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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="Yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Hugo Bondy (1900–1985): an Austrian scientist of mass spectrometry in the twentieth century | Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Hugo Bondy (1900–1985): an Austrian scientist of mass spectrometry in the twentieth century"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly - Hugo Bondy (1900–1985), a fairly unknown Austrian scientist working in academia in the twentieth century made important contributions to the..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00706-023-03039-6/MediaObjects/706_2023_3039_Figa_HTML.png"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="706"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Hugo Bondy (1900–1985): an Austrian scientist of mass spectrometry in the twentieth century"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly 2023 154:3"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2023-03-21"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Hugo Bondy (1900–1985), a fairly unknown Austrian scientist working in academia in the twentieth century made important contributions to the development of double-focusing sector field mass spectrometers. This article describes his life and scientific contributions in a fascinating biography meriting his achievements in the development and construction of new mass spectrometers. The article divides into three sections according to Bondy’s biography. In the first section, his education, career in academia, and research in mass spectrometry are displayed. The second section reconstructs his expulsion from the university, his persecution and resistance in the Nazi era, and his failed attempt to be reinstated at his position as a scientist. In the third and last section, Bondy’s career in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education is depicted by focusing on his youth work, a controversy of his political affiliations, and his accomplishments and character in the civil service. Bondy’s life is taken as an example to uncover the process of exclusion in science with all its consequences. But also, the ethical aspects of science for education and the application of a scientific attitude to society are revealed by his actions."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1434-4475"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2023-03-21"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="154"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="3"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="293"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="323"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s)"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Monatsh Chem"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer Vienna"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1434-4475"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Hugo Bondy (1900–1985): an Austrian scientist of mass spectrometry in the twentieth century"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="154"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/04"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/03/21"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="293"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="323"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Original Paper"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6"/> <meta name="size" content="308208"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Hugo Bondy (1900–1985), a fairly unknown Austrian scientist working in academia in the twentieth century made important contributions to the developm"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Schober, Michael"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Irrgeher, Johanna"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Prohaska, Thomas"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Chemistry/Food Science, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Organic Chemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Inorganic Chemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Analytical Chemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Physical Chemistry"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Theoretical and Computational Chemistry"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="AT-Österreichisches Staatsarchiv (OeStA)/AdR UWFuK BMU PA Sign 19 Bondy, Hugo, 17.04.1900 (1945–1984)/Geschäftszahl 2806-Präs.A/65, Pers. 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Wien: Verlag Adolf Holzhausens Nfg, S. 86–87"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Schober, Michael"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="michael.schober@unileoben.ac.at"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Department of General, Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Irrgeher, Johanna"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Department of General, Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Prohaska, Thomas"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Department of General, Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben, Leoben, Austria"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2023/04/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Hugo Bondy (1900–1985): an Austrian scientist of mass spectrometry in the twentieth century - Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Hugo Bondy (1900–1985), a fairly unknown Austrian scientist working in academia in the twentieth century made important contributions to the development of double-focusing sector field mass spectrometers. This article describes his life and scientific contributions in a fascinating biography meriting his achievements in the development and construction of new mass spectrometers. The article divides into three sections according to Bondy’s biography. In the first section, his education, career in academia, and research in mass spectrometry are displayed. The second section reconstructs his expulsion from the university, his persecution and resistance in the Nazi era, and his failed attempt to be reinstated at his position as a scientist. In the third and last section, Bondy’s career in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education is depicted by focusing on his youth work, a controversy of his political affiliations, and his accomplishments and character in the civil service. Bondy’s life is taken as an example to uncover the process of exclusion in science with all its consequences. But also, the ethical aspects of science for education and the application of a scientific attitude to society are revealed by his actions. 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This article describes his life and scientific contributions in a fascinating biography meriting his achievements in the development and construction of new mass spectrometers. The article divides into three sections according to Bondy’s biography. In the first section, his education, career in academia, and research in mass spectrometry are displayed. The second section reconstructs his expulsion from the university, his persecution and resistance in the Nazi era, and his failed attempt to be reinstated at his position as a scientist. In the third and last section, Bondy’s career in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education is depicted by focusing on his youth work, a controversy of his political affiliations, and his accomplishments and character in the civil service. Bondy’s life is taken as an example to uncover the process of exclusion in science with all its consequences. 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Hugo Bondy (1900–1985): an Austrian scientist of mass spectrometry in the twentieth century </div> <div data-test="inCoD" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both u-mb-16"> <a href="/content/pdf/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="button" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Michael-Schober-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Michael-Schober-Aff1" data-author-search="Schober, Michael" data-corresp-id="c1">Michael Schober<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-8185"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-8185</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Johanna-Irrgeher-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Johanna-Irrgeher-Aff1" data-author-search="Irrgeher, Johanna">Johanna Irrgeher</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3192-0101"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-3192-0101</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Thomas-Prohaska-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Thomas-Prohaska-Aff1" data-author-search="Prohaska, Thomas">Thomas Prohaska</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9367-8141"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-9367-8141</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>3777 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Hugo Bondy (1900–1985), a fairly unknown Austrian scientist working in academia in the twentieth century made important contributions to the development of double-focusing sector field mass spectrometers. This article describes his life and scientific contributions in a fascinating biography meriting his achievements in the development and construction of new mass spectrometers. The article divides into three sections according to Bondy’s biography. In the first section, his education, career in academia, and research in mass spectrometry are displayed. The second section reconstructs his expulsion from the university, his persecution and resistance in the Nazi era, and his failed attempt to be reinstated at his position as a scientist. In the third and last section, Bondy’s career in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education is depicted by focusing on his youth work, a controversy of his political affiliations, and his accomplishments and character in the civil service. Bondy’s life is taken as an example to uncover the process of exclusion in science with all its consequences. But also, the ethical aspects of science for education and the application of a scientific attitude to society are revealed by his actions.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Graphical abstract</h3> <div class="c-article-section__figure" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure"><figure><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00706-023-03039-6/MediaObjects/706_2023_3039_Figa_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00706-023-03039-6/MediaObjects/706_2023_3039_Figa_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="685" height="216"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div></div></section> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13361-019-02281-9/MediaObjects/13361_2019_2281_Figa_HTML.jpg" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13361-019-02281-9?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s13361-019-02281-9">The Russian Mass Spectrometry Interest Group at ASMS: Over 20 Years of Science and Water Polo </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">07 August 2019</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-030-15950-4?as=webp" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_46?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-030-15950-4_46">Recent Applications of Mass Spectrometry at Clarkson University </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Chapter</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">© 2019</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-1-0716-1186-9?as=webp" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-0716-1186-9_1?fromPaywallRec=false" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/978-1-0716-1186-9_1">How Modern Mass Spectrometry Can Solve Ancient Questions: A Multi-Omics Study of the Stomach Content of the Oldest Human Ice Mummy, the 5300-Year-Old Iceman or Oetzi </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Chapter</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">© 2021</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732319528, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div class="app-card-service" data-test="article-checklist-banner"> <div> <a class="app-card-service__link" data-track="click_presubmission_checklist" data-track-context="article page top of reading companion" data-track-category="pre-submission-checklist" data-track-action="clicked article page checklist banner test 2 old version" data-track-label="link" href="https://beta.springernature.com/pre-submission?journalId=706" data-test="article-checklist-banner-link"> <span class="app-card-service__link-text">Use our pre-submission checklist</span> <svg class="app-card-service__link-icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small"></use></svg> </a> <p class="app-card-service__description">Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="app-card-service__icon-container"> <svg class="app-card-service__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium"></use> </svg> </div> </div> <div class="main-content"> <section data-title="Introduction"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Introduction</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>The Austrian contributions to the development of mass spectrometers are usually brought into context with known names such as Richard Herzog and Josef Mattauch. Nonetheless, in mass spectrometry—as in other fields of science as well—many important contributions remain almost unknown. With his research, Hugo Bondy accomplished new insights towards the construction of mass spectrometers and to the field of isotopic analysis in the 1930s. However, he himself described his own career as complicated [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="AT-Österreichisches Staatsarchiv (OeStA)/AdR UWFuK BMU PA Sign 19 Bondy, Hugo, 17.04.1900 (1945–1984)/Geschäftszahl 2806-Präs.A/65, Pers. Zahl: 3327, Formular I. Antrag, Wien, am 20. Oktober 1965, S. 1. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=3891007
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e395">1</a>].<sup><a href="#Fn1"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>1</a></sup> Hereby, Bondy’s biography reflects and encapsulates the turbulent times of the mid-twentieth century in Austria for an academic. Three themes dominate and sum up his whole life: his passion for science and education, his attachment to Austria, and his ethics.</p><p>But why is Hugo Bondy’s biography important for science? Foremost, his biography represents a researcher unrecognized by the scientific community, public, and history, even though, his contributions were essential to research in mass spectrometry and its later rise in use. Furthermore, Bondy’s biography shows the exclusion of a person from science only based on discrimination. In addition, his treatment before and after World War II (WWII) by his faculty reveals the conduct, mechanisms, and effects of such policies of discrimination in a scientific community. All these aspects result in a unique biography that we present in this article.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Bondy’s origin and family"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Bondy’s origin and family</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><p>Hugo Bondy was born as Hugo Heilig in Vienna on April 17, 1900 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-Archiv der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Wien (IKG)/Geburts-Buch für die Isr. Cultus-Gemeinde in Wien, 1900, Nummer 1019, S. 102" href="#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e415">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-IKG/Geburts-Anzeige, Lit. W Nr. 1019, am 1. Mai 1900" href="#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e415_1">3</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="AT-Archiv der Montanuniversität Leoben (UAMUL)/Kataloge der Studienjahre 1919/1920; 1920/1921; 1922/1923; 1923/1924, Matrikelschein Nr. 3050, Meldungsbuch Nr. 21" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e418">4</a>].<sup><a href="#Fn2"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>2</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a href="#Fn3"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>3</a></sup> His mother was Jeanette or Netty Heilig,<sup><a href="#Fn4"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>4</a></sup> born as Huth; as his father Emanuel Heilig<sup><a href="#Fn5"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>5</a></sup> was listed in the official records. Both were of Jewish faith [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="AT-Archiv der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Wien (IKG)/Geburts-Buch für die Isr. Cultus-Gemeinde in Wien, 1900, Nummer 1019, S. 102" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e459">2</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="AT-IKG/Geburts-Anzeige, Lit. W Nr. 1019, am 1. Mai 1900" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e462">3</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Österreich, Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien, 9. Bezirk, Pfarre Lichtental/02–31, Trauungs-Buch, 01.01.1905–31.12.1905, Folge 17, Reihe-Zahl 32. In: matricula-online.eu, Trauungsbuch 02–31 [Online]. Available at 
 https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/09-lichtental/02-31/?pg=21
 
 . Accessed 12 Jan 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e465">5</a>]. The religious belief of the parents of Emanuel Heilig is unknown to the authors. From his mother’s side, his grandparents were Sali Huth, born as Gartner, and Hermann Huth. Like her daughter, both grandparents were of Jewish faith [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Österreich, Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien, 9. Bezirk, Pfarre Lichtental/02–31, Trauungs-Buch, 01.01.1905–31.12.1905, Folge 17, Reihe-Zahl 32. In: matricula-online.eu, Trauungsbuch 02–31 [Online]. Available at 
 https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/09-lichtental/02-31/?pg=21
 
 . Accessed 12 Jan 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e468">5</a>]. Therefore, Bondy was considered after the later enacted Nazi laws for legal discrimination at least as a “<i>Mischling ersten Grades</i>”,<sup><a href="#Fn6"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>6</a></sup> more likely he was regarded as a “Jew” by the Nazi authorities.</p><p>On January 18, 1904, the court of the 8th district of Vienna ruled that the concluded marriage in Jewish faith between Emanuel and Netty Heilig was dissolved [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Österreich, Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien, 9. Bezirk, Pfarre Lichtental/02–31, Trauungs-Buch, 01.01.1905–31.12.1905, Folge 17, Reihe-Zahl 32. In: matricula-online.eu, Trauungsbuch 02–31 [Online]. Available at 
 https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/09-lichtental/02-31/?pg=21
 
 . Accessed 12 Jan 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e484">5</a>]. The reasons for the separation are unknown to the authors. However, Netty Heilig withdrew from Judaism, which the municipal office of the 9th district of Vienna officially recognized on January 10, 1904. She was baptized in accordance with the Christian Roman Catholic tradition on January 12, 1905. For her new faith, she no longer used the former version of her first name (“Netty”), but instead used the name Anna [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Österreich, Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien, 9. Bezirk, Pfarre Lichtental/01–52, Geburts- und Tauf-Buch, 01.01.1905–31.12.1905, Folge 3, Reihe-Zahl 0. In: matricula-online.eu, Taufbuch 01–52 [Online]. Available at 
 https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/09-lichtental/01-52/?pg=6
 
 . Accessed 12 Jan 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e487">6</a>]. Furthermore, she again used her birth surname, Huth, instead of the surname of her former husband, Heilig. On February 3, 1905, Anna Huth married Siegmund or Sigmund Alfred Bondy<sup><a href="#Fn7"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>7</a></sup> in Vienna in accordance with the Roman Catholic faith. The marriage was officially approved on January 22, 1905 and announced in January/February 1905, after Emanuel Heilig publicly declared that he did not want to live with his converted wife anymore, which gave her the required consent from her former husband for remarriage [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Österreich, Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien, 9. Bezirk, Pfarre Lichtental/02–31, Trauungs-Buch, 01.01.1905–31.12.1905, Folge 17, Reihe-Zahl 32. In: matricula-online.eu, Trauungsbuch 02–31 [Online]. Available at 
 https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/09-lichtental/02-31/?pg=21
 
 . Accessed 12 Jan 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e496">5</a>].</p><p>Siegmund Bondy was an Austrian government employee [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-Archiv der Universität Wien (UAW)/PH RA 10952 Bondy, Hugo (1931.03.19–1931.03.21)/Curriculum vitae., Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=283924
 
 " href="#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e502">7</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/Senat S 134.1.21 Bondy, Siegmund (1903–1947)/Prot.-Nr. 932, ad 4 Qualifikationstabelle., Wien, am 11. Februar 1909, S. 265. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=227030
 
 " href="#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e502_1">8</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/Prot.-Nr. 4124, Z 532, eingelangt am 7. November 1903, S. 328–329" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e505">9</a>]. His parents were Amalia Bondy, born as Kern, and Moriz Bondy; both were of Jewish faith [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Österreich, Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien, 9. Bezirk, Pfarre Lichtental/02–31, Trauungs-Buch, 01.01.1905–31.12.1905, Folge 17, Reihe-Zahl 32. In: matricula-online.eu, Trauungsbuch 02–31 [Online]. Available at 
 https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/09-lichtental/02-31/?pg=21
 
 . Accessed 12 Jan 2023" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e508">5</a>]. The Nazi authorities considered him as a “Jew” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="AT-OeStA/AdR E-uReang VVSt VA Buchstabe B 24872 Bondy, Rosa, 12.5.1904 (1938–1945)/An die Vermögensverkehrsstelle, S. 1–3. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=219699
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e511">10</a>], although Siegmund Bondy later stated that he was only “racially burdened” from his father side [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="AT-OeStA/AdR UWFuK BMU PA Sign 4 Bondy, Siegmund, 10.12.1870 (1945–1984)/Zahl 110, 2401/46, eingelangt am 5. Januar 1948, S. 1–4. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=3767502
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e514">11</a>]. This would have meant that his mother converted to the Jewish faith. In the official records, Emanuel Heilig was erased as the father of Hugo Heilig, and Siegmund Bondy was listed as his father by the Jewish Community of Vienna (<i>Israeltischen Kultusgemeinde Wien</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="AT-Archiv der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Wien (IKG)/Geburts-Buch für die Isr. Cultus-Gemeinde in Wien, 1900, Nummer 1019, S. 102" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e521">2</a>]. A date for the conversion of Siegmund Bondy to the Roman Catholic faith is unknown to the authors. Likewise, no date or record of religious conversion or surname change from Hugo Heilig to Hugo Bondy was found by the authors.</p><p>Siegmund Bondy earned the title <i>Regierungsrat</i> for his years in government service [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/G.-Z.: 163, Zl. 2407/Präs.-1946., Wien, am 29. April 1946, S. 22" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e530">12</a>] and worked in the rector’s office of the <i>Universität Wien</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="AT-Archiv der Universität Wien (UAW)/PH RA 10952 Bondy, Hugo (1931.03.19–1931.03.21)/Curriculum vitae., Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=283924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e536">7</a>]. In the year 1934, Siegmund Bondy was alleged to be a “Jew” and to have “‘red’ ties” to create a constituency for himself [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/G.-Z.: 1226, 21054, Abt. 5, eingelangt am 3. Juli 1934, S. 36" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e539">13</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/G.-Z.: 1226, Abschrift., S. 42" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e543">14</a>]. To these anti-Semitic allegations, Siegmund Bondy replied that he had been a member of the Union of Christian Employees in Public Services (<i>Gewerkschaft christlicher Angestellter in öffentlichen Diensten</i>) and a cofounder as well as chairman of the Association of Civil Servants at the Universities (<i>Hochschulbeamten-Verband</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/G.-Z.: 1226, Sub-Journal Nr. 7333, Wien, am 11. September 1934, S. 38" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e552">15</a>]. Politically, Siegmund Bondy can be linked to Austrian Christian conservatism due to two further passages. In his reply to the authorities of the university about the anti-Semitic allegations, he declared that the civil servants of the university welcomed the actions of the Austrian authoritarian dictatorship, which “cleaned up the surviving rubble” at the universities after its establishment [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/G.-Z.: 1226, Sub-Journal Nr. 7333, Wien, am 11. September 1934, S. 38" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e555">15</a>]. In the later personal file of Hugo Bondy from the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, part of a sentence in a draft letter was crossed out that claimed Siegmund Bondy was a supporter of the Viennese mayor, Karl Lueger [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 38-Präs.A/66, 1. Einlageblatt zu Zl.: 38-Präs.A/66, Wien, am 2. Februar 1966, S. 2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e558">16</a>]. At the turn of the century, Lueger was the leader of the conservative Christian Social Party (<i>Christlichsoziale Partei</i>) in Vienna and used anti-Semitism for political agitation, which made him an idol for Adolf Hitler [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 17" title="Hamann B (2015) Hitlers Wien. Lehrjahre eines Diktators. 13. Auflage. München/Berlin: Piper Verlag, S. 393–398, 407–418" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR17" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e565">17</a>].<sup><a href="#Fn8"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>8</a></sup> However, Siegmund and Hugo Bondy suffered from anti-Semitic and racial discrimination from 1938 to 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/G.-Z.: 510, Abschrift für den Akt!, S. 6" href="#ref-CR18" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e574">18</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/G.-Z.: 510, Wien, am 26. März 1947., S. 7" href="#ref-CR19" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e574_1">19</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 20" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/G.-Z.: 163, S. Z. 440–44/45, Sub-Journal Nr. 5668, eingelangt am 3. Juli 1945, S. 15" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR20" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e577">20</a>]. Nevertheless, the religious belief of both of them was always stated as Roman Catholic in the records after Hugo Bondy’s birth and since Siegmund Bondy’s marriage. Their religious belief was then never listed as Jewish.</p><p>Bondy was the oldest son of three children in the family of Siegmund and Anna Bondy. His two siblings were his sister Marie Bondy and his younger brother Friedrich or Fritz Bondy [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="AT-OeStA/AdR E-uReang VVSt VA Buchstabe B 24872 Bondy, Rosa, 12.5.1904 (1938–1945)/An die Vermögensverkehrsstelle, S. 1–3. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=219699
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e584">10</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/S 134.1.21/Gesch.-Z.: 857, Fragebogen, S. 171" href="#ref-CR21" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e587">21</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-OeStA/AdR E-uReang VVSt VA Buchstabe B 30180 Bondy, Alfred Siegmund, 10.12.1870 (1938–1945)/Verzeichnis über das Vermögen von Juden, Wien, am 17. Juli 1938, S. 4. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=219650
 
 " href="#ref-CR22" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e587_1">22</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 23" title="AT-Niederösterreichisches Landesarchiv (NÖLA)/RStH ND IVd-8 VA/B157 Bondy, Alfred Siegmund, Hadersdorf-Weidlingau/Verzeichnis über das Vermögen von Juden, S. 1–4" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR23" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e590">23</a>]. Friedrich Bondy was an employee in the faculty of law of the Universität Wien. Like his brother, Friedrich Bondy was also discharged from the university in 1938 due to anti-Semitic and racial discrimination as a result of his decent [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 24" title="AT-UAW/Senat S 134.1.20 Bondy, Friedrich (1937–1938)/Gesch.-Z.: 1377, S. 1–8. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=227029
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR24" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e593">24</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 25" title="AT-OeStA/AdR BMI ZNsZ GA 50.652 Bondy, Fritz/No 50652, S. 1–8" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR25" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e596">25</a>].</p></div></div></section><section data-title="A life of a scientist"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3">A life of a scientist</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec4">Becoming a scientist</h3><p>Hugo Bondy acquired his formal education at the school <i>Nieder-Österreichisches Landes-Realgymnasium</i> in Mödling [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="AT-Archiv der Montanuniversität Leoben (UAMUL)/Kataloge der Studienjahre 1919/1920; 1920/1921; 1922/1923; 1923/1924, Matrikelschein Nr. 3050, Meldungsbuch Nr. 21" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e614">4</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="AT-Archiv der Universität Wien (UAW)/PH RA 10952 Bondy, Hugo (1931.03.19–1931.03.21)/Curriculum vitae., Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=283924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e617">7</a>], which allowed him to obtain the high school diploma (<i>Matura</i>) on July 2, 1919, and entitled him to study [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.34 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 10.952" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e623">26</a>]. The school focused more on natural science than on humanities and specifically used a practice-orientated curriculum in physics and chemistry for the education of the students [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 27" title="Bundesgymnasium und Bundesrealgymnasium Keimgasse Mödling, Schulgeschichte. 1909–1921. Das achtklassige Niederösterreichische Landes-Realgymnasium. In: keimgasse.at [Online]. Available at 
 https://keimgasse.at/schulgeschichte/
 
 . Accessed 7 Aug 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR27" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e627">27</a>]. Perhaps because of this education, he either attracted a primary interest in natural science or his abilities in this field were cultivated. This was certainly a benefit for his later studies at the universities.</p><p>In 1918, Hugo Bondy joined a one-year volunteer military service in the Austrian-Hungarian army during World War I (WWI). He served seven or eight months (from March/April to October/November 1918) in a unit of the field and mountain artillery [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="AT-Archiv der Universität Wien (UAW)/PH RA 10952 Bondy, Hugo (1931.03.19–1931.03.21)/Curriculum vitae., Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=283924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e633">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2022-Präs.1/66, Formular 1. Antrag, Wien, am 5. September 1966, S. 1–6" href="#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e636">28</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 3377-Präs.A/65, A.V., S. 1" href="#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e636_1">29</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Standesausweis mit Laufbahn, S. 1–8" href="#ref-CR30" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e636_2">30</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Personalstandesblatt, Wien, am 13. August 1945, S. 1–9" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e639">31</a>].</p><p>After WWI, Bondy decided to study. He enlisted at the <i>Montanistische Hochschule</i> in Leoben, later <i>Montanuniversität Leoben</i>, as a regular student (<i>ordentlicher Hörer</i>) in the winter semester of 1919/1920 and chose the study program mountain engineering (<i>Bergwesen</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="AT-Archiv der Montanuniversität Leoben (UAMUL)/Kataloge der Studienjahre 1919/1920; 1920/1921; 1922/1923; 1923/1924, Matrikelschein Nr. 3050, Meldungsbuch Nr. 21" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e657">4</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 32" title="AT-UAMUL/Matrikelbuch, laufende Nr. 4300 und Matrikelschein Nr. 3050" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR32" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e661">32</a>]. Bondy received a scholarship (<i>Goldberg’sches Stipendium</i>) of 600 Kronen for his study from 1919 to 1921 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="AT-Archiv der Montanuniversität Leoben (UAMUL)/Kataloge der Studienjahre 1919/1920; 1920/1921; 1922/1923; 1923/1924, Matrikelschein Nr. 3050, Meldungsbuch Nr. 21" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e667">4</a>]. His grades were mixed throughout his time in Leoben [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="AT-Archiv der Montanuniversität Leoben (UAMUL)/Kataloge der Studienjahre 1919/1920; 1920/1921; 1922/1923; 1923/1924, Matrikelschein Nr. 3050, Meldungsbuch Nr. 21" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e670">4</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 33" title="AT-UAMUL/1935512 Prüfungs-Protokoll, Zahl: 12, Jahr: 1925, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e673">33</a>], especially in the general natural science courses. Finally, Bondy successfully passed the First State Exam (<i>Erste Staatsprüfung</i>) on March 23, 1923. After his Second State Exam (<i>Zweite Staatsprüfung</i>), his degree was officially confirmed on July 18, 1925 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 33" title="AT-UAMUL/1935512 Prüfungs-Protokoll, Zahl: 12, Jahr: 1925, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR33" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e683">33</a>]. Bondy graduated with the title <i>Ingenieur</i> or <i>Diplom-Ingenieur</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Personalstandesblatt, Wien, am 13. August 1945, S. 1–9" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e692">31</a>].</p><p>From 1920—already during his studies—until 1927, Hugo Bondy worked as a common laborer, mine surveyor, and mountain engineer in different mines of Austria and Germany. Due to economic crisis and job cuts in the industry, he moved back to Vienna. After his return, he started to study mathematics, physics, and chemistry at the faculty of philosophy at the Universität Wien in the summer semester of 1927 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="AT-Archiv der Universität Wien (UAW)/PH RA 10952 Bondy, Hugo (1931.03.19–1931.03.21)/Curriculum vitae., Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=283924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e698">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Personalstandesblatt, Wien, am 13. August 1945, S. 1–9" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e701">31</a>]. Bondy attended courses in chemistry, physics, mathematics, philosophy, psychology, and education. Rudolf Wegscheider, Ernst Späth, Hans Thirring, Hans Hahn, Karl Menger, Philipp Furtwängler, Heinrich Gomperz, Karl Bühler, and Richard Meister were among his professors. He attended also courses from the professors Egon Schweidler, Gustav Jäger, and Eduard Haschek, who later became his colleagues at the university [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 34" title="AT-UAW/Nationalien/Philosophen S.S. 1927 A-B; Philosophen W.S. 1927–1928 Bi-Bu; Philosophen S.S. 1928 A-B; Philosophen W.S. 1928–29 A-B; Phil. Nat. S.S. 1929 A-B" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR34" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e704">34</a>]. He began to work on his dissertation at the 1st Physical Institute (<i>I. Physikalisches Institut</i>) in October or November 1929 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="AT-Archiv der Universität Wien (UAW)/PH RA 10952 Bondy, Hugo (1931.03.19–1931.03.21)/Curriculum vitae., Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=283924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e710">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="AT-UAW/PH GZ 793 ex 1930–1931/D.Zl. 793, Bondy Hugo, Ing. um Rigorosenzulassung (Physik), Wien, am 16. Februar 1931, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e714">35</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="AT-UAW/PH PA 1127 Bondy, Hugo (1933.05.04–1945.07.11)/D.Zl. 435, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 25. Februar 1934, S. 30. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=30808
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e717">36</a>]. During his study and working period, Hugo Bondy married Margarete Prager<sup><a href="#Fn9"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>9</a></sup> on July 9, 1930 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Personalstandesblatt, Wien, am 13. August 1945, S. 1–9" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e726">31</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 37" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Standesausweis mit Laufbahn, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR37" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e729">37</a>]. In February 1931, Bondy appealed for admission of his final doctorate exam (<i>Rigorosum</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="AT-UAW/PH GZ 793 ex 1930–1931/D.Zl. 793, Bondy Hugo, Ing. um Rigorosenzulassung (Physik), Wien, am 16. Februar 1931, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e736">35</a>], which was granted to him on March 14, 1931 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.34 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 10.952" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e739">26</a>]. The dissertation was reviewed by two examiners [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 38" title="AT-UAW/RA 10952/Nr. 10.952. Rigorosenakt, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e742">38</a>]: Prof. Egon Schweidler—head of the 1st Physical Institute—and Prof. Stefan Meyer—head of the Institute for Radium Research (<i>Institut für Radiumforschung</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 39" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1930) Die Akademischen Behörden, Professoren, Privatdozenten, Lehrer, Beamten usw. an der Universität zu Wien für das Studienjahr 1930/1931. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1930. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nachf., S. 87–88" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR39" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e748">39</a>]. In his thesis, Bondy investigated the conductivity of natural amber and pressed amber (Ambroid) under the influence of radium β-rays [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 40" title="Bondy H (1931) Ueber die Leitfaehigkeit und deren Beeinflussung durch Radiumstrahlen bei natuerlichem und gepresstem Bernstein (Ambroid). Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC02127654
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR40" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e751">40</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 41" title="AT-UAW/RA 10952/Beurteilung der Dissertation, Wien, am 21. März 1931, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e755">41</a>]. The evaluation report of his thesis from March 21, 1931, was in favor of his graduation [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 41" title="AT-UAW/RA 10952/Beurteilung der Dissertation, Wien, am 21. März 1931, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR41" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e758">41</a>]. Bondy then presented his thesis on March 23, 1931 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.34 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 10.952" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e761">26</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 38" title="AT-UAW/RA 10952/Nr. 10.952. Rigorosenakt, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR38" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e764">38</a>]. He first had a two-hour exam in front of a commission on March 26, 1931. Members of the commission were: Prof. Stefan Meyer, Prof. Egon Schweidler, and Prof. Hans Hahn. Bondy succeeded the exam with distinction. On April 25, 1931, Bondy also passed a second exam of one hour. To this exam, Prof. Heinrich Gomperz and Prof. Robert Reininger were assigned [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.34 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 10.952" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e767">26</a>]. Eventually, the title of philosophical doctor in physics with mathematics [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Personalstandesblatt, Wien, am 13. August 1945, S. 1–9" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e770">31</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 42" title="AT-UAW/RA 10952/Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR42" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e774">42</a>] was granted to Hugo Bondy on May 15, 1931 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 26" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.34 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 10.952" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR26" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e777">26</a>], and his career at the university and in science gained momentum.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec5">A career in academia</h3><p>Bondy’s work-related engagement with the <i>Universität Wien</i> started in October or November 1929 first as <i>wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft</i> and later as <i>Hilfsassistent</i> at the 1st Physical Institute [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="AT-Archiv der Universität Wien (UAW)/PH RA 10952 Bondy, Hugo (1931.03.19–1931.03.21)/Curriculum vitae., Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=283924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e797">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 35" title="AT-UAW/PH GZ 793 ex 1930–1931/D.Zl. 793, Bondy Hugo, Ing. um Rigorosenzulassung (Physik), Wien, am 16. Februar 1931, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR35" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e800">35</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="AT-UAW/PH PA 1127 Bondy, Hugo (1933.05.04–1945.07.11)/D.Zl. 435, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 25. Februar 1934, S. 30. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=30808
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e804">36</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 43" title="AT-UAW/PH GZ 1546 ex 1930–1931/S.Z.1553/473, Wien, am 7. Dezember 1931, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR43" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e807">43</a>]. On June 1, 1931, Hugo Bondy began as <i>außer-ordentlicher Assistent</i> at this institute with an official contract until May 31, 1933 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/GZ 1546/D.Zl. 1546, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, 5. Juni 1931, S. 1" href="#ref-CR44" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e813">44</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/GZ 1546/Zahl: 3.591., Wien, am 21. Juli 1931, S. 1–2" href="#ref-CR45" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e813_1">45</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1931) Die Akademischen Behörden, Professoren, Privatdozenten, Lehrer, Beamten usw. an der Universität zu Wien, I., Ring des 12. November Nr. 3, für das Studienjahr 1931/1932. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1931. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nachf., S. 94" href="#ref-CR46" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e813_2">46</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1932) Die Akademischen Behörden, Professoren, Privatdozenten, Lehrer, Beamten usw. an der Universität zu Wien, I., Ring des 12. November Nr. 3, für das Studienjahr 1932/1933. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1932. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nachf., S. 93" href="#ref-CR47" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e813_3">47</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 48" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1933) Die Akademischen Behörden, Professoren, Privatdozenten, Lehrer, Beamten usw. an der Universität zu Wien, I., Ring des 12. November Nr. 3, für das Studienjahr 1933/1934. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1933. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nachf., S. 95" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e816">48</a>]. This contract was renewed for two more years on March 11, 1933 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 49" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.Zl. 662, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 15. März 1933, S. 31" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR49" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e819">49</a>]. However, the contract was promptly revoked in May 1933 and a new contract was only offered until the end of May 1934 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 50" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Zl: 7463-I-1, Wien, am 4. Mai 1933, S. 32" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e823">50</a>]. Two possible reasons, known to the authors, might have triggered the cancellation of Bondy’s old contract and the offer of a new but more limited contract.</p><p>The first reason was of a political nature. With the resignation of the three speakers of parliament (<i>Nationalratspräsidenten</i>) due to a vote on March 4, 1933, and the prevention of the reconstitution of the parliament of the First Republic of Austria by its Federal Chancellor, Engelbert Dollfuß, on March 15, 1933, an authoritarian dictatorship, also known as <i>Austrofaschismus</i> or <i>Autoritärer Ständestaat</i>, was established [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 51" title="Vocelka K (2011) Geschichte Österreichs. Kultur—Gesellschaft—Politik. 6. Auflage. Graz/Wien/Köln: Verlag Styria/Wilhelm Heyne Verlag/Random House, S. 289–292" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR51" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e838">51</a>]. To balance the state budget, the government cut spending to the institutes of the universities and aimed for their reduction in number and size [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 52" title="Fengler S (2012) Wüstentrockenheit auf dem Gebiet der Atomzertrümmerung. Zur politischen Ökonomie der österreichischen Kernforschung in der Zwischenkriegszeit, S. 73–108, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 93–96. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.73
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e841">52</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e845">53</a>]. Likely as a result of this, Bondy’s contract was re-evaluated and terminated by the authorities [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 50" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Zl: 7463-I-1, Wien, am 4. Mai 1933, S. 32" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e848">50</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 54" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Zl.4.947., Wien, am 20. Dezember 1933, S. 33" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR54" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e851">54</a>].</p><p>The other reason was presumably related to a later change in the faculty. In 1934, Prof. Gustav Jäger—head of the 2nd Physical Institute (<i>II. Physikalisches Institut</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 48" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1933) Die Akademischen Behörden, Professoren, Privatdozenten, Lehrer, Beamten usw. an der Universität zu Wien, I., Ring des 12. November Nr. 3, für das Studienjahr 1933/1934. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1933. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nachf., S. 95" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR48" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e860">48</a>]—retired [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 55" title="Anonymus (1961) Jäger Gustav, Physiker., S. 55–56, In: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.) Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950. Band 3 (Hübl Heinrich – Knoller Richard). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, S. 56. 
 https://doi.org/10.1553/0x00281f46
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR55" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e863">55</a>]. Prof. Egon Schweidler [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 56" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1935) Personalstand der Universität Wien. I. Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring Nr. 1. für das Studienjahr 1935/36. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1935. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nfg., S. 103" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e866">56</a>]—Bondy’s doctoral examiner and head of the 1st Physical Institute—followed as his temporary successor. Probably in anticipation of this retirement, Bondy’s contract was canceled as well, and his new contract was limited to conclude in 1934 due to uncertainty in planning and financial matters [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 52" title="Fengler S (2012) Wüstentrockenheit auf dem Gebiet der Atomzertrümmerung. Zur politischen Ökonomie der österreichischen Kernforschung in der Zwischenkriegszeit, S. 73–108, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 93–96. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.73
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e869">52</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e873">53</a>]. In addition, Bondy was also the latest <i>außer-ordentlicher Assistent</i> at the 1st Physical Institute.</p><p>Other probable reasons are unknown to the authors. The new contract stated only his prior position without a salary as <i>unbesoldeter außer-ordentlicher Assistent</i>. The old position with salary at the 1st Physical Institute was terminated [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 50" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Zl: 7463-I-1, Wien, am 4. Mai 1933, S. 32" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR50" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e885">50</a>]. Bondy accepted the position as an <i>unbesoldeter außer-ordentlicher Assistent</i> with a research grant (<i>Forschungsstipendium</i>) and worked until 1934 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="AT-UAW/PH PA 1127 Bondy, Hugo (1933.05.04–1945.07.11)/D.Zl. 435, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 25. Februar 1934, S. 30. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=30808
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e894">36</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 57" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1934) Personalstand der Universität Wien. I. Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring Nr. 1. für das Studienjahr 1934/35. Nach dem Stande vom 1. Dezember 1934. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nfg., S. 101" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR57" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e898">57</a>].</p><p>As a work requirement, he had to swear allegiance to the new regime and its authorities in the state and university in the form of a code of obligation (<i>Pflichtenangelobung</i>) on June 26, 1933. Bondy had to pledge that he does “not belong or will not belong in the future to a foreign political organization” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 58" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Pflichtangelobung., Wien, am 26. Juni 1933, S. 34" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR58" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e908">58</a>]. Nonetheless, Bondy never became a member of any political party before 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="Mugrauer M (2016) Die KPÖ im Staatsapparat, S. 1–18, Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft. Mitteilungen (23. Jahrgang, Nummer 4), Dezember, S. 3–4. 
 https://www.klahrgesellschaft.at/Mitteilungen/Mugrauer_4_16.pdf
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e911">59</a>].</p><p>On February 24, 1934, Hugo Bondy’s contract as an <i>unbesoldeter außer-ordentlicher Assistent</i> with research grant was extended until May 31, 1936 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="AT-UAW/PH PA 1127 Bondy, Hugo (1933.05.04–1945.07.11)/D.Zl. 435, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 25. Februar 1934, S. 30. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=30808
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e920">36</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 56" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1935) Personalstand der Universität Wien. I. Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring Nr. 1. für das Studienjahr 1935/36. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1935. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nfg., S. 103" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e923">56</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Z: 6648/I-1., Wien, am 8. März 1934, S. 28" href="#ref-CR60" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e926">60</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.Zl. 435, Wien, am 19. April 1934, S. 29" href="#ref-CR61" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e926_1">61</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 62" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Zl. 369, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 16. Dezember 1935, S. 26" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e929">62</a>]. Bondy was then officially promoted to <i>Assistent III. Klasse</i> during this contract on October 11, 1935 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 56" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1935) Personalstand der Universität Wien. I. Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring Nr. 1. für das Studienjahr 1935/36. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1935. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nfg., S. 103" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR56" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e936">56</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 62" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Zl. 369, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 16. Dezember 1935, S. 26" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e939">62</a>]. In this time period, changes in the organization of the faculty influenced Bondy’s later career. The 1st Physical Institute and the 2nd Physical Institute, both under the leadership of Prof. Egon Schweidler, were officially united to one institute, the United 1st and 2nd Physical Institute (<i>Vereinigtes I. und II. Physikalisches Institut</i>). This was the result of the policy of the government to reduce the number of institutes at universities [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 52" title="Fengler S (2012) Wüstentrockenheit auf dem Gebiet der Atomzertrümmerung. Zur politischen Ökonomie der österreichischen Kernforschung in der Zwischenkriegszeit, S. 73–108, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 93–96. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.73
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e945">52</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e948">53</a>]. At this newly formed institute, Hugo Bondy received a new position on December 14, 1935 as an <i>Assistent III. Klasse</i>, this time with salary [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 62" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Zl. 369, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 16. Dezember 1935, S. 26" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e955">62</a>]. However, his appointment by Prof. Schweidler sparked some resistance, specifically by the scientific staff of the 2nd Physical Institute. Due to general spending cuts, a fight over resources was caused between the institutes, which reached its peak by the unification of the 1st and 2nd Physical Institute [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 52" title="Fengler S (2012) Wüstentrockenheit auf dem Gebiet der Atomzertrümmerung. Zur politischen Ökonomie der österreichischen Kernforschung in der Zwischenkriegszeit, S. 73–108, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 93–96. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.73
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR52" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e958">52</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e961">53</a>]. In a later statement to the dean of the faculty of philosophy directly after WWII about Bondy’s reinstatement, retrospectively, Prof. Eduard Haschek wrote:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“Mister Dr. Bondy was originally an <i>Assistent</i> at the 1st Phys.[ical] Institute and was then transferred by Prof. [Egon] Schweidler over to an opening <i>Assistenten</i> position of the 2nd Physical Institute, against the unusual objection by the <i>Assistenten</i> of the 2nd Physical Institute ([Georg] Stetter and [Gerhard] Kirsch), which I joined as <i>Adjunkt</i> of this institute, due to this measure by the director [Prof. Egon Schweidler]. I had then the opportunity to observe Dr. Bondy at the institute [United 1st and 2nd Physical Institute] and won the impression that he would be only a moderate ‘helper’, so a less useful <i>Assistent</i>. […]” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 20. Juni 1945, S. 11" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e984">63</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn10"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>10</a></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><a href="#Fn11"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>11</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>The argument regarding low working abilities as the only reason for Haschek’s resistance against the nomination of Bondy to the position can be doubted for several reasons, but first, Prof. Haschek’s statement has to be put in context of its time. After WWII, the infrastructure was mostly destroyed in Austria (and at the <i>Universität Wien</i>), the land was occupied by the Allied forces and government spending was limited. Therefore, Prof. Haschek—as only the temporary director of the 2nd Physical Institute immediately after the war—further argued that to provide a job and financial support from the university for another person like Bondy was inappropriate—however, rightful the claim for reinstatement was [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 20. Juni 1945, S. 11" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1005">63</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 64" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.:657, Zl. 657, Abschrift., Wien, am 20. Juni 1945, S. 19" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1008">64</a>].</p><p>One reason that contests Prof. Eduard Haschek’s claim of Bondy’s moderate working skills is that Bondy later received a work extension, as well as an even higher Assistenten position, presumably for his time of service or as a promotion for his good work [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 65" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 246, Zl. 38, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 26. November 1937, S. 6" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1014">65</a>]. Another reason can be internal disputes of the unification of the two institutes under the leadership of Prof. Egon Schweidler. The nomination of Prof. Schweidler as final head of the unified institute could be interpreted by the three men as an unrightful takeover, in which the position of director should have belonged to one of them. In consequence, any action from him would have been opposed as a sign of disobedience and Bondy—as a member of Prof. Schweidler’s institute—could have been viewed as “his men”. After Prof. Schweidler’s retirement in 1939 as head of the United 1st and 2nd Physical Institute [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 66" title="Karlik B, Seidl J (2001) Schweidler Egon Ritter von, Physiker., S. 39–40, In: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.) Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950. Band 12 ([Schwarz] Marie—Spannagel). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, S. 39. 
 https://doi.org/10.1553/0x00284861
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR66" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1017">66</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 67" title="Bittner L (1949) Geschichte des Studienfaches Physik an der Wiener Universität in den letzten hundert Jahren. Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien, S. 223. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00350134
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR67" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1020">67</a>], the institutes were split again and two men out of the three dissenters advanced their careers during WWII. Georg Stetter became the head of the 2nd Physical Institute in 1939, meanwhile Gerhard Kirsch became the director of the 1st Physical Institute in 1941 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1023">53</a>]. Prof. Eduard Haschek remained on his post at the 2nd Physical Institute, but was banned from entering the institute during the Nazi era [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 68" title="Rektorat der Universität Wien (Hrsg.) (ohne Jahr) Personal-Verzeichnis für das Studienjahr 1944/45. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nfg., S. 87" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR68" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1026">68</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 69" title="Reiter WL (2004) 1938 und die Folgen für die Naturwissenschaften an Österreichs Universitäten, S. 664–680, In: Stadler F (Hrsg.) Vertriebene Vernunft II. Emigration und Exil österreichischer Wissenschaft 1930–1940 (Emigration—Exil—Kontinuität, Band 2, Teilband 2). Münster: Lit-Verlag, S. 667" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR69" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1030">69</a>]. A third reason might have been politically and racially motivated. Although there is no indication that Bondy’s lineage was an issue before and in 1935 or known to his colleagues, two men were leaning to the Nazi ideology. Gerhard Kirsch was openly national socialist minded and was a member of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party—Nazi Party (<i>Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei</i>—NSDAP). Georg Stetter was a convinced national socialist and NSDAP member as well [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1036">53</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 70" title="Sime RL (2012) Zertrümmerung: Mariette Blau in Wien, S. 211–238, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 218–221. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.211
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1039">70</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 71" title="Forstner C (2012) Zur Geschichte der österreichischen Kernenergieprogramme, S. 159–180, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 162. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.159
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR71" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1042">71</a>]. A final reason was maybe a personal one. However, it has to be doubted that Bondy’s working skills alone, if they were in reality sufficient or insufficient, were the only reason for the opposition towards him at that time and later after WWII. In any way, the real and complete motivation for the opposition against Bondy cannot be reconstructed.</p><p>Eventually, Bondy had a contract as <i>Assistent III. Klasse</i> from June 1, 1936 until May 31, 1938, which he fulfilled until his expulsion [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 62" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/Zl. 369, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 16. Dezember 1935, S. 26" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR62" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1051">62</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 369, Zahl 369, Wien, am 10. Dezember 1935, S. 25" href="#ref-CR72" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1054">72</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 369, Zl. 2652-I-1, Wien, am 24. April 1936, S. 24" href="#ref-CR73" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1054_1">73</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 74" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 369, Zl. 369, Wien, am 6. Mai 1936, S. 23" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR74" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1057">74</a>]. On January 10, 1938, he was officially promoted to <i>Assistent II. Klasse</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 65" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 246, Zl. 38, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 26. November 1937, S. 6" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR65" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1064">65</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 75" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 246, Zahl 246, Wien, am 9. November 1937, S. 7" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR75" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1067">75</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 76" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 499, Zl. 499, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 31. Januar 1938, S. 3" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1070">76</a>]. Furthermore, an extension of the contract was given to Bondy for the same position (from June 1, 1938 until May 31, 1940) on January 29, 1938 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 76" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 499, Zl. 499, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 31. Januar 1938, S. 3" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR76" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1073">76</a>]. Prof. Egon Schweidler justified Bondy’s extension by referring to his very good work as an administrator of the institute archive and material depot as well as to his proven excellence in assistance to a lectureship of Prof. Karl Przibram [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 77" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 499, Zahl 499, Wien, am 27. Januar 1938, S. 2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1076">77</a>]—<i>Assistent</i> at the Institute for Radium Research [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 78" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1937) Personalstand der Universität Wien. I. Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring Nr. 1. für das Studienjahr 1937/1938. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1937. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nfg, S. 116–117" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1083">78</a>]. Therefore, Prof. Schweidler considered Bondy as irreplaceable for these duties [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 77" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 499, Zahl 499, Wien, am 27. Januar 1938, S. 2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR77" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1086">77</a>].</p><p>In addition to his job at the university, he passed the teaching exam (<i>Lehramtsprüfung</i>) on February 4, 1935, which allowed Bondy to teach mathematics and physics on a high school level [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2022-Präs.1/66, Formular 1. Antrag, Wien, am 5. September 1966, S. 1–6" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1095">28</a>]. From 1935 to 1936, he worked as a teacher for his one-year probation in the state high school (<i>Staatsgymnasium</i>) of the 8th district of Vienna [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Personalstandesblatt, Wien, am 13. August 1945, S. 1–9" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1101">31</a>]. However, Hugo Bondy reached the peak of his academic career at the beginning of March 1938.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec6">Research in mass spectrometry</h3><p>Major achievements in mass spectrometry were laid in the years around Bondy’s birth. However, cathode rays (<i>Kathodenstrahlen</i>—electrons) and canal rays (<i>Kanalstrahlen</i>—positively charged ions) were already discovered in the nineteenth century [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 79" title="Prohaska T (2015) Chapter 2 History, pp 10–25, In: Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Zitek A, Jakubowski N (ed.), Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis (New Developments in Mass Spectrometry 3). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp 10–25. 
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 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1118">79</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 80" title="Budzikiewicz H, Grigsby RD (2006) Mass spectrometry and isotopes: a century of research and discussions. Mass Spectrom Rev 25(1):146–157. 
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 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1121">80</a>]. Joseph John Thomson demonstrated that cathode rays consist of electrons and accomplished their deflection by electric or magnetic fields in 1897 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Prohaska T (2015) Chapter 2 History, pp 10–25, In: Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Zitek A, Jakubowski N (ed.), Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis (New Developments in Mass Spectrometry 3). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp 10–25. 
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 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR81" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1128">81</a>]. One year later, Wilhelm Wien proved that the canal rays were positively charged particles and could be deflected by a strong electric or magnetic field [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 79" title="Prohaska T (2015) Chapter 2 History, pp 10–25, In: Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Zitek A, Jakubowski N (ed.), Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis (New Developments in Mass Spectrometry 3). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp 10–25. 
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 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR82" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1137">82</a>]. As consequence of these discoveries, Thomson and his scholar Francis William Aston built the first mass spectrometer in 1912 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 79" title="Prohaska T (2015) Chapter 2 History, pp 10–25, In: Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Zitek A, Jakubowski N (ed.), Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis (New Developments in Mass Spectrometry 3). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp 10–25. 
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 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR83" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1147">83</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 84" title="Aston FW (1912) Sir J. J. Thomson’s new method of chemical analysis. Sci Progress Twentieth Century: Quart J Scientif Work Thought 7(25):48–65. 
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 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR84" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1150">84</a>]. Charged particles could be deflected and separated according to their kinetic energy and mass to charge ratio. As a result, elements, isotopes, and later chemical compounds, were distinguishable by mass spectrometry. Meanwhile, Frederick Soddy discovered that the element lead had two different masses depending on the origin of its radioactive decay. Soddy called the phenomena of atoms from one element, which have the same chemical qualities, with different masses “isotopes” in 1913, after a suggestion of his friend Margaret Todd [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 79" title="Prohaska T (2015) Chapter 2 History, pp 10–25, In: Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Zitek A, Jakubowski N (ed.), Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis (New Developments in Mass Spectrometry 3). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp 10–25. 
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 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1153">79</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 80" title="Budzikiewicz H, Grigsby RD (2006) Mass spectrometry and isotopes: a century of research and discussions. Mass Spectrom Rev 25(1):146–157. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20061
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1156">80</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 85" title="Soddy F (1913) Intra-atomic charge. Nature 92(2301):399–400. 
 https://doi.org/10.1038/092399c0
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR85" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1159">85</a>]. Contributions from scientists of universities of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, namely: Friedrich Paneth, George de Hevesy, Otto Hönigschmid, and Stefanie Horovitz, influenced Soddy’s work and conclusions regarding isotopes [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 86" title="Soddy F (1922) The origins of the conception of isotopes. In: nobelprize.org, Frederick Soddy, Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1922 [Online]. Available at 
 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1921/soddy/lecture/
 
 . Accessed 16 Sep 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR86" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1162">86</a>]. During the time of the implementation of the term isotope in science, Thomson and Aston found two isotopes for neon with their mass spectrometers [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 79" title="Prohaska T (2015) Chapter 2 History, pp 10–25, In: Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Zitek A, Jakubowski N (ed.), Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis (New Developments in Mass Spectrometry 3). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp 10–25. 
 https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849735407-00010
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1166">79</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 80" title="Budzikiewicz H, Grigsby RD (2006) Mass spectrometry and isotopes: a century of research and discussions. Mass Spectrom Rev 25(1):146–157. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20061
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1169">80</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 87" title="Thomson JJ (1913) Bakerian lecture:–rays of positive electricity. Proc R Soc Sect A, Math Phys Sci 89(607):1–20. 
 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1913.0057
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR87" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1172">87</a>]. The existence of isotopes was later confirmed through the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 79" title="Prohaska T (2015) Chapter 2 History, pp 10–25, In: Prohaska T, Irrgeher J, Zitek A, Jakubowski N (ed.), Sector Field Mass Spectrometry for Elemental and Isotopic Analysis (New Developments in Mass Spectrometry 3). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. pp 10–25. 
 https://doi.org/10.1039/9781849735407-00010
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR79" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1175">79</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 80" title="Budzikiewicz H, Grigsby RD (2006) Mass spectrometry and isotopes: a century of research and discussions. Mass Spectrom Rev 25(1):146–157. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/mas.20061
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR80" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1178">80</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 88" title="Chadwick J (1932) The existence of a neutron. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A, Contain Pap Math Phys Charact 136(830):692–708. 
 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1932.0112
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR88" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1181">88</a>].</p><p>The invention of mass spectrometry established a new scientific area in natural sciences allowing for qualitative and quantitative determination of elements, isotopes, isotope ratios, and chemical compounds from small molecules to large proteins. Due to mass spectrometry, isotopes of elements were continuously discovered and isotope ratios more precisely determined, foremost by the leading work of Aston, in the first half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, the field of mass spectrometry gained significant interest in nuclear research—especially during WWII. After a research grant in the USA, Josef Mattauch—a former Assistent at the 3rd Physical Institute (<i>III. Physikalisches Institut</i>) of Prof. Felix Ehrenhaft—returned to the Universität Wien and positioned his research in the field of mass spectrometry in the late 1920s. Here, he specialized on the theory and construction of mass spectrometers. Under his leadership, and later by his two scholars, Richard Herzog and Alfred Bönisch, mass spectrometry was established and continued as a research area at the Universität Wien [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1190">53</a>]. In 1929, Hugo Bondy joined the 1st Physical Institute [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="AT-Archiv der Universität Wien (UAW)/PH RA 10952 Bondy, Hugo (1931.03.19–1931.03.21)/Curriculum vitae., Wien, am 19. März 1931, S. 1. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=283924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1193">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 36" title="AT-UAW/PH PA 1127 Bondy, Hugo (1933.05.04–1945.07.11)/D.Zl. 435, Assistentenbestellung, Wien, am 25. Februar 1934, S. 30. 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=30808
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR36" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1196">36</a>], where Josef Mattauch was außer-ordentlicher Assistent [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 89" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1929) Die Akademischen Behörden, Professoren, Privatdozenten, Lehrer, Beamten usw. an der Universität zu Wien für das Studienjahr 1929/30. Nach dem Stande vom 1. Dezember 1929. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nachf., S. 82" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR89" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1199">89</a>], and probably came in contact with mass spectrometry for the first time.</p><p>After his dissertation in 1931, Bondy published his first paper in 1933 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1205">90</a>]. In this article, he and his co-author Karl Popper<sup><a href="#Fn12"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>12</a></sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH RA 11670 Popper, Karl (1933.02.10–1933.02.27). 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=301672
 
 " href="#ref-CR91" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1214">91</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.36 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 11.670" href="#ref-CR92" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1214_1">92</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 93" title="Popper K (1933) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC01203924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR93" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1217">93</a>] constructed a mass spectrometer for velocity and direction focusing [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1220">90</a>]. Due to the preference of mathematics and physics as his study subject, he fit the profile and was qualified for such a task. Furthermore, Bondy and Popper had the blessing and support from Prof. Egon Schweidler. Josef Mattauch was specifically thanked for his initiation of the paper, suggestions, and support [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1224">90</a>]. Therefore, it seems that Bondy had a good relationship to his superiors and collaborated with Mattauch in the field of mass spectrometry. Bondy also acknowledged a doctoral candidate, Franz Schendl,<sup><a href="#Fn13"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>13</a></sup> for his help during the measurements [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1233">90</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH RA 11923 Schendl, Franz (1933.07.31–1933.10.07). 
 https://scopeq.cc.univie.ac.at/Query/detail.aspx?ID=305854
 
 " href="#ref-CR94" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1236">94</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.36 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 11.923" href="#ref-CR95" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1236_1">95</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 96" title="Schendl F (1933) Weitere Studien über ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokusierung. Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC02593949
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR96" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1239">96</a>].</p><p>For their mass spectrometer, Bondy and Popper orientated their construction under the considerations of a paper from Walter Bartky and Arthur Jeffrey Dempster [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 97" title="Bartky W, Dempster AJ (1929) Paths of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. Phys Rev 33(6):1019–1022. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.33.1019
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1245">97</a>], in which the path of charged particles under the simultaneous combination of a radial electric field and a homogenous transversal magnetic field is discussed. This combination has the advantage of focusing charged particles in direction and velocity (double focus), which brings a higher precision to the mass to charge measurements [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1248">90</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 97" title="Bartky W, Dempster AJ (1929) Paths of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. Phys Rev 33(6):1019–1022. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.33.1019
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1251">97</a>]. Bondy’s and Popper’s realization of the theory (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#Fig1">1</a>) was a flat circular box made of brass, with an inner diameter of 90 mm and a height of 16.2 mm, as the measurement chamber. For the covers of the box, soft iron with a diameter of 120 mm was used to fit in the pole pieces of an external electromagnet. The one cover (here top) was only loosely closed for easy access, whereas the other cover (here bottom) was soldered to the brass. In the box, a cylindrical capacitator with a center angle of 127° 17’ (127.3°) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 98" title="Diaz JA, Giese CF, Gentry WR (2001) Sub-miniature ExB sector-field mass spectrometer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 12(6):619-632. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00245-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR98" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1257">98</a>] was fixed and oriented around the middle point with hard rubber for insulation. Two slits with changeable widths were insulated and mounted at the beginning and end of the capacitator. The ion source was a small platinum strip (10 × 4 × 0.01 mm) with vertically tapered holes—on which glass as a sample was melted—held by copper rods insulated with quartz, going through the brass, and fixed outside. A small brass cup fixed on a highly-insulated brass rod going through the brass of the box and connected to an electrometer functioned as a detector. The last detail was the flange connection to a vacuum system that produced a high vacuum for the measurements of ca. 1 × 10<sup>–6</sup> mm Hg (ca. 1.3 × 10<sup>–4</sup> Pa) after ca. 12 h. To establish the high vacuum, all metal parts and joints were covered and sealed with a special varnish [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1265">90</a>].</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1" data-title="Fig. 1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/figures/1" rel="nofollow"><picture><img aria-describedby="Fig1" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00706-023-03039-6/MediaObjects/706_2023_3039_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="figure 1" loading="lazy" width="685" height="343"></picture></a><p class="c-article-section__figure-credit text-right c-article-section__figure-credit-right" data-test="figure-credit">(Copyright Karl Popper, Dissertation, Universität Wien) Reproduced with the permission of the Universität Wien (original pictures were modified for better illustration) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 93" title="Popper K (1933) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC01203924
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR93" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1288">93</a>]</p></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-1-desc"><p><b>a</b> Measurement chamber of Bondy’s and Popper’s mass spectrometer with: A. anode, S. slit, T. slit-carrier, K. capacitor, F. Faraday cage, P. pumping set, and E. ground clamp. <b>b</b> Mass spectrometer from Bondy and Popper in 1933 with: C. adjustable copper-tube, J. ionization-manometer, H. mercury-trap, D. diffusion-pump, E. electrometer, and M. magnet.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/figures/1" data-track-dest="link:Figure1 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 1" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>The accomplishment of the paper was the successful operation of the built apparatus and the proof of the principle and method. Ions were emitted from the glass through a heating current forming the glowing anode and then accelerated to the entrance slit to a certain velocity. In the capacitator, the radial electric field deflected the ions to the outside, while the homogenous transversal magnetic field deflected the ions to the inside of the box. The detection was achieved after the exit slit with a brass cup. By holding the acceleration voltage (potential difference) and the electric field constant, different masses could be separated by varying the magnetic field [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1304">90</a>]. An improvement compared to the measurements with only a magnetic field [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 99" title="Dempster AJ (1918) A new method of positive ray analysis. Phys Rev 11(4):316–325. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.11.316
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1307">99</a>] was reached through the combination with an electric field, as it was shown by sodium (<sup>23</sup>Na) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1312">90</a>]. The beam of sodium ions with a magnetic and electric field was by 30% narrower than without the electric field. Therefore, a focus in direction and velocity (double-focusing) of the ions was accomplished. The <sup>23</sup>Na and <sup>39</sup>K beams reached their maximum intensities in the experiments at values of the magnetic field strength quite close to the theoretical calculations [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1320">90</a>]. Differently to Dempster’s mass spectrometer from 1918 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 99" title="Dempster AJ (1918) A new method of positive ray analysis. Phys Rev 11(4):316–325. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.11.316
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1323">99</a>], the magnetic field was changed, not the potential difference (acceleration voltage), because of the experimental design to prove the focusing effect of the electric field [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1326">90</a>]. Compared to Dempster’s mass spectrometer with a magnetic field of 180° and only focus in direction [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1329">90</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 99" title="Dempster AJ (1918) A new method of positive ray analysis. Phys Rev 11(4):316–325. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.11.316
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR99" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1332">99</a>], Bondy’s and Popper’s mass spectrometer had a field of only 127° 17′ and could be higher in resolution because of focusing in the direction and velocity of the ions [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1336">90</a>]. Furthermore, other important practical information was mentioned. A scan of low mass ions up to the masses of potassium was possible due to varying the magnetic field. During the measurements, the vacuum pumps could run constantly to remove created particles and invading atmosphere to reduce the scattering of the beam. The heating current had to be held constant and as low as possible to have good reproducible results over a longer measurement time. Another mentioned effect was that with increasing distance between the ion source and the entrance slit, the resolution decreased. In some measurements of sodium and potassium with a larger slit width, double or two maxima appeared for each isotope mass. The two authors assigned this effect to the geometry of the instrument in regard to its arrangement of anode, slit, and capacitor [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1339">90</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 97" title="Bartky W, Dempster AJ (1929) Paths of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. Phys Rev 33(6):1019–1022. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.33.1019
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR97" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1342">97</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 100" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 70(10): 104–105. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00921147
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1345">100</a>].</p><p>The paper from Bondy and Popper was received by the journal <i>Annalen der Physik</i> on April 16, 1933 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1354">90</a>]. Shortly before, on March 16, 1933, Prof. Egon Schweidler presented their findings in a meeting of the Mathematic-Natural Scientific Class of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna (<i>mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien</i>) along with a published abstract [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 100" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 70(10): 104–105. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00921147
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1360">100</a>]. In both cases, it was stated that their findings benefit the construction of an improved instrument [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 90" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Ann Phys 409(4):425–444. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19334090407
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR90" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1363">90</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 100" title="Bondy H, Popper K (1933) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit Richtungs- und Geschwindigkeitsfokussierung. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 70(10): 104–105. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00921147
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR100" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1367">100</a>]. Nonetheless, in 1934, Josef Mattauch and Richard Herzog published a paper [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 101" title="Mattauch J, Herzog R (1934) Über einen neuen Massenspektrographen. Z Phys 89(11–12):786–795. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01341392
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR101" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1370">101</a>] about theoretical considerations for a new geometry of mass spectrometers, which is still in use today. They proposed an arrangement in which the radial electric and the homogenous magnetic field were positioned one after another to achieve the double-focusing effect of direction and velocity. In this paper, Bondy and Popper are credited for the first instrument that realized the double-focusing effect for ion beams [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 101" title="Mattauch J, Herzog R (1934) Über einen neuen Massenspektrographen. Z Phys 89(11–12):786–795. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01341392
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR101" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1373">101</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 102" title="Herzog R, Mattauch J (1934) Theoretische Untersuchungen zum Massenspektrometer ohne Magnetfeld. Ann Phys 411(4):345–386. 
 https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.19344110402
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR102" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1376">102</a>]. If and how much Bondy’s and Popper’s work in potential exchanges and discussions contributed to Mattauch’s and Herzog’s theoretical considerations remains unclear, but there was no further acknowledgement of their achievements. However, Josef Mattauch mentioned Bondy’s and Popper’s work and printed a picture of the measurement chamber of their mass spectrometer already in an article of 1932 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 103" title="Mattauch J (1932) Über neue Methoden der Massenspektrometrie. Phys Z 33(22):899–903" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR103" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1379">103</a>]. Albert Edward Shaw credited Bondy and Popper as well for their realization of Bartky’s and Dempster’s theoretical considerations when he investigated the influence of crossed magnetic and electric fields on electrons [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 104" title="Shaw AE (1933) Electron orbits in crossed electric and magnetic fields. Phys Rev 44(12):1006–1011. 
 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.44.1006
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR104" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1382">104</a>]. Later, Alfred Otto Nier declared that presumably the first serious attempt to measure precise atomic masses with double-focusing mass spectrometers was realized by him and his colleagues, but admitted that Bondy and Popper were the first pioneers in building a functioning instrument using the double-focusing effect. Nier pointed out that Bondy’s and Popper’s double-focusing instrument did not achieve the same performance in resolution as the single-focusing mass spectrometers of that time period [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 105" title="Nier AO (1991) The development of a high resolution mass spectrometer: a reminiscence. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2(6):447–452. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/1044-0305(91)80029-7
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR105" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1386">105</a>]. Diaz et al. stated that Bondy’s and Popper’s mass spectrometer could reach a resolving power of 380 at <sup>23</sup>Na<sup>+</sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 98" title="Diaz JA, Giese CF, Gentry WR (2001) Sub-miniature ExB sector-field mass spectrometer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 12(6):619-632. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00245-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR98" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1393">98</a>].</p><p>Bondy’s next known scientific contribution was a talk in a meeting—chaired by Prof. Karl Przibram—of the Gau Association Vienna of the German Physical Society (<i>Gauverein Wien der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft</i>) on May 13, 1935, and was published as a short abstract [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 106" title="Bondy H (1935) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit doppelter Fokussierung. (Relative Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium). Verhandlungen der Physikalischen Deutschen Gesellschaft 3, 16(2): 25. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00842551
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1402">106</a>]. In his talk, he presented the advantages of a double-focusing mass spectrometer for energy consumption and mass resolution, the description of such an arranged instrument, and results of isotope ratio measurements from <sup>39</sup> K/<sup>41</sup>K and <sup>85</sup>Rb/<sup>87</sup>Rb [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 106" title="Bondy H (1935) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit doppelter Fokussierung. (Relative Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium). Verhandlungen der Physikalischen Deutschen Gesellschaft 3, 16(2): 25. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00842551
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1414">106</a>]. The findings were published in Bondy’s second paper [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="Bondy H, Johannsen G, Popper K (1935) Über die relativen Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 95(1–2):46–52. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338436
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1417">107</a>] with Karl Popper and Gerhard Johannsen<sup><a href="#Fn14"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>14</a></sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH RA 12608 Johannsen, Gerhard" href="#ref-CR108" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1426">108</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.39 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 12.608" href="#ref-CR109" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1426_1">109</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 110" title="Johannsen G (1935) Über Isotopen der Elemente Kalium, Rubidium und Strontium und deren relative Häufigkeiten. Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC01203319
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1429">110</a>] as co-authors. It was received by <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i> on April 3, 1935. The authors thanked again Josef Mattauch for his suggestions to their work and Franz Schendl for his assistance [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="Bondy H, Johannsen G, Popper K (1935) Über die relativen Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 95(1–2):46–52. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338436
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1436">107</a>].</p><p>Compared to Bondy’s and Popper’s first version of the mass spectrometer, several adjustments and improvements in the construction changed the capabilities of the second model of the instrument (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#Fig2">2</a>). The housing was arranged as a tube around the cylindrical capacitator to reduce the room for the necessary evacuation. To obtain a higher vacuum, two parallel, oval orifices with a larger diameter were established for the connections to the vacuum pumps. Both ends of the tube were sealed with brass plugs. The ion source with the entrance slit was mounted on the plug at the one end, and the exit slit with the cup was attached on the plug on the other end. The width of these two slits close to the ends of the capacitator was adjustable. The cylindrical capacitator was mounted on two glass bridges for insulation. The authors also described disadvantages and errors that the design of their mass spectrometer produced through the external magnetic field on the ion source and acceleration field area, and through alteration of the electrical potentials in the cylindrical capacitator and cup. Nevertheless, they stated there was no negative effect on measurements of the relative isotope abundances [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="Bondy H, Johannsen G, Popper K (1935) Über die relativen Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 95(1–2):46–52. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338436
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1445">107</a>].</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2" data-title="Fig. 2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/figures/2" rel="nofollow"><picture><img aria-describedby="Fig2" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00706-023-03039-6/MediaObjects/706_2023_3039_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="figure 2" loading="lazy" width="685" height="348"></picture></a><p class="c-article-section__figure-credit text-right c-article-section__figure-credit-right" data-test="figure-credit">(Copyright Gerhard Johannsen, Dissertation, Universität Wien) Reproduced with the permission of the Universität Wien [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 110" title="Johannsen G (1935) Über Isotopen der Elemente Kalium, Rubidium und Strontium und deren relative Häufigkeiten. Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC01203319
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR110" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1468">110</a>]</p></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-2-desc"><p><b>a</b> Measurement chamber of Bondy’s, Popper’s, and Johannsen’s second advanced version of the mass spectrometer. <b>b</b> Mass spectrometer from Bondy, Popper, and Johannsen in 1935.</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/figures/2" data-track-dest="link:Figure2 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 2" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>For the paper, Bondy and his two co-authors measured the isotope ratios of <sup>39</sup>K/<sup>41</sup>K, <sup>85</sup>Rb/<sup>87</sup>Rb, and strontium. The potassium samples were two different types of glasses, one was Pyrex® glass with or without substitution of rubidium hydrogen carbonate (RbHCO<sub>3</sub>) or strontium dihydroxide (Sr(OH)<sub>2</sub>) and the other was a fusion of silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and Sr(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The results of the isotope ratios were quite close to the state of the art obtained values of today, although the precision is not comparable to modern instruments. For potassium isotopes, the three authors obtained a value of <sup>39</sup>K/<sup>41</sup>K = 16.2 ± 2.2 (<i>n</i> = 13) for the two types of glasses and with or without the two substituents to the Pyrex® glass [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 106" title="Bondy H (1935) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit doppelter Fokussierung. (Relative Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium). Verhandlungen der Physikalischen Deutschen Gesellschaft 3, 16(2): 25. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00842551
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1508">106</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="Bondy H, Johannsen G, Popper K (1935) Über die relativen Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 95(1–2):46–52. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338436
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1511">107</a>]. The actual representative ratio of terrestrial isotope abundances is <sup>39</sup>K/<sup>41</sup>K = 13.856661 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 111" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Science (IUPAC), Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), Potassium. In: ciaaw.org [Online]. Available at 
 https://www.ciaaw.org/potassium.htm
 
 . Accessed 7 Aug 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR111" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1518">111</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 112" title="Meija J, Coplen TB, Berglund M, Brand WA, De Bièvre P, Gröning M, Holden NE, Irrgeher J, Loss RD, Walczyk T, Prohaska T (2016) Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 88(3):293–306. 
 https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR112" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1521">112</a>], which was still an improvement to the known value of approximately <sup>39</sup>K/<sup>41</sup>K = 18 at the time [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="Bondy H, Johannsen G, Popper K (1935) Über die relativen Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 95(1–2):46–52. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338436
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1529">107</a>]. In the case of rubidium, Bondy and his two co-authors measured a value of <sup>85</sup>Rb/<sup>87</sup>Rb = 2.68 (<i>n</i> = 3) for a fusion of Pyrex® glass with RbHCO<sub>3</sub> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 106" title="Bondy H (1935) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit doppelter Fokussierung. (Relative Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium). Verhandlungen der Physikalischen Deutschen Gesellschaft 3, 16(2): 25. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00842551
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1542">106</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="Bondy H, Johannsen G, Popper K (1935) Über die relativen Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 95(1–2):46–52. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338436
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1545">107</a>]. <sup>85</sup>Rb/<sup>87</sup>Rb = 2.5932 is currently the representative ratio of terrestrial isotope abundances [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 112" title="Meija J, Coplen TB, Berglund M, Brand WA, De Bièvre P, Gröning M, Holden NE, Irrgeher J, Loss RD, Walczyk T, Prohaska T (2016) Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 88(3):293–306. 
 https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR112" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1552">112</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 113" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Science (IUPAC), Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), Rubidium. In: ciaaw.org [Online]. Available at 
 https://www.ciaaw.org/rubidium.htm
 
 . Accessed 7 Aug 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR113" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1556">113</a>] and the authors measurements were closer than the prior value of <sup>85</sup>Rb/<sup>87</sup>Rb = 3.0 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="Bondy H, Johannsen G, Popper K (1935) Über die relativen Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 95(1–2):46–52. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338436
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1563">107</a>]. To test the instrument for the discovery of possible new isotopes, strontium was investigated. The results with two fusions of SiO<sub>2</sub>, Sr(OH)<sub>2</sub>, and either sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or KOH for strontium isotope analysis were inconclusive because the two found maxima were apart by two mass units and the maxima with the lighter mass was two to three times stronger than that of the heavier mass. All three authors suspected, on the basis of theoretical calculations with the international atomic weight of strontium of the time and on the observed premises, an isotope ratio of <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>89</sup>Sr = 1.78 during that time. However, their obtained data showed an isotope ratio of 2.58 (<i>n</i> = 5). Because of the deviation to the theoretical calculated value, the hypothesis of an isotope ratio with 87 and 89 strontium was abandoned. The observations were later linked by the authors to a possible impurity through contamination with rubidium during the sample preparation. The hypothesis of an <sup>87</sup>Sr to <sup>89</sup>Sr isotope ratio was not far-fetched, because of Josef Mattauch’s isotopic systematic in 1934, two other isotopes of strontium were suspected (<sup>84</sup>Sr and <sup>90</sup>Sr) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 107" title="Bondy H, Johannsen G, Popper K (1935) Über die relativen Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 95(1–2):46–52. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01338436
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR107" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1587">107</a>]. Today there are no stable <sup>89</sup>Sr or <sup>90</sup>Sr confirmed in their existence. Nonetheless, at the end of the abstract from his talk, Bondy wrote the following prophetic words regarding the potential of his advanced instrument:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“[…] It is finally the expectation that, with the described apparatus, results from further measurements of the relative isotope abundances of other elements can be communicated in the foreseeable future.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 106" title="Bondy H (1935) Über ein Massenspektrometer mit doppelter Fokussierung. (Relative Häufigkeiten der Isotope von Kalium und Rubidium). Verhandlungen der Physikalischen Deutschen Gesellschaft 3, 16(2): 25. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00842551
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR106" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1598">106</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn15"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>15</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>Although Bondy only referred to the newly built second version of the mass spectrometer, constructed by him and his colleagues, in another sense he was right that double-focusing instruments, in general, would gather new and more information about the isotope abundance of the elements in the future. However, Mark Gordon Inghram highlighted in a later book contribution that Bondy’s, Johannsen’s, and Popper’s instrument had the disadvantage of using a large magnet, indicating its application was not easy in practice, a limiting factor for its general use at the time. Nevertheless, he listed their mass spectrometer as the first double-focusing instrument in scientific literature, but cited 1934 as the year of publication [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 114" title="Inghram MG (1948) Modern mass spectroscopy, pp 219–268. In: Marton L (ed.) Advances in electronics and electron physics, vol 1. New York: Academic Press Inc./Elsevier Inc., pp 238, 246–247. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2539(08)61104-X
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR114" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1610">114</a>]. In 1942, Bond’s, Johannsen’s, and Popper’s mass spectrometer was mentioned in the context of cross field spectrometers [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 115" title="Gordon EB, Young LB (1942) A short history of isotopes and the measurement of their abundances. J Appl Phys 13(9):526–538. 
 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1714907
 
 ." href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR115" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1613">115</a>]. For Bondy, the second paper symbolized a transformation in his research, he went from the construction of mass spectrometers to the investigation of isotope ratios; a new door of interest was opened.</p><p>Hugo Bondy set another focus of research related to ion emission of the alkali metals in glass. In a meeting of the Mathematic-Natural Scientific Class of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna on April 23, 1936, Prof. Egon Schweidler presented a work from Hugo Bondy and Viktor Vanicek<sup><a href="#Fn16"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>16</a></sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH RA 13016 Vanicek, Viktor" href="#ref-CR116" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1626">116</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.40 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 13.016" href="#ref-CR117" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1626_1">117</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Vanicek V (1936) Massenspektrometrische Untersuchungen der relativen Häufigkeiten der Alkalimetalle und Zusammenhang der Emissionsfähigkeit und der Ionisationsspannung bei Glasschmelzen. Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC02592948
 
 " href="#ref-CR118" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1626_2">118</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 119" title="AT-UAW/PH 798/II-33/34- Disziplinarangelegenheit 6.m. 2341–2360 Viktor Vanicek" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR119" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1629">119</a>], which was published as an abstract [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 120" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Relative Häufigkeit der K- und Li-Isotopen und über die Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle in Glasschmelzen. In: Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 73(9):69–70. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00921147
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR120" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1632">120</a>]. The findings were published in the journal <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i>. The manuscript was received by the journal on April 27, 1936. In the acknowledgement, Prof. Egon Schweidler and Josef Mattauch were again thanked for their support and suggestions [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 121" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle aus Glasschmelzen und Ergebnisse von massenspektrometrischen Messungen der relativen Häufigkeit der Isotope von Lithium, Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 101(3–4):186–192. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01336892
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR121" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1639">121</a>].</p><p>In the paper, Bondy and Vanicek performed their isotopic measurements with the improved second model of the mass spectrometer on different types of glass. Herein, they documented two relationships of their observations in regards to ion emission. First, they observed a correlation between the heating temperature and the ionization of the alkali metals in glass. At the beginning with low heating temperatures, potassium was ionized first, followed by sodium and then lithium with increasing heating temperatures. Both authors concluded that a direct link between ionization voltage and heating temperatures exists, which corresponds to the ionization energies and principles in mass spectrometry today. Ions from elements with a low ionization energy are created before ions from elements with a high ionization energy. Second, Bondy and Vanicek monitored that over time the ion emission of elements with high ionization potential decreased in the emitting surface of the glass. Therefore, with longer measurement time, more ionized elements with a low ionization potential are found in the ion beam. As a result, the concentration of high ionization potential elements in the surface declines [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 120" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Relative Häufigkeit der K- und Li-Isotopen und über die Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle in Glasschmelzen. In: Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 73(9):69–70. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00921147
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR120" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1645">120</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 121" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle aus Glasschmelzen und Ergebnisse von massenspektrometrischen Messungen der relativen Häufigkeit der Isotope von Lithium, Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 101(3–4):186–192. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01336892
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR121" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1648">121</a>].</p><p>For the measurements of relative isotope abundances, Bondy and Vanicek investigated the isotope ratios of lithium, potassium, and rubidium in glass. The isotope ratio of <sup>7</sup>Li/<sup>6</sup>Li was stated by them as approximately <sup>7</sup>Li/<sup>6</sup>Li = 12, which was in line with most of the measured values during that time [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 120" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Relative Häufigkeit der K- und Li-Isotopen und über die Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle in Glasschmelzen. In: Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 73(9):69–70. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00921147
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR120" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1662">120</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 121" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle aus Glasschmelzen und Ergebnisse von massenspektrometrischen Messungen der relativen Häufigkeit der Isotope von Lithium, Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 101(3–4):186–192. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01336892
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR121" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1666">121</a>]. <sup>7</sup>Li/<sup>6</sup>Li ranges from 11.821 to 51.632 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 112" title="Meija J, Coplen TB, Berglund M, Brand WA, De Bièvre P, Gröning M, Holden NE, Irrgeher J, Loss RD, Walczyk T, Prohaska T (2016) Isotopic compositions of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl Chem 88(3):293–306. 
 https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2015-0503
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR112" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1673">112</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 122" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Science (IUPAC), Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW), Lithium. In: ciaaw.org [Online]. Available at 
 https://www.ciaaw.org/lithium.htm
 
 . Accessed 7 Aug 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR122" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1676">122</a>] and represents the terrestrial range of the isotopic composition. Compared to the previous paper and the state of the art <sup>39</sup>K/<sup>41</sup>K isotope value in nature, the authors improved their results to a mean with <sup>39</sup>K/<sup>41</sup>K = 14.1 ± 0.1 (<i>n</i> = 15 or <i>n</i> = 9) and a higher precision [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 120" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Relative Häufigkeit der K- und Li-Isotopen und über die Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle in Glasschmelzen. In: Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 73(9):69–70. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00921147
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR120" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1694">120</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 121" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle aus Glasschmelzen und Ergebnisse von massenspektrometrischen Messungen der relativen Häufigkeit der Isotope von Lithium, Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 101(3–4):186–192. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01336892
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR121" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1698">121</a>]. In the same matter, the measured isotope value of <sup>85</sup>Rb/<sup>87</sup>Rb was improved to a mean of <sup>85</sup>Rb/<sup>87</sup>Rb = 2.57, which is closer to the actual value for terrestrial Rb known today [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 121" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle aus Glasschmelzen und Ergebnisse von massenspektrometrischen Messungen der relativen Häufigkeit der Isotope von Lithium, Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 101(3–4):186–192. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01336892
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR121" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1709">121</a>]. Nevertheless, both discussed also the appearance of double or two maxima of isotope masses in their measurements and accounted two phenomena for that resulting into two different groups. The first type of these maxima occurred by reaching a too large distance between the ion source and the capacitator because the external magnetic field had then a stronger impact on the trajectories of the ions. According to the authors, the double maxima disappeared by simply adjusting the ion source, slits, and capacitator. For the second type of these double or two maxima, it was suspected that a high and too fast acceleration of the heating temperature was causing the effect. No geometric adjustment could avoid these maxima and the recommendation from Bondy and Vanicek was to accelerate the heating temperature slowly and not to a too high temperature. However, the isotope ratios could still be measured. Only the mechanism of the reduction of the elements with a high ionization potential on the emitting surface of the glass was still unclear to them and open for speculation [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 120" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Relative Häufigkeit der K- und Li-Isotopen und über die Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle in Glasschmelzen. In: Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 73(9):69–70. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00921147
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR120" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1713">120</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 121" title="Bondy H, Vanicek V (1936) Ionenemission der Alkalimetalle aus Glasschmelzen und Ergebnisse von massenspektrometrischen Messungen der relativen Häufigkeit der Isotope von Lithium, Kalium und Rubidium. Z Phys 101(3–4):186–192. 
 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01336892
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR121" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1716">121</a>].</p><p>After the publication of his third paper, Bondy continued his work at the university. He probably supervised two more students that worked on their dissertations with the improved second version of the mass spectrometer. The two doctoral students were Irmgard Lehmann<sup><a href="#Fn17"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>17</a></sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH RA 14287 Lehmann, Irmgard" href="#ref-CR123" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1728">123</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.43 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 14.287" href="#ref-CR124" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1728_1">124</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 125" title="Lehmann I (1938) Neue Arbeiten mit einem verbesserten Massenspektrometer. Untersuchungen über das Auftreten von elektrischen Doppelschichten im Ablenkkondensator, sowie über das Verhalten von Emission und relativer Häufigkeit der Lithiumisotopen. Wien: Dissertation der Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC04812933
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR125" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1731">125</a>], presumably the first Austrian woman working in the field of mass spectrometry, and Anton Bruzek<sup><a href="#Fn18"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>18</a></sup> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH RA 14073 Bruzek, Anton" href="#ref-CR126" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1740">126</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.42 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 14.073" href="#ref-CR127" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1740_1">127</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 128" title="Bruzek A (1938) Untersuchungen an einem Massenspektrometer. Lithium-Emission aus Gläsern. Wien: Dissertation Universität Wien. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC02593316
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR128" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1744">128</a>]. Both worked on further improvements of the instrument and investigated Li isotopes. The two graduated after March 1938 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 124" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.43 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 14.287" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR124" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1747">124</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 127" title="AT-UAW/PH 59.42 Rigorosenprotokolle, PN 14.073" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR127" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1750">127</a>]. A possible subsequent collaboration and publication of the conducted work with Bondy was interrupted due to the upcoming political events.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Banishment from science"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec7-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec7">Banishment from science</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec7-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec8">Expulsion from the university</h3><p>The situation for Hugo Bondy changed dramatically with March 12, 1938. German troops crossed the border and occupied Austria. Through the so-called “<i>Anschluss</i>”, Austria became a part of the Third Reich. Because of different laws in place between Austria and the Third Reich, a transition period of legal constitution occurred after the annexation in the former Austrian territory, now called “<i>Ostmark</i>”, to establish the German rule under the pretext of legality. On a daily basis and step by step, laws and decrees were enacted after the model in Germany. Bondy would be affected by that very soon.</p><p>Already on March 13, 1938, a law for the unification of Austria and Germany (<i>Gesetz über die Wiedervereinigung Österreichs mit dem Deutschen Reich</i>) was proclaimed, which would function as the basis of all further legal actions [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 132" title="Gesetzblatt für das Land Österreich (Jahrgang 1938, 56. Stück, Nummer 160, 4. Juni 1938) Kundmachung des Herrn Reichsstatthalters in Österreich, wodurch die Verordnung zur Neuordnung des österreichischen Berufsbeamtentums vom 31. Mai 1938 bekannt gemacht wird., S. 445–449, In: Gesetzblatt für das Land Österreich (Jahrgang 1938, Stück 1 bis 203, Nummer 1 bis 703). Wien: Staatsdruckerei Wien, S. 445–449" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR132" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1778">132</a>]. On May 17, 1938, the still formally called Austrian Ministry of Education released an edict to dismiss persons from the universities [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 129" title="AT-Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv (WStLA)/Stadtschulrat (Landesschulrat), A23 – Personalakten Bundeslehrer: Bondy Hugo. – Dipl. Ing. Hugo Bondy/Wien, am 17. Juli 1945, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR129" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1781">129</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 130" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 1428-Pr./45, Zahl 932, Abschrift, Wien, am 23. Mai 1938, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR130" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1784">130</a>]. Bondy obtained a formal notice of his dismissal on May 23, 1938, from the new acting dean of the faculty of philosophy, Viktor Christian – member of the NSDAP and later SS (<i>Schutzstaffel</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 130" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 1428-Pr./45, Zahl 932, Abschrift, Wien, am 23. Mai 1938, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR130" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1791">130</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 131" title='Leitner IM (2010) „Bis an die Grenzen des Möglichen": Der Dekan Viktor Christian und seine Handlungsspielräume an der Philosophischen Fakultät 1938–1943, S. 49–78, In: Ash M, Nieß W, Pils R (Hrsg.) Geisteswissenschaften im Nationalsozialismus. Das Beispiel der Universität Wien. Göttingen: Vienna University Press/V&R unipress, S. 53, 60' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR131" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1794">131</a>]:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“On the basis of the edi.[ct] from the Aust.[rian] Min.[istry] of Edu.[cation] from May 17, of t.[his] y.[ear 1938 …], you will be dismissed in the course of the reorganization actions on the Austrian universities […] and your emoluments from your <i>Assistenten</i> service at the United 1st and 2nd Physical Institute of the university in Vienna are simultaneously suspended at the end of May 1938.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 130" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 1428-Pr./45, Zahl 932, Abschrift, Wien, am 23. Mai 1938, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR130" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1804">130</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn19"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>19</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>On May 31, 1938, a decree for reorganization of the Austrian civil service (<i>Verordnung zur Neuordnung des österreichischen Berufsbeamtentums</i>) was announced [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 132" title="Gesetzblatt für das Land Österreich (Jahrgang 1938, 56. Stück, Nummer 160, 4. Juni 1938) Kundmachung des Herrn Reichsstatthalters in Österreich, wodurch die Verordnung zur Neuordnung des österreichischen Berufsbeamtentums vom 31. Mai 1938 bekannt gemacht wird., S. 445–449, In: Gesetzblatt für das Land Österreich (Jahrgang 1938, Stück 1 bis 203, Nummer 1 bis 703). Wien: Staatsdruckerei Wien, S. 445–449" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR132" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1819">132</a>]. This decree was based on the German counterpart laws <i>Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums</i> of 1933, to eliminate all unfavorable civil servants, and <i>Reichsbürgergesetz</i> of 1935, one of the so-called “Nuremberg Laws” (“<i>Nürnberger Gesetze</i>”) for legal anti-Semitic and racial discrimination. Bondy stated that the definition of its §3 applied to him [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 129" title="AT-Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv (WStLA)/Stadtschulrat (Landesschulrat), A23 – Personalakten Bundeslehrer: Bondy Hugo. – Dipl. Ing. Hugo Bondy/Wien, am 17. Juli 1945, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR129" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1832">129</a>], which says in (1):</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“Jewish officials, officials who are Jewish <i>Mischlinge</i>, and officials who are married to a female Jew (a male Jew) or to a <i>Mischling ersten Grades</i>, have to retire. They receive <i>Ruhegenuß</i> (indemnity) in accordance with the regulations in force for retirement due to incapacitation; they then only receive a continuous <i>Ruhegenuß</i>, if they have an allowable time of service for the <i>Ruhegenußbemessung</i> with a minimum of 10 years.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 132" title="Gesetzblatt für das Land Österreich (Jahrgang 1938, 56. Stück, Nummer 160, 4. Juni 1938) Kundmachung des Herrn Reichsstatthalters in Österreich, wodurch die Verordnung zur Neuordnung des österreichischen Berufsbeamtentums vom 31. Mai 1938 bekannt gemacht wird., S. 445–449, In: Gesetzblatt für das Land Österreich (Jahrgang 1938, Stück 1 bis 203, Nummer 1 bis 703). Wien: Staatsdruckerei Wien, S. 445–449" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR132" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1855">132</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn20"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>20</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>In an appeal of reparation to the City School Board of Vienna (<i>Stadtschulrat von Wien</i>) from July 17, 1945, Bondy described retrospectively the personal impact and reality of his expulsion from the university as follows [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 129" title="AT-Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv (WStLA)/Stadtschulrat (Landesschulrat), A23 – Personalakten Bundeslehrer: Bondy Hugo. – Dipl. Ing. Hugo Bondy/Wien, am 17. Juli 1945, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR129" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1870">129</a>]:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“With the edict from May 17, 1938, […] I was dismissed on May 31, 1938, from my service as <i>Universitätsassistent</i> at the Physical Institute because of my so-c.[alled] ‘racial descent’ (§3). A retirement was not an option because during that time I only had eight years of government service. But also, the indemnity (<i>Unterhaltsbeitrag</i>) from the Aust.[rian] <i>Assistentengesetz</i>, which was entitled to me, was withheld from me without any justification. Repeated appeals to the Ministry [of Education] at that time with reference to my distress remained unanswered. I endured, under the mentioned circumstances and under the following persecution, not only sufferings of all kind, but lost, foremost, seven irreplaceable years [from 1938 to 1945] of best career development.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 129" title="AT-Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv (WStLA)/Stadtschulrat (Landesschulrat), A23 – Personalakten Bundeslehrer: Bondy Hugo. – Dipl. Ing. Hugo Bondy/Wien, am 17. Juli 1945, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR129" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1886">129</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn21"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>21</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>Although there is no detailed personal report from him about his persecution, the account of his relatives can give some insights of the situation he faced during the Nazi reign. Siegmund Bondy, was now married to his second wife, Rosa Bondy, born Kornher or Kornherr. She was Roman Catholic, had no Jewish heritage, and was considered by the Nazi ideology as an “Aryan”. In a statement to the Nazi authorities during the persecution, she wrote that she originated from a “national socialistic family”. Her older brother, Franz Kornher, was a member of the SA (<i>Sturmabteilung</i>), and her younger brother, Karl Kornher, was a member of the SS and claimed to be involved in the national socialist coup against the Austrian authoritarian dictatorship in 1934 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="AT-OeStA/AdR E-uReang VVSt VA Buchstabe B 24872 Bondy, Rosa, 12.5.1904 (1938–1945)/An die Vermögensverkehrsstelle, S. 1–3. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=219699
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1902">10</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-OeStA/Buchstabe B 24872/Verzeichnis über das Vermögen von Juden, Hadersdorf-Weidlingau, am 14. Dezember 1938, S. 1" href="#ref-CR133" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1905">133</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-NÖLA/RStH ND IVc AND Zl 329 Bondy, Siegmund, Pfaffstätten, Landkreis: Baden/A329, Wien, am 30. September 1940, S. 21–22" href="#ref-CR134" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1905_1">134</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 135" title="AT-NÖLA/Zl 329/Protokoll, Wien, am 12. Dezember 1940, S. 29" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR135" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1908">135</a>]. However, due to the Nazi occupation, Siegmund Bondy’s money and property came under government supervision. Therefore, Siegmund Bondy needed to transfer his assets to his second wife and her family [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 136" title="AT-NÖLA/Zl 329/Geschäftszahl: U.R.No. 119/1942, Notariatsakt, Wien, am 20. März 1942, S. 55a-57" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR136" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1911">136</a>]. Nevertheless, it did not ease the pressure of the Nazi regime on him. Presumably, neither did his pleas to the Nazi authorities that he helped NSDAP members of the Universität Wien during their time of persecution by the Austrian conservative regime [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="AT-OeStA/AdR E-uReang VVSt VA Buchstabe B 24872 Bondy, Rosa, 12.5.1904 (1938–1945)/An die Vermögensverkehrsstelle, S. 1–3. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=219699
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1915">10</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 134" title="AT-NÖLA/RStH ND IVc AND Zl 329 Bondy, Siegmund, Pfaffstätten, Landkreis: Baden/A329, Wien, am 30. September 1940, S. 21–22" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR134" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1918">134</a>]. Even stating that the father of Arthur Seyß-Inquardt was Siegmund Bondy’s teacher in high school (and personally known to him) likely did nothing to create an impression on the Nazi authorities [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 134" title="AT-NÖLA/RStH ND IVc AND Zl 329 Bondy, Siegmund, Pfaffstätten, Landkreis: Baden/A329, Wien, am 30. September 1940, S. 21–22" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR134" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1921">134</a>]. The Nazi Party of Vienna actually recognized Siegmund Bondy as unpleasant at the Universität Wien [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 137" title="AT-OeStA/GA 50.652/No 50652, Gesch.Z.Pol.B./8604, Wien, am 5. April 1939, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR137" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1924">137</a>]. For Hugo Bondy’s siblings, Fritz and Marie Bondy, the only way to escape the persecution was emigration. Both emigrated abroad, the exact destination of their migration is unknown to the authors. Siegmund Bondy had to afford all the required legal fees and expenses by himself so that these two children from his first marriage could leave the Third Reich [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="AT-OeStA/AdR E-uReang VVSt VA Buchstabe B 24872 Bondy, Rosa, 12.5.1904 (1938–1945)/An die Vermögensverkehrsstelle, S. 1–3. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=219699
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1927">10</a>]. In 1948, Siegmund Bondy summarized the time of the persecution as follows:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“I had now to endure all the known torments from the NS [national socialists], relocation, house searches, bloody abuse in the Gestapo, and loss of my longtime savings. Subsequently, even my pension was cut to such a bare minimum that three people (myself, my wife, and her mother) could not live from it. I carved out my life from the proceeds of teaching ‘<i>Mischlinge</i>’, I owe most of them to the recommendation of the Catholic Action from the Archdiocese of Vienna.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="AT-OeStA/AdR UWFuK BMU PA Sign 4 Bondy, Siegmund, 10.12.1870 (1945–1984)/Zahl 110, 2401/46, eingelangt am 5. Januar 1948, S. 1–4. 
 https://www.archivinformationssystem.at/detail.aspx?ID=3767502
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1937">11</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn22"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>22</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>This statement of Siegmund Bondy gives a glimpse of what Hugo Bondy had to endure in the coming years under Nazi rule since he stayed in Austria.</p><p>On June 1, 1938, the decree that expelled Bondy from the university was enacted. He was not the only person affected by the new authorities and their policies. The professors Stefan Meyer [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 70" title="Sime RL (2012) Zertrümmerung: Mariette Blau in Wien, S. 211–238, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 218–221. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.211
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1952">70</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 138" title="Karlik B (1973) Stefan Meyer, Physiker., S. 1, In: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.) Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950. Band 6 ([Maier] Stefan—Musger). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, S. 1. 
 https://doi.org/10.1553/0x00283283
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR138" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1955">138</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 139" title="Bischof B (2006) Die Vertreibung der Physik aus Wien. R/Emigration und Entwicklung des Studiums unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Beteiligung von Frauen, S. 219–230, In: Wiesinger-Stock S, Weinzierl E, Kaiser K (Hrsg.) Vom Weggehen. Zum Exil von Kunst und Wissenschaft (Exilforschung heute, Band 1). Budapest: Mandelbaum Verlag, S. 219–221. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC05596683
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR139" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1958">139</a>], Felix Ehrenhaft [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1961">53</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 139" title="Bischof B (2006) Die Vertreibung der Physik aus Wien. R/Emigration und Entwicklung des Studiums unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Beteiligung von Frauen, S. 219–230, In: Wiesinger-Stock S, Weinzierl E, Kaiser K (Hrsg.) Vom Weggehen. Zum Exil von Kunst und Wissenschaft (Exilforschung heute, Band 1). Budapest: Mandelbaum Verlag, S. 219–221. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC05596683
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR139" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1964">139</a>], and Karl Przibram [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 70" title="Sime RL (2012) Zertrümmerung: Mariette Blau in Wien, S. 211–238, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 218–221. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.211
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1968">70</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 139" title="Bischof B (2006) Die Vertreibung der Physik aus Wien. R/Emigration und Entwicklung des Studiums unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Beteiligung von Frauen, S. 219–230, In: Wiesinger-Stock S, Weinzierl E, Kaiser K (Hrsg.) Vom Weggehen. Zum Exil von Kunst und Wissenschaft (Exilforschung heute, Band 1). Budapest: Mandelbaum Verlag, S. 219–221. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC05596683
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR139" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1971">139</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 140" title="Rechenberg H (2001) Przibram. Karl Gabriel, Physiker, S. 752, In: Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.) Neue Deutsche Biographie. Band 20 (Pagenstecher – Püterich). Berlin: Duncker & Humbolt, S. 752. 
 https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd127917802.html#ndbcontent
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR140" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1974">140</a>] were also expelled from their positions due to the anti-Semitic and racial discrimination [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 70" title="Sime RL (2012) Zertrümmerung: Mariette Blau in Wien, S. 211–238, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 218–221. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.211
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1977">70</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 139" title="Bischof B (2006) Die Vertreibung der Physik aus Wien. R/Emigration und Entwicklung des Studiums unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Beteiligung von Frauen, S. 219–230, In: Wiesinger-Stock S, Weinzierl E, Kaiser K (Hrsg.) Vom Weggehen. Zum Exil von Kunst und Wissenschaft (Exilforschung heute, Band 1). Budapest: Mandelbaum Verlag, S. 219–221. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC05596683
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR139" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1980">139</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 141" title="Reiter WL (2006) Naturwissenschaften und Remigration, S. 177–218, In: Wiesinger-Stock S, Weinzierl E, Kaiser K (Hrsg.) Vom Weggehen. Zum Exil von Kunst und Wissenschaft (Exilforschung heute, Band 1) Budapest: Mandelbaum Verlag, S. 209–210. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC05596682
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR141" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1983">141</a>]. In total 32% of professors and lecturers in physics were dismissed at the faculty of philosophy, and 54% of the university teaching personnel from all faculties of the Universität Wien were released due to their undesirability by the new regime [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 70" title="Sime RL (2012) Zertrümmerung: Mariette Blau in Wien, S. 211–238, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 218–221. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.211
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1987">70</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 141" title="Reiter WL (2006) Naturwissenschaften und Remigration, S. 177–218, In: Wiesinger-Stock S, Weinzierl E, Kaiser K (Hrsg.) Vom Weggehen. Zum Exil von Kunst und Wissenschaft (Exilforschung heute, Band 1) Budapest: Mandelbaum Verlag, S. 209–210. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC05596682
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR141" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1990">141</a>] (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#Fig3">3</a>). Meanwhile Josef Mattauch [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 142" title="Hintenberger H (1990) Mattauch, Joseph, Physiker, S. 388–389, In: Historische Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Hrsg.) Neue Deutsche Biographie. Band 16 (Maly – Melanchthon). Berlin: Duncker & Humbolt, S. 388–389. 
 https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116838752.html#ndbcontent
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR142" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1996">142</a>], Richard Herzog, Georg Stetter, and Gerhard Kirsch were able to pursue their careers [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 53" title="Fengler S (2014) Kerne, Kooperation und Konkurrenz. Kernforschung in Österreich im internationalen Kontext (1900–1950) (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 3). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 98–103, 151–152, 192, 195, 217–238, 253–256, 263, 292–293, 309–311. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205793038
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR53" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e1999">53</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 70" title="Sime RL (2012) Zertrümmerung: Mariette Blau in Wien, S. 211–238, In: Fengler S, Sachse C (Hrsg.) Kernforschung in Österreich. Wandlung eines interdisziplinären Forschungsfeldes 1900–1978 (Wissenschaft, Macht und Kultur in der modernen Geschichte, Band 1). Wien/Köln/Weimar: Böhlau Verlag, S. 218–221. 
 https://doi.org/10.7767/boehlau.9783205791751.211
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR70" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2002">70</a>]. However, Hugo Bondy would never return to his scientific career in mass spectrometry.</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-3" data-title="Fig. 3"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig3" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 3</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/figures/3" rel="nofollow"><picture><img aria-describedby="Fig3" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00706-023-03039-6/MediaObjects/706_2023_3039_Fig3_HTML.png" alt="figure 3" loading="lazy" width="685" height="699"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-3-desc"><p>Official organization hierarchy of the Universität Wien and its faculty of philosophy for the United 1st and 2nd Physical Institute, 3rd Physical Institute, and Institute for Radium Research in the year <b>a</b> 1937 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 78" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1937) Personalstand der Universität Wien. I. Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring Nr. 1. für das Studienjahr 1937/1938. Nach dem Stande vom 1. November 1937. Wien: Verlag von Adolf Holzhausens Nfg, S. 116–117" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR78" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2019">78</a>] and <b>b</b> 1939 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 221" title="Rektorat der Universität (Hrsg.) (1939) Personalstand der Universität Wien. I. Dr. Karl Lueger-Ring Nr. 1. Nach dem Stande vom 1. Juli 1939. Wien: Verlag Adolf Holzhausens Nfg, S. 86–87" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR221" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2025">221</a>]</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/figures/3" data-track-dest="link:Figure3 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 3" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec9">Education as resistance</h3><p>Unlike some of his expelled colleagues, Bondy never left Austria and did not emigrate to another country to continue his scientific career elsewhere. The reason for this remains unknown. However, Bondy did not speak any foreign language, which did not facilitate the option of migration [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 143" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Zl. 1312-Präs.A/60., Kurrende, Wien, am 18. Mai 1960, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR143" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2044">143</a>].</p><p>From October 4, 1938 to November 30, 1940, he worked as a regular school teacher in the service of the City of Vienna. Later, Bondy was a teacher and director of a private primary and secondary school for children considered as “non-Aryan” (“<i>nicht-arisch</i>”) in the Grüngasse 14 of the 5th district of Vienna from December 1, 1940 to August 15, 1942. Afterwards, he was an educator and director of a private children’s home for Jewish children in the Mohapelgasse 3 of the 2nd district of Vienna until April 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2022-Präs.1/66, Formular 1. Antrag, Wien, am 5. September 1966, S. 1–6" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2053">28</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Personalstandesblatt, Wien, am 13. August 1945, S. 1–9" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2056">31</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Groppe L (Hrsg.), Born L (1979) Die Erzbischöfliche Hilfsstelle für nichtarische Katholiken in Wien (Wiener katholische Akademie Miscellanea 62, Arbeitskreis für kirchliche Zeit- und Wiener Diözesangeschichte). 3. Auflage. Wien: Wiener Katholische Akademie, S. 21–26. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00856101
 
 " href="#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2059">144</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-IKG/I-III PERS Kartei K2 Bondy, Hugo" href="#ref-CR145" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2059_1">145</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 146" title="AT-IKG/I-III PERS 1 2 Bondy, Hugo, Personalbogen" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR146" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2062">146</a>].</p><p>In the files of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, only a small comment exists dealing with this period of his life. There, the following is stated:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“[… Bondy devoted himself], with no regard for his own person, to the care of Jewish orphans in Vienna, until they, too, were forcibly removed from his custody and, for the most part, taken to extermination camps. [...]” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 28" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2022-Präs.1/66, Formular 1. Antrag, Wien, am 5. September 1966, S. 1–6" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR28" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2072">28</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn23"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>23</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>Other files in the archives regarding his time as caregiver do not exist (anymore) to the authors’ knowledge. Only his courage to take care of the children during the air bombardments of Vienna was documented [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 144" title="Groppe L (Hrsg.), Born L (1979) Die Erzbischöfliche Hilfsstelle für nichtarische Katholiken in Wien (Wiener katholische Akademie Miscellanea 62, Arbeitskreis für kirchliche Zeit- und Wiener Diözesangeschichte). 3. Auflage. Wien: Wiener Katholische Akademie, S. 21–26. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00856101
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2084">144</a>]. However, Bondy wrote a direct account of his time as a caregiver in a newspaper article in the year 1947 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2087">147</a>]. The article has to be considered in the context of WWII and the post-war period to understand Bondy’s motives. Provoked by the question, how many Austrians really actively resisted against the Nazi regime, Bondy felt it was his obligation to point out his time of prosecution. In his opinion, many who did resist were either dead or did not want to be worshiped as heroes. His motivation was on the one hand personal, to honor the people that served with him during this time and by telling their story as a group. It was on the other hand, political, to show his fellow citizens and the rest of the world that not all Austrians were complicit with the Nazi regime [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2090">147</a>].</p><p>Bondy was aligned to a new idea of Austria and what it should represent. Therefore, a certain narrative was depicted in his article. In that perspective, the demarcation between Germans and Austrians and the responsibility for the atrocities of the war was emphasized. As a result, the general view of an Austrian national resistance against an occupation by force, which also played into the role of Austria as a first victim of the Third Reich aggressions and the creation of distance to the responsibilities from the war for Austrians, was fostered. The narrative was that not many, but few, Austrians welcomed and many, not few, Austrians opposed the Nazi regime. Furthermore, this narrative should support the intention of the recreation of Austria on the map by the allied forces, which occupied the country at the time. For Bondy, the idea of a new Austria was tempting as a vision to overcome the past with its atrocities and to build a better and more just world for future generations [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2097">147</a>].</p><p>Because of his personal history, Bondy’s account is composed on the emphasis of Austria as an alternative way to the Nazi ideology for resistance and national identity. In light of this, Bondy considered his dedication to engage in the education of “non-Aryan children” (“nicht-arischen Kindern”) as a form of Austrian resistance [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2103">147</a>]. He described it as follows:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“While in 1938 all Austrian schools were transformed into ‘German’ schools with a curricula from Berlin; while in all schools of our country from the lectern [speaker’s desk] only Nazi ideas had to be lectured and often were lectured; while the children and young people were systematically intellectually crippled and emotionally uprooted; until the final days of Hitler’s Nazi Germany in Vienna, a small group of children existed, although shrinking year by year (first some thousands, then some hundreds, subsequently only approximately 80), that had the misfortune to live in Nazi Germany as so-called ‘non-Aryan’ children, but had the fortune never to be taught the Nazi—but only the old Austrian—curricula and to be educated following human principles. It is improbable sounding and yet the pure truth that, in Vienna from 1938 to 1945, a pure Austrian school existed with an Austrian curriculum and Austrian teachers, with ‘<i>Guten Morgen</i>’ and ‘<i>Grüß Gott</i>’ instead of ‘<i>Heil Hitler</i>’, without war collections, without war training and HJ [<i>Hitlerjugend</i>—Nazi male youth organization], and without KdF [<i>Kraft durch Freude</i>—Nazi leisure organization], but instead with diligent learning and a lot of worries and tribulations; with tears and saying goodbye again and again, when again some met the fate of deportation.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2126">147</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn24"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>24</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>At the end of the article, Bondy reflected on this time as a form of resistance and as a part of a larger national effort to the mission of restoring Austria [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2138">147</a>]. He classified the period in the following way:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“Thus we [the teachers and pupils] were a separate and unique partisan group; although our ‘heroic deeds’ cannot be compared to those fighters with weapons, we nevertheless belong to the ‘unknown Austrians’ who never lifted a finger for Hitler, but fought against him in word and deed under constant and years-long danger to our lives for a better Austrian future. May arguments like these also be heard in the dispute about Austria’s participation in the resistance!” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2145">147</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn25"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>25</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>However, Bondy also reported about the establishment and work regarding the private school for the “non-Aryan children”, and the satisfaction he obtained from their education [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2157">147</a>]. He wrote:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“Until 1940, <i>Gemeindeschulen</i> had existed for these [‘non-Aryan’] children, then they were resolved as redundant—for Theresienstadt and Auschwitz, a true redundant preliminary stage. But other opinions—thank God—disagreed with that. In the summer of 1940, I received the order […] to establish a school for this [‘non-Aryan’] children that were excluded from the public schools. Among my fated companions, I found employees and created and directed the desired school. It became an eight-level school <i>Volks- und Hauptschule</i> and I can say with joy: All children from this institution, as far as they were not murdered, are by no means behind their ‘Aryan’ peers in terms of knowledge and are, in courage, dignity, and wisdom of life, far superior than them, of which I can convince myself repeatedly.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2170">147</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn26"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>26</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>But the situation worsened dramatically during the war period with the mass deportations into concentration and extermination camps in the German occupied countries of Central and East Europe [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 144" title="Groppe L (Hrsg.), Born L (1979) Die Erzbischöfliche Hilfsstelle für nichtarische Katholiken in Wien (Wiener katholische Akademie Miscellanea 62, Arbeitskreis für kirchliche Zeit- und Wiener Diözesangeschichte). 3. Auflage. Wien: Wiener Katholische Akademie, S. 21–26. 
 https://ubdata.univie.ac.at/AC00856101
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR144" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2182">144</a>]. Bondy had to face the continuous decline of the number of fosterlings and colleagues, but also the constant fear from the authorities that dominated everyday life, which he described as follows [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2185">147</a>]:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“Year by year we were fewer: teachers and students. As the ‘teaching staff’ only consisted of three people, we divided the children into three groups by age and every one of us was a teacher for all subjects. We gave ourselves a real curriculum, which had to be rearranged monthly, and tried to keep a tight schedule. A lookout service was part of our schedule, one for the American bombers (which we considered as friends, but still feared) and another for our mortal enemies, the SS [<i>Schutzstaffel</i>] and SA [<i>Sturmabteilung</i>], the Gestapo [<i>Geheime Staatspolizei</i>], or other Nazi-henchmen.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2201">147</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn27"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>27</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>There was a constant danger to educate the “non-Aryan children” by their teachers due to prohibition by the state [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2213">147</a>]. Nonetheless, the risk was worth it and brought them deep satisfaction, as Bondy declared:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“It must be emphasized […] that we, as teachers of these children, were constantly aware of the danger to thwart day by day the more and more clear prohibition from the Gestapo to give these ‘non-Aryan’ children education, and we defied this danger day by day. These years of conspiracy against Hitler’s spirit were as dangerous as the direct conspiracy against Hitler himself. To wrestle at least a small group of children from this spirit, to convert the intellectual neglect into the opposite in our small area, was our daily joy and gave us strength to persevere.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2220">147</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn28"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>28</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>To deal with this miserable daily routine and to escape their hardships, Bondy and the group of teachers and students succeeded keeping up their spirits with gallows humor—fleeing into the cemetery to feel free [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2233">147</a>]. He explained their daily life and attitude as follows:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“Nobody should be surprised that there were many tragic-comic situations. They resulted from the fact that children always have the tendency towards humor and fun, even when death is at the doorstep—and death was always at our doorstep. So, we loved to go on a trip to the ‘fourth gate’ of the Central Cemetery [of Vienna] as our destination on beautiful days. Because of the prohibition to use the tram for [my] teachers and students, we had (again under mortal danger) to smuggle ourselves through, or we went by foot the long way. But from the fourth gate began—freedom! Among the dead, we felt safe and without any worries. Never was the holiness of a cemetery more honored as by the often-loud joyfulness of these poor children, for which every park, every meadow, every forest was prohibited by the death penalty.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 147" title='Bondy H (1947) Noch mehr „Unbekannte Österreicher"!, S. 4, Wiener Zeitung (240. Jahrgang, Nummer 121), 25. Mai, S. 4. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19470525&seite=4
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR147" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2240">147</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn29"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>29</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>However, Bondy’s care for children did not end with the war and extended into his private life. On August 21, 1945, Hugo Bondy officially became the legal guardian of the 16-year-old orphan Frieda Verständig.<sup><a href="#Fn30"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>30</a></sup> Her father was Sigmund Verständig,<sup><a href="#Fn31"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>31</a></sup> a bank clerk of Jewish faith that was deported to Theresienstadt, where he died on June 18, 1943 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2172-Pr./46, 31 P 89/44–45, Abschrift., Bestallungsurkunde, Wien, am 21. August 1945, S. 1" href="#ref-CR148" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2267">148</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2172-Pr./46, Gewährung der Kinderzulage, Wien, am 12. April 1946, S. 1" href="#ref-CR149" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2267_1">149</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Hilfsgemeinschaft der Blinden und Sehschwachen Österreichs, Frieda Verständig. In: hilfsgemeinschaft.at [Online]. Available at 
 https://www.hilfsgemeinschaft.at/helfen-und-spenden/testament-spenden/testamentsspender/detail/frieda-verstaendig
 
 . Accessed 16 Sep 2022" href="#ref-CR150" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2267_2">150</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 151" title="CZ-National archive Prague/Židovské matriky Ohledací listy - ghetto Terezín Svazek 101/Ghetto Theresienstadt. Der Ältestenrat. Todesfallanzeige: Verständig, Siegmund., S. 1. In: holocaust.cz, Verständig Sigmund: Death certificate, Ghetto Terezín [Online]. Available at 
 https://www.holocaust.cz/en/database-of-digitised-documents/document/96799-verst-ndig-sigmund-death-certificate-ghetto-terezin/
 
 . Accessed 7 Aug 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR151" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2270">151</a>]. Most likely, Frieda Verständig was a student of Hugo Bondy before she was deported with her father. Frieda Verständig would remain the only child in Bondy’s family life.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec10">The lost cause of reinstatement</h3><p>In the middle of April 1945, Hugo Bondy experienced the end of the war. Vienna was captured and occupied by the Red Army of the Soviet Union. Soon after, on May 25, 1945, Bondy wrote to the faculty of philosophy at the <i>Universität Wien</i>, where he pledged for reinstatement after his expulsion in 1938. He further pointed out that the Austrian Ministry of Education did not manage or reply to his appeals for payments, which were granted by law to him [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 152" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 25. Mai 1945, S. 10" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR152" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2284">152</a>]. Regarding Bondy’s reinstatement, Prof. Eduard Haschek, as the temporary director of the 2nd Physical Institute, provided his opinion to the dean of the faculty of philosophy on June 20, 1945. Haschek opposed the nomination of Bondy as an Assistent to their institute, claiming that he had already performed moderately in the 1930s. Another possible motivation was that Haschek, as deputy director of the 2nd Physical Institute, did not want Bondy enforced on him and the institute. Hence, Haschek put forward several other reasons to prevent Bondy’s reinstatement under his watch [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 20. Juni 1945, S. 11" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2287">63</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 64" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.:657, Zl. 657, Abschrift., Wien, am 20. Juni 1945, S. 19" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2290">64</a>]. Haschek wrote:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“[…] At the present time, when the work at the institute grows from day to day, while in view of the financial situation of the state, it is impossible to increase the number of supportive workers arbitrarily, the reinstatement of Dr. Bondy to his <i>Assistenten</i> position seems, to me, not favorable, and also not suitable as only the temporary director in accordance with my respected strict principle, not to inhibit the free right of disposition for the final director.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 20. Juni 1945, S. 11" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2300">63</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn32"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>32</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>For Haschek, Bondy should also not receive the position because of money shortage by the state and no jurisdiction by him as only the temporary director. Both arguments can be considered weak. First, the shortage of money by the state was not a concern to the only deputy head of an institute, especially with increasing work. Bondy was, at least on paper, a qualified candidate with work experience in academia and in the institute. Second, Haschek’s interference regarding Bondy’s employment is incoherent and already contradicted by his position of a non-interference policy for his successor [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 63" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 20. Juni 1945, S. 11" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR63" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2312">63</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 64" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.:657, Zl. 657, Abschrift., Wien, am 20. Juni 1945, S. 19" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR64" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2315">64</a>].</p><p>Eventually, the dean of the faculty of philosophy followed Haschek’s advice and declared that while the future director has not been chosen, no decision could be made. Because the dean stalled the reinstatement with his letter on June 25, 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 153" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 25. Juni 1945, S. 12" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR153" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2321">153</a>], Bondy wrote an urgent reply to object. In his answer to the dean from July 3, 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 154" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 3. Juli 1945, S. 17" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR154" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2324">154</a>], Bondy described the circumstances of his situation and reinstatement:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“I was discharged from my duty as <i>Assistent</i> at the 1st Physical Institute because of racial-political reasons after the so-called upheaval; after the suspension of the Nazi laws, I considered myself—in accordance with legal regulations—as a <i>Universitäts-Assistent</i> again and made myself available to the head of the Physical Institutes Mister Prof. Haschek. I was not least surprised that the Mister Professor failed to acquire my former service obligations or any other employment in the institute. The justification that I did not accomplish anything scientifically during the last seven years of Nazi reign hurt me. It does not apply at all, since in this time period of bullying and temporary serious plight—I was finally bombed out—I found comfort and courage to survive in the scientific work.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 154" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 3. Juli 1945, S. 17" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR154" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2337">154</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn33"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>33</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>Bondy urged further for his earnings as an Assistent since May 1, 1945, due to the emergency situation he was facing [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 154" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 3. Juli 1945, S. 17" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR154" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2349">154</a>]. The dean forwarded Bondy’s reply to the responsible ministry on July 11, 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 155" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, Zl. 657, Wien, am 11. Juli 1945, S. 17" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR155" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2352">155</a>]. Fortunately, Bondy could continue his work as a teacher starting from July 4, 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 156" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 487 Präs.-1945., A.V., S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR156" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2355">156</a>]. The secretary of the State Office for Public Enlightenment, Teaching and Education, and Culture Affairs (<i>Staatsamt für Volksaufklärung, für Unterricht und Erziehung und für Kultusangelegenheiten</i>), Ernst Fischer—member of the Communist Party of Austria—officially ordered on August 22, 1945, that Hugo Bondy would be transferred to his department [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 157" title="AT-WStLA/Personalakten Bundeslehrer/Zl. 487/Präs.-1945., Wien, am 22. August 1945, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR157" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2361">157</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 158" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 487 Präs.-1945., II., Wien, am 22. August 1945, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR158" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2365">158</a>]. Bondy had already started in his new position on August 7, 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 159" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 1317-Pr./45., Wien, am 5. November 1945, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR159" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2368">159</a>]. The only rehabilitation Bondy gathered from the government was the imputation of his exile years from the <i>Universität Wien</i> to his pension and care fund, including the post-war period [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 160" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 1428-Pr./45, S. 1–8" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR160" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2374">160</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 161" title="AT-UAW/PA 1127/D.-Zl.: 657, S. 15–16" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR161" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2377">161</a>].<sup><a href="#Fn34"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>34</a></sup> Hugo Bondy never worked in academia again, but devoted the rest of his life to improve the education system of Austria for future generations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="A scientist in government"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec11-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec11">A scientist in government</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec11-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec12">Education for the Austrian youth</h3><p>On August 28, 1945, Bondy inhabited the position as head of the division of youth and sport in the State Office—later only division of youth in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education (<i>Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Unterricht</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 162" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 643/Präs.-/45., 28. August 1945, S. 2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR162" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2408">162</a>]. Under Ernst Fischer, the State Office should have monitored and guided the Austrian youth movements (<i>Jugendbewegungen</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 163" title='Bondy H (1948) Die Abteilung „Jugend" im Bundesministerium für Unterricht, S. 280–290, In: Loebenstein E (Hrsg.) 100 Jahre Unterrichtsministerium 1848–1948. Festschrift des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht in Wien. Wien: Österreichischer Bundesverlag, S. 280, 282–283, 290. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC00137927
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR163" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2414">163</a>]. Bondy described its mission in a book contribution of 1948 as the following:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“After the liberation, youth associations formed in all parts of the country. Secretary [Ernst] Fischer, the Minister of Education in the provisional government [of Austria], had the opinion that a spontaneous, powerful, all classes and directions representing and unifying, and free from outside constraints youth movement would be the best relief from the fascism youth and the best antidote against their poisonous atmosphere. [...]” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 163" title='Bondy H (1948) Die Abteilung „Jugend" im Bundesministerium für Unterricht, S. 280–290, In: Loebenstein E (Hrsg.) 100 Jahre Unterrichtsministerium 1848–1948. Festschrift des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht in Wien. Wien: Österreichischer Bundesverlag, S. 280, 282–283, 290. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC00137927
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR163" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2421">163</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn35"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>35</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>Therefore, Bondy and his division were initiated to fulfill this mission. Hence, Bondy clarified the mission and its goals in a broader historical context as follows:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“[… The Austrian Federal Ministry of Education] faced new problems and dealt with tasks that it had not before. From the beginning, it was clear and none of the plentiful evidences were needed that the doctrines of national socialism had fatal impacts on the adolescent youth.</p> <p>Although the HJ [<i>Hitlerjugend</i>—Hitler youth] was not in a strict sense a youth movement, the pressure from outside was very strong and the time of its effect was so long that the poison of Hitler’s spirit entered into the souls of a large part of the youth, very often against the will of the affected. The sources of this poisonous stream ended suddenly in 1945, but its impacts cannot be stopped immediately; they can continue latently and are sometimes hard to combat. If in former times the youth and its associations went their own way, the state had not to be concerned about this way. In 1945, it was the absolute purpose of the government to transfer the supervision and governance of the unraveled youth, even outside school, to the responsible Ministry [of Education], to make it responsible that the gradual transition from the state of inner confusion, often depravity, but almost always of aimlessness and lack of ideals, to humanity and democracy, to an Austrian state awareness and a well understood cosmopolitanism, really takes place without interference from outside. [...]” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 163" title='Bondy H (1948) Die Abteilung „Jugend" im Bundesministerium für Unterricht, S. 280–290, In: Loebenstein E (Hrsg.) 100 Jahre Unterrichtsministerium 1848–1948. Festschrift des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht in Wien. Wien: Österreichischer Bundesverlag, S. 280, 282–283, 290. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC00137927
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR163" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2443">163</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn36"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>36</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>Bondy declared later in the article how the division of youth saw its role and tried to intervene with the youth:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“Monitoring the youth movement with respect to possible aftermaths from the fascism era is still in focus. Wherever rudiments of overcome perceptions are displayed, the division of youth must be ready to take a decisive stand and, if necessary, to intervene. Mostly, the form of consulting and, if necessary, warnings should be sufficient. […]</p> <p>The fight against all cultural excesses, against pulp and trash in all aspects of culture has to be strengthened in the interest of the youth. […]</p> <p>Subsequently, the great idea of rapprochement of all people and nations has also to be consolidated in the youth work […]. [...]” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 163" title='Bondy H (1948) Die Abteilung „Jugend" im Bundesministerium für Unterricht, S. 280–290, In: Loebenstein E (Hrsg.) 100 Jahre Unterrichtsministerium 1848–1948. Festschrift des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht in Wien. Wien: Österreichischer Bundesverlag, S. 280, 282–283, 290. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC00137927
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR163" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2465">163</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn37"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>37</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>In the view of Bondy, the division’s role was, in summary, to be the guarding angle for the Austrians youth and its organizations to overcome the Nazi era with its indoctrination and to guide them to the ideals of western civilization. It is impossible to evaluate how much of this was the division’s or Bondy’s mission, how many of these ideas were his or those from the division, or how loose the division could have acted under Bondy’s leadership. Given Bondy’s past, it seems that he was personally aligned to a vision and an idea of Austria’s future on those principles. For him, it seemed necessary to educate the youth correctly and to prevent the impact of the Nazi ideology and new extreme ideologies in present and future. The past should not repeat itself in any way or form. Therefore, Bondy saw the youth as the vital key for a more just and prosperous society. As a result, he wanted the government to play an active role and intervene, if necessary, on matters of the youth. The government should provide the possibility and set the boundaries within which the youth could feel free and safe to develop an Austrian identity [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 163" title='Bondy H (1948) Die Abteilung „Jugend" im Bundesministerium für Unterricht, S. 280–290, In: Loebenstein E (Hrsg.) 100 Jahre Unterrichtsministerium 1848–1948. Festschrift des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht in Wien. Wien: Österreichischer Bundesverlag, S. 280, 282–283, 290. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC00137927
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR163" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2477">163</a>]. For Bondy, this may also have been in line with the realization and the ideals of communism at that time.</p><p>Following this mission, Bondy initiated and supervised several projects of his division. One representative project for Bondy’s work was the Austrian Youth Day (<i>Österreichischer Jugendtag</i>), which was performed for the first time only in Vienna in 1945 with a limited number of youth organizations due to the war. The second Austrian Youth Day of 1946 was of a larger scale and Hugo Bondy advertised it [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Stumpf R (1997) Ernst Fischer als Staatssekretär für ‘Volksaufklärung, Unterricht und Erziehung und Kultusangelegenheiten‘ (1945): Versuch einer politischen Biographie unter struktur- und institutionsgeschichtlichen Gesichtspunkten. Band 2. Wien: Diplomarbeit der Universität Wien, S. 365–366. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC02045467
 
 " href="#ref-CR164" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2487">164</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title='Spevak S (2003) Das Jubiläum „950 Jahre Österreich". Eine Aktion zur Stärkung eines österreichischen Staats- und Kulturbewußtseins im Jahr 1946 (Veröffentlichung des Institutes für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Band 37). R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Wien/München, S. 78, 81, 94–101. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC03563066
 
 ' href="#ref-CR165" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2487_1">165</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 166" title="Bondy H (1946) Oesterreichischer Jugendtag im Zeichen der Einheit, S. 2, Österreichische Zeitung (Nummer 212 (369)), 14. September, S. 2. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=oez&datum=19460914&seite=2
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR166" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2490">166</a>]. In a small newspaper article [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 166" title="Bondy H (1946) Oesterreichischer Jugendtag im Zeichen der Einheit, S. 2, Österreichische Zeitung (Nummer 212 (369)), 14. September, S. 2. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=oez&datum=19460914&seite=2
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR166" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2493">166</a>], he promoted the day as follows:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“In the fascist era, young people were forcibly pressed into para-military organizations, in which any free expression of opinion was a crime. Tomorrow [the Austrian Youth Day] will not see drilled marching machines, reinforced with daggers, tramping through the streets under timpani rolls and fired up by ‘snappy’ orders of HJ-leaders; but free, joyful people from all political spectrums and all schools of thought coming together for a joint demonstration of unity. […]</p> <p>The youth organizations are faced with the difficult task of raising up the Austrian youth again, to educate them into democrats, a task on the fulfillment of which the future of Austria decisively depends. […]</p> <p>The Austrian youth will never again serve as cannon fodder for criminal imperialistic plans and prove that they want to properly comprehend and become acquainted with the new world in the making, after years of intellectual servitude.</p> <p>The [Austrian] youth wants peace, freedom, and prosperity. [...]” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 166" title="Bondy H (1946) Oesterreichischer Jugendtag im Zeichen der Einheit, S. 2, Österreichische Zeitung (Nummer 212 (369)), 14. September, S. 2. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=oez&datum=19460914&seite=2
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR166" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2509">166</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn38"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>38</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>For the purpose of the Austrian Youth Day, a first session of a youth parliament with delegates from all youth organizations was further planned. However, Bondy’s political idealism met the reality of the post-war period. Due to conflicts between the different Austrian youth organizations as a result of their political leanings, the demonstration ended in a turmoil and the youth parliament was dissolved as only a fraction of delegates participated [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 164" title="Stumpf R (1997) Ernst Fischer als Staatssekretär für ‘Volksaufklärung, Unterricht und Erziehung und Kultusangelegenheiten‘ (1945): Versuch einer politischen Biographie unter struktur- und institutionsgeschichtlichen Gesichtspunkten. Band 2. Wien: Diplomarbeit der Universität Wien, S. 365–366. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC02045467
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR164" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2521">164</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 165" title='Spevak S (2003) Das Jubiläum „950 Jahre Österreich". Eine Aktion zur Stärkung eines österreichischen Staats- und Kulturbewußtseins im Jahr 1946 (Veröffentlichung des Institutes für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung, Band 37). R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Wien/München, S. 78, 81, 94–101. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC03563066
 
 ' href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR165" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2524">165</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title='Anonymus (1946) „Es gibt nur eine österreichische Jugend". Österreichischer Jugendtag mit Schönheitsfehlern, S. 3, Neues Österreich (2. Jahrgang (Nummer 216), Nummer 430), 17. September, S. 3. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=nos&datum=19460917&seite=3
 
 ' href="#ref-CR167" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2527">167</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Anonymus (1946) „Seid junge Demokraten!". Ungerechtfertigte Handlungsweise der OeVP-Jugend auf der gemeinsamen Kundgebung, S. 2, Neue Zeit (2. Jahrgang, Nummer 211), 17. September, S. 2. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=awi&datum=19460917&seite=2
 
 " href="#ref-CR168" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2527_1">168</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Anonymus (1946) Österreichischer Jugendtag 1946, S. 2, Wiener Zeitung (239. Jahrgang, Nummer 216), 17. September, S. 2. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=wrz&datum=19460917&seite=2
 
 " href="#ref-CR169" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2527_2">169</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Anonymus (1946) Das gescheiterte Jugendparlament, S. 2, Salzburger Volkszeitung (Jahrgang 1946, Nummer 215), 18. September, S. 2. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=svz&datum=19460918&seite=2
 
 " href="#ref-CR170" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2527_3">170</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 171" title="Anonymus (1946) Die Gründe des Nichtzusammentrittes des Jugendparlaments, S. 3, Österreichische Zeitung (Nummer 215 (372)), 18. September, S. 3. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=oez&datum=19460918&seite=3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR171" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2530">171</a>]. Still, Bondy continued to be engaged with the upbringing and education of the young people of Austria and published a newspaper article on this subject in 1950 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 172" title="Bondy H (1950) Erziehung zu Oesterreich, S. 7, Der neue Mahnruf (3. Jahrgang, Nummer 3), Ende März, S. 7. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=dnm&datum=1950&page=39
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR172" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2533">172</a>]. Nevertheless, his dedication to youth work and his membership to the Communist Party of Austria would spark a public controversy in the 1950s.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec13">Red fear of a government official</h3><p>Hugo Bondy joined the Communist Party of Austria (<i>Kommunistische Partei Österreichs</i>—KPÖ) in April 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="Mugrauer M (2016) Die KPÖ im Staatsapparat, S. 1–18, Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft. Mitteilungen (23. Jahrgang, Nummer 4), Dezember, S. 3–4. 
 https://www.klahrgesellschaft.at/Mitteilungen/Mugrauer_4_16.pdf
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2547">59</a>]. The reason for this is unknown to the authors. In the context of his life, it can be assumed that during or after the war he saw communism and the KPÖ as the only alternative to the Nazi party and ideology. The Communist Party of Austria had already been active in the underground before the German occupation of Austria and in clear resistance to the Third Reich.</p><p>Nevertheless, Bondy remained, to the authors’ knowledge, faithful to Roman Catholicism throughout his life. Siegmund Bondy was a government employee at the university, who usually were not in favor of communism and its ideas and more leaning to the right political spectrum. All of this made Hugo Bondy an unlikely supporter of communism in his youth and perhaps later motivated him not to subscribe fully to the communist ideology, leaving his personal convictions intact. He was later described as a representative of the “Catholic camp” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 164" title="Stumpf R (1997) Ernst Fischer als Staatssekretär für ‘Volksaufklärung, Unterricht und Erziehung und Kultusangelegenheiten‘ (1945): Versuch einer politischen Biographie unter struktur- und institutionsgeschichtlichen Gesichtspunkten. Band 2. Wien: Diplomarbeit der Universität Wien, S. 365–366. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC02045467
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR164" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2553">164</a>]. Nonetheless, Bondy was never a member of a political party before he became a member of the Communist Party of Austria [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="Mugrauer M (2016) Die KPÖ im Staatsapparat, S. 1–18, Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft. Mitteilungen (23. Jahrgang, Nummer 4), Dezember, S. 3–4. 
 https://www.klahrgesellschaft.at/Mitteilungen/Mugrauer_4_16.pdf
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2556">59</a>]. Until then, he seemed, given his career as an academic, more apolitical.</p><p>Other reasons for Bondy’s membership to the KPÖ could be more opportunistic. First, he was unemployed in a country destroyed by the war. Second, parts of Vienna and its surroundings or close territories (Lower-Austria, Burgenland, and parts of Upper Austria) were occupied by the Soviet Union. Furthermore, the later communist countries of Czechoslovakia and Hungary bordered these territories. Third, the Communist Party of Austria was supported by the Soviet Union and had a stronger support in industrial regions and cities. Because of this, the KPÖ was the third largest political party in the Second Republic of Austria and was acknowledged for the provisional government. Therefore, the communist party was a not neglectable political force in Vienna and needed educated personnel to govern the country. In conclusion, Bondy was given a good opportunity by the political circumstances, his persecution in the past, and his education. The misery during and after the war was maybe the final driving force towards the Communist Party of Austria. Although, Bondy also likely found the intellectual attitude and theoretical discussions of the party appealing.</p><p>After his accession to the Communist Party of Austria and his appointment by Ernst Fischer for the division of youth and sport, Bondy was also active for the KPÖ in 1947 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 173" title="Anonymus (1947) Erste kommunistische Landeslehrertagung – ein voller Erfolg, S. 3, Neue Zeit (3. Jahrgang, Nummer 5), 8. Januar, S. 3. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=nzl&datum=19470108&seite=3
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR173" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2565">173</a>]. He published two articles, one in the newspaper of the Soviet occupation force [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 166" title="Bondy H (1946) Oesterreichischer Jugendtag im Zeichen der Einheit, S. 2, Österreichische Zeitung (Nummer 212 (369)), 14. September, S. 2. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?aid=oez&datum=19460914&seite=2
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR166" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2568">166</a>] and one in a political left orientated newspaper [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 172" title="Bondy H (1950) Erziehung zu Oesterreich, S. 7, Der neue Mahnruf (3. Jahrgang, Nummer 3), Ende März, S. 7. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=dnm&datum=1950&page=39
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR172" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2571">172</a>]. However, it seems that his contribution to the Communist Party of Austria was rather small and Bondy focused more on the work in his division.</p><p>After WWII, the coalition of the Allies crumbled and the Cold War began, especially with the announcement of the Truman Doctrine in 1947. In Western democracies, the fear of communist spies and underground networks reached a new peak in the 1950s. Anti-communist agitation was used as a political weapon to question the loyalty of political opponents and public figures to their own country and government. Austria was not an exception.</p><p>In 1952, the Socialist Party of Austria (<i>Sozialistische Partei Österreichs</i>—SPÖ) requested information about Hugo Bondy in parliament due to a vote at the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="Mugrauer M (2016) Die KPÖ im Staatsapparat, S. 1–18, Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft. Mitteilungen (23. Jahrgang, Nummer 4), Dezember, S. 3–4. 
 https://www.klahrgesellschaft.at/Mitteilungen/Mugrauer_4_16.pdf
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2584">59</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 174" title="Anonymus (1953) Der willfährige Unterrichtsminister, S. 3, Österreichische Volksstimme (Nummer 24), 30. Januar, S. 3. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC02881406
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR174" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2587">174</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 175" title="Anonymus (1953) Jugendreferent im Unterrichtsministerium abberufen, S. 2, Die Presse (6. Jahrgang, Nummer 1299), 30. Januar, S. 2. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC00484398
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR175" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2590">175</a>]. As a member of the Communist Party of Austria and a nominee of Ernst Fischer, he represented a target due to his work in government, specifically in regard to his work for the youth and as a representative of Austria in the UNESCO. Several public articles in newspapers followed, attacking Bondy for his political affiliations and spreading fear of communist influence on young people [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="Mugrauer M (2016) Die KPÖ im Staatsapparat, S. 1–18, Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft. Mitteilungen (23. Jahrgang, Nummer 4), Dezember, S. 3–4. 
 https://www.klahrgesellschaft.at/Mitteilungen/Mugrauer_4_16.pdf
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2593">59</a>]. On December 14, 1952, the newspaper from the conservative Austrian People’s Party (<i>Österreichische Volkspartei</i>—ÖVP), <i>Das kleine Volksblatt</i>, wrote:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“[… <i>Sektionsrat</i> Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Hugo Bondy is the head of the division of youth in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education,] who follows strictly the instruction of the Communist Party headquarters and travels as a staid Austrian through the Austrian states to be up to date with the ‘extracurricular’ youth care, ‘naturally only in the interest of the ministry’. He is the ‘Austrian public official’, who regularly gives courses for the youth leaders and educators and holds presentations. And for that, tax money is spent.</p> <p>And it is this man, […], who, with a mischievous smile, listens to our staid rural school teachers, who appears in flattering kindness to the presentation for his <i>Sektionschef</i>, but behind his back makes threats heard that clearly reveals his People’s democratic heart. […] He is also the one who brags that nobody can touch him. […]</p> <p>[… Dr. Bondy is not even scared] to tell official foreign guests information diametrically opposed to the government’s policies, […].</p> <p>Maybe also the consideration could help here that such circumstances are not any more acceptable for the well-meaning Austrian people, if even the fact is not enough that the Austrian youth should not be exposed to communist infiltrations.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 176" title="Anonymus (1952) Wie lange noch Dr. Bondy? Das Maß ist voll, S. 15, Das kleine Volksblatt (Jahrgang 1952, Nummer 292), 14. Dezember, S. 15. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC02691523
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR176" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2622">176</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn39"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>39</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>On December 15, 1952, Bondy wrote a response to the Federal Minister of Education to counter the allegations [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 177" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, Wien, am 15. Dezember 1952, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR177" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2634">177</a>]:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“In recent times, a political smear campaign started against me, which the socialist press had begun, the <i>Salzburger Nachrichten</i> picked up, and the ÖVP-press […] continued. Although no specific allegations were made, because they cannot be made, these articles are still useable to poison the atmosphere and to question my personal honor by accusing me of ill loyal behavior against my office and the state political interests of Austria.</p> <p>It is strange to me that even the ÖVP-press, where one would expect that they are better informed about such matters, takes part in these activities. I therefore ask you, dear Mister Minister, to examine carefully, everything that the division of youth accomplished since its founding in 1945 under my leadership, as well as my attitude on official occasions, in which I had the honor to represent the Federal Ministry of Education publicly.</p> <p>In particular, I must declare the allegations that I ‘make threats behind the back of my <i>Sektionschef</i>’ and that I ‘tell official foreign guests information diametrically opposed to the government’s policies’ as completely fabricated out of thin air and false. I ask—also in the interest of the Ministry [of Education]—to demand evidence for these claims and to expedite the proceeding, since it also concerns my honor as a civil servant.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 177" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, Wien, am 15. Dezember 1952, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR177" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2653">177</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn40"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>40</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>However, the pressure increased from other side. The leadership of the Austrian Youth Movement (<i>Österreichische Jugendbewegung</i>—youth organization of the ÖVP) from Lower Austria appealed to the Federal Minister of Education about that matter [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 178" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, St./W., 3367-a/52, Wien, am 18. Dezember 1952, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR178" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2668">178</a>]. They wrote on December 18, 1952:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“[… We appeal to you, that] Mister <i>Sektionsrat</i> Bondy, the head of the division of youth, will be transferred to another division. It seemed for the political committee and the delegates [of us] an unsustainable solution to leave the already mentioned gentleman in this leadership position of the division, who is a known communist party member.</p> <p>It must have an unfavorable effect not only domestic but certainly also abroad, if the ministerial care center for the youth is placed in the hands of a convinced communist. [...]” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 178" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, St./W., 3367-a/52, Wien, am 18. Dezember 1952, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR178" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2681">178</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn41"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>41</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>They justified their request for a transfer with an incident, in which Bondy had made unqualified remarks to a representative of the Council of Europe, although they admitted that they were not able to reproduce Bondy’s comments literally. Nevertheless, they emphasized that they did not want to harm Bondy or his career in the ministry, but they insisted that he was unbearable as the head of the division of youth, and had to be transferred to another division where he did not have direct contact to the Austrian youth [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 178" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, St./W., 3367-a/52, Wien, am 18. Dezember 1952, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR178" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2693">178</a>].</p><p>Two days later, Bondy submitted another statement to the Federal Minister regarding the whole affair and with a possible suitable solution [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 179" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, Wien, am 20. Dezember 1952, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR179" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2699">179</a>]:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“[...] I send in advance that I feel completely free of any guilt, any neglect of duty, or [any] violation of loyalty. But I see more and more that under the given circumstances of the political parties against the Minister, it causes him a large embarrassment to hold a member of the KPÖ (not a party official, certainly not a ‘leading’ figure) for longer as the head of such a politically exposed division, even though he proved to be a flawless, qualified, and at any time loyal civil servant.</p> <p>On the other side, I may speak from my personal situation, from the human side. I was a victim of Nazism for seven years, and rescued myself just into a ‘better’ time. Now I ran again into the danger of becoming the victim of the reasons of state by no fault of my own like before, only because I am a simple member of a party, which is legally recognized, but in opposition. The departure from the division, built and selflessly—also in political matters really selflessly—lead by me, I find after a long time of collaboration with my good, diligent staff very difficult; […]. [...]” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 179" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, Wien, am 20. Dezember 1952, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR179" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2709">179</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn42"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>42</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>The departure from the division of youth was obviously already discussed and inevitable. Bondy should be transferred to another division, which was less exposed to the public eye. However, he did not want to leave the impression of a demotion or admission of any guilt. Furthermore, Bondy wanted to get the best out of the situation. Therefore, he proposed a plan to save his and the ministry’s face that did not cause any more political attention [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 179" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, Wien, am 20. Dezember 1952, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR179" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2722">179</a>]. Nonetheless, Bondy declared his resignation from the division of youth without insisting on his made suggestions on December 22, 1952 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 180" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, Dienstzettel. Pro domo., Wien, am 23. Dezember 1952, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR180" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2725">180</a>]. The Federal Minister of Education accepted the resignation and thanked him for his work in the division. Bondy was then transferred to the division of technical-commercial schooling, where he started on January 1, 1953. No investigation was initiated at any point [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 181" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, A.V., Wien, am 29. Dezember 1952, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR181" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2728">181</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 182" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, Wien, am 31. Dezember 1952, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR182" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2731">182</a>]. Bondy was later promoted [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 183" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 1087-Präs./53, S. 1–28" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR183" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2734">183</a>] and more time of his expulsion was acknowledged for the determination of his pension [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 184" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 7393-Pr.I/52, Wien, am 12. Mai 1953, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR184" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2738">184</a>]. The pressure from the public dropped. <i>Das kleine Volksblatt</i> wrote satisfactorily on January 15, 1953, that Hugo Bondy was no longer head of the division of youth [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 185" title="Anonymus (1953) Dr. Bondy ging, S. 16, Das kleine Volksblatt (Jahrgang 1953, Nummer 20), 25. Januar, S. 16. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC02691523
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR185" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2744">185</a>].</p><p>In 1956, the political affiliation of Bondy to the Communist Party of Austria ended. The cause for this was the violent suppression of the uprising in Hungary by military forces of the Soviet Union. However, opportunistic reasons may have played a role too. The KPÖ was no longer part of the government, its support by the Austrian people was marginal, and the fear of communism was on a high and counterproductive for a career, especially in the civil service. Above all, Bondy considered his idealism and dream of a better and new world crushed by this military intervention. In a letter to the Austrian Federal Chancellor Josef Klaus, the Federal Minister of Education, Theodor Piffl-Perčević, wrote that Bondy “was always considered a tempering factor among the left-intellectuals” and “follows again the civic path” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 59" title="Mugrauer M (2016) Die KPÖ im Staatsapparat, S. 1–18, Alfred Klahr Gesellschaft. Mitteilungen (23. Jahrgang, Nummer 4), Dezember, S. 3–4. 
 https://www.klahrgesellschaft.at/Mitteilungen/Mugrauer_4_16.pdf
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR59" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2750">59</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 186" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 38-Präs.A/66, Abschrift! Akt!, Wien, am 2. Februar 1966, S. 1–3" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR186" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2753">186</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 187" title="Mugrauer M (2020) Die Politik der KPÖ 1945–1955. Von der Regierungsbank in die innenpolitische Isolation (Zeitgeschichte in Kontext, Band 14). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht/Vienna University Press/V&R unipress, S. 282–284. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC15647961
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR187" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2756">187</a>]. Bondy presumably then focused all his energy on his job in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education. There, he found still purpose and could try to make a difference for the education of young Austrians.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="Sec14">Devoted to the service</h3><p>When Hugo Bondy joined the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education on August 22, 1945 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 158" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 487 Präs.-1945., II., Wien, am 22. August 1945, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR158" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2767">158</a>], he did not know that it would be the start of a twenty years’ career in the civil service. In this time period, he published work-related books and articles [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 172" title="Bondy H (1950) Erziehung zu Oesterreich, S. 7, Der neue Mahnruf (3. Jahrgang, Nummer 3), Ende März, S. 7. 
 https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno-plus?aid=dnm&datum=1950&page=39
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR172" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2770">172</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Bondy H (Hrsg.) (1948) Österreichisches Jugendsingen. Ein Handbuch für Chorleiter und die sangesfreudige Jugend. Wien: Österreichischer Bundesverlag. 
 https://www.digital.wienbibliothek.at/urn/urn:nbn:at:AT-WBR-134984
 
 " href="#ref-CR188" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2773">188</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Bondy H (1950) Österreichisches Jugendsingen, S. 28–31, In: Musikerziehung. Zeitschrift zur Erneuerung der Musikpflege (4. Jahrgang, Heft 1), September, S. 28–31. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC00523658
 
 " href="#ref-CR189" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2773_1">189</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" title="Bondy H (Hrsg.) (1958) 200 Jahre berufsbildende Schule in Österreich. Jubiläumsausstellung des Bundesministeriums für Unterricht. Wien: Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/wbr/AC07641543
 
 " href="#ref-CR190" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2773_2">190</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 191" title="Bondy H (1967) Sachweiser zu Seminarberichten und Informationsblättern. Lehrerfortbildung im berufsbildenden Schulwesen in den Jahren 1950 bis 1965. Wien: Bundesministerium für Unterricht. 
 http://data.onb.ac.at/rec/AC04595786
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR191" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2776">191</a>]. He started as the head of the division of youth and sport and applied for the civil servant rank <i>Ministerialsekretär</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 192" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 3252-Präs./46, S. 2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR192" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2783">192</a>]. On November 13, 1947, Bondy was awarded with the official title <i>Sektionsrat</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 193" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 6084-Pr.I/47, A.V., Wien, am 13. November 1947, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR193" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2789">193</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 194" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 6084-Pr.I/47, 11978, Wien, am 13. November 1947, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR194" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2792">194</a>].</p><p>For the year 1950, Bondy was evaluated to clarify if he met the qualification requirements for his position. The responsible commission gave him an A (<i>Sehr gut</i>) in their general conclusion on September 18, 1951 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 195" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 5485-Pr.I/51., A.V., 18. September 1951, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR195" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2801">195</a>]. In specific qualifications, it was stated that he was dedicated to diligence, very conscientious, and very reliable and loyal in his service. Furthermore, the commission declared that Bondy was very suitable for the administrative tasks and field service with appliers and partners of the ministry. He was described for that matter in his appearance as calm, prudent, polite, and very tactful. His behavior was stated as impeccable and his success in service was declared as very good [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 196" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 5485-Pr.I/51., Qualifikationsbeschreibung, S. 2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR196" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2804">196</a>]. The evaluation contradicts the comments later in the press, which were made in 1952 in consequence of his membership to the Communist Party of Austria.</p><p>As a result of this affair, Bondy was transferred to the division of technical-commercial schooling. He received the promotion to the civil servant rank <i>Ministerialrat</i> on June 27, 1953 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 197" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 1087-Präs./53, 10.191, Wien, am 27. Juni 1953, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR197" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2813">197</a>]. While Bondy advanced in work, in his private life his marriage was in crisis. On October 25, 1956, he was officially divorced from his wife after twenty-six years of marriage [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 198" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2267-Präs.I/56, Zl. 2267, Wien, am 3. November 1956, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR198" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2816">198</a>]. The reasons for the divorce are unknown to the authors. However, Bondy remarried on November 24, 1956 Maria Brössler,<sup><a href="#Fn43"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>43</a></sup> born Kornherr [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Personalstandesblatt, Wien, am 13. August 1945, S. 1–9" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2825">31</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 199" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2489-Präs./56, 1246/56, Abschrift. Bescheinigung der Eheschließung., Wien, am 24. November 1956, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR199" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2829">199</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 200" title="Österreich, Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien, Mistelbach, Tauf-Register, 01.01.1895–31.12.1898, Folge 37, Nummer 2. In: matricula-online.eu, Taufbuch 01–15 [Online]. Available at 
 https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/mistelbach/01-15/?pg=42
 
 . Accessed 16 Sep 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR200" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2832">200</a>].</p><p>From January 1, 1956, Bondy was the head of a section in his rearranged division [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 201" title="Anonymus (1960) Herrn Dipl. Ing. Dr. Phil. Hugo Bondy. Ministerialrat im Bundesministerium für Unterricht zum 60. Geburtstag am 17. April 1960 (Nummer 118). Wien: Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt, Glückwünsche, Biographisches, S. 1–7, Bild. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/bmf/AC07630957
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR201" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2838">201</a>] and then became the deputy of the division [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 202" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2495-Präs.A/65, Formular II, Entwurf, Tabelle, Wien, am 23. August 1965, S. 4" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR202" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2841">202</a>]. On July 17, 1958, he was recognized for his work in the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education with the accolade Grand Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria (<i>Großes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich</i>) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 203" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 910-Präs./1958, 38259, Wien, am 17. Juli 1958, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR203" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2847">203</a>]. To celebrate the sixtieth birthday of Hugo Bondy, his colleagues printed an anniversary book to honor him [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 201" title="Anonymus (1960) Herrn Dipl. Ing. Dr. Phil. Hugo Bondy. Ministerialrat im Bundesministerium für Unterricht zum 60. Geburtstag am 17. April 1960 (Nummer 118). Wien: Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt, Glückwünsche, Biographisches, S. 1–7, Bild. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/bmf/AC07630957
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR201" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2850">201</a>] (see Fig. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="figure anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#Fig4">4</a>).</p><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-4" data-title="Fig. 4"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig4" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 4</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><a class="c-article-section__figure-link" data-test="img-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="image" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/figures/4" rel="nofollow"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00706-023-03039-6/MediaObjects/706_2023_3039_Fig4_HTML.jpg?as=webp"><img aria-describedby="Fig4" src="//media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00706-023-03039-6/MediaObjects/706_2023_3039_Fig4_HTML.jpg" alt="figure 4" loading="lazy" width="685" height="892"></picture></a></div><div class="c-article-section__figure-description" data-test="bottom-caption" id="figure-4-desc"><p>Hugo Bondy in a picture for his anniversary book, composed by his colleagues from the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education (Copyright unknown to the authors) [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 201" title="Anonymus (1960) Herrn Dipl. Ing. Dr. Phil. Hugo Bondy. Ministerialrat im Bundesministerium für Unterricht zum 60. Geburtstag am 17. April 1960 (Nummer 118). Wien: Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt, Glückwünsche, Biographisches, S. 1–7, Bild. 
 https://permalink.obvsg.at/bmf/AC07630957
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR201" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2867">201</a>]</p></div></div><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="article-link" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="view figure" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6/figures/4" data-track-dest="link:Figure4 Full size image" aria-label="Full size image figure 4" rel="nofollow"><span>Full size image</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div><p>In the year 1962, Bondy faced a heart attack. As his personal doctor ordered him to resettle in a healthier environment and he could not find a suitable place in Vienna, he decided to build a house in Bad Goisern [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 204" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 111.080-Präs.A/1963, Wien, am 11. November 1963, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR204" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2882">204</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 205" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 111.080-Präs.A/1963, 2. Einlageblatt zu Zl. 111.080-Präs.A/1963, A. V., S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR205" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2885">205</a>].</p><p>Until his retirement in 1965, Bondy was awarded with the Ring of Honor (<i>Ehrenring</i>) for loyal service to the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 206" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 3748-Präs.A/65, A.V., Wien, am 14. Dezember 1965, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR206" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2894">206</a>]. More for his wife, who wanted to see Bondy and his work recognized, he pursued a final promotion to the civil servant rank <i>Sektionschef</i> at the end of his career [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 207" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 3749-Präs.A/65, Wien, am 22. Dezember 1965, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR207" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2900">207</a>]. The Federal Minister of Education, Theodor Piffl-Perčević, intervened for Bondy’s request to the Federal Chancellor, Josef Klaus [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 186" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 38-Präs.A/66, Abschrift! Akt!, Wien, am 2. Februar 1966, S. 1–3" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR186" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2903">186</a>]. For his appeal, Bondy’s division also wrote a statement in favor of his service and achievements [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 208" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 38-Präs.A/66, Stellungnahme der Sektion VI, Wien, am 25. Januar 1966, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR208" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2907">208</a>]. Eventually, Bondy was awarded with the title <i>Sektionschef</i> on September 12, 1966 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 209" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/ Geschäftszahl 2035-Präs.1/66, Zl. 71.442–40/66, Wien, am 30. Juni 1966, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR209" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2913">209</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 210" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Geschäftszahl 2022-Präs.1/66, 8267, Wien, am 21. September 1966, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR210" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2916">210</a>].</p><p>Nothing is known about Hugo Bondy’s life in retirement in Bad Goisern. In 1968, he wrote a letter to the Federal Minister of Education regarding a very important personal matter. He asked if the Minister could intervene on his behalf to the Austrian Federal Ministry of Infrastructure and Nationalized Companies (<i>Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Infrastruktur und verstaatlichte Unternehmen</i>) to provide his house with a direct phone land-line. Although many people were waiting for a direct phone connection in Austria during that time, Bondy stated that, for him and his wife, a direct communication was vital considering their age and the place they lived, a remote mountainous area, where the phone would be the only form of communication sometimes in the winter and for emergencies. He already waited for over two years to get connected to the phone network [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 211" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Bad Goisern, am 1. Juni 1968, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR211" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2925">211</a>]. After filing Bondy’s request directly to the responsible minister [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 212" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Wien, am 14. Juni 1968, an Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hugo Bondy, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR212" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2928">212</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 213" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Wien, am 14. Juni 1968, an Dipl. Ing. Dr. Ludwig Weiss, S. 1–2" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR213" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2931">213</a>], a telephone connection was installed. Hugo Bondy replied with his humble thanks to the Federal Minister of Education for his intervention on paper with his pre-printed personal letterhead that now stated proudly his new telephone number, which he inserted with the type-writer [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 214" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Bad Goisern, am 7. September 1968, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR214" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2934">214</a>]. He remained well connected.</p><p>For his seventy-fifth birthday, Fred Sinowatz, Federal Minister of Education in 1975 and later Federal Chancellor of Austria, wrote Hugo Bondy a congratulation letter [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 215" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Wien, am 14. April 1975, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR215" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2940">215</a>]. Bondy replied:</p><blockquote class="c-blockquote"><div class="c-blockquote__body"> <p>“It is already a great satisfaction that the chief of a ministry remembered a former civil servant, which retired 9½ years ago, especially because you, dear Mister Federal Minister, did not have me under your leadership at all and we did not know each other. I may emphasize from my side, with thanks for your friendly congratulation words, that the work at the Ministry [of Education] has given me much joy to the end, and the 20 years ‘Minoritenplatz’ [place of the Austria Federal Ministry of Education] were the most wonderful years of my life.” [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 216" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Bad Goisern, am 20. April 1975, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR216" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2947">216</a>]<sup><a href="#Fn44"><span class="u-visually-hidden">Footnote </span>44</a></sup></p> </div></blockquote><p>To the congratulation letter for his eightieth birthday from Fred Sinowatz [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 217" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Wien, am 18. April 1980, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR217" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2959">217</a>], a possible reply of Bondy did not survive. In a letter of August 23, 1982, Bondy stated his new and last address to the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 218" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Wien, am 23. August 1982, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR218" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2962">218</a>]. He had moved into a retirement home in Oberalm near Hallein managed by a female Catholic order [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 219" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/20.885, Traueranzeige, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR219" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2965">219</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 220" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Wien, am 26. August 1985, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR220" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2968">220</a>]. His wife died in Oberalm on January 23, 1983 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 200" title="Österreich, Wien/Niederösterreich (Osten): Rk. Erzdiözese Wien, Mistelbach, Tauf-Register, 01.01.1895–31.12.1898, Folge 37, Nummer 2. In: matricula-online.eu, Taufbuch 01–15 [Online]. Available at 
 https://data.matricula-online.eu/de/oesterreich/wien/mistelbach/01-15/?pg=42
 
 . Accessed 16 Sep 2022" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR200" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2971">200</a>]. After a long, severe suffering, Hugo Bondy died at the age of eighty-five in the hospital of Hallein on August 9, 1985 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 219" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/20.885, Traueranzeige, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR219" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2975">219</a>]. In a final thank you letter from the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education to the manager of the care facility, it was stated that Bondy kept in touch with his former colleagues from the ministry and celebrated his eightieth birthday with them five years earlier [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 220" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/Wien, am 26. August 1985, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR220" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2978">220</a>]. Hugo Bondy was buried on the cemetery of Oberalm, next to his wife [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 219" title="AT-OeStA/Sign 19/20.885, Traueranzeige, S. 1" href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR219" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2981">219</a>].</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Summary"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec15-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec15">Summary</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec15-content"><p>Hugo Bondy’s life is as complex and contradictory as the twentieth century. In science, he contributed important work to the development of mass spectrometers and isotopic research. The design of Bondy and Popper, after the theoretical considerations of Bartky and Dempster, was the first mass spectrometer to use the double-focusing effect on an ion beam for analysis. Therefore, the realization of Bondy’s and Popper’s mass spectrometer with a direct combination of an electric and magnetic field can be called the Bondy–Popper design (Bartky–Dempster geometry). For mass spectrometers that are limited by space, this geometry is still relevant today as was shown for a miniature mass spectrometer in 2001 [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 98" title="Diaz JA, Giese CF, Gentry WR (2001) Sub-miniature ExB sector-field mass spectrometer. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 12(6):619-632. 
 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1044-0305(01)00245-8
 
 " href="/article/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6#ref-CR98" id="ref-link-section-d73740608e2994">98</a>].</p><p>Beyond science, Bondy can be credited for twenty years of dedicated service at the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education to youth work and the school system to overcome the Nazi rule and its impact on later generations. His self-devoted service to the persecuted children in desperate need of guidance during his own suffering showed an inspiring example of humanity and empathy under extraordinary circumstances of persecution. For all of this, it is worth to commemorate him.</p><p>Finally, Hugo Bondy’s life illustrates the process and the negative consequences of expulsion from science only by prejudice: people are judged not on their abilities and merit, but on their perceived difference, which leads to loss of talent and hampers the progress of science. This questions the very foundation of natural science on empiricism, which advances natural science in the first place and where a judgement is made on facts and not on opinion. However, Bondy’s life showed also the importance and value of science and education in troubling times. It is necessary to teach science to be save from false convictions by reason. Hence, it is vital to apply a scientific attitude on the world to progress society. Therefore, Hugo Bondy was a true scientist.</p></div></div></section> </div> <section data-title="Data availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>As the article is based on literature and archive research, no additional data was used and is now contained in the article. All sources for information are provided in the bibliography and cited accordingly.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Notes"><div class="c-article-section" id="notes-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="notes">Notes</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="notes-content"><ol class="c-article-footnote c-article-footnote--listed"><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn1" data-counter="1."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Material from archives is citied by first appearance of an inventory with full name of the archive and signature for identification. Furthermore, record numbers, document titles, place and date, page numbers, and URLs are listed in that order, if available. The page numbers are either directly quoted from the documents or, if no page number appears, a new page number is given for each individual document, starting from one. In case of referencing different documents of the same inventory, the initials of the archive and the last identifier of the signature are stated after the first inventory reference.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn2" data-counter="2."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Comments are placed at the footnotes to give further important information for historical research and more background regarding the used source material, events, and people. Dates and places of deaths and burials of mentioned people in the text were obtained, if not from the listed sources, from the online websearch Verstorbenensuche provided by Friedhöfe Wien (<a href="https://www.friedhoefewien.at/verstorbenensuche">https://www.friedhoefewien.at/verstorbenensuche</a>).</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn3" data-counter="3."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>For the catalog of the study year 1922/1923 of the <i>Montanistische Hochschule</i> in Leoben a different date and place of birth is stated: May 14, 1900 in Mödling. Furthermore, the book of registration of the <i>Montanistische Hochschule</i> in Leoben state also 1901 as his birth year.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn4" data-counter="4."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Jeanette, Netty, or Anna Heilig/Bondy (born Huth); date and place of birth: February 15, 1864 in Proßnitz (Prostějov), Moravia (Czech Republic); date and place of death: unknown to the authors; faith: Jewish/Roman Catholic; profession: unknown to the authors.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn5" data-counter="5."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Emanuel Heilig; date and place of birth: May 4, 1864 in Proßnitz (Prostějov), Moravia (Czech Republic); date and place of death: unknown to the authors; faith: Jewish; profession: unknown to the authors.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn6" data-counter="6."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Specific Germans words are, if possible, translated and listed by first mention with the original German word in brackets and italics. If no translation of the German word is possible, only the German word in italics is used throughout the text. An explanation of specific German words is given at the end of the text in a glossary with a translation and/or description of the term.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn7" data-counter="7."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Siegmund or Sigmund Alfred Bondy; date and place of birth: December 10, 1870 in Ledetsch (Ledeč nad Sázavou), Bohemia (Czech Republic); date and place of death: unknown to the authors, buried on August 9, 1957 in Vienna, Austria (Cemetery of Neustift); faith: Roman Catholic; profession: civil servant.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn8" data-counter="8."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>In case of published material, specific page numbers are given to indicate the section of interest as additional information and support to already citied page information at the end of the citation.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn9" data-counter="9."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Margarete Prager/Bondy; date and place of birth: July 15, 1900 in Eger (Cheb or Eger); Bohemia (Czech Republic) or Hungary; date and place of death: August 30, 1976, buried on September 13, 1976 in Vienna, Austria (Cemetery of Ottakring); faith: Roman Catholic; profession: housewife.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn10" data-counter="10."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>In case of direct quotations in German, the cited text was translated into English and the original text was placed into a footnote. The corresponding author takes full responsibility for any transcription and translation errors.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn11" data-counter="11."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Herr Dr. Bondy war ursprünglich Assistent am I. Phys.[ikalischen] Institut und ist dann von Prof. [Egon] Schweidler auf eine freiwerdende Assistentenstelle des II. Physikalischen Instituts übernommen worden trotz des sonst nicht üblichen Einspruchs gegen eine solche Maßnahme des Vorstandes [Prof. Egon Schweidler] von Seiten der Assistenten des II. Physikalischen Instituts ([Georg] Stetter und [Gerhard] Kirsch) denen ich mich als Adjunkt des Instituts angeschlossen habe. Ich hatte dann Gelegenheit Dr. Bondy im Institut [Vereinigtes I. und II. Physikalisches Institut] zu beobachten und habe dabei den Eindruck gewonnen, daß er ein recht mäßiger ‚Helfer‘, also ein minder brauchbarer Assistent wäre. […]“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn12" data-counter="12."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Karl Maria Josef Popper; date and place of birth: June 11, 1909 in Meran, Italy; date and place of death: February 20, 1994, buried on March 2, 1994 in Vienna, Austria (Cemetery of Neutstift); doctorate: July 25, 1933; profession: physicist. Not to be mistaken with the philosopher Karl Raimund Popper.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn13" data-counter="13."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Franz Schendl; date and place of birth: April 2, 1910 in Waidhofen an der Ybbs, Austria; date and place of death: unknown to the authors; doctorate: February 8, 1935; profession: physicist.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn14" data-counter="14."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Gerhard Conrad Johannsen; date and place of birth: November 2, 1910 in Berlin, Germany; date and place of death: unknown to the authors; doctorate: July 12, 1935; profession: physicist.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn15" data-counter="15."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „[…] Es wird schließlich die Erwartung ausgesprochen, mit der beschriebenen Apparatur in absehbarer Zeit Ergebnisse weiterer Messungen über relative Häufigkeiten von Isotopen anderer Elemente mitteilen zu können.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn16" data-counter="16."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Viktor Vanicek; date and place of birth: December 21, 1911 in Bruck an der Leitha, Austria; date and place of death: unknown to the authors; doctorate: February 6, 1937; profession: physicist. Viktor Vanicek joined on January 30, 1934 a demonstration in Vienna of the national socialists for the one-year anniversary of Hitler’s takeover in Germany. He was sentenced to 5 days in prison and received an official rebuke from the university.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn17" data-counter="17."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Irmgard Lehmann; date and place of birth: January 27, 1903 in Gschriet (Ferndorf), Austria; date and place of death: unknown to the authors; doctorate: March 16, 1939; profession: physicist.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn18" data-counter="18."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Anton Bruzek; date and place of birth: October 3, 1915 in Vienna, Austria; date and place of death: unknown to the authors; doctorate: February 3, 1939; profession: physicist.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn19" data-counter="19."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Auf Grund des Erl.[asses] des Österr.[eichischen] Unt.[errichts] Min.[isteriums] vom 17. Mai l.[aufenden] J.[ahres 1938 …], werden Sie im Zuge der Reorganisationsmassnahmen an den österreichischen Hochschulen […] mit Ende Mai 1938 unter gleichzeitiger Einstellung Ihrer Dienstbezüge vom Assistentendienst am I. und II. physikalischen Institut der Universität in Wien enthoben.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn20" data-counter="20."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Jüdische Beamte, Beamte, die jüdische Mischlinge sind, und Beamte, die mit einer Jüdin (einem Juden) oder mit einem Mischling ersten Grades verheiratet sind, sind in den Ruhestand zu versetzen. Sie erhalten Ruhegenuß (Abfertigung) nach den für die Versetzung in den Ruhestand wegen Dienstunfähigkeit geltenden Vorschriften; einen fortlaufenden Ruhegenuß erhalten sie nur dann, wenn sie eine für die Ruhegenußbemessung anrechenbare Dienstzeit von mindestens 10 Jahren haben.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn21" data-counter="21."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Mit Erlass vom 17. Mai 1938 […] wurde ich mit 31. Mai 1938 von meinem Dienst als Universitätsassistent am Physikalischen Institut enthoben und zwar wegen meiner sog.[enannten] ‚rassischen Abstammung’ (§3). Eine Pensionierung kam nicht in Frage, da ich damals erst acht Staatsdienstjahre aufweisen konnte. Aber auch die mir nach den österr.[eichischen] Assistentengesetz zustehende Abfertigung (Unterhaltsbeitrag) wurde mir ohne jede Begründung vorenthalten. Wiederholte Anfragen an das damalige Ministerium unter Hinweis auf meine Notlage blieben unbeantwortet. Ich habe durch die erwähnten Umstände und durch die weiteren Verfolgungen nicht nur Leiden aller Art erlitten, sondern vorallem [sic!] sieben unersetzliche Jahre [von 1938 bis 1945] bester Berufsentwicklung verloren.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn22" data-counter="22."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Ich musste nun all die bekannten Quälereien der NS [Nationalsozialisten] über mich ergehen lassen, Übersiedlungen, Haussuchungen, blutige Misshandlung in der Gestapo und Verlust meiner langjährigen Ersparnisse. Schliesslich wurde auch meine Pension auf ein solches Minimum gekürzt, dass davon drei Personen (ich, meine Gattin und deren Mutter) nicht leben konnten. Ich fristete mein Leben aus den Erträgnissen des Unterrichtes an ‚Mischlinge‘, von denen ich die meisten der Empfehlung der katholischen Aktion der Wiener Erzdiözese verdankte.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn23" data-counter="23."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „[… Bondy widmete] sich ohne Rücksicht auf seine Person der Betreuung von jüdischen Waisenkindern in Wien, so lange, bis auch diese seiner Aufsicht gewaltsam entzogen und größtenteils in Vernichtungslager gebracht wurden. [...]“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn24" data-counter="24."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Während 1938 alle österreichischen Schulen in ‚deutsche‘ Schulen mit Lehrplänen aus Berlin verwandelt wurden‚ während in allen Schulen unseres Landes vom Katheder [Rednerpult] her nazistisches Ideengut gelehrt werden mußte und auch vielfach gelehrt wurde, während so die Kinder und jungen Menschen systematisch geistig verkrüppelt und seelisch entwurzelt wurden, gab es bis in die letzten Tage von Hitlers tausendjährigem Reich in Wien ein allerdings von Jahr zu Jahr kleiner werdendes Häufchen von Kindern (erst einige tausend, dann einige hundert, schließlich nur mehr zirka 80), die in ihrem Unglück‚ in Nazideutschland als sogenannte ‚nichtarische‘ Kinder leben zu müssen, das Glück hatten, niemals nach nazistischen, sondern nur nach den alten österreichischen Lehrplänen unterrichtet und nach menschlichen Erziehungsgrundsätzen erzogen zu werden. Es ist eine unwahrscheinlich klingende und doch reine Wahrheit‚ daß es von 1938 bis 1945 in Wien eine eindeutig österreichische Schule gegeben hat, mit österreichischem Lehrplan, österreichischen Lehrern, mit ‚Guten Morgen‘ und ‚Grüß Gott‘ statt ‚Heil Hitler‘, ohne Kriegssammlungen, ohne Kriegsertüchtigung und HJ [Hitlerjugend] und ohne KdF [Kraft durch Freude], dafür aber fleißiges Lernen und viele Sorgen und Kümmernisse, Tränen und immer wieder Abschied nehmen, wenn wieder ein paar das Los der Deportation getroffen hatte.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn25" data-counter="25."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „So waren wir [die Lehrer und Schüler] eine eigene und einzigartige Partisanengruppe, und wenn auch unsere ‚Heldentaten‘ nicht mit denen der mit den Waffen Kämpfenden verglichen werden können, so gehören wir dennoch zu den ‚Unbekannten Österreichern‘, die niemals für Hitler einen Finger rührten, sondern gegen ihn in Wort und Tat unter ständiger und jahrelanger Lebensgefahr für eine bessere österreichische Zukunft kämpften. Mögen auch solche Argumente im Streit um Österreichs Teilnahme am Widerstand gehört werden!“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn26" data-counter="26."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Bis 1940 hatte es Gemeindeschulen gegeben für diese [‚nicht-arischen‘] Kinder, dann wurden sie als überflüssig aufgelöst – für Theresienstadt und Auschwitz wahrhaftig eine überflüssige Vorstufe. Doch standen dem – Gott sei Dank – andere Meinungen gegenüber. Ich erhielt im Sommer 1940 […] den Auftrag, eine Schule für die aus den öffentlichen Schulen ausgeschlossenen [‚nicht-arischen‘] Kinder einzurichten. Ich fand Mitarbeiter unter meinen Schicksalsgefährten und schuf und leitete die gewünschte Schule. Es wurde eine achtklassige Volks- und Hauptschule und ich kann mit Freude sagen: alle Kinder aus dieser Anstalt, sofern sie nicht ermordet wurden‚ stehen heute an Wissen hinter ihren ‚arischen‘ Altersgenossen keineswegs zurück und sind ihnen an Lebensmut, Lebenswürde und Lebensweisheit weit überlegen, wovon ich mich immer wieder überzeugen kann.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn27" data-counter="27."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Wir wurden von Jahr zu Jahr weniger, Lehrer und Schüler. Als der ‚Lehrkörper‘ nur mehr aus drei Personen bestand‚ teilten wir unsere Kinder in drei Gruppen nach dem Alter und jeder von uns war Lehrer für alle Gegenstände. Wir gaben uns einen richtigen Lehrplan, der fast monatlich umgestellt werden mußte‚ und versuchten, einen strengen Stundenplan einzuhalten. Ein Aufpaßdienst wegen der (von uns als Freunde betrachteten, aber doch gefürchteten) amerikanischen Bombenflieger und einer wegen unserer Todfeinde, der SS [Schutzstaffel] und SA [Sturmabteilung], der Gestapo [Geheime Staatspolizei] oder sonstigen Nazischergen, gehörte mit zu unserem Stundenplan.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn28" data-counter="28."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Es muß […] betont werden, daß wir Lehrer dieser Kinder uns ständig der Gefahr bewußt waren, das immer klarer ausgesprochene Verbot der Gestapo, ‚nichtarischen‘ Kindern Unterricht zu erteilen, Tag für Tag zu hintertreiben, und daß wir dieser Gefahr Tag für Tag getrotzt haben. Diese durch so viele Jahre währende Verschwörung gegen den Hitlerschen Geist war nicht weniger gefährlich als die direkte Verschwörung gegen Hitler selbst. Diesem Geist wenigstens ein kleines Häufchen von Kindern abzuringen‚ die geistige Verwahrlosung in unserem kleinen Bereich ins Gegenteil zu verwandeln, war unsere tägliche Freude und gab uns Kraft, durchzuhalten.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn29" data-counter="29."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Daß es dabei viele tragisch-komische Situationen gab, darf niemand wundern. Sie ergaben sich daraus, daß Kinder immer Neigung zu Humor und Lustigsein haben, auch wenn der Tod vor der Türe steht – und der stand immer vor unserer Tür. So liebten wir es, an schönen Tagen einen Ausflug mit dem Ziel ‚4. Tor‘ des [Wiener] Zentralfriedhofes zu unternehmen. Da für [meine] Lehrer und Kinder Straßenbahnverbot bestand‚ mußten wir uns (wieder unter Lebensgefahr) hindurchschwindeln oder gingen den weiten Weg zu Fuß. Vom 4. Tor an aber begann – die Freiheit! Unter den Toten fühlten wir uns sicher und aller Sorgen frei. Nie noch wurde die Heiligkeit eines Friedhofes so geehrt, wie durch die oft etwas laute Fröhlichkeit dieser armen Kinder, für die jeder Park, jede Wiese, jeder Wald unter Todesstrafe verboten war.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn30" data-counter="30."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Frieda Verständig; date and place of birth: January 28, 1929 in Vienna, Austria; date and place of death: April 13, 2021, buried on April 29, 2021 in Vienna (Central Cemetery of Vienna); profession: employee of the City of Vienna. Frieda Verständig was to be considered a “<i>Mischling</i>” by the Nazi authorities, her father was of Jewish decent and her mother was considered an “Aryan”. In 1942, she was deported to Theresienstadt with her father after her mother’s death. She survived Theresienstadt and was freed there in 1945. She never married and had no children.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn31" data-counter="31."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Sigmund Verständig; date and place of birth: September 27, 1875 in Krakau (Kraków), Poland; date and place of death: June 18, 1943 in Theresienstadt (Terezín), Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic); faith: unknown to the authors, profession: bank clerk.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn32" data-counter="32."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „[…] In der jetzigen Zeit, in der am Institut die Arbeit von Tag zu Tag wächst, während es natürlich mit Rücksicht auf die finanzielle Lage des Staates unmöglich ist, die Zahl der Hilfskräfte beliebig zu vermehren, scheint mir die Wiedereinstellung des Dr. Bondy in seine Assistentenstellte nicht günstig und außerdem mit dem von mir streng eingehaltenen Grundsatz als interimistischer Leiter, das freie Verfügungsrecht des künftigen definitiven Vorstandes in keiner Weise zu hemmen, als nicht angebracht.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn33" data-counter="33."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Ich wurde nach dem sogenannten Umbruch aus rassenpolitischen Gründen meines Dienstes als Assistent des I. Physikalischen Institutes enthoben; nach Ausser-Kraftsetzung der Nazigesetze habe ich mich – den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen entsprechend – wieder als Universitäts-Assistent betrachtet und mich dem Leiter der Physikalischen Institute Herrn Prof. Haschek zur Verfügung gestellt. Ich war nicht wenig erstaunt, dass mir der Herr Professor die Uebernahme meine[r] früheren Dienstobliegenheiten oder sonst eine Beschäftigung im Institute versagte. Die Begründung, dass ich während der siebenjähriger Naziherrschaft wissenschaftlich nichts geleistet hätte, hat mich verletzt. Sie trifft gar nicht zu, da ich gerade in dieser von Drangsalierungen und zeitweiliger schwerer Notlage – ich wurde zuguterletzt ausgebombt – erfüllten Zeit in der wissenschaftlichen Arbeit Trost und Mut zum Weiterleben gefunden habe.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn34" data-counter="34."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Bondy was officially listed in the files of the <i>Universität Wien</i> from April 15, 1945 to September 30, 1945 as an <i>Assistent</i>, although he never was welcomed back or worked there again.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn35" data-counter="35."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Nach der Befreiung bildeten sich sofort in allen Teilen des Landes Jugendverbände. Staatssekretär [Ernst] Fischer, der Unterrichtsminister der provisorischen Regierung [Österreichs], vertrat die Meinung, daß eine spontane, mächtige, alle Schichten und Richtungen in sich vertretende und vereinende und von allem äußeren Zwange freie Jugendbewegung die beste Ablösung der faschistischen Jugend, das beste Gegenmittel gegen deren giftige Atmosphäre wäre. [...]“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn36" data-counter="36."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „[… Das Österreichische Unterrichtsministerium stand] vor neuen Problemen und mußte Aufgaben übernehmen, die es früher nicht hatte. Es war von vornherein klar und bedurfte nicht der leider reichlich vorhandenen Beweise, daß die Irrlehren des Nationalsozialismus die verhängnisvollsten Wirkungen gerade bei der heranwachsenden Jugend gezeitigt hatten. War die HJ [Hitlerjugend] auch keine Jugendbewegung im eigentlichen Sinn, so war der äußere Druck doch so stark und der Zeitraum der Einwirkung so lang, daß das Gift vom Geiste Hitlers in die Seelen eines großen Teils der Jugend, oft gegen den Abwehrwillen der Betroffenen, eindrang. Die Quellen dieses Giftstromes waren dann 1945 plötzlich aus, die Wirkungen aber lassen sich nicht sofort unterbinden, sie können latent und mitunter nur schwer bekämpfbar weitergehen. Wenn in früheren Zeiten die Jugend und ihre Verbände ihren individuellen Weg gingen, mußte der Staat nicht besorgt sein über diesen Weg; 1945 war es unbedingte Aufgabe der Regierung, die Überwachung und Lenkung einer aus den Fugen geratenen Jugend auch außerhalb der Schule dem zuständigen Ministerium zu übertragen, es dadurch verantwortlich zu machen, daß die allmähliche Überleitung aus dem Zustande innerer Verworrenheit, vielfach Verderbtheit, fast immer aber Ziel- und Ideallosigkeit zu Humanität und Demokratie, zu österreichischen Staatsbewußtsein und wohlverstandenem Weltbürgertum wirklich und ohne störende Eingriffe vor sich gehe. [...]“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn37" data-counter="37."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Nach wie vor steht die Überwachung der Jugendbewegung im Hinblick auf etwaige Nachwirkungen aus der faschistischen Zeit im Vordergrund. Wo immer sich Ansätze überwundener Auffassungen zeigen, muß das Jugendreferat bereit sein, entscheidend Stellung zu nehmen und, wenn nötig, einzuschreiten. Meist wird die Form der Beratung und allenfalls der Warnung genügen. […] Der Kampf gegen alle kulturellen Auswüchse, gegen Schund und Kitsch auf allen Gebieten der Kunst ist im Interesse der Jugend zu verstärken. […] Schließlich ist die große Idee der Verständigung aller Menschen und Völker auch in der Jugendarbeit, […], zu festigen. [...]“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn38" data-counter="38."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „In der faschistischen Aera wurden die Jugendlichen mit Gewalt in halbmilitärische Zwangsorganisationen gepreßt, in denen jede freie Meinungsäußerung ein Verbrechen war. Der morgige Tag [der Jugend] wird nicht gedrillte, dolchbewehrte Marschiermaschinen mit Paukenwirbel, angefeuert von ‚zackigen‘ Befehlen der HJ-Führer, durch die Straßen trampeln sehen, sondern freie, fröhliche Menschen aller politischen Bekenntnisse und Geistesrichtungen zusammenführen zu einer gemeinsamen Demonstration der Einheit. […] Die Jugendorganisationen stehen vor der schweren Aufgabe, die österreichische Jugend wieder aufzurichten, Demokraten zu erziehen, eine Aufgabe, von deren Erfüllung die Zukunft Oesterreichs in weitgehendem Maße abhängt. […] Die österreichische Jugend will sich nie wieder als Kanonenfutter für verbrecherische imperialistische Pläne hergeben und beweisen, daß sie die im Werden befindliche neue Welt, nach Jahren geistiger Knechtschaft, richtig begreifen und kennenlernen will. Die [österreichische] Jugend will den Frieden, Freiheit und Fortschritt. [...]“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn39" data-counter="39."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „[… Sektionsrat Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Hugo Bondy ist der Leiter der Abteilung Jugend im österreichischen Unterrichtsministerium], der sich streng an die Weisungen der kommunistischen Parteizentrale hält und als biederer Oesterreicher durch die Bundesländer reist, um sich über den Stand der ‚außerschulischen‘ Jugendbetreuung zu informieren, ‚natürlich nur im ministeriellen Interesse‘. Er ist jener ‚österreichische Beamte‘, der am laufenden Band Kurse für Jugendleiter und Jugenderzieher durchführt und Referate hält. Und dazu werden Steuergelder aufgewendet. Und es ist jener Mann, […], der mit verschmitztem Lächeln unsere biederen Landschullehrer aushorcht, der in schmeichelnder Liebenswürdigkeit bei seinem Sektionschef zum Vortrag erscheint, jedoch hinter seinem Rücken Drohungen hören läßt, die deutlich sein volksdemokratisches Herz erkennen lassen. […] Er ist es auch, der gerne prahlt, daß ihm niemand etwas anhaben könnte. [… Dr. Bondy schreckt nicht einmal davor zurück] offiziellen ausländischen Gästen eine jeder Regierungspolitik diametral entgegengesetzte Auskunft zu erteilen, […]. Vielleicht könnte dabei auch die Ueberlegung mithelfen, daß solche Zustände der gut gesinnten österreichischen Bevölkerung nicht mehr länger zugemutet werden können, wenn schon die Tatsache unbeachtet bleibt, daß man Oesterreichs Jugend nicht kommunistischen Infiltrationen aussetzen soll.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn40" data-counter="40."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „In der letzten Zeit hat, von der sozialistischen Presse begonnen, von den Salzburger Nachrichten aufgegriffen und von der ÖVP-Presse […] fortgesetzt, eine politische Hetzkampagne gegen mich begonnen. Wenn auch konkrete Beschuldigungen nicht erhoben werden, weil sie nicht erhoben werden können, so sind diese Artikel doch geeignet, die Atmosphäre zu vergiften und meiner persönlichen Ehre nahezutreten, indem mir illoyales Verhalten gegenüber meiner Dienststelle und den staatspolitischen Interessen Österreichs vorgeworfen wird. Sonderbar berührt es mich, daß auch die ÖVP-Presse, von der man doch annehmen muß, daß sie in dieser Angelegenheit besser informiert sein könnte, sich diesem Treiben angeschlossen hat. Ich bitte Sie daher, sehr geehrter Herr Minister, alles, was die Abteilung Jugend seit ihrer Gründung im Jahre 1945 unter meiner Leitung geleistet hat, sowie auch meine Haltung bei allen offiziellen Anlässen, bei denen ich die Ehre hatte, das Bundesministerium für Unterricht in der Öffentlichkeit zu vertreten, einer genauen Prüfung zu unterziehen. Insbesondere muß ich die Behauptung, daß ich ‚hinter dem Rücken meines Sektionschefs Drohungen hören ließ‘ und daß ich ‚nicht davor zurückschrecke, offiziellen ausländischen Gästen eine jeder Regierungspolitik diametral entgegengesetzte Auskunft zu erteilen‘ als völlig aus der Luft gegriffen und falsch erklären. Ich bitte, – dies auch im Interesse des Ministeriums – Beweise für diese Behauptungen zu verlangen und das Verfahren, da es sich um meine Beamtenehre handelt, möglichst zu beschleunigen.“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn41" data-counter="41."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „[… Wir schreiben Ihnen, um] Herrn Sektionsrat Bondy, den Leiter der Abteilung Jugend in eine andere Abteilung zu versetzen. Es erschien dem politischen Ausschuss und den Delegierten [von uns] als eine untragbare Lösung, den genannten Herrn, der bekanntlich kommunistischer Parteigänger ist, mit der Führung dieser Abteilung weiterhin zu betrauen. Es muss nicht nur im Inland sondern sicherlich auch im Ausland denkbar ungünstig wirken, wenn die ministerielle Betreuungsstelle für Jugendangelegenheiten in die Hände eines überzeugten Kommunisten gelegt wird. [...]“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn42" data-counter="42."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „[...] Ich schicke voraus, daß ich mich nach wie vor von jeder Schuld, jeder dienstlichen Pflichtvergessenheit oder [jeder] Verletzung der Loyalität völlig frei weiß. Ich sehe jedoch immer mehr ein, daß es unter den gegenwärtigen Umständen dem den politischen Parteien gegenüberstehenden Minister eine große Verlegenheit bereitet, einen Angehörigen der KPÖ (nicht Funktionär, schon gar nicht ‚führender‘ Funktionär) als Leiter einer politischen so exponierten Abteilung noch länger zu halten, selbst dann, wenn sich dieser als einwandfreier, qulifizierter [sic!] und jederzeit loyaler Beamter erweist. Auf der anderen Seite darf ich auch von meiner persönlichen Lage, von der menschlichen Seite sprechen. Ich war durch sieben Jahre ein Opfer des Nazismus, habe mich gerade noch in eine ‚bessere‘ Zeit hinüber gerettet. Nunmehr laufe ich wieder der Gefahr, das Opfer einer Staatsraison zu werden, von mir unverschuldet wie damals, einfach deshalb, weil ich einer gesetzlich anerkannten, aber in der Opposition stehenden Partei als einfaches Mitglied angehöre. Die Trennung von der von mir aufgebauten und selbstlos – auch in politischer Hinsicht wirklich selbstlos – geführten Abteilung, nach langjähriger Zusammenarbeit mit meinen braven, fleißigen Mitarbeitern, fällt mir sehr schwer; […]. [...]“</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn43" data-counter="43."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Maria Brössler/Bondy (born Kornherr); date and place of birth: January 1, 1896 in Mistelbach, Austria; date and place of death: January 23, 1983 in Oberalm, Austria; profession: unknown to the authors.</p></div></li><li class="c-article-footnote--listed__item" id="Fn44" data-counter="44."><div class="c-article-footnote--listed__content"><p>Original text: „Es ist schon eine große Genugtuung, wenn sich der Chef der Dienstbehörde eines schon vor 9½ Jahren emeritierten Beamten erinnert, das umso mehr als Sie, sehr geehrter Herr Bundesminister, mich gar nicht unter Ihrer Leitung hatten und auch gar nicht persönlich kannten. Ich darf mit dem Dank für Ihre so freundlichen Gratulationsworte meinerseits betonen, daß mir die Arbeit im Ministerium bis zuletzt viel Freude bereitet hat, und die 20 Jahre ‚Minoritenplatz‘ die schönsten meines Lebens waren.“</p></div></li></ol></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">AT-Österreichisches Staatsarchiv (OeStA)/AdR UWFuK BMU PA Sign 19 Bondy, Hugo, 17.04.1900 (1945–1984)/Geschäftszahl 2806-Präs.A/65, Pers. 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Wien: Verlag Adolf Holzhausens Nfg, S. 86–87</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>The authors want to thank all institutions, archives, and libraries listed in this article for preserving and providing research material, and supporting our research. The archives of the Universität Wien and Montanuniversität Leoben, the archive of the Isrealitschen Kultusgemeinde Wien, the Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv, the Niederösterreichische Landesarchiv, and the Österreichische Staatsarchiv are acknowledged for their support. Special thanks go to the following persons: Manfred Mugrauer from the Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes (DÖW), Evelyn Zechner-Matscheko and Alexander Baumann from the archive of the Montanuniversität Leoben, Christof Capellaro from the Österreichischen Zentralbibliothek für Physik und Fachbereichsbibliothek Chemie at the Universität Wien, Doris Fischer from the library of the Österreichischen Finanzministerium, and Susanne Uslu-Pauer from the archive of the Israelitschen Kultusgemeinde Wien. Furthermore, we thank Shaun Lancaster for proof-reading the manuscript and providing valuable corrections. Last but not least, the authors want to thank the two anonymous reviewers, which improved the text with their comments.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Funding"><div class="c-article-section" id="Fun-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Fun">Funding</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Fun-content"><p>Open access funding provided by Montanuniversität Leoben.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Department of General, Analytical and Physical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben, 8700, Leoben, Austria</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Michael Schober, Johanna Irrgeher & Thomas Prohaska</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Michael-Schober-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Michael Schober</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Michael%20Schober" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Michael%20Schober" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Michael%20Schober%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Johanna-Irrgeher-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Johanna Irrgeher</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Johanna%20Irrgeher" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Johanna%20Irrgeher" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Johanna%20Irrgeher%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Thomas-Prohaska-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Thomas Prohaska</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Thomas%20Prohaska" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Thomas%20Prohaska" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Thomas%20Prohaska%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:michael.schober@unileoben.ac.at">Michael Schober</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Publisher's Note</h3><p>Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Glossary"><div class="c-article-section" id="glossary-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="glossary">Glossary</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="glossary-content"><dl class="c-description-list"><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos1">I. Physikalisches Institut</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning 1st Physical Institute. An institute of physic in the faculty of philosophy at the Universität Wien</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos2">II. Physikalisches Institut</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning 2nd Physical Institute. An institute of physic in the faculty of philosophy at the Universität Wien</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos3">III. Physikalisches Institut</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning 3rd Physical Institute. An institute of physic in the faculty of philosophy at the Universität Wien</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos4">Adjunkt</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Adjunct. A specific civil servant title and position in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos5">Annalen der Physik</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Annals of Physics. A scientific journal in physics, originally only published in German</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos6">“Anschluss” (Nazi term)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A specific term naming the occupation of Austria by German military forces and the process of organizational integration of Austria into the Third Reich</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos7">“Arier“ (Nazi term)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning “Aryan”. Name of a fictional and non-existing Nordic race in the Nazi ideology</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos8">Assistent</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Assistant. A specific academic position in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos9">Assistent II. Klasse</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Assistant 2nd class. A specific academic position in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos10">Assistent III. Klasse</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Assistant 3rd class. A specific academic position in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos11">Assistentengesetz</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Law of Assistants</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos12">Außer-ordentlicher Assistent</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning None-regular Assistant. A working position in Austrian academia</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos13">Austrofaschismus</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A specific term naming the Austrian conservative dictatorship from 1933 to 1938</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos14">Autoritärer Ständestaat</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A specific term naming the Austrian conservative dictatorship from 1933 to 1938</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos15">Bergwesen</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning mountain engineering. A specific study program of the Montanistische Hochschule in Leoben</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos16">Bundeskanzler</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Federal Chancellor</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos17">Bundesminister</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Federal Minister</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos18">Christlichsoziale Partei</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Christian Social Party. Political conservative party in Austria before World War I and during the interwar period</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos19">Das kleine Volksblatt</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Name of an Austrian newspaper of the conservative Austrian People’s Party</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos20">Diplom-Ingenieur</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Engineer with Diploma. A specific academic title in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos21">Ehrenring</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Ring of Honor. A specific distinction by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos22">Erste Staatsprüfung</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning First State Exam. Frist final exam in Austrian academia to graduate from a study program</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos23">Forschungsstipendium</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning research grant</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos24">Gauverein Wien der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>meaning gau association vienna of the German Physical Society. The sub-division Vienna in the German Physical Society</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos25">Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Secret state police in the Third Reich</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos26">Gemeindeschulen</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning community schools. Schools of a city or community in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos27">Gesetz über die Wiedervereinigung Österreichs mit dem Deutschen Reich</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A Nazi-German law enacted in 1938 for the legality of the occupation of Austria by German military forces and legal transition of the former Austrian territories into the Third Reich</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos28">Gesetz zur Wiederherstellung des Berufsbeamtentums</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A Nazi German law enacted in 1933 for legal discrimination against Jews in the German civil service</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos29">Gewerkschaft christlicher Angestellter in öffentlichen Diensten</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Union of Christian Employees in Public Services</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos30">Goldberg’sches Stipendium</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>A specific scholarship</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos31">Großes Ehrenzeichen für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Grand Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria. A specific distinction by the 2nd Federal Republic of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos32">Grüß Gott</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning greeting god. Formal greeting formula in German and used in catholic regions of German speakers</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos33">Guten Morgen</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning good morning. Informal morning greeting in German</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos34">“Heil Hitler” (Nazi term)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Official greeting formula during the Nazi era, also known as the Hitlergruß or Deutscher Gruß</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos35">Hilfsassistent</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Supportive Assistant. A working position in Austrian academia</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos36">Hitlerjugend (HJ)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Hitler Youth. Nazi male youth organization during the Third Reich</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos37">Hochschulbeamten-Verband</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Association of Civil Servants at the Universities</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos38">Ingenieur</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Engineer. A specific academic title in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos39">Institut für Radiumforschung</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Institute for Radium Research</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos40">Israeltische Kultusgemeinde Wien</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Jewish Community of Vienna. Religious organization and representation of the Jews of Vienna</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos41">Jugendbewegungen</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning youth movement</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos42">Kanalstrahlen</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning canal rays</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos43">Kathodenstrahlen</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning cathode rays</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos44">Katholische Aktion</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Catholic Action. An organization of the Catholic Church in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos45">Kommunistische Partei Österreichs (KPÖ)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Communist Party of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos46">Kraft durch Freude (KdF)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Nazi leisure organization during the Third Reich</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos47">Kronen</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The currency in Austria before and directly after World War I</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos48">Lehramtsprüfung</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning teaching exam. An exam at university level, which grants permission to teach at schools</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos49">Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Mathematic-Natural Scientific Class of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos50">Matura</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning high school diploma. A specific name in Austria for the high school diploma, which grants access to higher education</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos51">Ministerialrat</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Ministerial Council. A specific title and rank in the civil service of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos52">Ministerialsekretär</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Ministerial Secretary. A specific title and rank in the civil service of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos53">“Mischling ersten Grades” (Nazi term)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning to be of mixed race or blood, or a half-breed in the first degree. A person that had two grandparents, who belonged to the Jewish religious community, when the “Nuremberg Laws” were enacted in 1935 and did not fulfill requirements to be classified as a “Jew”</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos54">Montanistische Hochschule</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Higher School in Mining. First and original name of the Montanuniversität Leoben</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos55">Montanuniversität Leoben</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning University of Mining in Leoben</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos56">Nationalratspräsidenten</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning President of the National Council. A specific Austrian name for speakers of the parliament</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos57">Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party. Political party in Germany in the first half of the 20th century</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos58">“Nicht-arisch” (Nazi term)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning “Non-Aryan”. A person which was, by definition of the Nazi laws, not “Aryan”</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos581">Nieder-Österreichisches Landes-Realgymnasium</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Lower Austria Secondary Education School. A specific school in the Austrian school system</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos59">“Nürnberger Gesetze“ (Nazi term)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning “Nuremberg Laws“. Nazi laws for legal anti-Semitic and racial discrimination enacted in Nuremberg in 1935</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos60">Österreichische Jugendbewegung</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Austrian Youth Movement. Former name of the youth organization of the ÖVP</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos61">Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Austrian People’s Party. Conservative political party in the 2nd Federal Republic of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos62">Österreichischer Jugendtag</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Austrian Youth Day. A specific event for the youth organizations in Austria in 1945 and 1946</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos63">Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Infrastruktur und verstaatlichte Unternehmen</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Austrian Federal Ministry of Infrastructure and Nationalized Companies</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos64">Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Unterricht</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Austrian Federal Ministry of Education</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos66">Ordentlicher Hörer</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning regular student</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos67">“Ostmark” (Nazi term)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Eastern March. A name of the former Austrian territories in the Third Reich</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos68">Pflichtenangelobung</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning code of obligation</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos65">Regierungsrat</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Government Council. A specific title and rank in the civil service of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos69">Reichsbürgergesetz</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>One of the so-called “Nuremberg Laws“ of 1935, which codified legal anti-Semitic and racial discrimination</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos70">Rigorosum</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Final exam to graduate from a study program</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos71">Ruhegenuß</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning pension for civil servants in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos72">Ruhegenußbemessung</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning assessment of the pension for civil servants in Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos73">Salzburger Nachrichten</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>The name of an Austrian newspaper</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos74">Schutzstaffel (SS)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Paramilitary and military organization of the Nazi Party</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos75">Sehr gut</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning very good. Highest achievable grade in the grading system of the Austrian education system</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos76">Sektionschef</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Section Chief. A specific title and rank in the civil service of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos77">Sektionsrat</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Section Council. A specific title and rank in the civil service of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos79">Sozialistische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Socialist Party of Austria. Socialist political party in the 2nd Federal Republic of Austria</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos80">Staatsamt für Volksaufklärung, für Unterricht und Erziehung und für Kultusangelegenheiten</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning State Office for Public Enlightenment, Teaching and Education, and Culture Affairs</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos81">Staatsgymnasium</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning state high school. A school of the federal government</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos82">Stadtschulrat von Wien</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning the City School Board of Vienna</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos83">Sturmabteilung (SA)</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Paramilitary organization of the Nazi Party</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos222">Unbesoldeter außer-ordentlicher Assistent</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning None-regular Assistant without a salary. A working position in Austrian academia</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos84">Universitätsassistent</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Assistant of the University. A working position in Austrian academia</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos85">Universität Wien</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning University of Vienna. Biggest and oldest German-speaking university located in Vienna</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos86">Unterhaltsbeitrag</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning payment of livelihood. A regular payment to a person to finance the daily expanses</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos87">Vereinigtes I. und II. Physikalisches Institut</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning United 1st and 2nd Physical Institute. Merged institute of the 1st and 2nd Physical institute in the faculty of philosophy at the Universität Wien</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos88">Verordnung zur Neuordnung des österreichischen Berufsbeamtentums</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Enacted Nazi decree for reorganization of the Austrian civil service in 1938</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos89">Volks- und Hauptschule</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning primary and secondary school. Specific school types in the Austrian school system</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos90">Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Scientific-supportive Worker. A working position in Austrian academia</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos91">Zeitschrift für Physik</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Journal of Physics. A scientific journal in physics, originally only published in German</p> </dd><dt class="c-description-list__term u-text-bold" id="Glos92">Zweite Staatsprüfung</dt><dd class="c-description-list__description u-pl-32"> <p>Meaning Second State Exam. Second final exam in Austrian academia to graduate from a study program</p> </dd></dl></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p><b>Open Access</b> This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Schober, M., Irrgeher, J. & Prohaska, T. Hugo Bondy (1900–1985): an Austrian scientist of mass spectrometry in the twentieth century. <i>Monatsh Chem</i> <b>154</b>, 293–323 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-08-09">09 August 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-01-19">19 January 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-03-21">21 March 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-04">April 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00706-023-03039-6</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div 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