 April 2007: NASA releases its Preliminary Report on the cause(s) of MGS loss of contact.<sup id="cite_ref-mgs_lost_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_lost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss_of_contact">Loss of contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Loss of contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 November 2006, NASA lost contact with the spacecraft after commanding it to adjust its solar panels. Several days passed before a faint signal was received indicating that the spacecraft had entered safe mode and was awaiting further instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-mgs_lost_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_lost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 and 22 November 2006, MGS failed to relay communications to the <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)">Opportunity</a></i> rover on the surface of Mars. In response to this complication, Mars Exploration Program manager Fuk Li stated, "Realistically, we have run through the most likely possibilities for re-establishing communication, and we are facing the likelihood that the amazing flow of scientific observations from Mars Global Surveyor is over."<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20061121_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20061121-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 April 2007, NASA announced the loss of the spacecraft was caused by a flaw in a parameter update to the spacecraft's system software.<sup id="cite_ref-mgs_lost_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_lost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spacecraft was designed to hold two identical copies of the system software for redundancy and error checking. Subsequent updates to the software encountered a human error when two independent operators updated separate copies with differing parameters. This was followed by a corrective update that unknowingly included a memory fault which resulted in the loss of the spacecraft. </p><p>Originally, the spacecraft was intended to observe Mars for 1 <a href="/wiki/Martian_year" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian year">Martian year</a> (approximately 2 <a href="/wiki/Earth_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth years">Earth years</a>). However, based on the vast amount of valuable science data returned, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> extended the mission three times. MGS remains in a stable near-polar circular orbit at about 450 km altitude, and was expected to crash onto the surface of the planet at some point after about 2047 at the time of its original launch, having by then spent fifty years orbiting the red planet. This is to prevent contamination of the Martian surface with any germs that may be stuck to the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft_overview">Spacecraft overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spacecraft overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spacecraft, fabricated at the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> Astronautics plant in Denver, is a rectangular-shaped box with wing-like projections (<a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>) extending from opposite sides. When fully loaded with propellant at the time of launch, the spacecraft weighed 1,030.5 kg (2,272 lb). Most of its mass lies in the box-shaped module occupying the center portion of the spacecraft. This center module is made of two smaller rectangular modules stacked on top of each other, one of which is called the equipment module and holds the spacecraft's electronics, <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory equipment">science instruments</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1750A" title="MIL-STD-1750A">1750A</a> mission computer. The other module, called the <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">propulsion</a> module, houses its <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> engines and <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> tanks. The Mars Global Surveyor mission cost about $154 million to develop and build and $65 million to launch. Mission operations and data analysis cost approximately $20 million/year.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_instruments">Scientific instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scientific instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg/220px-Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg/330px-Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg/440px-Mars_Observer_-_MOC2_cb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Camera" title="Mars Orbiter Camera">Mars Orbiter Camera</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Observer_-_MGSTESpic_sm.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Mars_Observer_-_MGSTESpic_sm.gif/220px-Mars_Observer_-_MGSTESpic_sm.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Mars_Observer_-_MGSTESpic_sm.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>TES</figcaption></figure> <p>Five <a href="/wiki/Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">scientific instruments</a> flew aboard MGS:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Camera" title="Mars Orbiter Camera">Mars Orbiter Camera</a></b> (<b>MOC</b>) operated by <a href="/wiki/Malin_Space_Science_Systems" title="Malin Space Science Systems">Malin Space Science Systems</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Camera" title="Mars Orbiter Camera">Mars Orbiter Camera</a> (MOC), originally known as Mars Observer Camera,<sup id="cite_ref-Malin_1991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malin_1991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used 3 instruments: a narrow angle camera that took (black-and-white) high resolution images (usually 1.5 to 12 m per pixel) and red and blue wide angle pictures for context (240 m per pixel) and daily global imaging (7.5 km per pixel). MOC returned more than 240,000 images spanning portions of 4.8 Martian years, from September 1997 and November 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Malin_2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malin_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter</a></b> (<b>MOLA</b>) – MOLA was designed to determine Mars' global topography. It operated as an altimeter until a portion of the laser reached end-of-life in June 2001. The instrument then functioned as a radiometer until October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_topography_(MOLA_dataset)_with_poles_HiRes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg/220px-Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg/330px-Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg/440px-Mars_topography_%28MOLA_dataset%29_with_poles_HiRes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15400" data-file-height="6940" /></a><figcaption>High resolution topographic map of Mars based on the <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter" title="Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter">laser altimeter</a> research led by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Zuber" title="Maria Zuber">Maria Zuber</a> and David Smith. North is at the top. Notable features include the <a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a> volcanoes in the west (including <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a>), <a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a> to the east of Tharsis, and <a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">Hellas basin</a> in the southern hemisphere.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Thermal Emission Spectrometer">Thermal Emission Spectrometer</a></b> (<b>TES</b>) – This instrument mapped the mineral composition of the surface by scanning thermal emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a></b> and <b>electron reflectometer</b> (<b>MAG/ER</b>) – This instrument was used to interrogate the planet's magnetic fields and determine that Mars does not have a global magnetic field but rather many smaller localized fields.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>Ultrastable Oscillator</b> (<b>USO/RS</b>) – Precise clock measurements from this device were used to map variations in the gravitational field.<sup id="cite_ref-nssdc6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b>Mars Relay</b> (<b>MR</b>) – The Mars Relay antenna supported the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Rovers">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> for data relay back to Earth in conjunction with the Mars Orbiter Camera's 12 MB memory buffer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nssdc5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nssdc5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_complete_test_of_aerobraking">First complete test of aerobraking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First complete test of aerobraking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spacecraft was launched from a smaller <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> rocket, necessitating restrictions in spacecraft weight. In order to achieve the near-circular orbit required for the mission while conserving propellant, the team designed a series of <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> maneuvers. Aerobraking had been successfully attempted by the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a> mission at <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, but the first complete test of the new procedure was to be carried out by MGS.<sup id="cite_ref-mgs_aero_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_aero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, MGS was placed in a highly <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">elliptical</a> orbit that took 45 hours to complete. The orbit had a <a href="/wiki/Periapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Periapsis">periapsis</a> of 262 km (163 mi) above the northern hemisphere, and an <a href="/wiki/Apoapsis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoapsis">apoapsis</a> of 54,026 km (33,570 mi) above the southern hemisphere. This would subsequently be adjusted into its circular science orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After orbital insertion, MGS performed a series of orbit changes to lower the periapsis of its orbit into the upper fringes of the Martian atmosphere at an altitude of about 110 km (68 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-lyons_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyons-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During every atmospheric pass, the spacecraft slowed down because of atmospheric resistance. This slowing caused the spacecraft to lose altitude on its next pass through the orbit's apoapsis. MGS had planned to use this <a href="/wiki/Aerobraking" title="Aerobraking">aerobraking</a> technique over a period of four months to lower the high point of its orbit from 54,000 km (33,554 mi) to altitudes near 450 km (280 mi). </p><p>About one month into the mission, it was discovered that air pressure from the planet's atmosphere caused one of the spacecraft's two <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic module">solar panels</a> to bend backwards. The panel in question had incurred a small amount of damage shortly after launch, the extent of which did not become apparent until subjected to atmospheric forces. MGS had to be raised out of the atmosphere to prevent further damage to the solar panel and a new mission plan had to be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From May to November 1998, aerobraking was temporarily suspended to allow the orbit to drift into the proper position with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and enable optimal use of the solar panels. Although data collection during aerobraking was not in the original mission plan, all science instruments remained functional and acquired vast amounts of data during this "unexpected bonus period of observation".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team was able to evaluate more information about the atmosphere over a range of times rather than the anticipated fixed times of 0200 and 1400, as well as collect data during three close encounters with <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos.</a><sup id="cite_ref-mgs_aero_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_aero-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, from November 1998 to March 1999, aerobraking resumed and shrank the high point of the orbit down to 450 km (280 mi). At this altitude, MGS circled Mars once every two hours. Aerobraking was scheduled to terminate at the same time the orbit drifted into its proper position with respect to the Sun. In the desired orientation for mapping operations, the spacecraft always crossed the day-side <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> at 14:00 (local Mars time) moving from south to north. This geometry was selected to enhance the total quality of the science return.<sup id="cite_ref-lyons_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lyons-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_results">Mission results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mission results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping">Mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spacecraft circled Mars once every 117.65 minutes at an average altitude of 378 km (235 mi). The nearly polar orbit (inclination = 93°) which is almost perfectly circular, moved from the south pole to the north pole in just under an hour. The altitude was chosen to make the orbit Sun-synchronous, so that all images that were taken by the spacecraft of the same surface features on different dates were taken under identical lighting conditions. After each orbit, the spacecraft viewed the planet 28.62° to the west because Mars had rotated underneath it. In effect, it was always 14:00 for MGS as it moved from one time zone to the next exactly as fast as the Sun. After seven <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">sols</a> and 88 orbits, the spacecraft would approximately retrace its previous path, with an offset of 59 km to the east. This ensured eventual full coverage of the entire surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its extended mission, MGS did much more than study the planet directly beneath it. It commonly performed rolls and pitches to acquire images off its <a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> track. The <a href="/wiki/Roll_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roll (flight)">roll</a> maneuvers, called ROTOs (Roll Only Targeting Opportunities), rolled the spacecraft left or right from its ground track to shoot images as much as 30° from nadir. It was possible for a <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch (flight)">pitch</a> maneuver to be added to compensate for the relative motion between the spacecraft and the planet. This was called a CPROTO (Compensation Pitch Roll Targeting Opportunity), and allowed for some very high resolution imaging by the onboard MOC (Mars Orbiting Camera).<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20040927_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20040927-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to this, MGS could shoot pictures of other orbiting bodies, such as other spacecraft and the moons of Mars. In 1998 it imaged what was later called the <a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Phobos monolith</a>, found in MOC Image 55103.<sup id="cite_ref-mgs_photos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgs_photos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monolith55103h-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Monolith55103h-crop.jpg/220px-Monolith55103h-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Monolith55103h-crop.jpg/330px-Monolith55103h-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Monolith55103h-crop.jpg/440px-Monolith55103h-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Phobos monolith</a> (right of center) as taken by MGS (MOC Image 55103) in 1998</figcaption></figure> <p>After analyzing hundreds of high-resolution pictures of the Martian surface taken by the spacecraft, a team of researchers found that weathering and winds on the planet create landforms, especially sand dunes, remarkably similar to those in some deserts on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Malin_2001_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malin_2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other discoveries from this mission are: </p> <ul><li>The planet was found to have a layered crust to depths of 10 km or more. To produce the layers, large amounts of material had to be weathered, transported and deposited.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Layers_in_a_crater_in_Arabia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Layers in an old crater in Arabia, as seen by MGS, under the MOC Public Targeting Program. Layers may form from volcanoes, the wind, or by deposition under water. The craters on the left are pedestal craters."><img alt="Layers in an old crater in Arabia, as seen by MGS, under the MOC Public Targeting Program. Layers may form from volcanoes, the wind, or by deposition under water. The craters on the left are pedestal craters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Layers_in_a_crater_in_Arabia.JPG/190px-Layers_in_a_crater_in_Arabia.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Layers_in_a_crater_in_Arabia.JPG/285px-Layers_in_a_crater_in_Arabia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Layers_in_a_crater_in_Arabia.JPG/380px-Layers_in_a_crater_in_Arabia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Layers in an old crater in Arabia, as seen by MGS, under the <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>. Layers may form from <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes">volcanoes</a>, the wind, or by deposition under water. The craters on the left are pedestal craters.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiaparelli_basin_crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Layers in crater found within the Schiaparelli crater basin as seen by MGS. Image from the Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle."><img alt="Layers in crater found within the Schiaparelli crater basin as seen by MGS. Image from the Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Schiaparelli_basin_crater.jpg/144px-Schiaparelli_basin_crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Schiaparelli_basin_crater.jpg/216px-Schiaparelli_basin_crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Schiaparelli_basin_crater.jpg/288px-Schiaparelli_basin_crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6538" data-file-height="8173" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Layers in crater found within the <a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_(Martian_crater)" title="Schiaparelli (Martian crater)">Schiaparelli crater</a> basin as seen by MGS. Image from the <a href="/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle" title="Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle">Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buttes_and_layers_in_Aeolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buttes and layers in Aeolis quadrangle, as seen by MGS."><img alt="Buttes and layers in Aeolis quadrangle, as seen by MGS." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buttes_and_layers_in_Aeolis.jpg/190px-Buttes_and_layers_in_Aeolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buttes_and_layers_in_Aeolis.jpg/284px-Buttes_and_layers_in_Aeolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Buttes_and_layers_in_Aeolis.jpg/379px-Buttes_and_layers_in_Aeolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buttes and layers in <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">Aeolis quadrangle</a>, as seen by MGS.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>The northern hemisphere is probably just as cratered as the southern hemisphere, but the craters are mostly buried.</li> <li>Many features, like impact craters, were buried, then recently exhumed.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhumed_crater_in_Noachis.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crater that was buried in another age and is now being exposed by erosion, as seen by the Mars Global Surveyor under the MOC Public Targeting Program. Image is located in the Noachis quadrangle."><img alt="Crater that was buried in another age and is now being exposed by erosion, as seen by the Mars Global Surveyor under the MOC Public Targeting Program. Image is located in the Noachis quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Exhumed_crater_in_Noachis.JPG/190px-Exhumed_crater_in_Noachis.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Exhumed_crater_in_Noachis.JPG/285px-Exhumed_crater_in_Noachis.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Exhumed_crater_in_Noachis.JPG/380px-Exhumed_crater_in_Noachis.JPG 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crater that was buried in another age and is now being exposed by erosion, as seen by the <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> under the <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>. Image is located in the <a href="/wiki/Noachis_quadrangle" title="Noachis quadrangle">Noachis quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhumed_Lava_Flows.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lava flows were once covered over, now these platy flows are being exposed."><img alt="Lava flows were once covered over, now these platy flows are being exposed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Exhumed_Lava_Flows.jpg/120px-Exhumed_Lava_Flows.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Exhumed_Lava_Flows.jpg/180px-Exhumed_Lava_Flows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Exhumed_Lava_Flows.jpg/240px-Exhumed_Lava_Flows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lava flows were once covered over, now these platy flows are being exposed.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhumed_Crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crater was buried, now it is being exhumed by erosion. Image located in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle."><img alt="Crater was buried, now it is being exhumed by erosion. Image located in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Exhumed_Crater.jpg/120px-Exhumed_Crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Exhumed_Crater.jpg/180px-Exhumed_Crater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Exhumed_Crater.jpg/240px-Exhumed_Crater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crater was buried, now it is being exhumed by erosion. Image located in <a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">Ismenius Lacus quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhumed_Craters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The northern hemisphere appears smooth, but the craters are covered over. Here, a group of craters are partially exposed. Image located in Cebrenia quadrangle."><img alt="The northern hemisphere appears smooth, but the craters are covered over. Here, a group of craters are partially exposed. Image located in Cebrenia quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Exhumed_Craters.jpg/120px-Exhumed_Craters.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Exhumed_Craters.jpg/180px-Exhumed_Craters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Exhumed_Craters.jpg/240px-Exhumed_Craters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The northern hemisphere appears smooth, but the craters are covered over. Here, a group of craters are partially exposed. Image located in <a href="/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle" title="Cebrenia quadrangle">Cebrenia quadrangle</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>Large areas of Mars are covered by a mantle that coats all but the very steepest slopes. The mantle is sometimes smooth, sometimes pitted. Some believe the pits are due to the escape of water through sublimation (ice changing directly to a vapor) of buried ice.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phaethontis_surface.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Close up image of Phaethontis surface taken by Mars Global Surveyor, under MOC Public Targeting Program. Pits are thought to be caused by buried ice turning into a gas."><img alt="Close up image of Phaethontis surface taken by Mars Global Surveyor, under MOC Public Targeting Program. Pits are thought to be caused by buried ice turning into a gas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Phaethontis_surface.JPG/190px-Phaethontis_surface.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Phaethontis_surface.JPG/285px-Phaethontis_surface.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Phaethontis_surface.JPG/380px-Phaethontis_surface.JPG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="459" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close up image of Phaethontis surface taken by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>, under <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>. Pits are thought to be caused by buried ice turning into a gas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantle_on_Cliff.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The mantle drapes most of the area. Note the absence of boulders on the cliff face. An area that shows the edges of the mantle is circled. Image located in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle."><img alt="The mantle drapes most of the area. Note the absence of boulders on the cliff face. An area that shows the edges of the mantle is circled. Image located in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mantle_on_Cliff.JPG/190px-Mantle_on_Cliff.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mantle_on_Cliff.JPG/285px-Mantle_on_Cliff.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mantle_on_Cliff.JPG/380px-Mantle_on_Cliff.JPG 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="633" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mantle drapes most of the area. Note the absence of boulders on the cliff face. An area that shows the edges of the mantle is circled. Image located in <a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">Ismenius Lacus quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mantle_material_from_MGS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mantle material, as seen by MGS."><img alt="Mantle material, as seen by MGS." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mantle_material_from_MGS.jpg/120px-Mantle_material_from_MGS.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mantle_material_from_MGS.jpg/180px-Mantle_material_from_MGS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Mantle_material_from_MGS.jpg/240px-Mantle_material_from_MGS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="810" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mantle material, as seen by MGS.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Steep_cliff_in_Ismenius_Lacus_taken_with_MGS.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Steep cliff in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle with smooth mantle covering its face. Picture taken under MOC Public Targeting Program."><img alt="Steep cliff in Ismenius Lacus quadrangle with smooth mantle covering its face. Picture taken under MOC Public Targeting Program." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steep_cliff_in_Ismenius_Lacus_taken_with_MGS.JPG/190px-Steep_cliff_in_Ismenius_Lacus_taken_with_MGS.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steep_cliff_in_Ismenius_Lacus_taken_with_MGS.JPG/285px-Steep_cliff_in_Ismenius_Lacus_taken_with_MGS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Steep_cliff_in_Ismenius_Lacus_taken_with_MGS.JPG/380px-Steep_cliff_in_Ismenius_Lacus_taken_with_MGS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Steep cliff in <a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">Ismenius Lacus quadrangle</a> with smooth mantle covering its face. Picture taken under <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>Some areas are covered by <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a>-rich material. The hematite could have been put in place by liquid water in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20010328_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20010328-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dark streaks were found to be caused by giant <a href="/wiki/Dust_devils" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust devils">dust devils</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dust_devil_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust devil tracks">Dust devil tracks</a> were observed to frequently change; some changed in just one month.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20010524_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20010524-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_devil_tracks_in_Eridania.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pattern of large and small tracks made by giant dust devils as seen by Mars Global Surveyor, under the MOC Public Targeting Program. Image is located in Eridania quadrangle."><img alt="Pattern of large and small tracks made by giant dust devils as seen by Mars Global Surveyor, under the MOC Public Targeting Program. Image is located in Eridania quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dust_devil_tracks_in_Eridania.JPG/190px-Dust_devil_tracks_in_Eridania.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dust_devil_tracks_in_Eridania.JPG/285px-Dust_devil_tracks_in_Eridania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Dust_devil_tracks_in_Eridania.JPG/380px-Dust_devil_tracks_in_Eridania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pattern of large and small tracks made by giant dust devils as seen by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>, under the <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>. Image is located in <a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kepler_Crater.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kepler (Martian crater) showing dust devil tracks, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Kepler is a large crater in the Eridania quadrangle."><img alt="Kepler (Martian crater) showing dust devil tracks, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Kepler is a large crater in the Eridania quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kepler_Crater.JPG/190px-Kepler_Crater.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kepler_Crater.JPG/285px-Kepler_Crater.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kepler_Crater.JPG/380px-Kepler_Crater.JPG 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler (Martian crater)">Kepler (Martian crater)</a> showing dust devil tracks, as seen by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>. Kepler is a large crater in the <a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dust devil, as seen by MGS."><img alt="Dust devil, as seen by MGS." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG/151px-Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG" decoding="async" width="151" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG/226px-Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG/302px-Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dust devil, as seen by MGS.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_Devil_with_Shadow.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dust devil in action showing shadow to the right. Image located in Cebrenia quadrangle."><img alt="Dust devil in action showing shadow to the right. Image located in Cebrenia quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dust_Devil_with_Shadow.JPG/120px-Dust_Devil_with_Shadow.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dust_Devil_with_Shadow.JPG/180px-Dust_Devil_with_Shadow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Dust_Devil_with_Shadow.JPG/240px-Dust_Devil_with_Shadow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dust devil in action showing shadow to the right. Image located in <a href="/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle" title="Cebrenia quadrangle">Cebrenia quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>The south pole's residual cap was observed to look like Swiss cheese, with holes generally a few meters deep. The holes get bigger each year, so this region or hemisphere may be warming.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20030521_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20030521-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims that this represents a global trend, however, are <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking_(fallacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry picking (fallacy)">cherry-picking</a> regional data versus the planetary dataset, and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Camera" title="Mars Orbiter Camera">MOC</a> results versus <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Thermal Emission Spectrometer">TES</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_science_subsystem" title="Radio science subsystem">radio science</a> (see below).</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_pole_changes_in_two_year_period.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Changes in south pole from 1999 to 2001, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Notice how Swiss-cheese type holes have grown in the two years."><img alt="Changes in south pole from 1999 to 2001, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Notice how Swiss-cheese type holes have grown in the two years." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/South_pole_changes_in_two_year_period.JPG/190px-South_pole_changes_in_two_year_period.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/South_pole_changes_in_two_year_period.JPG/285px-South_pole_changes_in_two_year_period.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/South_pole_changes_in_two_year_period.JPG/380px-South_pole_changes_in_two_year_period.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Changes in south pole from 1999 to 2001, as seen by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>. Notice how Swiss-cheese type holes have grown in the two years.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_Cheese_in_South.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Swiss cheese terrain, as seen by MGS. Largest mesa in image is 4 meters high."><img alt="Swiss cheese terrain, as seen by MGS. Largest mesa in image is 4 meters high." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Swiss_Cheese_in_South.JPG/65px-Swiss_Cheese_in_South.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Swiss_Cheese_in_South.JPG/98px-Swiss_Cheese_in_South.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Swiss_Cheese_in_South.JPG/131px-Swiss_Cheese_in_South.JPG 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="1150" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Swiss cheese terrain, as seen by MGS. Largest mesa in image is 4 meters high.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_Cheese_Layers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Layers in Swiss cheese terrain. There is a bright upper layer and a darker lower layer."><img alt="Layers in Swiss cheese terrain. There is a bright upper layer and a darker lower layer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Swiss_Cheese_Layers.JPG/162px-Swiss_Cheese_Layers.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Swiss_Cheese_Layers.JPG/243px-Swiss_Cheese_Layers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Swiss_Cheese_Layers.JPG/324px-Swiss_Cheese_Layers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Layers in Swiss cheese terrain. There is a bright upper layer and a darker lower layer.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swiss_Cheese_Terrain_close-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up view of Swiss cheese terrain. Polygonal pattern was probably formed by shallow troughs."><img alt="Close-up view of Swiss cheese terrain. Polygonal pattern was probably formed by shallow troughs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Swiss_Cheese_Terrain_close-up.JPG/190px-Swiss_Cheese_Terrain_close-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Swiss_Cheese_Terrain_close-up.JPG/285px-Swiss_Cheese_Terrain_close-up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Swiss_Cheese_Terrain_close-up.JPG/380px-Swiss_Cheese_Terrain_close-up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="611" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up view of Swiss cheese terrain. Polygonal pattern was probably formed by shallow troughs.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>The Thermal Emission Spectrometer observes in infrared for atmospheric studies and mineralogy.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hinson_2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinson_2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TES found that Mars' planetary climate has cooled since Viking,<sup id="cite_ref-Clancy_2000_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clancy_2000-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and just about all of the surface of Mars is covered with volcanic rock.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerauniustholus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceraunius Tholus, one of many volcanoes found on Mars."><img alt="Ceraunius Tholus, one of many volcanoes found on Mars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cerauniustholus.jpg/111px-Cerauniustholus.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cerauniustholus.jpg/167px-Cerauniustholus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cerauniustholus.jpg/222px-Cerauniustholus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceraunius Tholus, one of many volcanoes found on Mars.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LavaFlows_from_MGS.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lava flows in the Tharsis quadrangle."><img alt="Lava flows in the Tharsis quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LavaFlows_from_MGS.JPG/67px-LavaFlows_from_MGS.JPG" decoding="async" width="67" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LavaFlows_from_MGS.JPG/101px-LavaFlows_from_MGS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LavaFlows_from_MGS.JPG/135px-LavaFlows_from_MGS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lava flows in the <a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_and_Old_Lava_Flows.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Image shows both young and old lava flows from the base of Olympus Mons. The flat plain is the younger flow. The older flow has channels with levees along their edges. The presence of levees is quite common in many lava flows."><img alt="Image shows both young and old lava flows from the base of Olympus Mons. The flat plain is the younger flow. The older flow has channels with levees along their edges. The presence of levees is quite common in many lava flows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Young_and_Old_Lava_Flows.JPG/190px-Young_and_Old_Lava_Flows.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Young_and_Old_Lava_Flows.JPG/285px-Young_and_Old_Lava_Flows.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Young_and_Old_Lava_Flows.JPG/380px-Young_and_Old_Lava_Flows.JPG 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image shows both young and old lava flows from the base of <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a>. The flat plain is the younger flow. The older flow has channels with levees along their edges. The presence of levees is quite common in many lava flows.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_Volcano_mgs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Small volcano in Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. Image covers a distance 1.9 mi (3.1 km) long."><img alt="Small volcano in Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle. Image covers a distance 1.9 mi (3.1 km) long." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Small_Volcano_mgs.jpg/160px-Small_Volcano_mgs.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Small_Volcano_mgs.jpg/240px-Small_Volcano_mgs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Small_Volcano_mgs.jpg/320px-Small_Volcano_mgs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Small volcano in <a href="/wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle">Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle</a>. Image covers a distance 1.9 mi (3.1 km) long.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>Hundreds of house-sized boulders were found in some areas. This indicates that some materials are strong enough to hold together, even when moving downslope. Most of the boulders appeared in volcanic regions so they were probably formed from weathered lava flows.<sup id="cite_ref-Malin_2001_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malin_2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulders_from_MGS.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="House-sized boulders are scattered throughout this image."><img alt="House-sized boulders are scattered throughout this image." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boulders_from_MGS.JPG/190px-Boulders_from_MGS.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boulders_from_MGS.JPG/285px-Boulders_from_MGS.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boulders_from_MGS.JPG/380px-Boulders_from_MGS.JPG 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">House-sized boulders are scattered throughout this image.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boulders_near_Volcano.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="These boulders are near Ascraeus Mons, a Martian volcano. Volcanoes on Mars probably form hard boulders made up of basalt that is resistant to erosion in the current environment of Mars."><img alt="These boulders are near Ascraeus Mons, a Martian volcano. Volcanoes on Mars probably form hard boulders made up of basalt that is resistant to erosion in the current environment of Mars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Boulders_near_Volcano.JPG/120px-Boulders_near_Volcano.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Boulders_near_Volcano.JPG/180px-Boulders_near_Volcano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Boulders_near_Volcano.JPG/240px-Boulders_near_Volcano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">These boulders are near <a href="/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons">Ascraeus Mons</a>, a Martian volcano. Volcanoes on Mars probably form hard boulders made up of basalt that is resistant to erosion in the current environment of Mars.</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">dark slope streaks</a> were observed. Most scientists believe they result from the avalanching of dust.<sup id="cite_ref-Malin_2001_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malin_2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some researchers think that water may be involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Motazedian_2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motazedian_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Changes_in_Slope_Streaks.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Many streaks underwent changes during the many years that MGS functioned."><img alt="Many streaks underwent changes during the many years that MGS functioned." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Changes_in_Slope_Streaks.JPG/125px-Changes_in_Slope_Streaks.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Changes_in_Slope_Streaks.JPG/187px-Changes_in_Slope_Streaks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Changes_in_Slope_Streaks.JPG/249px-Changes_in_Slope_Streaks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Many streaks underwent changes during the many years that MGS functioned.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikonravev_Crater_Floor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tikhonravov Crater floor, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Click on image to see dark slope streaks and layers. Tikhonravov Crater is in the Arabia quadrangle."><img alt="Tikhonravov Crater floor, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Click on image to see dark slope streaks and layers. Tikhonravov Crater is in the Arabia quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tikonravev_Crater_Floor.JPG/190px-Tikonravev_Crater_Floor.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tikonravev_Crater_Floor.JPG/285px-Tikonravev_Crater_Floor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tikonravev_Crater_Floor.JPG/380px-Tikonravev_Crater_Floor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tikhonravov_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhonravov Crater">Tikhonravov Crater</a> floor, as seen by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>. Click on image to see dark slope streaks and layers. Tikhonravov Crater is in the <a href="/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle" title="Arabia quadrangle">Arabia quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dark_streaks_in_Diacria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dark streaks in Diacria quadrangle, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor, under the MOC Public Targeting Program."><img alt="Dark streaks in Diacria quadrangle, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor, under the MOC Public Targeting Program." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dark_streaks_in_Diacria.JPG/190px-Dark_streaks_in_Diacria.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dark_streaks_in_Diacria.JPG/285px-Dark_streaks_in_Diacria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dark_streaks_in_Diacria.JPG/380px-Dark_streaks_in_Diacria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dark streaks in <a href="/wiki/Diacria_quadrangle" title="Diacria quadrangle">Diacria quadrangle</a>, as seen by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>, under the <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lense–Thirring_test"><span id="The_Lense.E2.80.93Thirring_test"></span>The Lense–Thirring test</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Lense–Thirring test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">Frame-dragging</a></div> <p>Data from MGS have been used to perform a test of the general relativistic <a href="/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring precession</a> which consists of a small <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precession</a> of the orbital plane of a test particle moving around a central, rotating mass such as a planet. The interpretation of these results has been debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Krogh_2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krogh_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iorio_2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iorio_2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_evidence_for_water_on_Mars">Further evidence for water on Mars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further evidence for water on Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water on Mars</a></div> <p>Hundreds of gullies were discovered that were formed from liquid water, possibly in recent times.<sup id="cite_ref-Malin_2000_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malin_2000-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malin_2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malin_2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nasa20000622_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20000622-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Group of gullies on north wall of crater that lies west of the crater Newton (41.3047 degrees south latitude, 192.89 east longitude). Image taken by Mars Global Surveyor, MOC Public Targeting Program. Image is located in the Phaethontis quadrangle."><img alt="Group of gullies on north wall of crater that lies west of the crater Newton (41.3047 degrees south latitude, 192.89 east longitude). Image taken by Mars Global Surveyor, MOC Public Targeting Program. Image is located in the Phaethontis quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg/190px-Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg/285px-Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg/380px-Gully_in_Phaethontis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Group of gullies on north wall of crater that lies west of the crater Newton (41.3047 degrees south latitude, 192.89 east longitude). Image taken by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>, <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>. Image is located in the <a href="/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle" title="Phaethontis quadrangle">Phaethontis quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gullies_and_tongue-shaped_glacier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gullies in a crater in Eridania quadrangle, north of the large crater Kepler. Also, features that may be remains of old glaciers are present. One, to the right, has the shape of a tongue. Picture taken under the MOC Public Targeting Program."><img alt="Gullies in a crater in Eridania quadrangle, north of the large crater Kepler. Also, features that may be remains of old glaciers are present. One, to the right, has the shape of a tongue. Picture taken under the MOC Public Targeting Program." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gullies_and_tongue-shaped_glacier.jpg/190px-Gullies_and_tongue-shaped_glacier.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gullies_and_tongue-shaped_glacier.jpg/285px-Gullies_and_tongue-shaped_glacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gullies_and_tongue-shaped_glacier.jpg/380px-Gullies_and_tongue-shaped_glacier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gullies in a crater in <a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania quadrangle</a>, north of the large crater <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a>. Also, features that may be remains of old <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> are present. One, to the right, has the shape of a tongue. Picture taken under the <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiser_Gullies.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gullies on one wall of Kaiser Crater. Gullies usually are found in only one wall of a crater."><img alt="Gullies on one wall of Kaiser Crater. Gullies usually are found in only one wall of a crater." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaiser_Gullies.JPG/171px-Kaiser_Gullies.JPG" decoding="async" width="171" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaiser_Gullies.JPG/257px-Kaiser_Gullies.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaiser_Gullies.JPG/343px-Kaiser_Gullies.JPG 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gullies on one wall of Kaiser Crater. Gullies usually are found in only one wall of a crater.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gullies_in_Gorgonum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Full color image of gullies on wall of Gorgonum Chaos. Image is located in the Phaethontis quadrangle."><img alt="Full color image of gullies on wall of Gorgonum Chaos. Image is located in the Phaethontis quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gullies_in_Gorgonum.jpg/190px-Gullies_in_Gorgonum.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gullies_in_Gorgonum.jpg/285px-Gullies_in_Gorgonum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gullies_in_Gorgonum.jpg/380px-Gullies_in_Gorgonum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1233" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Full color image of gullies on wall of <a href="/wiki/Gorgonum_Chaos" title="Gorgonum Chaos">Gorgonum Chaos</a>. Image is located in the <a href="/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle" title="Phaethontis quadrangle">Phaethontis quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <p>A few channels on Mars displayed inner channels that suggest sustained fluid flows. The most well-known is the one in <a href="/wiki/Nanedi_Valles" title="Nanedi Valles">Nanedi Valles</a>. Another was found in <a href="/wiki/Nirgal_Vallis" title="Nirgal Vallis">Nirgal Vallis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malin_2001_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malin_2001-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanedi_channel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nanedi_channel.JPG/170px-Nanedi_channel.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nanedi_channel.JPG/255px-Nanedi_channel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Nanedi_channel.JPG/340px-Nanedi_channel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>Inner channel on floor of Nanedi Valles that suggests that water flowed for a fairly long period. Image from <a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus quadrangle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 December 2006 NASA released photos of two craters in <a href="/wiki/Terra_Sirenum" title="Terra Sirenum">Terra Sirenum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centauri_Montes" title="Centauri Montes">Centauri Montes</a> which appear to show the presence of flowing water on Mars at some point between 1999 and 2001. The pictures were produced by Mars Global Surveyor and are quite possibly the spacecraft's final contribution to our knowledge of Mars and the question of whether water exists on the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa20061206_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa20061206-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gully_Deposit_in_a_Crater_in_the_Centauri_Montes_Region.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gully_Deposit_in_a_Crater_in_the_Centauri_Montes_Region.gif/220px-Gully_Deposit_in_a_Crater_in_the_Centauri_Montes_Region.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gully_Deposit_in_a_Crater_in_the_Centauri_Montes_Region.gif/330px-Gully_Deposit_in_a_Crater_in_the_Centauri_Montes_Region.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Gully_Deposit_in_a_Crater_in_the_Centauri_Montes_Region.gif/440px-Gully_Deposit_in_a_Crater_in_the_Centauri_Montes_Region.gif 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Evidence of possible recent water flow</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Global_Surveyor_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of possible CO 2 geysers, taken by Mars Global Surveyor and released on 16 October 2000."><img alt="Image of possible CO 2 geysers, taken by Mars Global Surveyor and released on 16 October 2000." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mars_Global_Surveyor_1.jpg/107px-Mars_Global_Surveyor_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mars_Global_Surveyor_1.jpg/161px-Mars_Global_Surveyor_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mars_Global_Surveyor_1.jpg/215px-Mars_Global_Surveyor_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image of possible <a href="/wiki/Geyser_(Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geyser (Mars)"><span class="chemf nowrap">CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> geysers</a>, taken by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> and released on 16 October 2000.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M1501228a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface of Mars taken by Mars Global Surveyor."><img alt="Surface of Mars taken by Mars Global Surveyor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/M1501228a.jpg/79px-M1501228a.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/M1501228a.jpg/119px-M1501228a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/M1501228a.jpg/158px-M1501228a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surface of Mars taken by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M1501228b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface of Mars taken by Mars Global Surveyor."><img alt="Surface of Mars taken by Mars Global Surveyor." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M1501228b.jpg/79px-M1501228b.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M1501228b.jpg/119px-M1501228b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/M1501228b.jpg/158px-M1501228b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surface of Mars taken by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moc2_166b_msss.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Surface of Mars taken by Mars Global Surveyor on 10 August 1999."><img alt="Surface of Mars taken by Mars Global Surveyor on 10 August 1999." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Moc2_166b_msss.gif/190px-Moc2_166b_msss.gif" decoding="async" width="190" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Moc2_166b_msss.gif/285px-Moc2_166b_msss.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Moc2_166b_msss.gif/380px-Moc2_166b_msss.gif 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Surface of Mars taken by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> on 10 August 1999.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coprates_layers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Layers in the canyon wall in Coprates quadrangle, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor, under MOC Public Targeting Program."><img alt="Layers in the canyon wall in Coprates quadrangle, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor, under MOC Public Targeting Program." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coprates_layers.JPG/190px-Coprates_layers.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coprates_layers.JPG/285px-Coprates_layers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coprates_layers.JPG/380px-Coprates_layers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Layers in the canyon wall in <a href="/wiki/Coprates_quadrangle" title="Coprates quadrangle">Coprates quadrangle</a>, as seen by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>, under <a href="/wiki/MOC_Public_Targeting_Program" title="MOC Public Targeting Program">MOC Public Targeting Program</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banded_terrain_in_Hellas.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Banded or taffy-pull terrain in Hellas, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Origin is unknown at present."><img alt="Banded or taffy-pull terrain in Hellas, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor. Origin is unknown at present." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Banded_terrain_in_Hellas.JPG/190px-Banded_terrain_in_Hellas.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Banded_terrain_in_Hellas.JPG/285px-Banded_terrain_in_Hellas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Banded_terrain_in_Hellas.JPG/380px-Banded_terrain_in_Hellas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banded or taffy-pull terrain in Hellas, as seen by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>. Origin is unknown at present.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bright_rays_in_Memnonia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bright rays caused by impact throwing out a bright lower layer. Some bright layers contain hydrated minerals. Picture taken by Mars Global Surveyor. Location is Memnonia quadrangle."><img alt="Bright rays caused by impact throwing out a bright lower layer. Some bright layers contain hydrated minerals. Picture taken by Mars Global Surveyor. Location is Memnonia quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bright_rays_in_Memnonia.JPG/123px-Bright_rays_in_Memnonia.JPG" decoding="async" width="123" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bright_rays_in_Memnonia.JPG/184px-Bright_rays_in_Memnonia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bright_rays_in_Memnonia.JPG/246px-Bright_rays_in_Memnonia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bright rays caused by impact throwing out a bright lower layer. Some bright layers contain hydrated minerals. Picture taken by <i>Mars Global Surveyor</i>. Location is <a href="/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle" title="Memnonia quadrangle">Memnonia quadrangle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA05229_label.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mars Global Surveyor photograph of Opportunity rover's landing site showing "hole in one.""><img alt="Mars Global Surveyor photograph of Opportunity rover's landing site showing "hole in one."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PIA05229_label.jpg/190px-PIA05229_label.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PIA05229_label.jpg/285px-PIA05229_label.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/PIA05229_label.jpg/380px-PIA05229_label.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1084" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Mars Global Surveyor</i> photograph of Opportunity rover's landing site showing "<a href="/wiki/Eagle_(crater)" title="Eagle (crater)">hole in one</a>."</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inverted_channelsmgs.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inverted channels in Aeolis quadrangle. It is believed that stream channels became raised features after coarse materials were deposited and cemented."><img alt="Inverted channels in Aeolis quadrangle. It is believed that stream channels became raised features after coarse materials were deposited and cemented." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Inverted_channelsmgs.JPG/186px-Inverted_channelsmgs.JPG" decoding="async" width="186" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Inverted_channelsmgs.JPG/278px-Inverted_channelsmgs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Inverted_channelsmgs.JPG/371px-Inverted_channelsmgs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inverted channels in <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">Aeolis quadrangle</a>. It is believed that stream channels became raised features after coarse materials were deposited and cemented.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delta_on_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delta within Eberswalde crater. The area is of great interest to geologists. Evidence of past microbial life may be found in this location."><img alt="Delta within Eberswalde crater. The area is of great interest to geologists. Evidence of past microbial life may be found in this location." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Delta_on_Mars.jpg/130px-Delta_on_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Delta_on_Mars.jpg/195px-Delta_on_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Delta_on_Mars.jpg/260px-Delta_on_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4660" data-file-height="6449" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Delta within <a href="/wiki/Eberswalde_(crater)" title="Eberswalde (crater)">Eberswalde</a> crater. The area is of great interest to geologists. Evidence of past microbial life may be found in this location.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavonis_Mons_mgs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavonis Mons, located on the equator in Tharsis quadrangle."><img alt="Pavonis Mons, located on the equator in Tharsis quadrangle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pavonis_Mons_mgs.jpg/190px-Pavonis_Mons_mgs.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pavonis_Mons_mgs.jpg/285px-Pavonis_Mons_mgs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pavonis_Mons_mgs.jpg/380px-Pavonis_Mons_mgs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pavonis Mons, located on the equator in <a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis quadrangle</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i>, NASA orbiter studying the geology and hydrology of Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i>, European Mars orbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> – Indian orbiter mission to Mars (2013–2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i>, NASA Mars orbiter launched in 2005, still operational</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a> – NASA Mars orbiter (2013–Present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_monolith" title="Phobos monolith">Phobos monolith</a> – Rock on Phobos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> – Spacecraft without people on board<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a> – Exploration of space, planets, and moons</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_bugs#Space" title="List of software bugs">List of software bugs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nasa1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-global-surveyor/">"Mars Global Surveyor - NASA Science"</a>. <i>science.nasa.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+Images+Suggest+Water+Still+Flows+in+Brief+Spurts+on+Mars&rft.au=Guy+Webster&rft.au=Dwayne+C.+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnasa-images-suggest-water-still-flows-in-brief-spurts-on-mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMars+Global+Surveyor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Global_Surveyor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov">NASA's Solar System Exploration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614215129/http://www.msss.com/mars/global_surveyor/mgs_msn_plan/">Global Surveyor Mission plan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905125050/http://www.msss.com/">Malin Space Science Systems</a> (complete image gallery)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928002618/http://www.exploration-space.com/13-apr-2007-nasa.html">04/13/07: Mars Global Surveyor: Report Reveals Reasons for Loss.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19325874.800:"><i>New Scientist</i> article on the general relativistic test</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1995Orbital_launches_in_19961997_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1996" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1996"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1996" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1996"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1996" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1996"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1995Orbital_launches_in_19961997_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1995_in_spaceflight" title="1995 in spaceflight">← 1995</a></div><a href="/wiki/1996_in_spaceflight" title="1996 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1996</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1997_in_spaceflight" title="1997 in spaceflight">1997 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-72" title="STS-72">STS-72</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARTAN-206&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARTAN-206 (page does not exist)">SPARTAN-206</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_3R" title="Intelsat 3R">PAS-3R</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africasat-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africasat-1 (page does not exist)">MEASAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ABS-1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABS-1A (page does not exist)">Koreasat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2327&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2327 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2327</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.43L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.43L (page does not exist)">Gorizont #43L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paksat-1" title="Paksat-1">Palapa C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-STAR_b" title="N-STAR b">N-STAR b</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_708" title="Intelsat 708">Intelsat 708</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2328 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2328</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2329&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2329 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2329</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2330&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2330 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2330</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonets-D1_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonets-D1 No.1 (page does not exist)">Gonets-D1 #1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonets-D1_No.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonets-D1 No.2 (page does not exist)">Gonets-D1 #2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonets-D1_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonets-D1 No.3 (page does not exist)">Gonets-D1 #3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.44L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.44L (page does not exist)">Gran' #44L</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-23" title="Soyuz TM-23">Soyuz TM-23</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-75" title="STS-75">STS-75</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=TSS-1R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TSS-1R (page does not exist)">TSS-1R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_(satellite)" title="Polar (satellite)">Polar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=REX_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="REX II (page does not exist)">REX II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_707" title="Intelsat 707">Intelsat 707</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2331 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P3" title="IRS-P3">IRS-P3</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-76" title="STS-76">STS-76</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-117" title="USA-117">USA-117</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmarsat-3_F1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmarsat-3 F1 (page does not exist)">Inmarsat-3 F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1F" title="Astra 1F">Astra 1F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="MSAT-1">MSAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priroda" title="Priroda">Priroda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment">MSX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2332&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2332 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2332</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-118&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-118 (page does not exist)">USA-118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-31" title="Progress M-31">Progress M-31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-119&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-119 (page does not exist)">USA-119</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-120 (page does not exist)">USA-120</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-121&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-121 (page does not exist)">USA-121</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-122&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-122 (page does not exist)">USA-122</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-123&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-123 (page does not exist)">USA-123</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-124&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-124 (page does not exist)">USA-124</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kometa_No.18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kometa No.18 (page does not exist)">Kometa #18</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palapa_C2" class="mw-redirect" title="Palapa C2">Palapa C2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_24" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelsat 24">Amos-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSTI-3" class="mw-redirect" title="MSTI-3">MSTI-3</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-77" title="STS-77">STS-77</a></u> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARTAN-207&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARTAN-207 (page does not exist)">SPARTAN-207</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflatable_Antenna_Experiment" title="Inflatable Antenna Experiment">IAE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PAMS-STU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAMS-STU (page does not exist)">PAMS-STU</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_9" title="Galaxy 9">Galaxy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorizont_No.44L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorizont No.44L (page does not exist)">Gorizont #44L</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cluster_F1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cluster F1 (page does not exist)">Cluster F1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cluster_F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cluster F2 (page does not exist)">Cluster F2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cluster_F3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cluster F3 (page does not exist)">Cluster F3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cluster_F4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cluster F4 (page does not exist)">Cluster F4</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_709" title="Intelsat 709">Intelsat 709</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-78" title="STS-78">STS-78</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=June_1996_Soyuz_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="June 1996 Soyuz launch failure (page does not exist)">Kobal't</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOMS-EP" class="mw-redirect" title="TOMS-EP">TOMS-EP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-125&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-125 (page does not exist)">USA-125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apstar_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Apstar 1A">Apstar 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabsat_2A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabsat 2A (page does not exist)">Arabsat 2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrksat_1C" title="Türksat 1C">Türksat 1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-126" title="USA-126">USA-126</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-127&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-127 (page does not exist)">USA-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-32" title="Progress M-32">Progress M-32</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_2D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Télécom 2D (page does not exist)">Télécom 2D</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italsat_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italsat 2 (page does not exist)">Italsat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_1-79&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 1-79 (page does not exist)">Molniya 1-79</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midori_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midori (satellite) (page does not exist)">Midori</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuji_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuji 2 (page does not exist)">Fuji 2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">Soyuz TM-24</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HGS-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HGS-2 (page does not exist)">Chinasat-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Auroral_Snapshot_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer">FAST</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interbol_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interbol 2 (page does not exist)">Interbol 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maigon_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maigon 5 (page does not exist)">Maigon 5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor (satellite) (page does not exist)">Victor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2333&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2333 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2333</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2334&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2334 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2334</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=UNAMSAT-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNAMSAT-2 (page does not exist)">UNAMSAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmarsat-3_F2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmarsat-3 F2 (page does not exist)">Inmarsat-3 F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMC-1" title="AMC-1">GE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EchoStar_II" title="EchoStar II">EchoStar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-128" title="USA-128">USA-128</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-79" title="STS-79">STS-79</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekspress-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekspress-6 (page does not exist)">Ekspress-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanhui_Shi_Weixing" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing">FSW-17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya_3-62&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya 3-62 (page does not exist)">Molniya 3-62</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAC-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAC-B (page does not exist)">SAC-B</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mars Global Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabsat_2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabsat 2B (page does not exist)">Arabsat 2B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africasat_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africasat 2 (page does not exist)">MEASAT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-80" title="STS-80">STS-80</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Wake_Shield_Facility" title="Wake Shield Facility">WSF</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ORFEUS-SPAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORFEUS-SPAS (page does not exist)">ORFEUS-SPAS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-33" title="Progress M-33">Progress M-33</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutelsat_W48&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eutelsat W48 (page does not exist)">Hot Bird 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)">Sojourner</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2335&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2335 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2335</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inmarsat-3_F3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inmarsat-3 F3 (page does not exist)">Inmarsat-3 F3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2336&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2336 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2336</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-129 (page does not exist)">USA-129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_No.11" class="mw-redirect" title="Bion No.11">Bion No.11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li></ul></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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