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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Epoch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="حقبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حقبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2)" title="আদর্শ (পঞ্জিকা সাল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদর্শ (পঞ্জিকা সাল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoha" title="Epoha – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Epoha" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poca" title="Época – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Época" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoko" title="Epoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Epoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="مبدأ تاریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مبدأ تاریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90_(%EC%97%B0%EB%8C%80)" title="기원 (연대) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기원 (연대)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF)" title="युग (बुनियादी तिथि) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युग (बुनियादी तिथि)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_(calendario)" title="Epoca (calendario) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epoca (calendario)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epocha" title="Epocha – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epocha" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(Chronologie)" title="Epoch (Chronologie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Epoch (Chronologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epocha" title="Epocha – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Epocha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83" title="紀元 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紀元" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoke" title="Epoke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Epoke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poca_(cronologia)" title="Época (cronologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Época (cronologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88bbica" title="Èbbica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Èbbica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B7%E0%B6%BA" title="යුගාරම්භය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුගාරම්භය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" title="Epoch (reference date) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Epoch (reference date)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%A9" title="ئیپۆک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیپۆک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC)" title="Епоха (датум) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Епоха (датум)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoha_(datum)" title="Epoha (datum) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epoha (datum)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epok" title="Epok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Epok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ต้นยุคอ้างอิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ต้นยุคอ้างอิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Епоха – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Епоха" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Epoch (disambiguation)">Epoch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">periodization</a>, an <b>epoch</b> or <b>reference epoch</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">instant</a> in time chosen as the origin of a particular <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a>. The "epoch" serves as a reference point from which time is measured. </p><p>The moment of epoch is usually decided by congruity, or by following conventions understood from the epoch in question. The epoch moment or date is usually defined from a specific, clear event of change, an <i>epoch event</i>. In a more gradual change, a <a href="/wiki/Point_of_no_return" title="Point of no return">deciding moment</a> is chosen when the <i>epoch criterion</i> was reached. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar_eras">Calendar eras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Calendar eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_eras">Pre-modern eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-modern eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba calendar</a> (<i>Kọ́jọ́dá</i>) uses 8042 BC as the epoch, regarded as the year of the creation of <a href="/wiki/Ile-Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile-Ife">Ile-Ife</a> by the god <a href="/wiki/Obatala" class="mw-redirect" title="Obatala">Obatala</a>, also regarded as the creation of the earth.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></i> (years since the creation of the world) is used in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a> (5509 BC).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></i> (years since the creation of the world) as used in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> (3761 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar">Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar</a> uses the creation of the fourth world in 3114 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiads</a>, the ancient Greek era of four-year periods between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, beginning in 776 BC.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i> ("from the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">the city</a>"), used to some extent by <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman calendars</a> of the Roman imperial period (753 BC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendars</a> tend to use the epoch of 544 BC (date of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">parinirvana</a></i>).</li> <li>The term <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> may refer to a number of traditional Indian calendars. A notable example of a Hindu epoch is the <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i> (58 BC),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also used in modern times as the national calendars of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> calendars use as epoch the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation of Jesus</a> as calculated in the 6th century by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Subsequent research has shown that this moment is about four years after the best estimate for the <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth of Jesus">date of birth of Jesus</a>.) This epoch was applied retrospectively to the Julian calendar, long after its original creation by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.</li> <li>The epoch of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a></i> (AD 622). The year count in this calendar shifts relative to the solar year count, as the calendar is <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">purely lunar</a>: its year consists of 12 <a href="/wiki/Lunation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunation">lunations</a> and is thus ten or eleven days shorter than a solar year. This calendar denotes "lunar years" as <i>Anno Hegiræ</i> ([since] the year of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a></i>) or <i>AH</i>. This calendar is used in <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> and related sects.</li> <li>The epoch of the official <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a> is also the <i>Hijra</i>, but it is a <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a>; each year begins at the Northern spring equinox. This calendar is used in <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> and related sects.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_eras">Modern eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í calendar">Bahá'í calendar</a> is dated from the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a> of the year the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a> proclaimed his religion (AD 1844). Years are grouped in <i>Váḥids</i> of 19 years, and <i>Kull-i-Shay</i> of 361 (19×19) years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> in 1888 King <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> decreed a National Thai Era dating from the founding of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> on April 6, 1782. In 1912, New Year's Day was shifted to April 1. In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Pibulsonggram" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaek Pibulsonggram">Phibunsongkhram</a> decided to count the years since 543 BC. This is the <a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a> using the Thai Buddhist Era. Except for this era, it is the Gregorian calendar.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>, a calendar used by the French government for about twelve years from late 1793, the epoch was the beginning of the "Republican Era", September 22, 1792 (the day the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> was proclaimed, one day after the Convention abolished the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Regime">Ancien Regime</a></i>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Indian national calendar</a>, introduced in 1957, follows the <a href="/wiki/Saka_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka era">Saka era</a> (AD 78).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a> used by officials of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">its predecessor</a> dates from January 1, 1912, the first year after the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>, which overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> uses a system that starts in 1912 (= <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> 1), the year of the birth of its founder <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-Sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-Sung">Kim Il-Sung</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Era_Fascista" title="Era Fascista">Fascist Era</a> dates to <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> in 1922, and was in use only in countries under hegemony of the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini. It has been defunct since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> in 1945.</li> <li>In the scientific <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a> system of numbering years for purposes of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>, the reference date is January 1, 1950 (though the specific date January 1 is quite unnecessary, as radiocarbon dating has limited precision).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Different branches of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> have selected different years to date their documents according to a Masonic era, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></i> (A.L.).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a> uses 10,000 BC as the epoch, the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene epoch">Holocene epoch</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">geological time scale</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regnal_eras">Regnal eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regnal eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Regnal_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Regnal era">Regnal era</a></div> <p>The official <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese system</a> numbers years from the accession of the current <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a>, regarding the calendar year during which the accession occurred as the first year. A similar <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">system</a> existed in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> before 1912, being based on the accession year of the emperor (1911 was thus the third year of the <a href="/wiki/Xuantong" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuantong">Xuantong</a> period). With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1912, the republican era was introduced. It is still very common in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to date events via the republican era. The People's Republic of China adopted the common era calendar in 1949 (the 38th year of the Chinese Republic). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_applications">Other applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(computing)" title="Epoch (computing)">epoch in computing</a> is the time at which the representation is zero. For example, <a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a> is represented as the number of seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970, not counting <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">leap seconds</a>. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch in astronomy</a> is a reference time used for consistency in calculation of positions and orbits. A common astronomical epoch is J2000, which is noon on January 1, 2000, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a>. </p><p>An epoch in <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a> is a period of time, typically in the order of tens of millions of years. The current epoch is the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dating_creation" title="Dating creation">Dating creation</a> – Using creation myths to date the Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Era</a> – Span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a> – System that relates geologic strata to time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a> – Calendar with lunar month, solar year</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a> – 19-year pattern in lunisolar calendars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saros_(astronomy)" title="Saros (astronomy)">Saros (astronomy)</a> – Cycles used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Timekeeping on Mars</a> – Proposed approaches to tracking date and time on the planet Mars</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSolomin" class="citation web cs1">Solomin, Rachel M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/counting-the-years/">"Counting the Jewish Years"</a>. <i>myjewishlearning.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200212083037/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/counting-the-years/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myjewishlearning.com&rft.atitle=Counting+the+Jewish+Years&rft.aulast=Solomin&rft.aufirst=Rachel+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fcounting-the-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpoch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2006" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Scott E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosettacalendar.com/calendars.html">"Overview of Calendars"</a>. <i>rosettacalendar.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820000454/https://www.rosettacalendar.com/calendars.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosettacalendar.com&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Calendars&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Scott+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosettacalendar.com%2Fcalendars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpoch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDershowitzReingold2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nachum_Dershowitz" title="Nachum Dershowitz">Dershowitz, Nachum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Reingold" title="Edward Reingold">Reingold, Edward M.</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/Calendrical_Calculations" title="Calendrical Calculations"><i>Calendrical Calculations</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/calendricalcalcu00ders/page/n321">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70238-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70238-6"><bdi>978-0-521-70238-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendrical+Calculations&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70238-6&rft.aulast=Dershowitz&rft.aufirst=Nachum&rft.au=Reingold%2C+Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpoch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, B; Holford-Strevens, L (2003). "Incarnation era". <i>The Oxford Companion to the Year: An exploration of calendar customs and time-reckoning</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 881.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Incarnation+era&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Year%3A+An+exploration+of+calendar+customs+and+time-reckoning&rft.pages=881&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Holford-Strevens%2C+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpoch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2013" class="citation book cs1">Richards, E. G. (2013). "Calendars". In Urban, S. E.; Seidelman, P. K. (eds.). <i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</i> (3rd ed.). Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. pp. 616–617.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calendars&rft.btitle=Explanatory+Supplement+to+the+Astronomical+Almanac&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+CA&rft.pages=616-617&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpoch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Thomas Higham (archaeologist)">Higham, Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c14dating.com/agecalc.html">"Radiocarbon dating – Age calculation"</a>. <i>c14dating.com</i>. Thomas Higham (archaeologist). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610195000/http://www.c14dating.com/agecalc.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c14dating.com&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+dating+%E2%80%93+Age+calculation&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c14dating.com%2Fagecalc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpoch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuiverPolach_HA1977" class="citation journal cs1">Stuiver, Minze; Polach HA (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/493/498">"Discussion; reporting of C-14 data"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>19</b> (3). University of Arizona: 355–363. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Radcb..19..355S">1977Radcb..19..355S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200003672">10.1017/S0033822200003672</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56572650">56572650</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817043941/https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/493/498">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Discussion%3B+reporting+of+C-14+data.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-363&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56572650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200003672&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977Radcb..19..355S&rft.aulast=Stuiver&rft.aufirst=Minze&rft.au=Polach+HA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2Fview%2F493%2F498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpoch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chronology" title="Template:Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chronology" title="Template talk:Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">Eras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">Epochs</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar eras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human Era</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_era" title="Bosporan era">Bosporan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostran_era" title="Bostran era">Bostran era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Caesar_(Iberian_Peninsula)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Caesar (Iberian Peninsula)">Era of Caesar (Iberia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">Before present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sothic_cycle" title="Sothic cycle">Sothic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzolk'in">Tzolk'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haab%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Haab'">Haab'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regnal_lists" title="Category:Regnal lists">Lists of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">Limmu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Era names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Pre-Julian / Julian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Pre-Julian Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Original Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised Julian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Gregorian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">Adoption of the Gregorian calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_dating" title="Dual dating">Dual dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Chinese sexagenary cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_Calendar" title="Geologic Calendar">Geologic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO week date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">Winter count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_Time" title="New Earth Time">New Earth Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#fff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Calendar" title="Cosmic Calendar">Cosmic Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale#Terminology" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age" title="Global Standard Stratigraphic Age">Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">Chronostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">Law of superposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">Samarium–neodymium dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological<br />dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">Absolute dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_dating" title="Amino acid dating">Amino acid racemisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeomagnetic_dating" title="Archaeomagnetic dating">Archaeomagnetic dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_dating" title="Incremental dating">Incremental dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenometry" title="Lichenometry">Lichenometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">Paleomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Lead–lead dating">Lead–lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">Potassium–argon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrochronology" title="Tephrochronology">Tephrochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Luminescence dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoluminescence_dating" title="Thermoluminescence dating">Thermoluminescence dating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;background:#cc9;"><a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">Relative dating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_absorption_dating" title="Fluorine absorption dating">Fluorine absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dating" title="Nitrogen dating">Nitrogen dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">Seriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Genetic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">Molecular clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Linguistic methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;background:#cc9;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Chronology_(Fomenko)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Chronology (Fomenko)">New Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronoptic_view" title="Synchronoptic view">Synchronoptic view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">Floruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">Terminus post quem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASPRO_chronology" title="ASPRO chronology">ASPRO chronology</a></li></ul> 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